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kalimbubu. Food is cooked by the anakberu, who will spend many hours cooking vast quantities to cater to the numerous guests. This social obligation is expected to be reciprocated so that
Karonese people can attend several weddings each month. Non-Karo people do not attend the wedding ceremony, although such friends might be invited to a separate party in the evening. Where a non-Karonese person wishes to marry a Karonese, they would be adopted into a Karo marga.
1512:
79:
47:
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belief' on their identity card, the board members of BPAMSL met with a wealthy Indian man from Medan and determined that the traditional religion was, in fact, an expression of Indian
Hinduism and that it had been founded by a 'Bagavan Bṛgu', from which had been derived the alternate name for the Karo beliefs 'Perbegu' (followers of 'begu' (in Karo, begu is a spirit or ghost)), the existence of Indian-originating Karo
795:
it was stated that PHDI (i.e. Balinese) Hinduism was the only valid form, and the Karo 'Hindu' ritual was invalid, the name change from 'Hindu Karo' to 'Hindu Dharma Karo' and the replacement of Tamil
Indians on the PAHK board with Balinese on the PHDK symbolising the assertion of 'Hindu Dharma' as the 'valid' Hindu religion, with little regard paid to re-imagining Karo rituals within an Agama Hindu context.
897:
623:
439:, Hinduism, and Islam. Islam slowly gained influence in coastal areas since the late 13th century. Despite being among the earliest Sumatran kingdoms that were exposed to Islam, the people of the Aru kingdom remained predominantly pagan, especially those who inhabited the interior regions. The successor state of the Aru Kingdom was the
879:
travelling back and forth from the village to their fields. Today, these satellite villages have developed and matured to be independent of the main villages. In the old times, these satellite villages used to ask for help from the main villages to deal with natural disasters, tribal disputes, diseases, and famine.
853:
are very large affairs, with typically 200 attendees, comprising the numerous family members of both marrying parties, comprising several elements, including the chewing of betel nut (sirih), traditional
Karonese dancing (which focuses on hand movements), the payment of a nominal dowry to each of the
794:
Indonesia, and as a culmination of this, in 1985 PAHK became a branch of the PHDI, PHDK. When
Parisada Hindu Dharma Karo (PHDK) was established, it claimed 50,000 members and 50,000 more sympathisers. The PHD built a Balinese-style temple in Tanjung, a Karo village to inaugurate the PHDK. In doing so
874:
Karo tradition states that the Merga si Lima originate from five villages, each established by a
Sibayak, a founding community. The Sibayak of Suka whose family name was Ginting Suka established the village of Suka. The Sibayak of Lingga called Karo-karo Sinulingga established the village of Lingga.
744:
The concept of 'religion' was relatively new in the
Karoland; historically the neighbouring Muslim people, were known as 'kalak Jawi' or the people of the Jawi lands, and the concept of 'kalak Kristen', or Christian people, was the first time that people were identified by their religion rather than
878:
Each one of these five villages has its satellite villages inhabited by the extended families of the main village inhabitants. The satellite villages were established for the convenience of the villagers whose fields were relatively far from the main villages. The purpose was to save them time when
770:
supporters rejected this. With BPAMSL no longer a united force for the practice of Pemena, and Pemena itself no longer a uniting force in the
Karoland, and with all Indonesians required to follow one of the religions of Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, or risk writing 'without
882:
The leaders of these satellite villages were called URUNGs. The
Sibayak of Lingga administered five villages i.e., Tiganderket, Tiga Pancur, Naman, Lingga, and Batukarang. The Sibayak of Suka administered four villages i.e., Suka, Seberaya, Ajinembah, and Tengging. The Sibayak of Sarinembah
798:
There was an immediate decline in PAHK/PHDK support, with a small number of people still following the PHDK practices, but others following traditional Karo (Pemena) rituals outside of the formal context of PHDK. This left the
Christian GBKP, by then for many years an indigenous Karo-run
799:
adat-respecting church a rather more comfortable option for most Karo than the Balinese Hinduism asserted by PHDK. There are today four Balinese-style PHDK temples in the Karoland, but the concept of Karo traditional beliefs as a manifestation of Hinduism is otherwise largely extinct.
748:
BPAMSL conducted a ceremony in the Lau Debuk–Debuk hot spring akin to the one to invest in a new Karo village. This ceremony essentially validated the Dutch-established Berastagi as a 'true' Karo village and was attended by the regent of Karo regency and other political figures.
875:
The Sibayak of Barusjahe whose family name was Karo-karo Barus pioneered the village of Barusjahe. The Sibayak of Sarinembah, called Sembiring Meliala established the village of Sarinembah. The Sibayak of Kutabuluh named Perangin-angin established the village of Kutabuluh.
883:
administered four villages i.e., Sarinembah, Perbesi, Juhar, and Kutabangun. The Sibayak of Barusjahe administered two villages i.e., Barusjahe and Sukanalu. The Sibayak of Kutabuluh administered two villages i.e., Kutabuluh and Marding-ding.
838:
or clans, which are Ginting, Karo-Karo, Perangin-Angin, Sembiring, and Tarigan. Each marga is further divided into sub-marga (83 in total). Except for marga Karo-Karo, most Karo identify themselves by their principal rather than sub-marga.
693:
faded, with the church itself acquiring independence, and adopting more elements of traditional Karo culture such as music (whereas previously the brass band was promoted). By 1965, the Karo church had grown to 35,000 members.
778:
718:
Unlike the Toba Batak, who embraced Christianity fairly readily, the Karo continued to follow their traditional religion for several decades after the arrival of the first Christian missionaries in the Karolands.
684:
Christianity as the 'Dutch religion', and its followers as 'dark-skinned Dutch'. In this context, the Karo church was initially unsuccessful, and by 1950 the church had only 5,000 members. In the years following
502:, Indonesia. This tribal congregation was established formally in 1941 as a Reformed-Calvinist church. The church has 276,000 members (as of 2006) in 398 congregations with 196 pastors. It is a member of the
857:
Traditionally kalimbubu-anakberu relationships would be reinforced by cross-cousin marriages (i.e. to one's mother's brother's child), however, in modern Karo society, this tradition is no longer important.
846:
prohibits marriage within a marga (e.g., Ginting with Ginting). Upon marriage, the bride becomes a part of the groom's family, with the kalimbubu (bride's family) joining with anakberu (groom's family).
726:
in 1965–1966, at which time over 70% of the Karo still followed traditional religions, there was a push for Indonesians to identify with an established religion. Many Karo joined the
866:
1318:
752:
At that time, BPAMSL became the largest religious organisation in the Karolands, surpassing the GBKP, and absorbing many who had joined it following the anti-Communist purge.
1397:
811:(GBKP) is the largest Karo church, with has 276,000 members (as of 2006) in 398 congregations with 196 pastors. There are also Catholic (33,000 members as of 1986) and
306:
The Karolands were conquered by the Dutch in 1904. In 1906, roads to the highlands were constructed, ending the isolation of the highland Karo people. The road linked
609:
1766:
1756:
730:(Batak Karo Protestant church) (60,000 were baptised in 1966–1970.), and from 5,000 Muslims (mostly non-Karo) in Karoland in 1950, there were 30,000 in 1970.
1736:
1647:
1100:
Bibliography of Works on the Karo Batak of North Sumatra, Indonesia: Missionary Reports, Anthropological Studies, and Other Writings from 1826 to the Present
951:
1751:
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538:(Colia, Berahmana, Pandia, Meliala, Depari, Muham, Pelawi, and Tekan) are clearly of South-Indian origin, suggesting that inter-marriage between Karo and
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won the elections in 1972, Djamin Ginting, a leading BPAMSL figure proclaimed BPAMSL as a movement within Golkar, adopting Islam as his religion, while
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names and similarities between Karo ritual and Indian Hindu ones all proving this. Thus the Association of Karo Hinduism (PAHK) was proclaimed.
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1612:
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945:
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911:
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The PAHK declared 'Pemena is the same as Hinduism' and received funding from Medan Indians for their cause. PAHK became a movement within
1098:
706:
Karo married couple being bound in a sling (traditionally used in Indonesia for carrying babies), wearing traditional costumes including
1326:
1194:
755:
As a response to the Pemena movement, the GBKP after 1969 determined that members could participate in village rituals as a matter of
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In retaliation, the Dutch administration waged a war to conquer the Karolands, as part of their final consolidation of power in the
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987:
984:(various Karo cakes made of purple sweet potato, coconut and palm sugar. Traditionally consumed during the Kerja Tahun festival)
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answered the call, commencing activities in the Karolands in 1890, where they engaged not only in evangelism but also in
972:(a traditional Karo chicken dish which is cooked three times using different ingredients and cooking methods each time).
966:(various Karo cakes made of rice flour, coconut and palm sugar. Traditionally consumed during the Kerja Tahun festival)
517:", but very few now remain (one in Desa Lingga, Karo district), and new construction is exclusively of modern designs.
737:(BPAMSL) was established in Berastagi. BPAMSL proclaimed the 'agama Pemena', or the religion (agama) of the founders (
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1478:
1357:
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960:(traditional Karo soup made from partially digested grass from a cow, mixed with other ingredients, herbs and spices)
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815:
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524:, thousands of years ago, but it is believed that some of the Karo people may have intermarried with visiting
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their land. The 'agama Pemena' of BPAMSL was a defense against accusations of atheism, Communism or animism.
17:
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51:
A newly-married Karonese couple dressed in Karo traditional outfit (2010), the wedding ceremony called as
2740:
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759:(tradition), whereas previously they had been rejected by GBKP as of a religious (unchristian) nature.
435:. It was one of the earliest kingdoms in Sumatra. The population of the Aru Kingdom adhered to native
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113:
1637:
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The ancestors of the Karo are believed to have migrated from Taiwan (Formosa), the urheimat of the
357:, while towns further in the interior suffer from lower incomes and limited access to healthcare.
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1269:
686:
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454:. However, an increasing number of people living away from the Karo Highlands have converted to
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2652:
2615:
1349:
1132:"Mount Sinabung: Volcano Eruption Warnings After Huge Column of Ash Prompts Panic in Indonesia"
451:
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Aris Ananta; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; M Sairi Hasbullah; Nur Budi Handayani; Agus Pramono (2015).
1107:
1964:
978:(more commonly known as "Lemang", a traditional food made of glutinous rice and coconut milk)
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349:, now the major town in Karoland, to grow European vegetables in the cooler temperatures.
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Musical instruments and other items identified as Karo Batak, photograph (circa 1870) by
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990:(a type of Karo soup made with Corn, chicken and other spices and left to stew in water)
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528:. This intercourse influenced their religious beliefs, as well as ethnic makeup. The
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and documenting the Karo culture. The missionaries attempted to construct a base in
330:. The first Christian evangelism was conducted among the Karo people in 1890 by the
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1208:"Member churches | Bringing together 80 million Reformed Christians worldwide"
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in 1945 that Christianity acquired significant support among the Karo people.
303:. Karoland consists of the cooler highlands and the upper and lower lowlands.
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529:
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338:, only a minority of the Karo converted initially and it was not until after
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137:
1382:
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From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra
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A Karo people church affiliated with Karo Batak Protestant Church (GBKP).
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1706:
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1163:
443:, which demonstrated a mixed influence of Karo, Malay, Tamil, and Aceh.
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2314:
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2109:
2104:
1942:
1721:
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510:
474:. Some Muslims and Christians, however, still retain their traditional
447:
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1377:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. p. 12.
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714:) this action signifies this couple is now united as man and wife.
673:
in the Karo highlands but were repelled by the suspicious locals.
353:
is today the most prosperous part of Karoland, just one hour from
299:, which erupted after 400 years of dormancy on 27 August 2010 and
1988:
1589:
1000:
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is the largest church among the largely Christian Karo people of
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436:
413:
490:, despite the fact that it contradicts their other beliefs. The
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738:
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334:. Due to the perceived association with the colonialism of the
261:
157:
1211:
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the perception of Christianity among the Karo as an emblem of
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2394:
1664:
963:
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The Karo were harassing Dutch interests in East Sumatra, and
455:
428:
423:
In the 13th to 16th century, the Karo people established the
354:
307:
285:
273:
265:
92:
1235:"The Trans-Sumatra Trade and the Ethnicization of the Batak"
2451:
1832:
1395:
843:
756:
727:
707:
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immigrants, thus reducing the prevalence of the customs of
319:
1323:Всеми́рный сове́т церкве́й (The World Council of Churches)
1055:
The Study of 'Batak Toba' Tribe Tradition Wedding Ceremony
948:(traditional spicy or savoury dish made with pork or dog).
420:
are then divided up into sub-clans and finally families.
1308:
Hinduism in Modern Indonesia. Chapter 13. Juara Ginting
622:
534:
Sembiring, meaning 'black one', and many Sembiring sub-
450:, a religion brought to Sumatra in the 19th century by
412:
are Karo-Karo, Ginting, Sembiring, Perangin-Angin, and
1019:
Aritonang, Jan S.; Steenbrink, Karel A., eds. (2008).
1507:
1437:"Cimpa, Kuliner HUT Kemerdekaan Indonesia Khas Karo"
1398:"5 Makanan Khas Batak Paling Dirindukan Anak Rantau"
1348:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.
1274:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 271.
1469:
Kinship, Descent, and Alliance Among the Karo Batak
1372:
1344:
Kinship, Descent, and Alliance Among the Karo Batak
1296:
1284:
1018:
1466:
1341:
1154:History of Christianity in Indonesia. pp. 569-584.
1023:. Studies in Christian Mission 35. Leiden: Brill.
1464:
1339:
942:to prevent the rice from sticking to the bamboo.)
404:. These Karo people are divided up into clans or
2722:
1404:. Archived from the original on December 4, 2015
697:
1396:Sri Devi Valentina Simamora (2 December 2015).
1569:
1486:
509:The Karo people traditionally lived in shared
228:(Karo lands) and part of the Karo people from
1555:
1239:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
1129:
1081:. Yayasan Indonesia Hijau. 1990. p. 45.
1003:(a traditional ginger tea with other spices)
462:from the neighboring Deli area in Medan and
1263:
427:(also spelled Haru), located in modern-day
392:The Karo people speak the Karo language, a
1562:
1548:
1051:
661:as a means to suppress this activity. The
345:In 1911, an agricultural project began at
45:
1250:
861:
1096:
1061:, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, p. 1
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865:
825:
777:
701:
621:
608:
375:
1526:Traditional Karo wedding dance (called
1092:
1090:
1088:
295:Karoland contains two major volcanoes,
14:
2723:
1232:
1106:(Version 1.2 ed.), archived from
1021:A History of Christianity in Indonesia
802:
617:
1543:
553:Religion of Karo people in Indonesia
396:, but not mutually intelligible with
1085:
504:World Communion of Reformed Churches
71:Regions with significant populations
1272:Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity
908:(grilled pork with pig blood sauce)
830:A Karo woman in traditional attire.
446:Today, most of the Karo people are
24:
1473:, University of California Press,
1458:
954:(a traditional goldfish/carp dish)
834:Karo people belong to one of five
657:, a Dutch administrator, regarded
284:in the foothills of the road from
25:
2762:
1503:
1375:Arsitektur Tradisional Batak Karo
1297:Aritonang & Steenbrink (2008)
1285:Aritonang & Steenbrink (2008)
1174:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
934:, and salt, cooked in a hollowed
920:(meat rendang cooked with cekala)
292:is also a significant Karo town.
1510:
1168:; J. David Neidel, eds. (2009).
821:
735:Balai Pustaka Adat Merga Si Lima
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77:
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1389:
1366:
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458:, with the influence of Muslim
1319:"Karo Batak Protestant Church"
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1200:
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1148:
1123:
1079:Voice of Nature, Volumes 85-95
1071:
1045:
663:Netherlands Missionary Society
332:Netherlands Missionary Society
13:
1:
1491:, Yayasan Pendidikan Bangun,
1130:Zamira Rahim (10 June 2019).
1038:
870:Karo traditional house, 1914.
698:After the Indonesian Genocide
360:The administrative centre of
260:. In addition, the cities of
1373:Hilderia Sitanggang (1991).
1195:Karo Batak Protestant Church
496:Karo Batak Protestant Church
240:, plus neighboring areas in
236:. The Karo lands consist of
7:
1052:Yulianti H, Olivia (2014),
809:Gereja Batak Karo Protestan
545:
492:Gereja Batak Karo Protestan
488:traditional jungle medicine
55:in local Karonese language.
10:
2767:
2731:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
1571:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
1465:Masri Singarimbun (1975),
1340:Masri Singarimbun (1975).
886:
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2240:
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1421:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1252:10.1163/22134379-90003770
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768:Indonesian National Party
172:
167:
128:
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65:
60:
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2736:Ethnic groups in Sumatra
1097:Kushnick, Geoff (2010),
1007:
958:Pagit-pagit atau Terites
906:Babi Panggang Karo (BPK)
900:Babi Panggang Karo (BPK)
891:
613:Traditional Karo priest.
398:Southern Batak languages
2636:Bangka Belitung Chinese
1487:Roberto Bangun (2006),
842:Karo and other's Batak
687:Indonesian independence
394:Northern Batak language
384:at a Karo village near
340:Indonesian independence
314:and from there to both
224:), are a people of the
27:Indonesian ethnic group
901:
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862:Marga origin mythology
831:
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792:Parisada Hindu Dharma
781:
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655:Jacob Theodoor Cremer
642:Further information:
625:
612:
379:
168:Related ethnic groups
522:Austronesian peoples
433:Deli Serdang Regency
310:and the lowlands to
282:Deli Serdang Regency
270:Deli Serdang Regency
258:Deli Serdang Regency
97:Deli Serdang Regency
2751:Batak ethnic groups
1233:Andaya, L. (2002).
952:Arsik/tangas-tangas
803:Modern Christianity
724:Indonesian Genocide
618:Traditional beliefs
268:, both bordered by
41:
2741:History of Sumatra
1489:Mengenal Suku Karo
1287:, pp. 569–584
902:
872:
851:Karonese marriages
832:
788:
733:At this time, the
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515:rumah Siwaluh Jabu
390:
254:Simalungun Regency
33:
2718:
2717:
1214:on August 8, 2012
1030:978-90-041-7026-1
938:tube coated with
441:Sultanate of Deli
400:, in addition to
336:Dutch East Indies
242:East Aceh Regency
210:
209:
192:Simalungun people
142:Roman Catholicism
39:
16:(Redirected from
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1518:Indonesia portal
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1443:. 18 August 2016
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1210:. Archived from
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1164:Dominik Bonatz;
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1049:
1034:
784:Kristen Feilberg
598:
588:
578:
568:
558:
83:
81:
80:
66:1,232,655 (2013)
61:Total population
49:
42:
37:
32:
21:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2587:
2491:
2381:
2374:
2236:
2121:
1911:
1827:
1584:
1573:
1568:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1481:
1461:
1459:Further reading
1456:
1455:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1394:
1390:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1338:
1334:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1268:
1264:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1136:The Independent
1128:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1015:
1010:
997:
894:
889:
864:
824:
818:denominations.
805:
700:
651:
646:
620:
607:
606:
605:
604:
596:
594:
586:
584:
576:
574:
566:
564:
556:
548:
476:animist beliefs
374:
324:Pematangsiantar
246:Langkat Regency
206:
163:
101:Langkat Regency
78:
76:
56:
35:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:Maluku Chinese
2638:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2604:Black Dutchmen
2595:
2593:
2592:Non-indigenous
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2501:
2499:
2497:Maluku Islands
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1575:
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1567:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1505:
1504:External links
1502:
1501:
1500:
1484:
1479:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1428:
1388:
1365:
1358:
1332:
1329:on 2012-04-05.
1310:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1262:
1259:on 2012-03-02.
1245:(3): 367–409.
1225:
1199:
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1147:
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1084:
1070:
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993:
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985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
928:glutinous rice
921:
918:Rendang cekala
915:
914:(a fish curry)
909:
893:
890:
888:
885:
863:
860:
823:
820:
816:Pentecostalist
804:
801:
722:Following the
699:
696:
650:
647:
619:
616:
595:
585:
581:Roman Catholic
575:
565:
555:
551:
550:
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547:
544:
373:
370:
297:Mount Sinabung
276:. The town of
208:
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199:
194:
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179:
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132:Predominantly
129:
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73:
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68:
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63:
62:
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2382:Sunda Islands
2377:
2371:
2368:
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2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
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2318:
2316:
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2308:
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2201:
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2191:
2188:
2186:
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2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
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1591:
1587:
1583:
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1576:
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1565:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1508:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1480:0-5200-2692-6
1476:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1359:05-200-2692-6
1355:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1299:, p. 576
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1183:
1181:9781443807845
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1113:on 2012-10-08
1109:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1002:
999:
998:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
940:banana leaves
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:Lemang-lemang
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
898:
884:
880:
876:
868:
859:
855:
852:
848:
845:
840:
837:
828:
822:Merga Si Lima
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:Although the
800:
796:
793:
785:
780:
776:
774:
769:
765:
760:
758:
753:
750:
746:
742:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
720:
713:
709:
704:
695:
692:
688:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
645:
637:
636:North Sumatra
633:
629:
624:
611:
602:
592:
582:
572:
562:
561:Protestantism
554:
543:
541:
537:
533:
532:
527:
523:
518:
516:
513:also called "
512:
507:
505:
501:
500:North Sumatra
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
388:, circa 1870.
387:
383:
378:
372:Karo identity
369:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
301:Mount Sibayak
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Dairi Regency
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:North Sumatra
227:
223:
219:
215:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
187:Pakpak people
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
171:
166:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
143:
139:
138:Protestantism
135:
131:
130:
127:
122:
119:
115:
114:Karo language
111:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
43:
40:
19:
18:Karo (people)
2220:Tau Taa Wana
1674:
1648:Talang Mamak
1579:
1527:
1488:
1468:
1445:. Retrieved
1440:
1431:
1406:. Retrieved
1401:
1391:
1374:
1368:
1343:
1335:
1327:the original
1322:
1313:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1257:the original
1242:
1238:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:the original
1202:
1190:
1170:
1159:
1150:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:
1125:
1115:, retrieved
1108:the original
1099:
1078:
1073:
1063:, retrieved
1054:
1047:
1020:
1013:Bibliography
932:coconut milk
881:
877:
873:
856:
849:
841:
833:
806:
797:
789:
761:
754:
751:
747:
743:
734:
732:
721:
717:
711:
675:
652:
649:Christianity
632:Karo Regency
552:
542:took place.
540:Tamil people
535:
530:
519:
514:
508:
495:
491:
483:
452:missionaries
445:
422:
417:
409:
405:
391:
380:Traditional
362:Karo Regency
359:
344:
305:
294:
238:Karo Regency
225:
221:
217:
213:
211:
134:Christianity
89:Karo Regency
52:
36:
30:Ethnic group
2566:Tanimbarese
2280:Ekari (Mee)
2155:Gorontaloan
1791:Aneuk Jamee
1786:Minangkabau
1742:Bugis-Malay
1633:Orang Rimba
1628:Orang Kuala
1581:Indonesians
1166:John Miksic
982:Cimpa Bohan
946:Lomok-lomok
710:(Karonese:
691:colonialism
680:. The Karo
571:Sunni Islam
482:, spirits (
468:pig farming
425:Aru Kingdom
408:. The Karo
197:Toba people
148:Sunni Islam
53:Erdemu Bayu
34:Karo people
2746:Batak Karo
2725:Categories
2705:Portuguese
2663:Klingalese
2105:Orang Laut
1943:Lun Bawang
1917:Kalimantan
1873:Kangeanese
1866:Tenggerese
1856:Banyumasan
1851:Cirebonese
1695:Toba Batak
1690:Simalungun
1680:Mandailing
1643:Petalangan
1598:Aboriginal
1535:hawaii.edu
1447:2016-11-06
1408:2016-11-06
1218:August 18,
1141:2020-06-18
1117:2010-10-09
1065:2017-03-24
1039:References
970:Tasak telu
912:Gulai ikan
659:evangelism
511:longhouses
402:Indonesian
382:longhouses
328:Simalungun
278:Sibolangit
226:Tanah Karo
218:Karo Batak
160:and Pebegu
118:Indonesian
38:Kalak Karo
2700:Pakistani
2695:Mardijker
2646:Peranakan
2447:Manggarai
2430:Lamaholot
2290:Ketengban
2210:Sangirese
2190:Mongondow
2185:Minahasan
2180:Mandarese
2160:Kalumpang
2093:Pontianak
2064:Punan Bah
1980:Uma Baka'
1955:Apo Kayan
1934:Apo Duat
1905:Bantenese
1895:Sundanese
1808:Palembang
1497:115901224
682:perceived
671:Kabanjahe
667:ethnology
628:Kabanjahe
448:Christian
431:City and
386:Lake Toba
366:Kabanjahe
351:Berastagi
347:Berastagi
312:Kabanjahe
290:Berastagi
234:Indonesia
216:, (also:
108:Languages
85:Indonesia
2680:Japanese
2653:Filipino
2621:Chindian
2616:Armenian
2539:Ambonese
2522:Manusela
2505:Moluccan
2457:Rotenese
2410:Bimanese
2405:Balinese
2400:Bali Aga
2170:Makassar
2150:Bonerate
2145:Butonese
2135:Buginese
2127:Sulawesi
2052:Bakumpai
2040:Ma'anyan
2035:Lawangan
2030:Ot Danum
1994:Kendayan
1878:Madurese
1846:Javanese
1818:Simeulue
1779:Sakuddei
1774:Mentawai
1655:Acehnese
1417:cite web
1402:Liputan6
1383:26988946
591:Buddhism
546:Religion
464:Javanese
416:; these
316:Kutacane
222:Karonese
153:Buddhism
124:Religion
2631:Benteng
2626:Chinese
2599:African
2576:Togutil
2549:Wai Apu
2534:Ambelau
2482:Sumbawa
2380:Lesser
2355:Waropen
2335:Sentani
2300:Korowai
2270:Damalme
2255:Amungme
2225:Torajan
2069:Bukitan
2057:Meratus
2011:Mualang
1989:Bidayuh
1938:Kelabit
1823:Singkil
1803:Haloban
1767:Serdang
1757:Langkat
1717:Lampung
1702:Enggano
1670:Angkola
1590:Sumatra
1001:Bandrek
887:Cuisine
813:several
583:(18.7%)
573:(21.3%)
563:(57.5%)
486:), and
484:perbegu
472:cooking
437:animism
414:Tarigan
2690:Korean
2685:Jewish
2658:Indian
2581:Wemale
2571:Tobelo
2561:Lisela
2556:Kayeli
2527:Nuaulu
2440:Loloan
2420:Helong
2360:Wolani
2350:Wambon
2345:Tobati
2310:Marind
2295:Kombai
2230:Mamasa
2200:Pamona
2140:Bungku
2023:Tidung
1999:Selako
1975:Lebbo'
1970:Kenyah
1948:Sa'ban
1925:Banjar
1883:Bawean
1841:Betawi
1813:Rejang
1737:Asahan
1727:Lembak
1685:Pakpak
1528:Landek
1495:
1477:
1381:
1356:
1178:
1027:
995:Drinks
988:Cipera
936:bamboo
764:Golkar
762:After
739:Pemena
678:Indies
644:Pemena
603:(1.1%)
601:Pemena
599:
597:
593:(1.4%)
589:
587:
579:
577:
569:
567:
559:
557:
526:Tamils
480:ghosts
262:Binjai
256:, and
158:Pemena
140:&
82:
2710:Totok
2668:Tamil
2517:Alune
2512:Alfur
2487:Tetum
2477:Sumba
2472:Sikka
2462:Sasak
2435:Malay
2425:Kemak
2415:Bunak
2395:Atoni
2340:Tehit
2325:Nduga
2265:Bauzi
2260:Asmat
2242:Papua
2205:Rampi
2175:Malay
2165:Lindu
2115:Suluk
2110:Bajau
2088:Berau
2083:Malay
2047:Ngaju
2018:Murut
1965:Kayan
1960:Bahau
1930:Dayak
1900:Baduy
1890:Malay
1861:Osing
1752:Lahat
1732:Malay
1712:Kluet
1665:Batak
1638:Sakai
1623:Mante
1613:Bonai
1608:Batin
1111:(PDF)
1104:(PDF)
1059:(PDF)
1008:Notes
976:Rires
964:Cimpa
892:Foods
836:marga
773:marga
536:marga
531:marga
460:Malay
456:Islam
429:Medan
418:merga
410:merga
406:merga
355:Medan
308:Medan
286:Medan
274:Medan
266:Medan
202:Malay
182:Kluet
93:Medan
2675:Indo
2611:Arab
2544:Buru
2467:Savu
2452:Nage
2390:Abui
2370:Yaur
2365:Yali
2330:Sawi
2320:Moni
2305:Lani
2285:Fayu
2275:Dani
2250:Abun
2215:Seko
2195:Muna
2100:Moro
2074:Krio
2006:Iban
1833:Java
1798:Nias
1762:Riau
1747:Deli
1722:Laut
1707:Gayo
1675:Karo
1660:Alas
1618:Lubu
1603:Akit
1493:OCLC
1475:ISBN
1441:JPNN
1423:link
1379:OCLC
1354:ISBN
1220:2013
1176:ISBN
1025:ISBN
844:adat
757:adat
728:GBKP
708:ulos
470:and
322:and
320:Aceh
264:and
214:Karo
212:The
177:Alas
2315:Mek
1247:doi
1243:158
741:).
712:uis
494:or
478:in
364:is
326:in
318:in
288:to
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1439:.
1419:}}
1415:{{
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634:,
630:,
506:.
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280:,
252:,
248:,
244:,
232:,
220:,
116:,
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95:,
91:,
1563:e
1556:t
1549:v
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1425:)
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1385:.
1362:.
1249::
1222:.
1197:.
1184:.
1144:.
1033:.
926:(
786:.
638:.
144:)
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