4058:
31:
503:, held that the Cherokee nation was a "foreign state" in the sense that the Cherokee retained their "usages and customs and self-government" and the United States government had treated them as "competent to make a treaty or contract". The Court therefore had jurisdiction; Acts passed by the State of Georgia were "repugnant to the treaties with the Cherokees" and directly in violation of a congressional Act of 1802; and the injury to the Cherokee was severe enough to justify an injunction against the further execution of the state laws.
260:
480:
nation. Chief
Justice Marshall said; "The court has bestowed its best attention on this question, and, after mature deliberation, the majority is of the opinion that an Indian tribe or nation within the United States is not a foreign state in the sense of the constitution, and cannot maintain an action in the courts of the United States." The Court held open the possibility that it yet might rule in favor of the Cherokee "in a proper case with proper parties".
1492:
328:, who did not favor large-scale removal. At the same time, the Cherokee were adopting some elements from European-American culture. During this period until 1816, numerous other treaties were signed by the Cherokee. In each they ceded land to the United States and allowed for roads to be constructed through Cherokee territory, but also kept the terms of the Holston treaty.
479:
The Court did hear the case but declined to rule on the merits. The Court determined that the framers of the
Constitution did not really consider the Indian Tribes as foreign nations but more as "domestic dependent nation" and consequently the Cherokee Nation lacked the standing to sue as a "foreign"
283:
conducted an expedition through the southeastern United States and came into contact with at least three
Cherokee villages. The English immigrants to the Carolinas began to trade with the tribe beginning in 1673. By 1711, the English were providing guns to the Cherokees in exchange for their help in
591:
The treaty provided that the
Cherokee would be under the protection of the United States, land boundaries would be established, that the Cherokee land would be protected from settlement and under their own government, that crimes committed against the Cherokee would be punished according to Cherokee
296:
and
Georgia increased, and in the 1740s the Cherokee began to transition to a commercial hunting and farming lifestyle. In 1775, one Cherokee village was described as having 100 houses, each with a garden, orchard, hothouse, and hog pens. After a war with the colonists, the Cherokee signed a peace
379:
of the
Cherokee Nation, led a delegation to Washington in January 1829 to resolve disputes over the failure of the US government to pay annuities to the Cherokee, and to seek federal enforcement of the boundary between the territory of the state of Georgia and the Cherokee Nation's historic tribal
351:
By 1823, the state government and citizens of
Georgia began to agitate for the removal of the Cherokee Nation, in accordance with the agreements of 1802 with the federal government. Congress responded by appropriating $ 30,000 to extinguish Cherokee title to land in Georgia. In the fall of 1823,
313:
At the turn of the century, the
Cherokee still possessed about 53,000 square miles (140,000 km) of land in Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. In the meantime, white settlers eager for new lands urged the removal of the Cherokee and the opening of their remaining lands to
343:. In 1819, the tribal government passed a law prohibiting any additional land cessions, providing for the death penalty for violation of the statute. By the 1820s, most of the Cherokee had adopted a farming lifestyle similar to that of neighboring European Americans.
491:
added that the "rules of nations" would regard "Indian tribes" as "nothing more than wandering hordes, held together only by ties of blood and habit, and having neither rules nor government beyond what is required in a savage state."
426:
When Ross and the
Cherokee delegation failed to protect Cherokee lands through negotiation with the executive branch and through petitions to Congress, Ross challenged the actions of the federal government through the U.S. courts.
415:, the secretary of war (1829–1831), informed Ross that President Jackson would support the right of Georgia to extend its laws over the Cherokee Nation. In May 1830, Congress endorsed Jackson's policy of removal by passing the
518:, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign. According to the decision rendered by Chief Justice John Marshall, this meant that Georgia had no rights to enforce state laws in its territory.
3970:
241:
sought a federal injunction against laws passed by the U.S. state of
Georgia depriving them of rights within its boundaries, but the Supreme Court did not hear the case on its merits. It ruled that it had no
466:." Georgia pushed hard to bring evidence that the Cherokee Nation couldn't sue as a "foreign" nation due to the fact that they did not have a constitution or a strong central government. Wirt argued that "
462:
administrations, were selected to defend Cherokee rights before the U.S. Supreme Court. The Cherokee Nation asked for an injunction, claiming that Georgia's state legislation had created laws that "
367:
from their historic lands in the state, enacted a series of laws which stripped the Cherokee of their rights under the laws of the state. They intended to force the Cherokee to leave the state.
114:
The Supreme Court does not have original jurisdiction to hear a suit brought by the Cherokee Nation, which is not a "foreign State" within the meaning of Article III of the federal constitution.
360:, noted for being in favor of removal, led the U.S. delegation. When the negotiations to remove the tribe did not go well, the U.S. delegation resorted to trying to bribe the tribe's leaders.
4439:
3833:
3120:
1456:
Anton-Herman Chroust, "Did President Andrew Jackson Actually Threaten the Supreme Court of the United States with Non-enforcement of Its Injunction Against the State of Georgia?," 4
3643:
4529:
4504:
4474:
3933:
4003:
1517:
654:
4273:
3749:
2365:
476:
all Georgia laws extended over Cherokee lands on the grounds that they violated the U.S. Constitution, United States–Cherokee treaties, and United States intercourse laws.
246:
in the matter, as the Cherokees were a dependent nation, with a relationship to the United States like that of a "ward to its guardian," as said by Chief Justice Marshall.
3125:
2335:
4281:
3524:
2488:
4371:
2503:
2473:
2300:
623:
chief, offered to give each Cherokee leader $ 2,000, equivalent to $ 38,328 in 2012. The chiefs rejected the bribe by denouncing it in front of the tribal council.
4539:
4494:
601:
By 1809 the tribe had a permanent police force, in 1817 the tribe had established a bicameral legislature, and by 1827 they had a written constitution and court.
3785:
4446:
3821:
2121:
521:
Andrew Jackson decided not to uphold the ruling of this case and directed the military to effect the forced removal of the Cherokee Nation’s citizens to the
363:
On December 20, 1828, the state legislature of Georgia, fearful that the United States would not enforce (as a matter of federal policy) the removal of the
4324:
4265:
3596:
3476:
1509:
1480:. Ed. Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda. Vol. 4: Business and Government. Detroit: Gale, 1999. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 20 February 2012.
646:
538:
72:
4246:
3996:
3797:
3452:
2508:
2330:
4499:
4027:
3808:
3548:
3312:
2168:
339:
era for the Cherokee. The treaty promised an "acre for acre" land trade, if the Cherokee would leave their homeland and move to areas west of the
4489:
3874:
314:
settlement, pursuant to the promise made by the United States in 1802 to the State of Georgia that Georgia did have a treaty with the Cherokee.
220:
4509:
4219:
3989:
3428:
1323:
4289:
3838:
3813:
3532:
4376:
4047:
4484:
3468:
3095:
4356:
2325:
1637:
4514:
4308:
3572:
2203:
1673:
610:
Most of the tribe was opposed to removal, and within a few years had successfully petitioned the federal government to prevent it.
4479:
4434:
3958:
550:
384:, Ross wrote an immediate memorial to Congress, completely forgoing the customary correspondence and petitions to the President.
4391:
4146:
2241:
4519:
4012:
3854:
3779:
3755:
3325:
2463:
2158:
1576:
1346:
1230:
4238:
3436:
3305:
2633:
2198:
1524:
4346:
4211:
4175:
3743:
3404:
2741:
2618:
4035:
3963:
3791:
2703:
2267:
1950:
1604:
1568:
234:
35:
1496:
4192:
3913:
3508:
3372:
3035:
2786:
1440:
1411:
1386:
1294:
1262:
487:
wrote that "the relationship of the tribes to the United States resembles that of a 'ward to its guardian'." Justice
582:, which provided that whites could not settle on Indian land, and included the right to send a delegate to Congress.
3460:
3145:
2188:
2096:
2091:
1698:
1632:
436:
3298:
2550:
2038:
972:
855:
822:
451:
4381:
4351:
4118:
3897:
3500:
2950:
2925:
2771:
2698:
2608:
1222:
569:
At the same time, the tribe began to move from autonomous villages and towns, to a more centralized government.
238:
4366:
4124:
3731:
2708:
2443:
2285:
2208:
2111:
332:
4386:
3918:
3773:
3612:
3321:
3180:
2970:
2965:
2796:
2673:
1984:
1851:
1551:
1286:
1254:
371:, who had long favored removal, was elected US president in 1828, taking office in 1829. In this climate,
3928:
3713:
2885:
2106:
1955:
1938:
1774:
352:
negotiators for the United States met with the Cherokee National Council at the tribe's capital city of
4534:
4361:
4041:
2930:
2905:
2523:
2513:
2126:
2101:
1928:
1735:
439:
372:
4427:
4106:
3707:
3634:
3492:
3165:
2940:
2718:
2713:
2653:
2603:
2543:
2468:
2410:
2305:
2295:
2009:
1856:
1718:
1658:
388:
79:
324:
Congress voted very small appropriations to support the removal, but policy changed under President
4112:
3859:
3761:
3737:
3564:
2751:
2578:
2533:
2400:
2153:
2143:
2116:
2086:
1708:
1533:
3290:
4524:
4396:
3908:
3719:
3100:
2628:
2568:
2428:
2290:
2258:
2065:
1218:
488:
315:
137:
4451:
4417:
4316:
4057:
3923:
3826:
3701:
3580:
3484:
3420:
3380:
3065:
2985:
2801:
2458:
2148:
1597:
1428:
447:
396:
4184:
3671:
3588:
3364:
2791:
2528:
2310:
1989:
1911:
1815:
1513:
1432:
1372:
1356:
1272:
727:
650:
243:
169:
64:
3356:
3055:
2990:
2766:
2726:
2538:
2232:
2224:
2021:
1979:
1969:
1945:
1923:
1747:
544:
512:
272:
1424:
American Indians, Time, and the Law: Native Societies in a Modern Constitutional Democracy
1117:
American Indians, Time, and the Law: Native Societies in a Modern Constitutional Democracy
8:
4155:
4072:
3864:
3340:
3205:
2781:
2721:
2663:
2643:
2563:
2448:
2340:
2248:
2016:
1933:
1723:
1713:
1688:
3981:
4101:
4084:
4078:
3903:
3884:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3659:
3626:
2648:
2315:
2053:
1999:
1994:
1906:
1790:
1703:
1317:
579:
526:
416:
380:
lands within that state. Rather than lead the delegation into futile negotiations with
3879:
3604:
3516:
3388:
3240:
3110:
3060:
2825:
2746:
2678:
2638:
2613:
2498:
2453:
2418:
2026:
2004:
1974:
1964:
1863:
1810:
1693:
1663:
1590:
1436:
1407:
1382:
1364:
1342:
1290:
1258:
1250:
1226:
459:
420:
340:
298:
1542:
658:
4422:
4401:
3210:
3040:
2920:
2845:
2736:
2658:
2438:
2132:
2058:
2043:
2032:
1916:
1899:
1846:
1805:
1740:
1730:
1653:
1282:
1240:
1208:
1177:
522:
318:
285:
280:
3971:
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
470:" and was not subject to Georgia's jurisdiction. Wirt asked the Supreme Court to
3891:
3620:
3540:
3444:
3412:
3260:
3105:
3090:
3030:
3005:
2756:
2731:
2683:
2583:
2558:
2405:
2395:
2360:
2253:
2070:
1627:
1422:
1397:
1376:
1338:
1332:
1276:
1244:
1212:
1193:
404:
364:
268:
1399:
Native American Sovereignty on Trial: A Handbook With Cases, Laws, and Documents
1057:
Native American Sovereignty on Trial: A Handbook With Cases, Laws, and Documents
3948:
3725:
3396:
3255:
3250:
3230:
3215:
3150:
3050:
2880:
2850:
2830:
2693:
2623:
2355:
2350:
2048:
1888:
1800:
1668:
496:
468:
the Cherokee Nation a foreign nation in the sense of our constitution and law
443:
400:
381:
368:
336:
302:
293:
157:
145:
67:
592:
law, and the tribe would hand over (extradite) criminals to the United States.
4468:
3953:
3938:
3556:
3245:
3235:
3045:
3020:
3010:
2995:
2875:
2840:
2806:
2483:
2345:
1830:
1309:
484:
472:
412:
408:
357:
289:
276:
129:
4096:
3767:
3265:
3200:
3085:
3080:
2835:
2761:
2688:
1820:
1769:
620:
500:
455:
376:
325:
149:
3869:
3225:
3185:
3075:
3025:
3000:
2960:
1825:
1764:
1752:
161:
321:
also began to look at removing the tribe from their lands at this time.
259:
3943:
3175:
3170:
3160:
3135:
2955:
2910:
2890:
2870:
2860:
2415:
1873:
1795:
392:
353:
87:
976:
4090:
3695:
3683:
3195:
3190:
3155:
2980:
2915:
2895:
2865:
2668:
2423:
2390:
2320:
2193:
1878:
859:
826:
3320:
3220:
2945:
2855:
2493:
1883:
1613:
1403:
1378:
Cherokee Ghost Dance: Essays on the Southeastern Indians, 1789–1861
936:
Cherokee Ghost Dance: Essays on the Southeastern Indians, 1789–1861
1491:
3644:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
2776:
2518:
2433:
2370:
1757:
1560:
1463:
Kenneth W. Treacy, "Another View on Wirt in Cherokee Nation", 5
419:, which authorized the president to set aside lands west of the
2478:
2385:
2380:
1868:
1683:
1678:
83:
30:
1306:
History of the Cherokee Indians and their Legends and Folklore
810:
History of the Cherokee Indians and their Legends and Folklore
464:
go directly to annihilate the Cherokees as a political society
3140:
2375:
3280:
1582:
4282:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
3525:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
4011:
3117:
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)
1281:. The Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 65.
423:
to exchange for the lands of Indian nations in the east.
525:, causing the deaths of at least 4,000 civilians on the
4530:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Marshall Court
4505:
United States Supreme Court original jurisdiction cases
4475:
United States court cases involving the Cherokee Nation
971:
Treaty with the Cherokee of 1817, July 8, 1817, 7
854:
Treaty with the Cherokee of 1791, July 2, 1791, 7
387:
Ross found support in Congress from individuals in the
3786:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
3750:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
1473:(2009): 1. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 20 February 2012.
1176:"Worcester v. Georgia." Oyez. Accessed 03 Aug. 2014.
821:
Treaty with the Cherokee 1785, Nov. 28, 1785, 7
687:
Russell Thornton, C. Matthew Snipp, & Nancy Breen
4325:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
4266:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
3597:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
3477:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
539:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 30
4247:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
3798:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
3453:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
1239:
4466:
3549:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
3017:Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907)
2977:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present)
1178:https://www.oyez.org/cases/1792-1850/1832/1832_2
292:. Cherokee trade with the English colonists of
4540:Native American history of Georgia (U.S. state)
3875:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
4495:Aboriginal title case law in the United States
4220:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
3429:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
1194:https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1567.html
435:In June 1830, a delegation of Cherokee led by
3997:
3306:
1598:
499:, in a dissenting judgment joined by Justice
3533:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
4048:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783
1243:; Snipp, C. Matthew; Breen, Nancy (1992) .
54:The Cherokee Nation v. The State of Georgia
4004:
3990:
3469:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
3313:
3299:
1605:
1591:
1395:
1371:
1322:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1067:
1065:
4500:United States Eleventh Amendment case law
1420:
4081:(1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834)
1471:Cherokee Nation Vs. The State Of Georgia
1330:
1271:
258:
4447:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
4435:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
3822:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
1062:
551:Tribal Sovereignty in the United States
411:. Despite this support, in April 1829,
4490:United States Native American case law
4467:
4290:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe
1207:
4510:Legal history of Georgia (U.S. state)
4309:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
4013:Aboriginal title in the United States
3985:
3756:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
3573:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
3326:Native Americans in the United States
3294:
1586:
1520:) 1 (1831) is available from:
1355:
1303:
1071:
619:The commissioners, working through a
18:1831 United States Supreme Court case
4239:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
3437:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
442:(selected at the urging of Senators
4440:List of federally recognized tribes
4212:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
3744:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
3405:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
2619:First Cherokee Female Seminary Site
1714:Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block)
1246:The Cherokees: A Population History
890:xi (William L. Anderson, ed. 1992).
691:The Cherokees: A Population History
346:
301:was signed by Cherokee leaders and
233:, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831), was a
13:
4036:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
2268:Sequoyah Constitutional Convention
1450:
1361:John Ross and the Cherokee Indians
1334:Cherokee Removal: Before and After
1331:Anderson, William L., ed. (1991).
1122:
888:Cherokee Removal: Before and After
876:John Ross and the Cherokee Indians
804:8 (Charles J. Kappler, ed. 1904);
308:
279:for thousands of years. In 1542,
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
4551:
4485:United States Supreme Court cases
4193:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
3914:National Indian Gaming Commission
3509:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
3373:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
2937:Cherokee Nation West (1810-1839)
2902:Cherokee Nation East (1794-1839)
1484:
802:Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties
356:, located in northwest Georgia.
4056:
3461:Menominee Tribe v. United States
2092:Cherokee Preservation Foundation
1490:
275:in what is now the southeastern
29:
4515:History of Georgia (U.S. state)
3668:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
3072:Cherokee Nation (1975–present)
1365:George Banta Publishing Company
1341:: University of Georgia Press.
1201:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1109:
1093:
1077:
1046:
1030:
1014:
998:
981:
965:
949:
925:
909:
893:
881:
865:
848:
831:
815:
794:
613:
604:
595:
585:
572:
4480:1831 in United States case law
4119:Indian Land Claims Settlements
3898:In the Courts of the Conqueror
3501:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
2772:Hiwassee River Heritage Center
2699:Chief Vann House Historic Site
2609:Cherokee Removal Memorial Park
1421:Wilkinson, Charles F. (1987).
1223:University of New Mexico Press
1214:The Cherokee Nation: A History
778:
762:
746:
720:
696:
680:
675:The Cherokee Nation: A History
664:
636:
563:
1:
4125:Indian Claims Limitations Act
3780:Native American Languages Act
2709:Museum of the Cherokee People
1396:Wildenthal, Bryan H. (2003).
630:
403:, as well as representatives
333:Treaty of the Cherokee Agency
297:treaty in 1785. In 1791 the
249:
4520:1831 in Georgia (U.S. state)
4274:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe
4113:Indian Claims Commission Act
3919:Native American civil rights
3774:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
3613:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
2797:Five Civilized Tribes Museum
2674:Red Clay State Historic Park
2286:Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal)
1612:
1476:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia.
1287:University of Oklahoma Press
1255:University of Nebraska Press
1167:30 U.S. (5 Pet.) at 233–234.
1143:30 U.S. (5 Pet.) at 216–217.
511:One year later, however, in
506:
7:
3934:Recognition of sacred sites
3929:Native American Rights Fund
3834:Federally recognized tribes
3714:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
3281:Cherokee-language Knowledge
3101:Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith
2122:Cherokee Southwest Township
2107:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
2039:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
1956:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles
1775:Flag of the Cherokee Nation
1381:. Mercer University Press.
532:
430:
235:United States Supreme Court
10:
4556:
4164:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
4042:Royal Proclamation of 1763
3792:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
3349:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
2242:Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt
2217:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
2127:Oconaluftee Indian Village
2102:Original Keetoowah Society
1570:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1506:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1498:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1478:Great American Court Cases
643:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
454:, attorney general in the
254:
230:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
24:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
4410:
4339:
4300:
4257:
4230:
4203:
4174:
4145:
4138:
4065:
4054:
4026:
4019:
3847:
3807:
3708:Indian Reorganization Act
3652:
3635:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
3493:United States v. Antelope
3332:
3276:
2815:
2654:Trail of Tears State Park
2604:Cherokee National Capitol
2594:
2276:
2181:
2079:
2010:Jackson and McMinn Treaty
1985:Treaty of Dewitt's Corner
1839:
1783:
1719:Cherokee Immersion School
1646:
1620:
1165:Cherokee Nation v Georgia
1153:Cherokee Nation v Georgia
1141:Cherokee Nation v Georgia
1129:Cherokee Nation v Georgia
389:National Republican Party
219:
214:
210:Thompson, joined by Story
206:
198:
190:
182:
177:
123:
118:
113:
108:
100:
95:
59:
49:
42:
28:
23:
3860:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3762:Indian Child Welfare Act
3565:South Dakota v. Bourland
2787:Fort Smith Historic Site
2555:Western Cherokee Nation
2154:Cherokee Central Schools
1939:Battle of Lindley's Fort
1709:Cherokee (Unicode block)
1155:30 U.S. (5 Pet.) at 232.
1131:30 U.S. (5 Pet.) at 190.
556:
4044:(British North America)
3909:Long Walk of the Navajo
3839:State recognized tribes
3738:Indian Civil Rights Act
3146:Tahlonteeskee (warrior)
3132:Other notable Cherokee
2066:Jacob Brown Grant Deeds
1192:Accessed 15 Oct. 2012.
1119:, Yale University Press
335:began the start of the
305:for the United States.
4452:Legal status of Hawaii
4418:Indigenous land rights
4317:Idaho v. United States
3924:Native American gaming
3827:Legal status of Hawaii
3702:Indian Citizenship Act
3581:Idaho v. United States
3485:Bryan v. Itasca County
3421:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
3381:Standing Bear v. Crook
3066:William Charles Rogers
2986:William Holland Thomas
2762:The Great Trading Path
1929:Cherokee–American wars
1373:McLoughlin, William G.
1357:Eaton, Rachel Caroline
1273:Woodward, Grace Steele
1188:"The Trail of Tears."
1115:Wilkinson, C. (1988).
448:Theodore Frelinghuysen
397:Theodore Frelinghuysen
264:
263:Cherokee lands in 1830
45:Decided March 18, 1831
4185:Fellows v. Blacksmith
4038:(1629 New Netherland)
3732:Indian Relocation Act
3589:United States v. Lara
3365:Fellows v. Blacksmith
2792:Port Royal State Park
2017:Transylvania Purchase
1990:Treaty of Hard Labour
1912:Siege of Fort Loudoun
1638:United Keetoowah Band
1433:Yale University Press
1304:Emmet, Starr (1921).
932:William G. McLoughlin
872:Rachel Caroline Eaton
728:Grace Steele Woodward
409:David (Davy) Crockett
262:
244:original jurisdiction
104:Original jurisdiction
43:Original jurisdiction
3357:Worcester v. Georgia
3056:Samuel Houston Mayes
2233:The Cherokee Tobacco
2225:Worcester v. Georgia
2209:freedmen controversy
2169:Sequoyah High School
2159:Cherokee High School
2022:Chickamauga Cherokee
1980:Treaty of Turkeytown
1970:Treaty of New Echota
1946:Nickajack Expedition
1924:Cherokee War of 1776
545:Worcester v. Georgia
516:, 31 U.S. 515 (1832)
514:Worcester v. Georgia
221:U.S. Const. art. III
4156:Johnson v. McIntosh
4073:Northwest Ordinance
3904:Indian reservations
3865:Cherokee Commission
3341:Johnson v. McIntosh
2664:Rattlesnake Springs
2249:Cherokee Commission
1934:Battle of Hightower
1821:Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï
1724:New Kituwah Academy
1689:Green Corn Ceremony
1552:Library of Congress
1053:Bryan H. Wildenthal
391:, such as senators
4107:Reorganization Act
4102:Curtis Act of 1898
4079:Nonintercourse Act
3964:Self-determination
3959:Tribal sovereignty
3885:Eagle-bone whistle
3678:Indian Removal Act
3666:Nonintercourse Act
3660:Blood quantum laws
3627:McGirt v. Oklahoma
2856:Outacite of Keowee
2767:The Great War Path
2742:Oconaluftee valley
2727:Stick Ball Grounds
2649:Tellico Blockhouse
2054:Indian Removal Act
2000:Treaty of Hopewell
1995:Treaty of Lochaber
1951:American Civil War
1907:Anglo-Cherokee War
1791:Ani Hyuntikwalaski
1572:case brief summary
1465:Am. J. Legal Hist.
1458:Am. J. Legal Hist.
580:Treaty of Hopewell
417:Indian Removal Act
265:
134:Associate Justices
4535:March 1831 events
4462:
4461:
4335:
4334:
4134:
4133:
3979:
3978:
3880:Eagle feather law
3814:State recognition
3605:Cobell v. Salazar
3517:Solem v. Bartlett
3389:Ex parte Crow Dog
3288:
3287:
3241:Clement V. Rogers
3111:Chuck Hoskin, Jr.
3061:Thomas Buffington
2826:Moytoy of Tellico
2747:Oconaluftee River
2679:Hair Conrad Cabin
2614:Chieftains Museum
2165:Sequoyah Schools
2027:Overhill Cherokee
2005:Treaty of Holston
1975:Treaty of Tellico
1965:Cherokee treaties
1736:Spiritual beliefs
1579:historical marker
1495:Works related to
1348:978-0-8203-1482-2
1241:Thornton, Russell
1232:978-0-8263-3236-3
1209:Conley, Robert J.
421:Mississippi River
382:President Jackson
341:Mississippi River
299:Treaty of Holston
226:
225:
4547:
4423:Aboriginal title
4143:
4142:
4060:
4024:
4023:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3855:Aboriginal title
3672:Civilization Act
3608:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
3315:
3308:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3211:Markwayne Mullin
3041:Dennis Bushyhead
2921:Charles R. Hicks
2846:Moytoy of Citico
2737:Tuckasegee River
2659:Brainerd Mission
2644:Sequoyah's Cabin
2551:Cherokee Nations
2189:Principal Chiefs
2182:Politics and law
2133:Unto These Hills
2097:Warriors Society
2059:Cherokee descent
2033:Cherokee Phoenix
1917:Battle of Echoee
1900:Battle of Taliwa
1879:skiagusta (rank)
1806:Moon-eyed people
1741:Moon-eyed people
1659:National holiday
1607:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1494:
1446:
1417:
1392:
1368:
1352:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1300:
1268:
1236:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1002:
996:
990:
985:
979:
969:
963:
957:
953:
947:
941:
937:
933:
929:
923:
917:
913:
907:
901:
897:
891:
889:
885:
879:
877:
873:
869:
863:
852:
846:
840:
835:
829:
819:
813:
811:
807:
803:
798:
792:
786:
782:
776:
770:
766:
760:
754:
750:
744:
738:
734:
730:
724:
718:
712:
704:
700:
694:
692:
688:
684:
678:
676:
672:
671:Robert J. Conley
668:
662:
640:
624:
617:
611:
608:
602:
599:
593:
589:
583:
576:
570:
567:
523:Indian Territory
347:State of Georgia
319:Thomas Jefferson
281:Hernando de Soto
119:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4406:
4331:
4301:Rehnquist Court
4296:
4253:
4226:
4204:1890—1950
4199:
4170:
4130:
4061:
4052:
4015:
4010:
3980:
3975:
3892:Hunting license
3843:
3812:
3803:
3720:Nationality Act
3648:
3621:Sharp v. Murphy
3541:Hodel v. Irving
3445:Williams v. Lee
3413:Talton v. Mayes
3328:
3319:
3289:
3284:
3272:
3261:Kimberly Teehee
3121:James L. Gordon
3106:Bill John Baker
3091:Wilma Mankiller
3031:William P. Ross
3006:Patrick Lambert
2851:Standing Turkey
2811:
2757:Sycamore Shoals
2732:Cullasaja River
2684:Nancy Ward Tomb
2634:John Ross House
2596:
2590:
2584:Qualla Boundary
2559:Cherokee Nation
2361:Hiwassee Island
2291:Amoyeligunahita
2278:
2272:
2177:
2144:Female Seminary
2117:Heritage groups
2087:Heritage Center
2075:
2071:Texas Cherokees
1884:outacite (rank)
1835:
1779:
1642:
1628:Cherokee Nation
1616:
1611:
1577:Cherokee Nation
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1487:
1453:
1451:Further reading
1443:
1414:
1389:
1349:
1315:
1314:
1297:
1265:
1233:
1204:
1199:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1004:
1003:
999:
988:
986:
982:
970:
966:
955:
954:
950:
939:
935:
931:
930:
926:
915:
914:
910:
899:
898:
894:
887:
886:
882:
875:
871:
870:
866:
853:
849:
838:
836:
832:
820:
816:
809:
805:
801:
799:
795:
784:
783:
779:
768:
767:
763:
752:
751:
747:
736:
732:
726:
725:
721:
710:
702:
701:
697:
690:
686:
685:
681:
674:
670:
669:
665:
641:
637:
633:
628:
627:
618:
614:
609:
605:
600:
596:
590:
586:
577:
573:
568:
564:
559:
535:
509:
489:William Johnson
433:
405:Ambrose Spencer
377:Principal Chief
365:Cherokee people
349:
311:
309:Cherokee Nation
269:Cherokee people
257:
252:
239:Cherokee Nation
160:
148:
138:William Johnson
91:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4553:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4525:Trail of Tears
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4243:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4216:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4160:
4151:
4149:
4147:Marshall Court
4140:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4032:
4030:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3951:
3949:Trail of Tears
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3818:
3816:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3726:Public Law 280
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3662:(1705 onwards)
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3631:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3397:Elk v. Wilkins
3393:
3385:
3384:(D. Neb. 1879)
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Hastings Shade
3253:
3251:Durbin Feeling
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Jenny McIntosh
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Yvette Herrell
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Nunnahitsunega
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3166:Elias Boudinot
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Turtle-at-Home
3148:
3143:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:Johnson Harris
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:Dragging Canoe
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2831:Attakullakulla
2828:
2822:Early leaders
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:Bussell Island
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:Ross's Landing
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Judaculla Rock
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2597:memorial sites
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2464:Spike Bucktown
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2254:Cherokee Strip
2246:
2238:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Trail of Tears
2041:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1891:
1889:Raven of Chota
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1801:Horned Serpent
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1566:
1534:Google Scholar
1502:
1486:
1485:External links
1483:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1418:
1412:
1393:
1387:
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1353:
1347:
1328:
1301:
1295:
1269:
1263:
1237:
1231:
1203:
1200:
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1197:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1108:
1092:
1076:
1061:
1045:
1029:
1013:
997:
989:Indian Affairs
980:
964:
948:
938:74–76 (1984);
924:
908:
892:
880:
864:
847:
839:Indian Affairs
830:
814:
793:
777:
761:
745:
719:
695:
679:
663:
634:
632:
629:
626:
625:
612:
603:
594:
584:
571:
561:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
548:
541:
534:
531:
527:Trail of Tears
508:
505:
497:Smith Thompson
483:Chief Justice
444:Daniel Webster
432:
429:
401:Daniel Webster
369:Andrew Jackson
348:
345:
337:Indian removal
310:
307:
303:William Blount
294:South Carolina
256:
253:
251:
248:
224:
223:
217:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
175:
174:
173:
172:
158:Smith Thompson
146:Gabriel Duvall
135:
132:
127:
121:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
93:
92:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4552:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
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4528:
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4523:
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4518:
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4513:
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4508:
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4501:
4498:
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4491:
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4453:
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4409:
4403:
4400:
4398:
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4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
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4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
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4344:
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4338:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4319:
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4314:
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4306:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4292:
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4287:
4284:
4283:
4279:
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4268:
4267:
4263:
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4260:
4256:
4249:
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4236:
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4233:
4229:
4222:
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4217:
4214:
4213:
4209:
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4206:
4202:
4195:
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4190:
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4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:United States
4064:
4059:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
4002:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Treaty rights
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3939:Seminole Wars
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
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3610:
3607:
3606:
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3599:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:Duro v. Reina
3554:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3522:
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3506:
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3487:
3486:
3482:
3479:
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3474:
3471:
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3466:
3463:
3462:
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3446:
3442:
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3438:
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3423:
3422:
3418:
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3407:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3390:
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3383:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Redbird Smith
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Sam Sixkiller
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Joel B. Mayes
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Lewis Downing
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:Richard Sneed
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Gerard Parker
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:Tahlonteeskee
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:William Hicks
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Little Turkey
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2807:Cherokee Path
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:Landmarks and
2593:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:Eastern Band
2574:
2570:
2569:Tahlonteeskee
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Running Water
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
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2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2414:
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2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
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2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
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2339:
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2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
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2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
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2287:
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2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2236:
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2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Male Seminary
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:Organizations
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1887:
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1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
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1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
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1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
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1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
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1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
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1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
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1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1525:CourtListener
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:at Wikisource
1500:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1442:0-300-04136-5
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1413:1-57607-624-5
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1388:0-86554-128-0
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1310:Oklahoma City
1307:
1302:
1298:
1296:0-8061-1815-6
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1278:The Cherokees
1274:
1270:
1266:
1264:0-8032-9410-7
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1089:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1017:
1010:
1001:
994:
984:
978:
974:
968:
961:
952:
945:
928:
921:
912:
905:
896:
884:
868:
861:
857:
851:
844:
834:
828:
824:
818:
797:
790:
781:
774:
765:
758:
749:
742:
733:The Cherokees
729:
723:
716:
708:
699:
693:10–11 (1992).
683:
667:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
635:
622:
616:
607:
598:
588:
581:
578:This was the
575:
566:
562:
552:
549:
547:
546:
542:
540:
537:
536:
530:
528:
524:
519:
517:
515:
504:
502:
498:
493:
490:
486:
485:John Marshall
481:
477:
475:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
413:John H. Eaton
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
358:Joseph McMinn
355:
344:
342:
338:
334:
331:In 1817, the
329:
327:
322:
320:
317:
306:
304:
300:
295:
291:
290:Tuscarora War
288:tribe in the
287:
284:fighting the
282:
278:
277:United States
274:
271:had lived in
270:
261:
247:
245:
240:
236:
232:
231:
222:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:Case opinions
176:
171:
170:Henry Baldwin
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
130:John Marshall
128:
126:Chief Justice
125:
124:
122:
117:
112:
107:
103:
99:
94:
89:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
4428:in Australia
4397:Rhode Island
4323:
4315:
4307:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4258:Burger Court
4245:
4237:
4231:Warren Court
4218:
4210:
4191:
4183:
4163:
4162:
4154:
4097:Diminishment
4028:Colonial era
3896:
3768:Diminishment
3633:
3625:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3278:
3266:Shawna Baker
3201:Ned Christie
3126:John W. Hair
3086:Ross Swimmer
3081:W. W. Keeler
2836:Amouskositte
2782:Tuckaleechee
2752:Abrams Creek
2714:Untokiasdiyi
2689:Blythe Ferry
2240:
2231:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2131:
2031:
1896:Tribal Wars
1770:Booger dance
1633:Eastern Band
1569:
1505:
1497:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1423:
1398:
1377:
1360:
1333:
1305:
1277:
1245:
1213:
1202:Bibliography
1189:
1184:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1074:, p. 39
1072:Eaton (1914)
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
983:
967:
959:
951:
943:
927:
919:
911:
903:
895:
883:
867:
850:
842:
833:
817:
796:
788:
780:
772:
764:
756:
748:
740:
722:
714:
706:
698:
682:
677:18–19 (2005)
666:
661: (1831).
642:
638:
621:Creek Indian
615:
606:
597:
587:
574:
565:
543:
520:
513:
510:
501:Joseph Story
494:
482:
478:
471:
467:
463:
452:William Wirt
434:
425:
386:
362:
350:
330:
326:James Monroe
323:
312:
266:
229:
228:
227:
215:Laws applied
165:
153:
150:Joseph Story
141:
96:Case history
71:
53:
15:
4176:Taney Court
4121:(1978–2006)
4085:Removal Act
3870:Dawes Rolls
3653:Legislation
3226:Major Ridge
3206:John Martin
3186:Joseph Vann
3076:J. B. Milam
3001:Joyce Dugan
2971:John Rogers
2966:John Looney
2961:Sam Houston
2891:Incalatanga
2704:Mantle Rock
2629:Long Island
2366:Island town
2204:1842 revolt
2112:Youth Choir
1811:Nun'Yunu'Wi
1765:Stomp dance
1753:Black drink
1748:Ethnobotany
1467:385 (1961).
1219:Albuquerque
806:Emmet Starr
735:34 (1963);
199:Concurrence
191:Concurrence
162:John McLean
4469:Categories
4382:New Mexico
4352:California
4139:Precedents
3944:Survivance
3690:Curtis Act
3279:See also:
3181:David Vann
3176:James Vann
3171:Wauhatchie
3161:Goingsnake
3136:Nancy Ward
2956:John Jolly
2911:Pathkiller
2871:Old Tassel
2861:Oconostota
2529:Turtletown
2524:Turkeytown
2514:Tuckasegee
2449:Oostanaula
2396:Long Swamp
2391:Kulsetsiyi
2140:Education
1874:Ani-kutani
1831:Tsul 'Kalu
1796:Deer Woman
1561:OpenJurist
1460:77 (1960).
1059:36 (2003).
812:35 (1922).
709:at 21–22;
631:References
393:Henry Clay
354:New Echota
250:Background
237:case. The
88:U.S. LEXIS
4367:Louisiana
4091:Dawes Act
3696:Burke Act
3684:Dawes Act
3191:Bob Benge
3156:Junaluska
2991:Tsaladihi
2981:Yonaguska
2931:John Ross
2916:Big Tiger
2896:Tagwadihi
2886:Kunokeski
2866:Savanukah
2802:Tlanusiyi
2669:Fort Cass
2564:Tahlequah
2544:Titsohili
2509:Tsatanugi
2424:Nickajack
2411:Nantahala
2406:Nacoochee
2336:Dirt town
2316:Conasauga
2306:Chilhowee
2296:Brasstown
2277:Towns and
2259:in Kansas
2194:Blood Law
1826:U'tlun'ta
1704:syllabary
1429:New Haven
1318:cite book
1106:at 42–46.
1090:at 40–41.
1043:at 35–36.
1011:at 29–31.
878:7 (1914).
775:at 40–41.
507:Aftermath
440:John Ross
373:John Ross
316:President
286:Tuscarora
86:25; 1831
60:Citations
4392:Oklahoma
4387:New York
4377:Michigan
4340:By state
4020:Statutes
3333:Case law
3096:Joe Byrd
3036:Utselata
3026:Degataga
2946:Degadoga
2941:The Bowl
2719:Standing
2579:Cherokee
2534:Tuskegee
2494:Tomotley
2489:Tomassee
2454:Red Clay
2401:Mialoquo
2356:Hiwassee
2351:Frogtown
2341:Ducktown
2331:Crowtown
2279:villages
1864:Treaties
1857:military
1852:timeline
1816:Nûñnë'hï
1694:Language
1664:Calendar
1614:Cherokee
1504:Text of
1404:ABC-Clio
1375:(1984).
1359:(1914).
1275:(1963).
1211:(2005).
1190:pbs.org.
785:Woodward
711:Thornton
533:See also
495:Justice
431:The case
186:Marshall
183:Majority
4411:Compare
4402:Vermont
4362:Indiana
3848:Related
3809:Federal
3221:Sequoya
2841:Old Hop
2777:Chatata
2519:Tugaloo
2504:Toxoway
2484:Tellico
2474:Talulah
2459:Settico
2434:Nununyi
2429:Nikwasi
2371:Isunigu
2326:Coyotee
2301:Chatuga
2199:Slavery
2044:Removal
1847:History
1840:History
1784:Legends
1758:Kanuchi
1731:Marbles
1699:history
1654:Society
1647:Culture
1251:Lincoln
995:at 140.
273:Georgia
255:History
207:Dissent
202:Baldwin
194:Johnson
109:Outcome
4357:Hawaii
4347:Alaska
4328:(2005)
4320:(2001)
4312:(1997)
4293:(1986)
4285:(1985)
4277:(1979)
4269:(1974)
4250:(1960)
4242:(1955)
4223:(1941)
4215:(1896)
4196:(1858)
4188:(1857)
4167:(1831)
4159:(1823)
4127:(1982)
4115:(1946)
4109:(1934)
4093:(1887)
4087:(1830)
4075:(1787)
3800:(2008)
3794:(1990)
3788:(1990)
3782:(1990)
3776:(1988)
3770:(1984)
3764:(1978)
3758:(1978)
3752:(1975)
3746:(1971)
3740:(1968)
3734:(1956)
3728:(1953)
3722:(1940)
3716:(1936)
3710:(1934)
3704:(1924)
3698:(1906)
3692:(1898)
3686:(1887)
3680:(1830)
3674:(1819)
3638:(2022)
3630:(2020)
3616:(2013)
3600:(2005)
3592:(2004)
3584:(2001)
3576:(1997)
3568:(1993)
3560:(1990)
3552:(1989)
3544:(1987)
3536:(1986)
3528:(1985)
3520:(1984)
3512:(1982)
3504:(1978)
3496:(1977)
3488:(1976)
3480:(1974)
3472:(1973)
3464:(1968)
3456:(1960)
3448:(1959)
3440:(1955)
3432:(1941)
3424:(1903)
3416:(1896)
3408:(1896)
3400:(1884)
3392:(1883)
3376:(1858)
3368:(1857)
3360:(1832)
3352:(1831)
3344:(1823)
3322:Rights
2816:People
2479:Tanasi
2469:Talisi
2444:Oconee
2419:Echota
2386:Kituwa
2381:Keowee
2346:Etowah
2245:(2005)
2237:(1871)
2228:(1832)
2220:(1831)
1869:Kituwa
1684:Ghigau
1679:Gadugi
1674:Chiefs
1621:Tribes
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1543:Justia
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1439:
1410:
1385:
1345:
1339:Athens
1293:
1283:Norman
1261:
1229:
1027:at 39.
975:
962:at 20.
946:at 17.
922:at 22.
906:at 21.
858:
845:at 29.
825:
791:at 48.
769:Conley
759:at 41.
753:Conley
743:at 26.
737:Conley
717:at 19.
703:Conley
657:)
645:,
456:Monroe
450:) and
399:, and
168:
166:·
164:
156:
154:·
152:
144:
142:·
140:
84:L. Ed.
4372:Maine
3141:Tsali
2906:Enola
2722:Stone
2499:Toqua
2439:Ocoee
2376:Joara
2321:Cowee
2311:Chota
1893:Wars
1669:Clans
1512:
1104:supra
1100:Eaton
1088:supra
1084:Eaton
1041:supra
1037:Eaton
1025:supra
1021:Starr
1009:supra
1005:Eaton
993:supra
973:Stat.
960:supra
956:Eaton
944:supra
940:Eaton
920:supra
916:Eaton
904:supra
900:Eaton
856:Stat.
843:supra
823:Stat.
789:supra
773:supra
757:supra
741:supra
715:supra
707:supra
649:
557:Notes
460:Adams
437:Chief
101:Prior
82:1; 8
2235:case
1518:Pet.
1514:U.S.
1437:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1324:link
1291:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1227:ISBN
655:Pet.
651:U.S.
473:void
458:and
446:and
407:and
267:The
80:Pet.
73:more
65:U.S.
3811:and
3624:and
3324:of
2416:New
1516:(5
977:156
653:(5
90:337
63:30
4471::
1510:30
1508:,
1435:.
1431::
1427:.
1406:.
1402:.
1363:.
1337:.
1320:}}
1316:{{
1308:.
1289:.
1285::
1257:.
1253::
1249:.
1225:.
1221::
1217:.
1102:,
1086:,
1064:^
1055:,
1039:,
1023:,
1007:,
991:,
987:2
958:,
942:,
934:,
918:,
902:,
874:,
860:39
841:,
837:2
827:18
808:,
800:2
787:,
771:,
755:,
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731:,
713:,
705:,
689:,
673:,
647:30
529:.
395:,
375:,
78:5
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1445:.
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1367:.
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