Kingdom of Scotland

2571: 2343:. It was derived largely from Old English, with the addition of elements from Gaelic and French. Although resembling the language spoken in northern England, it became a distinct dialect from the late 14th century onwards. It began to be adopted by the ruling elite as they gradually abandoned French. By the 15th century, it was the language of government, with acts of parliament, council records and treasurer's accounts almost all using it from the reign of James I onwards. As a result, Gaelic, once dominant north of the Tay, began a steady decline. Lowland writers began to treat Gaelic as a second-class, rustic and even amusing language, helping to frame attitudes towards the Highlands and to create a cultural gulf with the Lowlands. 2842: 97: 3284: 3298: 128: 770: 9876: 3157: 180: 2515: 2077: 1866: 2139:, the acidity of which, combined with high level of wind and salt spray, made most of the islands treeless. The existence of hills, mountains, quicksands and marshes made internal communication and conquest extremely difficult and may have contributed to the fragmented nature of political power. The Uplands and Highlands had a relatively short growing season, in the extreme case of the upper Grampians an ice free season of four months or less and for much of the Highlands and Uplands of seven months or less. The early modern era also saw the impact of the 2158: 1674: 1562: 2424:

predominate and the Scottish church established its independence from England, developed a clearer diocesan structure, becoming a "special daughter of the see of Rome", but lacking leadership in the form of Archbishops. In the late Middle Ages, the problems of schism in the Catholic Church allowed the Scottish Crown to gain greater influence over senior appointments and two archbishoprics had been established by the end of the 15th century. While some historians have discerned a decline of monasticism in the late Middle Ages, the

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that took place after the Reformation, but were usually outnumbered by boys, often taught separately, for a shorter time and to a lower level. They were frequently taught reading, sewing and knitting, but not writing. Female illiteracy rates based on signatures among female servants were around 90 percent, from the late 17th to the early 18th centuries and perhaps 85 percent for women of all ranks by 1750, compared with 35 per cent for men. Among the nobility there were many educated and cultured women, of which

2374: 3322: 2600:, opened their doors to a wider range of students. The number and size of these schools seems to have expanded rapidly from the 1380s. They were almost exclusively aimed at boys, but by the end of the 15th century, Edinburgh also had schools for girls, sometimes described as "sewing schools", and probably taught by lay women or nuns. There was also the development of private tuition in the families of lords and wealthy burghers. The growing emphasis on education cumulated with the passing of the 3270: 104: 2810:. These evolved into the "Tounis College", which would become the University of Edinburgh in 1582. The results were a revitalisation of all Scottish universities, which were now producing a quality of education the equal of that offered anywhere in Europe. Under the Commonwealth, the universities saw an improvement in their funding, as they were given income from deaneries, defunct bishoprics and the excise, allowing the completion of buildings including the college in the 3016:

squadrons for the Atlantic and North Sea coasts, known collectively as the "Scotch Guard". The Scottish navy was unable to withstand the English fleet that accompanied the army led by Cromwell that conquered Scotland in 1649–1651 and the Scottish ships and crews were split up among the Commonwealth fleet. Scottish seamen received protection against arbitrary impressment by English men of war, but a fixed quota of conscripts for the Royal Navy was levied from the sea-coast

2010: 1965: 2132:, over which the border with England ran. The Central Lowland belt averages about 50 miles (80 kilometres) in width and, because it contains most of the good quality agricultural land and has easier communications, could support most of the urbanisation and elements of conventional government. However, the Southern Uplands, and particularly the Highlands were economically less productive and much more difficult to govern. 2556:". After the Glorious Revolution, Presbyterianism was restored and the bishops, who had generally supported James VII, abolished. However, William, who was more tolerant than the kirk tended to be, passed acts restoring the Episcopalian clergy excluded after the Revolution. The result was a Kirk divided between factions, with significant minorities, particularly in the west and north, of Episcopalians and Catholics. 2444: 1357: 3098:" of the 12th century, which introduced elements of feudalism to Scotland, these forces were augmented by small numbers of mounted and heavily armoured knights. These armies rarely managed to stand up to the usually larger and more professional armies produced by England, but they were used to good effect by Robert I at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 to secure Scottish independence. After the 2738: 2662: 2942: 1926:

law. In the late 15th century, unsuccessful attempts were made to form commissions of experts to codify, update or define Scots law. The general practice during this period, as evidenced from records of cases, seems to have been to defer to specific Scottish laws on a matter when available and to fill in any gaps with provisions from the common law embodied in Civil and

2818:. After the Restoration there was a purge of the universities, but much of the intellectual advances of the preceding period was preserved. The universities recovered from the upheavals of the mid-century with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, offering a high quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry. 3149:. In the 16th century, the crown took an increasing role in the supply of military equipment. The pike began to replace the spear and the Scots began to convert from the bow to gunpowder firearms. The feudal heavy cavalry had begun to disappear from Scottish armies and the Scots fielded relatively large numbers of light horse, often drawn from the 2604:, which decreed that all sons of barons and freeholders of substance should attend grammar schools to learn "perfyct Latyne". All this resulted in an increase in literacy, but which was largely concentrated among a male and wealthy elite, with perhaps 60 per cent of the nobility being literate by the end of the period. 2511:. At this point the majority of the population was probably still Catholic in persuasion and the Kirk would find it difficult to penetrate the Highlands and Islands, but began a gradual process of conversion and consolidation that, compared with reformations elsewhere, was conducted with relatively little persecution. 1979:. Early Scottish coins were similar to English ones, but with the king's head in profile instead of full face. The number of coins struck was small and English coins probably remained more significant in this period. The first gold coin was a noble (6s. 8d.) of David II. Under James I pennies and halfpennies of 2536:

were formally expelled from the Church, which was then established on a full Presbyterian basis. Victory in the resulting Bishops' Wars secured the Presbyterian Kirk and precipitated the outbreak of the civil wars of the 1640s. Disagreements over collaboration with Royalism created a major conflict between

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At the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, legislation was revoked back to 1633, removing the Covenanter gains of the Bishops' Wars, but the discipline of kirk sessions, presbyteries and synods were renewed. The reintroduction of episcopacy was a source of particular trouble in the south-west of the

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on 28 February 1638, objecting to the King's liturgical innovations. The king's supporters were unable to suppress the rebellion and the king refused to compromise. In December of the same year, matters were taken even further, when at a meeting of the General Assembly in Glasgow the Scottish bishops

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also emerged as a major legal institution, gaining an oversight of taxation and policy. By the end of the Middle Ages it was sitting almost every year, partly because of the frequent royal minorities and regencies of the period, which may have prevented it from being sidelined by the monarchy. In the

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At the Restoration the Privy Council established a force of several infantry regiments and a few troops of horse and there were attempts to found a national militia on the English model. The standing army was mainly employed in the suppression of Covenanter rebellions and the guerilla war undertaken

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or burgh councils and parents that could pay. They were inspected by kirk sessions, who checked for the quality of teaching and doctrinal purity. There were also large number of unregulated "adventure schools", which sometimes fulfilled a local needs and sometimes took pupils away from the official

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The establishment of Christianity brought Latin to Scotland as a scholarly and written language. Monasteries served as repositories of knowledge and education, often running schools and providing a small educated elite, who were essential to create and read documents in a largely illiterate society.

1945:

was founded, leading to the training and professionalisation of an emerging group of career lawyers. The Court of Session placed increasing emphasis on its independence from influence, including from the king, and superior jurisdiction over local justice. Its judges were increasingly able to control

1925:

a legal profession began to develop and the administration of criminal and civil justice was centralised. The growing activity of the parliament and the centralisation of administration in Scotland called for the better dissemination of Acts of the parliament to the courts and other enforcers of the

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in 1314. Scottish naval forces allowed invasions of the Isle of Man in 1313 and 1317 and Ireland in 1315. They were also crucial in the blockade of Berwick, which led to its fall in 1318. After the establishment of Scottish independence, Robert I turned his attention to building up a Scottish naval

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described lowland Lothian as "the Land of the English in the Kingdom of the Scots". At least from the accession of David I, Gaelic ceased to be the main language of the royal court and was probably replaced by French, as evidenced by reports from contemporary chronicles, literature and translations

2005:

d) and half-bawbee were issued, and in Mary, Queen of Scot's reign a twopence piece, the hardhead, was issued to help "the common people buy bread, drink, flesh, and fish". The billon coinage was discontinued after 1603, but twopence pieces in copper continued to be issued until the Act of Union in

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from England in 1303, he gained the support of a major naval power in the North Sea. The development of naval power allowed Robert to successfully defeat English attempts to capture him in the Highlands and Islands and to blockade major English controlled fortresses at Perth and Stirling, the last

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and even to be able to independently read the Bible, but most commentators, even those that tended to encourage the education of girls, thought they should not receive the same academic education as boys. In the lower ranks of society, they benefited from the expansion of the parish schools system

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of Southern England due to developments in royal and political interactions with England. With the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England, most writing in Scotland came to be done in the English fashion. Unlike many of his predecessors, James VI generally despised Gaelic

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and these veterans played an important role in training recruits. These systems would form the basis of the Covenanter armies that intervened in the Civil Wars in England and Ireland. Scottish infantry were generally armed, as was almost universal in Western Europe, with a combination of pike and

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in 1495. Initially these institutions were designed for the training of clerics, but they were increasingly used by laymen who would begin to challenge the clerical monopoly of administrative posts in the government and law. Those wanting to study for second degrees still needed to go abroad. The

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Scots law developed into a distinctive system in the Middle Ages and was reformed and codified in the 16th and 17th centuries. Knowledge of the nature of Scots law before the 11th century is largely speculative, but it was probably a mixture of legal traditions representing the different cultures

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In 1635, Charles I authorised a book of canons that made him head of the Church, ordained an unpopular ritual and enforced the use of a new liturgy. When the liturgy emerged in 1637 it was seen as an English-style Prayer Book, resulting in anger and widespread rioting. Representatives of various

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In the Norman period, the Scottish church underwent a series of reforms and transformations. With royal and lay patronage, a clearer parochial structure based around local churches was developed. Large numbers of new foundations, which followed continental forms of reformed monasticism, began to

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arrived in 1349, estimates based on the amount of farmable land suggest that population may have grown from half a million to a million. Although there is no reliable documentation on the impact of the plague, there are many anecdotal references to abandoned land in the following decades. If the

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in the second half of the 15th century. The Crown remained at the centre of political life and in the 16th century emerged as a major centre of display and artistic patronage, until it was effectively dissolved with the 1603 Union of Crowns. The Scottish Crown adopted the conventional offices of

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During the Bishop's Wars the king attempted to blockade Scotland and planned amphibious assaults from England on the East coast and from Ireland to the West. Scottish privateers took a number of English prizes. After the Covenanters allied with the English Parliament they established two patrol

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set out a plan for a school in every parish, but this proved financially impossible. In the burghs the old schools were maintained, with the song schools and a number of new foundations becoming reformed grammar schools or ordinary parish schools. Schools were supported by a combination of kirk

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to become principal of the University of Glasgow in 1574. He placed an emphasis on simplified logic and elevated languages and sciences to the same status as philosophy, allowing accepted ideas in all areas to be challenged. He introduced new specialist teaching staff, replacing the system of

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brought a reversion to the 1633 position, in 1696 new legislation restored the provisions of 1646. An act of the Scottish parliament in 1696 underlined the aim of having a school in every parish. In rural communities these obliged local landowners (heritors) to provide a schoolhouse and pay a

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The widespread belief in the limited intellectual and moral capacity of women, vied with a desire, intensified after the Reformation, for women to take personal moral responsibility, particularly as wives and mothers. In Protestantism this necessitated an ability to learn and understand the

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and were most common in the developing burghs. By the end of the Middle Ages grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns. There were also petty schools, more common in rural areas and providing an elementary education. Some monasteries, like the Cistercian

3141:. The Stewarts also adopted major innovations in continental warfare, such as longer pikes and the extensive use of artillery. However, in the early 16th century one of the best armed and largest Scottish armies ever assembled still met with defeat at the hands of an English army at 2031:

onwards their silver content began to depreciate more rapidly than their English counterparts. Between 1300 and 1605, Scottish coins lost silver value at an average of 12 percent every decade, three times higher than the English rate. The Scottish penny became a base metal coin by

2108:. Only a fifth of Scotland is less than 60 metres above sea level. The defining factor in the geography of Scotland is the distinction between the Highlands and Islands in the north and west and the Lowlands in the south and east. The highlands are further divided into the 2733:

oversaw the quality of the education. In many Scottish towns, burgh schools were operated by local councils. By the late 17th century, there was a largely complete network of parish schools in the Lowlands, but in the Highlands basic education was still lacking in many areas.

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Price inflation, which generally reflects growing demand for food, suggests that the population probably expanded in the first half of the 16th century, levelling off after the famine of 1595, as prices were relatively stable in the early 17th century. Calculations based on

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that grew up in the later medieval period, mainly in the east and south. They would have had a mean population of about 2000, but many would have been much smaller than 1000 and the largest, Edinburgh, probably had a population of over 10,000 by the end of the Medieval era.

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in Scotland and the first recorded Scottish coinage, and continued a process of religious and legal reforms. Until the 13th century, the border with England was very fluid, with Northumbria being annexed to Scotland by David I, but lost under his grandson and successor

2654:, born in Dundee, returned from Paris to become the first principal at the new university of Aberdeen. These international contacts helped integrate Scotland into a wider European scholarly world and would be one of the most important ways in which the new ideas of 3456:

1503, where a white saltire is depicted with a red background. In the case of Scotland, use of a blue background for the Saint Andrew's Cross is said to date from at least the 15th century, with the first certain illustration of a flag depicting such appearing in

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capacity. This was largely focused on the west coast, with the Exchequer Rolls of 1326 recording the feudal duties of his vassals in that region to aid him with their vessels and crews. Towards the end of his reign he supervised the building of at least one royal

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in 1308, becoming a major influence on late medieval religious thought. The Wars of Independence largely closed English universities to Scots, and consequently continental universities became more significant. This situation was transformed by the founding of the

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over many parts of the south and east that eventually spread northward. Sheriffs, originally appointed by the King as royal administrators and tax collectors, developed legal functions. Feudal lords also held courts to adjudicate disputes between their tenants.

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returns for 1691 indicate a population of 1,234,575, but this figure may have been seriously effected by the subsequent famines of the late 1690s. By 1750, with its suburbs, Edinburgh reached 57,000. The only other towns above 10,000 by the same time were

2494:, helping to create resentment of the French and martyrs for the Protestant cause. Limited toleration and the influence of exiled Scots and Protestants in other countries, led to the expansion of Protestantism, with a group of lairds declaring themselves 2506:

system and rejected most of the elaborate trappings of the Medieval church. This gave considerable power within the new Kirk to local lairds, who often had control over the appointment of the clergy, and resulting in widespread, but generally orderly,

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Until the 15th century, those who wished to attend university had to travel to England or the continent, and just over a 1,000 have been identified as doing so between the 12th century and 1410. Among these the most important intellectual figure was

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and particularly English became the main languages of Scottish burghs, most of which were located in the south and east, an area to which Anglian settlers had already brought a form of Old English. In the later part of the 12th century, the writer

1631:, and these debates were restated in subsequent reigns and crises. The court remained at the centre of political life, and in the 16th century emerged as a major centre of display and artistic patronage, until it was effectively dissolved with the 1329:

Islands, by the Norwegian crown, in 1468 was the last great land acquisition for the kingdom. In 1482 the border fortress of Berwick—the largest port in medieval Scotland—fell to the English once again; this was the last time it changed hands. The

3568:'In Defens' is written, which is an abbreviation of 'In my defens God me defend' (When God protects me, God protects me), the motto of the King of Scotland. A thistle, Scotland's national flower, is planted, and below it is written in Latin, 2995:

in 1603 conflict between Scotland and England ended, but Scotland found itself involved in England's foreign policy, opening up Scottish shipping to attack. In 1626, a squadron of three ships was bought and equipped. There were also several

2062:. The bank issued pound notes from 1704, which had the face value of £12 Scots. Scottish currency was abolished after the 1707 Act of Unions, with Scottish coins in circulation being drawn in to be re-minted according to English standards. 3447:

decreed in 1385 that Scottish soldiers wear a white Saint Andrew's Cross on their person, both in front and behind, for the purpose of identification. The earliest reference to the Saint Andrew's Cross as a flag is to be found in the

2972:, at that time, the largest ship in Europe. Scottish ships had some success against privateers, accompanied the king on his expeditions in the islands and intervened in conflicts in Scandinavia and the Baltic, but were sold after the 3136:

of the same period. Archers became much sought after as mercenaries in French armies of the 15th century in order to help counter the English superiority in this arm, becoming a major element of the French royal guards as the

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was about 1 million; by the end of the plague, it was only half a million. It expanded in the first half of the 16th century, reaching roughly 1.2 million by the 1690s. Significant languages in the medieval kingdom included

2790:, launching a new fashion for ancient and biblical languages. Glasgow had probably been declining as a university before his arrival, but students now began to arrive in large numbers. He assisted in the reconstruction of 1321:, despite a turbulent political history, the Crown gained greater political control at the expense of independent lords and regained most of its lost territory to around the modern borders of the country. The dowry of the 1693:

early modern era, Parliament was also vital to the running of the country, providing laws and taxation, but it had fluctuating fortunes and was never as central to the national life as its counterpart in England.

3153:. James IV brought in experts from France, Germany and the Netherlands and established a gun foundry in 1511. Gunpowder weaponry fundamentally altered the nature of castle architecture from the mid-15th century. 1017:

was founded, leading to the training and professionalisation of lawyers. David I is the first Scottish king known to have produced his own coinage. After the union of the Scottish and English crowns in 1603, the

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language and customs. There was also a merger of the Gaelic (Scots) and Pictish kingdoms, although historians debate whether it was a Pictish takeover of Dál Riata, or vice-versa. This culminated in the rise of

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also emerged as a major legal institution, gaining an oversight of taxation and policy, but was never as central to the national life. In the early period, the kings of the Scots depended on the great lords—the

3028:(1672–1674) between 80 and 120 captains, took Scottish letters of marque and privateers played a major part in the naval conflict. In the 1690s, a small fleet of five ships was established by merchants for the 2922:, a house for marine stores, and a workshop. King's ships were built and equipped there to be used for trade as well as war, one of which accompanied him on his expedition to the Islands in 1429. The office of 2685:

schools. Outside of the established burgh schools, masters often combined their position with other employment, particularly minor posts within the kirk, such as clerk. At their best, the curriculum included

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and after 1516 Scottish naval efforts would rely on privateering captains and hired merchantmen. James V did not share his father's interest in developing a navy and shipbuilding fell behind that of the

3032:, and a professional navy was established for the protection of commerce in home waters during the Nine Years' War, with three purpose-built warships bought from English shipbuilders in 1696. After the 1248:, was described as the King of Strathclyde before inheriting the throne of Alba; he is credited with later annexing parts of Lothian, including Edinburgh, from the Kingdom of Northumbria. The reign of 3197:(1653–1654) were mainly composed of conventionally armed infantry with pike and shot. Montrose's forces were short of heavy artillery suitable for siege warfare and had only a small force of cavalry. 2498:

in 1557. By 1560, a relatively small group of Protestants were in a position to impose reform on the Scottish church. A confession of faith, rejecting papal jurisdiction and the mass, was adopted by

1666:, remained central to the administration of the government, even after the departure of the Stuart monarchs to rule in England from 1603. However, it was often sidelined and was abolished after the 3393:. Although now officially restricted to use by representatives of the Sovereign and at royal residences, the Royal Standard of Scotland continues to be one of Scotland's most recognisable symbols. 1213:(Constantine II) is often regarded as the key to formation of the Kingdom of Alba/Scotland, and he was later credited with bringing Scottish Christianity into conformity with the Catholic Church. 6105: 2351:

culture. Having extolled the virtues of Scots "poesie", after his accession to the English throne, he increasingly favoured the language of southern England. In 1611, the Kirk adopted the 1611

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that created a predominately Calvinist national kirk, which was strongly Presbyterian in outlook, severely reducing the powers of bishops, although not abolishing them. The teachings of first

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and winter storms forced the Norwegian fleet to return home, leaving the Scottish Crown as the major power in the region and leading to the ceding of the Western Isles to Alexander in 1266.

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Its east Atlantic position means that Scotland has very heavy rainfall: today about 700 mm per year in the east and over 1000 mm in the west. This encouraged the spread of blanket

1085:. There were a series of religious controversies that resulted in divisions and persecutions. The Scottish Crown developed naval forces at various points in its history, but often relied on 2355:

of the Bible. In 1617, interpreters were declared no longer necessary in the port of London because as Scots and Englishmen were now "not so far different bot ane understandeth ane uther".

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country, an area with strong Presbyterian sympathies. Abandoning the official church, many of the people here began to attend illegal field assemblies led by excluded ministers, known as

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Contamine, Phillippe (1992). "Scottish Soldiers in France in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century: Mercenaries, Immigrants, or Frenchmen in the Making?". In Simpson, Grant G. (ed.).

3217:, the standing army in Scotland was about 3,000 men in various regiments and another 268 veterans in the major garrison towns. After the Glorious Revolution the Scots were drawn into 2046:

onwards. In 1356, an English proclamation banned the lower quality Scottish coins from being circulated in England. After the union of the Scottish and English crowns in 1603, the

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began to influence Scotland, particularly through Scottish scholars who had visited continental and English universities. Particularly important was the work of the Lutheran Scot

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were often royal officials who supervised baronial, abbatial and other lower-ranking "courts". However, the main official of law in the post-Davidian Kingdom of the Scots was the

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The humanist concern with widening education was shared by the Protestant reformers, with a desire for a godly people replacing the aim of having educated citizens. In 1560, the

3172:. As armed conflict with Charles I in the Bishop's Wars became likely, hundreds of Scots mercenaries returned home from foreign service, including experienced leaders like 2088:, it had roughly the same amount of coastline at 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometres). Scotland has over 790 offshore islands, most of which are to be found in four main groups: 3427:. Use of the familiar iconography of his martyrdom, showing the apostle bound to an X-shaped cross, first appears in the Kingdom of Scotland in 1180 during the reign of 1289:

fell under English control, from Norwegian, in the 14th century, despite several attempts to seize it for Scotland. The English briefly occupied most of Scotland, under

745: 731: 717: 703: 689: 675: 661: 647: 633: 2436:, to meet the spiritual needs of the population. New saints and cults of devotion also proliferated. Despite problems over the number and quality of clergy after the 3502:

of this flag, in which the cross of Saint Andrew overlaid the cross of St George. This design may have seen limited, unofficial use in Scotland until 1707, when the

1896:. Under Robert I in 1318, a parliament at Scone enacted a code of law that drew upon older practices. It codified procedures for criminal trials and protections for 1009:

developed in the Middle Ages and was reformed and codified in the 16th and 17th centuries. Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised, with

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The Pictish and Scottish kingdoms that would form the basis of the Kingdom of Alba were largely converted by Irish-Scots missions associated with figures such as

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By the 14th century, some of these feudal courts had developed into "petty kingdoms" where the King's courts did not have authority except for cases of treason.

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Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500-1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of Her Ninetieth Birthday (Medieval Studies)

3189:. Most cavalry were probably equipped with pistols and swords, although there is some evidence that they included lancers. Royalist armies, like those led by 1585:

The unified kingdom of Alba retained some of the ritual aspects of Pictish and Scottish kingship. These can be seen in the elaborate ritual coronation at the

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Oram, Richard. "'The worst disaster suffered by the people of Scotland in recorded history': climate change, dearth and pathogens in the long 14th century."

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Corbett, John; McClure, J. Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (2003). "A Brief History of Scots". In Corbett, John; McClure, J. Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (eds.).

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issued pound notes from 1704. Scottish currency was abolished by the Acts of Union 1707; however, Scotland has retained unique banknotes to the present day.

9076: 3443:, or crux decussata (from the Latin crux, 'cross', and decussis, 'having the shape of the Roman numeral X'), has its origins in the late 14th century; the 1658:. The King's Council emerged as a full-time body in the 15th century, increasingly dominated by laymen and critical to the administration of justice. The 1410:

emerged as a major intellectual figure with considerable authority over the kingdom. In 1603, he inherited the thrones of England and Ireland, creating a

10934: 1209:, and eventually the entire area controlled by its kings would be referred to, in English, as Scotland. The long reign (900–942/3) of Donald's successor 1074:

period the Scottish church underwent a series of changes that led to new monastic orders and organisation. During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a

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could command forces of tens of thousands of men for short periods as part of the "common army", mainly of poorly armoured spear and bowmen. After the "

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institutions and collegiate churches that served large areas. Partly as a result of these factors, some scholars have identified a distinctive form of

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There were various attempts to create royal naval forces in the 15th century. James IV put the enterprise on a new footing, founding a harbour at

2143:, with 1564 seeing thirty-three days of continual frost, where rivers and lochs froze, leading to a series of subsistence crises until the 1690s. 10959: 6095:, p. 24, "Most important, the convex shield now displays arms of A lion rampant, without as yet the embellishment of a border of any sort.". 865:, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of 1712:

were introduced, which allowed more direct control and gradually limited the power of the major lordships. In the 17th century, the creation of

10949: 9275: 8961:

Ash-Irisarri, Kate. "Scotland and Anglo-Scottish Border Writing." Medieval Historical Writing: Britain and Ireland, 500–1500 (2019): 225–243.

2716:, a tax on local landowners was introduced to provide the necessary endowment. A loophole which allowed evasion of this tax was closed in the 952:

was the most important element of Scotland's government. The Scottish monarchy in the Middle Ages was a largely itinerant institution, before

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At its borders in 1707, the Kingdom of Scotland was half the size of England and Wales in area, but with its many inlets, islands and inland

5411: 3086:, war in Scotland was characterised by the use of small war-bands of household troops often engaging in raids and low level warfare. By the 2914:. In the late 14th century, naval warfare with England was conducted largely by hired Scots, Flemish and French merchantmen and privateers. 2440:

in the 14th century, and some evidence of heresy in this period, the Church in Scotland remained relatively stable before the 16th century.

1099:, but adopted European innovations from the 16th century; and many Scots took service as mercenaries and as soldiers for the English Crown. 9387: 2328: 127: 10566: 6131: 1153: 10909: 10727: 9976: 9825: 9565: 9443: 9063: 2306:, which lingered until the end of the 18th century, and Norse may also have survived as a spoken language until the 16th century in the 1824:

also had their local laws dealing mostly with commercial and trade matters and may have become similar in function to sheriff's courts.

1124:

From the 5th century on, north Britain was divided into a series of petty kingdoms. Of these, the four most important were those of the

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displaying the same, was used by the King of Scots until the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Then it was incorporated into both the royal

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and the meetings were open to virtually all "free men". At these sessions decisions were made, laws passed and complaints adjudicated.

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was probably founded in this period. In his struggles with his nobles in 1488 James III received assistance from his two warships the

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who held courts and reported to the king personally. Normally, there were two Justiciarships, organised by linguistic boundaries: the

1781:, set out a system of compensation for injury and death based on ranks and the solidarity of kin groups. There were popular courts or 3650:

Became the chief language of governance in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and was widely spoken in Scotland at the height of the

1556: 1414:

that left the three states with their separate identities and institutions. He also moved the centre of royal patronage and power to

10506: 10018: 9986: 9280: 8203: 6849:(2000). "The Scottish provenance of the 'Nennian' recension of Historia Brittonum and the Lebor Bretnach". In Taylor, Simon (ed.). 3576:(There is no one who harms me and goes unpunished), the motto of the King of Scotland and the motto of the Order of the Thistle. 2174:

pattern followed that in England, then the population may have fallen to as low as half a million by the end of the 15th century.

9109: 1900:

from ejection from the land. From the 14th century, there are surviving examples of early Scottish legal literature, such as the

2806:

developed out of public lectures were established in the town 1440s on law, Greek, Latin and philosophy, under the patronage of

2552:. In the early 1680s, a more intense phase of persecution began, in what was later to be known in Protestant historiography as " 10351: 10038: 9996: 8142:

British Flags; Their Early History and their Development at Sea, with an Account of the Origin of the Flag as a National Device

3754: 3534: 1921:, came under attack from the Stewart Dynasty which consequently extended the reach of Scots common law. From the reign of King 1619:. In the late Middle Ages, it saw much of the aggrandisement associated with the New Monarchs elsewhere in Europe. Theories of 10732: 10454: 10356: 10089: 9991: 9407: 8922: 8892: 8870: 8840: 8810: 8783: 8756: 8703: 8673: 8643: 8616: 8586: 8552: 8525: 8498: 8471: 8441: 8411: 8375: 8314: 8272: 8242: 8215: 8185: 8158: 8119: 8092: 8062: 8002: 7972: 7945: 7914: 7887: 7860: 7829: 7799: 7742: 7712: 7683: 7656: 7629: 7586: 7545: 7515: 7485: 7454: 7400: 7357: 7330: 7303: 7272: 7245: 7200: 7173: 7141: 7114: 7087: 7057: 7027: 6997: 6970: 6939: 6912: 6885: 6858: 6828: 6806: 6776: 6748: 6721: 6694: 6664: 6634: 6604: 6574: 6547: 6525: 6503: 6477: 6435: 6408: 6381: 6362: 6335: 4484: 3190: 3005: 2408:

were more relaxed and there were some significant differences in practice with Roman Christianity, particularly the form of

1471:, Scotland regained its separate status and institutions, while the centre of political power remained in London. After the 10944: 10189: 9265: 3390: 3020:

during the second half of the 17th century. Royal Navy patrols were now found in Scottish waters even in peacetime. In the

2575: 1975:

David I is the first Scottish king known to have produced his own coinage. There were soon mints at Edinburgh, Berwick and

96: 10489: 10104: 10053: 3173: 2486:, which they held for a year before they were defeated with the help of French forces. The survivors, including chaplain 2368: 1550: 1351: 179: 10865: 2570: 10576: 10099: 9475: 9402: 3506:

variant of the same, whereby the cross of St George overlaid that of St Andrew, was adopted as the flag of the unified

3145:

in 1513, which saw the destruction of a large number of ordinary troops, a large section of the nobility and the king,

1449: 8489:

Stringer, Keith J. (2000). "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland". In Cowan, Edward J.; McDonald, R. Andrew (eds.).

2873:, but he died before the campaign could begin. Records indicate that Alexander had several large oared ships built at 2814:

in Glasgow. They were still largely seen as a training school for clergy, and came under the control of the hard line

10262: 10215: 10048: 10006: 9855: 8032: 7772: 7427: 3083: 1537:. It was also a full economic union, replacing the Scottish systems of currency, taxation and laws regulating trade. 1530: 1529:

and largely continued English traditions without interruption. Forty-five Scots were added to the 513 members of the

7105:

Evans, Claude (1985). "The Celtic Church in Anglo-Saxon times". In Woods, J. Douglas; Pelteret, David A. E. (eds.).

6186: 2918:

took a greater interest in naval power. After his return to Scotland in 1424, he established a shipbuilding yard at

10551: 10287: 10272: 10267: 10257: 9865: 9860: 9134: 3111: 3087: 3057: 2799: 2565: 1662:, which developed in the mid-16th century, and the great offices of state, including the chancellor, secretary and 3439:, dated 1286. Use of a simplified symbol associated with Saint Andrew which does not depict his image, namely the 2991:

in 1542. The chief use of naval power in his reign was a series of expeditions to the Isles and France. After the

10742: 10484: 10341: 10324: 10023: 9818: 2499: 2302:. In the Northern Isles the Norse language brought by Scandinavian occupiers and settlers evolved into the local 2185:, these numbers would have been relatively evenly spread over the kingdom, with roughly half living north of the 2152: 1647: 1546: 1517:

After severe economic dislocation in the 1690s, there were moves that led to political union with England as the

1244:, over which the kings of Alba had probably exercised some authority since the later 9th century. His successor, 84: 4962: 1937:

meeting daily in Edinburgh to deal with civil cases. In 1514, the office of justice-general was created for the

10814: 10762: 10013: 9708: 7447:

Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800

3370: 1777: 1189:(Kenneth MacAlpin) as "king of the Picts" in the 840s (traditionally dated to 843), which brought to power the 1119: 420: 1828:

had exclusive jurisdiction over matters such as marriage, contracts made on oath, inheritance and legitimacy.

1313:(1296–1357). The king of France attempted to thwart the exercise, under the terms of what became known as the 10571: 10282: 10094: 9480: 3544: 3397: 3099: 2923: 2885: 2705: 2352: 1893: 1310: 914: 882: 3168:

In the early 17th century, relatively large numbers of Scots took service in foreign armies involved in the

3106:

between Scotland and France played a large part in the country's military activities, especially during the

982:

were introduced, which allowed more direct control and gradually limited the power of the major lordships.

10904: 10777: 10546: 10533: 10346: 10247: 10208: 10079: 10058: 9438: 9000: 8604: 3529: 3053: 1205:). The Latin term Scotia would increasingly be used to describe the heartland of these kings, north of the 1096: 937: 379: 348: 341: 7622:

The Renaissance in Scotland: Studies in Literature, Religion, History, and Culture Offered to John Durkhan

3283: 10954: 10606: 10601: 10501: 10449: 10319: 9834: 9490: 9417: 9102: 3142: 2841: 2815: 2811: 2537: 2051: 1878: 1682: 1655: 1522: 1222: 1023: 298: 1521:, which came into force on 1 May 1707. The English and Scottish parliaments were replaced by a combined 1305:, in an attempt to gain his father's throne and restore the lands of the Scottish lords dispossessed by 1277:, the Scots had annexed the remainder of the Norwegian-held western seaboard after the stalemate of the 10914: 10616: 10596: 10312: 10063: 10043: 10028: 9811: 9773: 9517: 9412: 9392: 9129: 8346: 3539: 3350: 3275: 1434: 1210: 154: 3205:

in the East. Pikemen became less important in the late 17th century and after the introduction of the

10964: 10476: 10459: 10173: 9270: 7730: 7700: 7613: 7159: 6682: 6652: 3382: 3358: 3177: 2907: 2836: 2495: 2467: 2359:

describes James as creating a "three-tier system, with Gaelic at the bottom and English at the top".

1725: 1659: 1566: 1317:, which provided for mutual aid against the English. In the 15th and early 16th centuries, under the 1274: 962: 308: 9910: 8863:

Scandinavian Scotland – Twenty Years After. Proceedings of a Day Conference Held On 19 February 2007

6229:, York, United Kingdom: Fédération internationale des associations vexillologiques, pp. 167–172 2420:

from the 10th century, Christianity under papal authority was the dominant religion of the kingdom.

10939: 10819: 10714: 10674: 10631: 9981: 9550: 9422: 9050: 8351:"Peoples and Languages in 11th- and 12th-century Britain and Ireland: Reading the Charter Evidence" 7533: 3507: 3386: 3342: 3338: 2858: 2675: 2666: 2647: 2630: 1947: 1639: 1518: 1441: 941: 834: 763: 556: 193: 117: 43: 7565:

One Coast – Three Peoples: Names and Ethnicity in the Scottish West during the Early Viking period

885:, which saw the Scots assert their independence from the English. Following the annexation of the 10694: 10439: 10292: 10158: 10111: 8399: 6794: 6293: 5403: 4339: 3297: 2803: 2669:, one of the most successful products of the Scottish educational system in the late 15th century 2617: 1764: 1643: 1620: 1488: 1461: 1425:

attempted to impose elements of the English religious settlement on Scotland, the result was the

1335: 990: 2798:, and in order to do for St Andrews what he had done for Glasgow, he was appointed Principal of 901:

by England in 1482, the territory of the Kingdom of Scotland corresponded to that of modern-day

10807: 10795: 10747: 10684: 10444: 10416: 10331: 10168: 9960: 9095: 6622: 6592: 6135: 4295: 3479:, commissioned new designs for a banner incorporating the flags of the Kingdom of Scotland and 3444: 3156: 3115: 3021: 2795: 2709: 2708:

commanded every parish to establish a school "where convenient means may be had", and when the

2638: 2455: 2055: 1918: 1717: 1689: 1678: 1484: 1468: 1266: 1241: 1133: 1075: 966: 736: 708: 437: 393: 133: 9875: 5534: 3181:

shot. Scottish armies may also have had individuals with a variety of weapons including bows,

2888:

was his ability to call on naval forces from the Islands. As a result of the expulsion of the

1460:. The results were a series of defeats and the short-lived incorporation of Scotland into the 1070:

had begun to dominate. Christianity was introduced into Scotland from the 6th century. In the

10844: 10757: 10752: 10588: 10142: 10033: 9950: 9698: 9543: 9239: 8735: 8367: 8260: 8137: 7852: 4476: 3436: 3428: 3366: 3194: 3107: 3067: 3025: 2898: 2761:

After the Reformation, Scotland's universities underwent a series of reforms associated with

2634: 2625: 2417: 2336: 2335:, then called English, became the dominant spoken language of the kingdom, aside from in the 2182: 2071: 1984: 1663: 1628: 1445: 1294: 1227: 1194: 1186: 1034: 870: 541: 3725: 3696: 1983:(an alloy of silver with a base metal) were introduced, and copper farthings appeared under 1791:

formed the basis of the legal system and it is known that the Hebrides were taxed using the

1499:, leading to a series of invasions and rebellions mainly focused on the Scottish Highlands. 10790: 10704: 10464: 10431: 10426: 10297: 10252: 10163: 9935: 9317: 9159: 3496: 3476: 3327: 3146: 2894: 2870: 2755: 2698: 2613: 2416:. Most of these issues had been resolved by the mid-7th century. After the reconversion of 2018: 1969: 1841: 1825: 1741: 1721: 1713: 1508: 1422: 1388: 1372: 1339: 1306: 335: 10611: 6157: 2024:

Early Scottish coins were virtually identical in silver content to English ones, but from

1638:

The Scottish Crown adopted the conventional offices of western European courts, including

1363:, whose inheritance of the thrones of England and Ireland created a dynastic union in 1603 8: 10824: 10722: 10666: 10471: 10302: 10277: 10239: 10084: 9783: 9703: 9507: 9495: 9196: 8976:

The History of Scotland – Volume 4: From the massacre of Glencoe to the end of Jacobitism

7617: 6958: 6219: 3472: 3214: 3095: 2959: 2915: 2730: 2725: 2621: 2514: 2393: 2178: 2109: 1922: 1885: 1874: 1865: 1837: 1809: 1632: 1476: 1472: 1429:(1637–1640), which ended in defeat for the king and a virtually independent Presbyterian 1411: 1368: 1290: 1253: 1249: 1108: 1041:. The Highlands had a relatively short growing season, which was even shorter during the 975: 933: 722: 513: 7238:

Changing Values in Medieval Scotland: a Study of Prices, Money, and Weights and Measures

10839: 10699: 10679: 10621: 10368: 9895: 9593: 9555: 9538: 9485: 9459: 9285: 9231: 8020: 7990: 7817: 7388: 6846: 4460: 3480: 3404: 3226: 3222: 3033: 2853:

There are mentions in medieval records of fleets commanded by Scottish kings including

2717: 2713: 2601: 2523: 2346:

From the mid-16th century, written Scots was increasingly influenced by the developing

2290:, the majority of people within Scotland spoke the Gaelic language, then simply called 2113: 1942: 1813: 1667: 1574: 1512: 1480: 1403:

system of organisation and discipline that would have a major impact on Scottish life.

1387:, civil wars and interventions by the English and French. In the mid-16th century, the 1176:

eventually fell to the Norsemen. These threats may have sped up a long-term process of

1082: 1014: 945: 898: 874: 680: 526: 304: 6428:

Cavalier Generals: King Charles I and his Commanders in the English Civil War, 1642–46

3138: 2157: 1787:, indicated by dozens of place names in eastern Scotland. In Scandinavian-held areas, 1673: 1152:

in 653) in the south-east, stretching into modern northern England. In 793, ferocious

10802: 10512: 10127: 9945: 9940: 9850: 9763: 9654: 9512: 8918: 8888: 8866: 8836: 8806: 8779: 8752: 8699: 8669: 8639: 8612: 8582: 8548: 8521: 8494: 8467: 8437: 8429: 8407: 8371: 8310: 8290: 8268: 8238: 8211: 8181: 8154: 8115: 8088: 8058: 8028: 7998: 7968: 7941: 7910: 7883: 7856: 7825: 7795: 7768: 7760: 7738: 7708: 7679: 7652: 7625: 7582: 7541: 7511: 7481: 7450: 7423: 7396: 7353: 7326: 7323:

Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays Presented to G. W. S. Barrow

7299: 7268: 7241: 7196: 7169: 7137: 7110: 7083: 7053: 7023: 6993: 6966: 6935: 6908: 6881: 6854: 6824: 6802: 6772: 6744: 6717: 6690: 6660: 6630: 6600: 6570: 6543: 6521: 6499: 6473: 6431: 6404: 6377: 6358: 6331: 4480: 4469: 4464: 3549: 3524: 3362: 3237:, besides varying levels of fortress artillery in the garrison castles of Edinburgh, 3234: 3091: 3008:. The Scots also returned to the West Indies and in 1629 took part in the capture of 2973: 2791: 2592: 2532: 2502:. The Calvinism of the reformers led by Knox resulted in a settlement that adopted a 2483: 2405: 2283: 1902: 1751: 1720:

helped to increase the effectiveness of local government. The continued existence of

1561: 1273:(1237) fixed the boundaries with England close to the modern border. By the reign of 1038: 993:

helped to increase the effectiveness of local government. The continued existence of

986: 894: 750: 19:

This article is about the historic kingdom. For the country in its current form, see

8350: 8208:

The Campaigns of Montrose: A Military History of the Civil War in Scotland 1639–1646

6932:

The Celtic and Roman Traditions: Conflict and Consensus in the Early Medieval Church

6771:. Vol. 3: From The Restoration to the Present Day. Edinburgh University Press. 6597:

Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from Reformation to Revolution

1615:

The Crown remained the most important element of government, despite the many royal

1596:

While the Scottish monarchy in the Middle Ages was a largely itinerant institution,

10785: 10737: 10689: 10561: 10556: 10401: 10391: 10132: 9925: 9758: 9624: 9616: 9601: 9533: 9500: 9210: 8661: 7291: 7075: 3614: 3590: 3586: 3435:

used during the late 13th century; including on one particular example used by the

3308: 3303: 3254: 3238: 3218: 3209:

disappeared altogether, while matchlock muskets were replaced by the more reliable

3169: 3150: 3001: 2997: 2983: 2854: 2832: 2770:"regenting", where one tutor took the students through the entire arts curriculum. 2609: 2553: 2377: 2347: 2320: 2315: 2287: 2263: 2262:

Historical sources, as well as place name evidence, indicate the ways in which the

2125: 2121: 2059: 1959: 1934: 1870: 1796: 1426: 1091: 1027: 1010: 367: 252: 245: 110: 6376:. Scottish Education: Post-Devolution (2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press. 1933:

Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised, with a royal

10649: 10644: 10411: 10396: 9890: 9778: 9667: 9629: 9371: 9312: 9188: 8928: 8898: 8846: 8816: 8789: 8762: 8709: 8679: 8622: 8592: 8531: 8504: 8477: 8459: 8447: 8417: 8320: 8278: 8248: 8221: 8191: 8164: 8125: 8098: 8068: 8038: 8008: 7978: 7951: 7933: 7920: 7893: 7866: 7835: 7805: 7778: 7748: 7718: 7689: 7662: 7635: 7592: 7551: 7521: 7503: 7491: 7460: 7433: 7406: 7363: 7336: 7309: 7278: 7251: 7233: 7206: 7179: 7147: 7120: 7093: 7063: 7033: 7003: 6976: 6945: 6918: 6891: 6864: 6834: 6782: 6754: 6727: 6700: 6670: 6640: 6610: 6580: 6553: 6513: 6491: 6487: 6465: 6453: 6441: 6414: 6387: 6341: 4490: 3519: 3492: 3062: 2992: 2981:. Despite truces between England and Scotland there were periodic outbreaks of a 2878: 2783: 2762: 2741: 2694: 2311: 2271: 2237: 2166: 2076: 1884:

There is some evidence that, during the period of English control over Scotland,

1746: 1624: 1601: 1597: 1492: 1457: 1400: 1318: 1282: 1278: 1202: 1063: 1051: 929: 858: 485: 328: 312: 268: 237: 6714:

The Evil Necessity: British Naval Impressment in the 18th-Century Atlantic World

2861:. The latter took personal command of a large naval force which sailed from the 2849:

from a 16th-century tombstone in MacDufie's Chapel, Oronsay, as engraved in 1772

2223: 2177:

Compared with the situation after the redistribution of population in the later

10639: 10541: 10386: 9905: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9644: 9634: 9606: 9354: 9337: 9332: 9201: 9005:

Reid, Norman. "The kingless kingdom: the Scottish guardianships of 1286–1306."

8302: 6629:. Vol. 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235–1560. Edinburgh University Press. 6535: 6215: 3630: 3610: 3606: 3569: 3206: 2862: 2690: 2588: 2475: 2307: 2279: 2246: 2161:

Plan of Edinburgh in 1764, the largest city in Scotland in the early modern era

2140: 2105: 2101: 1980: 1938: 1801: 1696:

In the early period, the kings of the Scots depended on the great lords of the

1651: 1586: 1534: 1407: 1360: 1298: 1270: 1190: 1169: 1165: 1137: 1059: 1042: 925: 910: 890: 881:, Scotland engaged in intermittent conflict with England, most prominently the 842: 813: 791: 694: 652: 445: 279: 260: 163: 57: 9803: 9672: 7020:

The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles, 1093–1343

1812:

would have a profound impact on the development of Scottish law, establishing

1193:. When he died as king of the combined kingdom in 900, one of his successors, 10898: 10880: 10867: 10767: 10654: 10361: 9639: 9322: 9118: 8910: 8880: 8574: 8361: 8080: 8050: 6242:, p. 10, "The blue background dates back to at least the 15th century.". 3651: 3458: 3432: 3346: 3289:

Royal Standard of Scotland used, with minor variations, between 1603 and 1707

3230: 3103: 3079: 3029: 2978: 2968: 2947: 2807: 2775: 2597: 2541: 2482:, did nothing to stem the growth of these ideas. Wishart's supporters seized 2459: 2356: 2303: 2255: 2129: 1331: 1314: 1177: 1173: 866: 850: 666: 273: 71: 9021:

Modern Scottish History: Volume 1: The Transformation of Scotland, 1707–1850

8915:

The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain 600–800

8683: 8596: 8307:

Nation-States and Money: The Past, Present and Future of National Currencies

8129: 8072: 7839: 7722: 7693: 7596: 7555: 7313: 7151: 7067: 7007: 6758: 6731: 6674: 6418: 6259:. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. 1542 4494: 2650:

was probably the most important figure. By 1497, the humanist and historian

2373: 10307: 9788: 9753: 8932: 8902: 8850: 8820: 8793: 8713: 8626: 8508: 8481: 8451: 8357: 8324: 8282: 8252: 8225: 8195: 8102: 8042: 8012: 7982: 7955: 7924: 7897: 7870: 7809: 7782: 7752: 7666: 7639: 7525: 7495: 7473: 7464: 7410: 7367: 7340: 7282: 7255: 7183: 7124: 7097: 7037: 6980: 6949: 6922: 6895: 6868: 6838: 6786: 6704: 6644: 6614: 6584: 6557: 6445: 6403:. Vol. 1. Ireland and the United Kingdom. London: Marshall Cavendish. 6391: 6345: 4958: 3638: 3488: 3408: 3378: 3354: 3321: 3269: 3242: 3182: 2952: 2744:, credited with major reforms in Scottish Universities in the 16th century. 2651: 2584: 2519: 2503: 2491: 1772: 1768: 1627:, in the 16th century, but James VI of Scotland advanced the theory of the 1605: 1578: 1380: 1302: 1067: 998: 957: 407: 229: 103: 10851: 9915: 8766: 8535: 8421: 7437: 2009: 1129: 638: 10523: 10336: 9768: 9349: 9249: 8611:. Vol. 2. People and Their Environment. Cambridge University Press. 8168: 7210: 7045: 7015: 6190: 4456: 4452: 3634: 3626: 3602: 3119: 2988: 2911: 2771: 2643: 2549: 2463: 2437: 2332: 2275: 2170: 2047: 1889: 1854: 1616: 1590: 1570: 1526: 1384: 1376: 1286: 1261: 1206: 1161: 1149: 1055: 1046: 1019: 994: 878: 604: 473: 403: 202: 9677: 6328:

Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850

3617:

began to have increased influence in Scotland from the mid-16th century.

1964: 10829: 10406: 10137: 9748: 9682: 8858: 8828: 8691: 8570: 6816: 3484: 3202: 3133: 3049: 3037: 2903: 2721: 2642:

continued movement to other universities produced a school of Scottish

2508: 2479: 2385: 2199: 2117: 1859: 1849: 1709: 1496: 1430: 1396: 979: 10200: 8666:

A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c. 500–1100

6498:. Scotland and Its Neighbours in the Middle Ages. London: Bloomsbury. 1950:

was founded from the College of Justice as a supreme court of appeal.

1799:

were open-air governmental assemblies that met in the presence of the

9662: 6992:. Scottish Historical Review Monographs. Edinburgh University Press. 6460:(4th ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 6189:. The National Archives of Scotland. 28 November 2007. Archived from 4060: 4058: 3412: 3389:

monarchs in order to symbolise Scotland; as can be seen today in the

3210: 3004:

and accompanying contingents of burgh privateers participated in the

2750: 2686: 2487: 2447: 2425: 2389: 2186: 1927: 1911: 1833: 1792: 1783: 1609: 1453: 1392: 1257: 1086: 1079: 1006: 953: 949: 918: 906: 477: 211: 8803:

The Irish and British Wars, 1637–1654: Triumph, Tragedy, and Failure

8237:. Blackwell Companions to British History. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 7880:

An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585–1702

7538:

Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland

7420:

The Scottish Islands, A Comprehensive Guide to Every Scottish Island

7134:

The Bishops' Wars: Charles I's Campaigns Against Scotland, 1638–1640

4455:(1984). "Law and National Identity in Thirteenth Century Wales". In 2720:, which established a solid institutional foundation for schools on 2470:. His execution with other Protestant preachers in 1528, and of the 2388:, from the 5th to the 7th centuries. These missions tended to found 1612:

developed as a capital city in the second half of the 15th century.

1600:

remained one of its most important locations, with royal castles at

1164:, creating fear and confusion across the kingdoms of north Britain. 10518: 9930: 9900: 9364: 9327: 9215: 9169: 8180:. Vol. I. Introduction and Property. Oxford University Press. 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 2889: 2655: 2413: 2340: 2208: 2097: 2089: 1976: 1845: 1788: 1437:, during which the Scots carried out major military interventions. 1326: 1141: 902: 886: 800: 499: 469: 455: 20: 8545:

The Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland 1528–1542

8404:

A History of the Modern British Isles, 1603–1707: The Double Crown

4310:

Thanes and Thanages, from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries

4055: 2869:

in 1249, intended to transport his army in a campaign against the

2737: 1910:(on procedure at the barons court), which drew on both common and 10834: 10378: 9920: 9344: 9205: 9154: 8835:. New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh University Press. 3440: 3186: 3128: 3123: 3118:

forces were further augmented by specialist troops, particularly

2866: 2846: 2779: 2681: 2471: 2409: 2267: 2204: 1697: 1071: 971: 817: 809: 433: 323: 9164: 9087: 8085:

Fighting for Identity: Scottish Military Experience c. 1550–1900

7375:

Grant, James S. (1912). "The Old Scots Navy from 1689 to 1710".

5276: 2941: 1356: 961:

western European monarchical states of the time and developed a

9713: 9359: 9244: 9144: 6372:

Anderson, Robert (2003). Bryce, T. G. K.; Humes, W. M. (eds.).

3424: 3420: 3401: 3374: 3312: 3161: 3009: 2787: 2766: 2401: 2212: 2093: 2014: 1988: 1897: 1415: 1322: 1245: 862: 495: 8309:. Ripe Series in Global Political Economy. London: Routledge. 6657:

Bannockburn: the Scottish War and the British Isles, 1307–1323

3949: 3947: 2583:

In the High Middle Ages, new sources of education arose, with

2443: 2189:. Perhaps ten per cent of the population lived in one of many 1334:

with France led to the heavy defeat of a Scottish army at the

9220: 9149: 8363:

The Reality Behind Charter Diplomatic in Anglo-Norman Britain

8055:

The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–1713

4243: 4241: 3416: 3017: 2963: 2919: 2433: 2429: 2397: 2295: 2190: 1858:, began to take shape at the end of the period, assimilating 1821: 1760: 1729: 1705: 1181: 1145: 1125: 1002: 8969:

Kingdom Or Province?: Scotland and the Regal Union 1603–1715

7792:

Shaping the Stuart World, 1603–1714: The Atlantic Connection

6565:

Bawcutt, Priscilla J.; Williams, Janet Hadley, eds. (2006).

6227:

Proceedings of the XIX International Congress of Vexillology

5497: 4379:

Stair, vol. 22, para. 509 (Online) Retrieved 26 October 2011

2661: 1862:

with practices from Anglo-Norman England and the Continent.

1375:, the Crown and court took on many of the attributes of the 9139: 8887:. The New History of Scotland. Edinburgh University Press. 3944: 2578:, one of the three universities founded in the 15th century 2085: 1701: 1440:

After Charles I's defeat, the Scots backed the king in the

1157: 6902: 5007: 4995: 4238: 3233:

of seven units of infantry, two of horse and one troop of

2897:

to attempt the relief that resulted in English defeat at

2874: 2136: 1462:

Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1660)

7790:

MacInnes, Allan I.; Williamson, Arthur H., eds. (2006).

2120:. The Lowlands are divided into the fertile belt of the 1941:(and held by his family until 1628). In 1532, the Royal 8295:'The Scots hate gold': British identity and paper money 6458:

Robert Bruce And the Community of the Realm of Scotland

3809: 3663:

Widely used for administrative and liturgical purposes.

2380:, one of the many royal foundations of the 12th century 1623:

and resistance were articulated by Scots, particularly

1452:

of 1650-1652 against the emerging republican regime of

9014:

The shape of the state in medieval Scotland, 1124–1290

6037: 6035: 5746: 5744: 5666: 5463: 5461: 5319: 5317: 5110: 5108: 4759: 2324:

of administrative documents into the French language.

8997:

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8696:

The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland

6187:"Feature: Saint Andrew seals Scotland's independence" 5852: 5192: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4411: 4409: 3922: 3920: 3241:, and Stirling, which would be incorporated into the 2877:, but he avoided a sea battle. Defeat on land at the 1608:

becoming significant in the later Middle Ages before

35: 9077:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

8265:

The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain

7967:(2nd Revised ed.). Edinburgh University Press. 4298:, Georgetown Law Library, retrieved 22 October 2011. 4031: 2450:, one of the key figures in the Scottish Reformation 1888:

attempted to abolish Scottish laws in opposition to

1754:

is the oldest surviving written digest of Scots law.

1240:

943–954) is believed to have annexed the Kingdom of

8380:– via Paradox of Medieval Scotland 1093–1286. 8151:

The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513–1550: A Military History

7611: 7350:

Uniting the Kingdom?: the Making of British History

7348:Grant, Alexander; Stringer, Keith J., eds. (1995). 7321:Grant, Alexander; Stringer, Keith J., eds. (1993). 6956: 6625:; Tanner, Roland J.; Mann, Alfred K., eds. (2004). 6355:

Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286

6301: 6032: 5741: 5458: 5314: 5180: 5168: 5105: 4660: 4658: 1342:. A long period of political instability followed. 7789: 7191:Frazer, William O.; Tyrrell, Andrew, eds. (2000). 6164:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 16 August 2005 5834: 5632: 5630: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 4972: 4468: 4406: 3917: 3881: 3593:became extinct during the 10th and 11th centuries. 3070:, detail from an edition of Froissart's Chronicles 2039:and virtually disappeared as a separate coin from 1433:state in Scotland. It also helped precipitate the 897:in 1266 and 1472 respectively, and the capture of 8971:(Macmillan International Higher Education, 1992). 8609:The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750–1950 7820:(1978) . Lenman, Bruce; Parker, Geoffrey (eds.). 7606:'Melvillian reform' and the Scottish universities 7579:Women and Violent Crime in Enlightenment Scotland 6330:. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 5216: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4142: 4094: 2884:Part of the reason for Robert I's success in the 2591:. These were usually attached to cathedrals or a 1495:became a focus for political discontent known as 10896: 9019:Whatley, Christopher A. "The Union of 1707." in 8300: 8079: 7220:Warfare, weapons and fortifications: 3 1600–1700 7074: 6990:Famine in Scotland: The 'Ill Years' of The 1690s 5990: 5424: 5422: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5240: 4664: 4655: 3857: 3160:The earliest image of Scottish soldiers wearing 2966:. He acquired a total of 38 ships including the 2778:became compulsory in the first year followed by 1033:Geographically, Scotland is divided between the 9833: 8885:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 8605:Thompson, F. M. L. (Francis Michael Longstreth) 8235:A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages 7931: 6621: 6564: 6496:David I of Scotland: The Balance of New and Old 5627: 5329: 5291: 5099: 4645: 4643: 4475:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 4247: 4208: 4112: 3953: 3495:), with that of Saint Andrew. There was also a 3036:in 1707, these vessels were transferred to the 2544:, which became a long term divide in the Kirk. 1581:while his genealogy is recited by a royal poet. 1444:; after his execution, they proclaimed his son 10920:States and territories established in the 840s 8579:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History 7165:The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory 5683: 5681: 4621: 3821: 3785: 3755:"History of the Union - Part two: 1707 - 1783" 2658:were brought into Scottish intellectual life. 2454:During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a 1808:The introduction of feudalism in the reign of 1491:, but the deposed main hereditary line of the 1309:and his successors in the 14th century in the 10930:States and territories disestablished in 1654 10925:States and territories disestablished in 1707 10216: 9819: 9103: 8569: 8515: 8384: 8175: 7562: 7417: 7347: 7320: 7231: 7190: 6077: 5419: 5348: 5297: 4909: 4873: 4825: 4717: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4555: 4543: 4531: 4519: 4507: 4439: 4400: 4388: 4367: 4355: 4327: 4315: 3938: 2646:at Paris in the early 16th century, of which 1502: 1487:in England, Scotland accepted them under the 8990:The Faded Map: The Lost Kingdoms of Scotland 8749:Medieval Scotland: the Making of an Identity 7471: 6088: 6086: 4640: 4277: 4259: 3345:in 1222. It is recorded with the additional 3225:in Flanders (1689–1697). By the time of the 1930:, which had the advantage of being written. 1681:, also known as the Estates of Scotland, at 1197:(Donald II), was the first man to be called 1045:. Scotland's population at the start of the 9566:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 9064:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 8267:. Vol. One. 660–1649. London: Harper. 8176:Reid, Kenneth; Zimmerman, Reinhard (2000). 8112:Great Britain: Essays in Regional Geography 7107:The Anglo-Saxons, Synthesis and Achievement 6210: 6208: 5678: 3487:was commissioned, combining the crosses of 2270:in the south were overlaid and replaced by 2054:, with £12 Scots equal to £1 sterling. The 1906:(on procedure at the royal courts) and the 1759:inhabiting the land at the time, including 1345: 940:, the two kingdoms were united to form the 151: 49: 10935:States and territories established in 1660 10223: 10209: 9826: 9812: 9276:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference 9110: 9096: 8516:Tabraham, Chris J.; Grove, Doreen (1995). 8464:Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000 8366:. Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, 7846: 7824:(1991 reprint ed.). London: Penguin. 7759: 7647:Lamb, Gregor (2003). Omand, Donald (ed.). 7290:Graham, Michael F. (2000). "Scotland". In 7158: 6374:The history of Scottish Education pre-1980 6277: 5606: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5558: 5526: 5524: 5270: 5087: 5075: 5008:Corbett, McClure & Stuart-Smith (2003) 4996:Corbett, McClure & Stuart-Smith (2003) 3926: 178: 63: 8289: 8087:. History of Warfare, 15. Leiden: Brill. 8025:Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745 8019: 7989: 7965:Who Are The Scots and The Scottish Nation 7193:Social Identity in Early Medieval Britain 6875: 6398: 6083: 5966: 5894: 5617: 5615: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5234: 4837: 4741: 4729: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4688: 4676: 4301: 4271: 4232: 4088: 2531:sections of Scottish society drew up the 1557:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 1013:meeting daily in Edinburgh. In 1532, the 9071: 9058: 9045: 9036: 8660: 8652: 8603: 8491:Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages 8488: 8148: 7904: 7735:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History 7377:Publications of the Navy Records Society 7262: 6766: 6711: 6371: 6352: 6205: 6106:"United Kingdom Monarchs (1603–present)" 6092: 5942: 5930: 5918: 5810: 5798: 5428: 4921: 4861: 4296:Scottish Legal History: A Research Guide 4283: 4184: 4172: 3815: 3221:'s continental wars, beginning with the 3155: 3061: 2940: 2840: 2736: 2729:schoolmaster, while ministers and local 2660: 2569: 2513: 2442: 2372: 2222: 2156: 2075: 2058:enacted proposals in 1695 to set up the 2008: 1963: 1864: 1745: 1672: 1560: 1355: 10230: 8879: 8800: 8746: 8633: 8385:Sharples, Niall; Smith, Rachel (2009). 8109: 8049: 7962: 7877: 7651:. The Orkney Book. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 7444: 6929: 6880:. Edinburgh: Rowman & Littlefield. 6799:The Oxford Companion to British History 6567:A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry 6534: 6425: 6297: 6239: 6214: 6181: 6179: 6026: 5978: 5906: 5822: 5786: 5774: 5762: 5750: 5735: 5723: 5711: 5699: 5660: 5636: 5564: 5521: 5467: 5440: 5390: 5366: 5354: 5342: 5323: 5162: 5150: 5126: 5114: 5063: 5031: 5019: 4983: 4945: 4813: 4765: 4753: 4603: 4220: 4160: 4100: 4001: 3977: 3965: 3911: 3887: 3827: 3791: 3066:Scottish soldiers in the period of the 2478:in 1546, who was burnt at the stake in 1946:entry to their own ranks. In 1672, the 1533:and 16 Scots to the 190 members of the 1180:of the Pictish kingdoms, which adopted 1095:. Land forces centred around the large 551:78,778 km (30,416 sq mi) 10960:9th-century establishments in Scotland 10897: 8734: 8561: 8542: 8345: 8331: 8259: 8136: 7816: 7576: 7563:Jennings, Andrew; Kruse, Arne (2009). 7532: 7502: 7387: 7289: 7217: 7131: 7044: 7014: 6987: 6878:The Scottish Soldier Abroad, 1247–1967 6845: 6793: 6627:The History of the Scottish Parliament 6512: 6486: 6470:Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306 6464: 6452: 6325: 6289: 6245: 6041: 6002: 5858: 5687: 5672: 5648: 5612: 5581: 5575: 5546: 5530: 5503: 5491: 5414:from the original on 28 September 2011 5258: 5246: 5222: 5198: 5186: 5174: 5138: 5043: 4957: 4885: 4849: 4777: 4705: 4694: 4634: 4615: 4451: 4427: 4415: 4196: 4148: 4136: 4124: 4076: 4064: 4049: 4037: 4013: 3989: 3899: 3863: 3851: 3683: 3535:Obsolete Scottish units of measurement 3078:in the mid-17th century, there was no 1728:helped consolidate the power of local 1256:", in which he introduced a system of 1216: 1156:began on monasteries such as those at 1001:helped consolidate the power of local 10950:Former countries in the British Isles 10204: 9807: 9091: 8947: 8939: 8909: 8857: 8827: 8728: 8720: 8458: 8436:. Edinburgh: Rowman and Littlefield. 8428: 8398: 8392: 8387:Norse settlement in the Western Isles 8339: 8232: 7849:Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation 7729: 7699: 7676:Sword of Scotland: Our Fighting Jocks 7673: 7570: 7374: 7265:The Government of Scotland, 1560–1625 7225: 7104: 6815: 6738: 6681: 6651: 6591: 6305: 6134:. The Royal Household. Archived from 6108:. The Royal Household. Archived from 6065: 6053: 5882: 5870: 5846: 5621: 5594: 5515: 5452: 5308: 5210: 5059: 5047: 4933: 4801: 4789: 4649: 4307: 4025: 3875: 3839: 3803: 3779: 3341:as a royal emblem in Scotland was by 2169:in the 10th century until before the 1848:also had its own Justiciar. Scottish 985:In the 17th century, the creation of 932:, joining Scotland with England in a 16:Historic kingdom in the British Isles 9281:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly 8773: 8690: 8638:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Birlinn. 8202: 8178:A History of Private Law in Scotland 7646: 7603: 7109:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 6176: 6014: 5954: 5479: 5378: 4897: 3391:Royal Standard of the United Kingdom 2432:grew, particularly in the expanding 2231:1400, based on place-name evidence. 426:9th century (traditionally 843) 8518:Fortress Scotland and the Jacobites 7997:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge. 6934:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 6712:Brunsman, Denver Alexander (2013). 6158:"'Super regiment' badge under fire" 3431:. This image was again depicted on 3082:in the Kingdom of Scotland. In the 2369:History of Christianity in Scotland 1551:Government in early modern Scotland 1352:Scotland in the early modern period 1260:land tenure, established the first 1113: 974:and toísechs—but from the reign of 13: 10910:1707 disestablishments in Scotland 8955: 5410:, Scottish Archive Network, 2000, 2526:that sparked off the Bishops' Wars 1877:in 1532, from the Great Window in 1708:), but from the reign of David I, 1338:in 1513 and the death of the King 14: 10976: 9117: 8776:Discovering Scottish Architecture 7938:Atlas of Scottish History to 1707 7540:. London: Mainstream Publishing. 6302:Barraclough & Crampton (1992) 6253:"Plate from the Lindsay Armorial" 3337:The earliest recorded use of the 3191:James Graham, Marquis of Montrose 2987:. James V built a new harbour at 2576:St Salvator's College, St Andrews 9874: 9266:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 9030:(Oxford University Press, 2011). 9016:(Oxford University Press, 2016). 8493:. East Lothian: Tuckwell Press. 7707:. London: Penguin Random House. 7080:A Dictionary of Scottish History 6905:The Edinburgh Companion to Scots 6741:A Brief History of Great Britain 6716:. University of Virginia Press. 6283: 6271: 6233: 6150: 6124: 6098: 6071: 6059: 6047: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5936: 5924: 5912: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5840: 5835:MacInnes & Williamson (2006) 5828: 5816: 5804: 5792: 5780: 5768: 5756: 5729: 5717: 5705: 5693: 5654: 5642: 5600: 5552: 5540: 5509: 5485: 5473: 5446: 5434: 5404:"School education prior to 1873" 5396: 5384: 5372: 5360: 5264: 5252: 5228: 5204: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5053: 5037: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4951: 4939: 4927: 3381:and royal banners of successive 3320: 3296: 3282: 3268: 3229:, the Kingdom of Scotland had a 3058:Warfare in early modern Scotland 2680:funds, contributions from local 2566:History of education in Scotland 1670:, with rule direct from London. 1128:in the north-east, the Scots of 768: 743: 729: 715: 701: 687: 673: 659: 645: 631: 126: 102: 95: 8865:. St Andrews University Press. 8833:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 8668:. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 8634:Thomson, William P. L. (2008). 8233:Rigby, Stephen H., ed. (2003). 7383:. London: Navy Records Society. 6821:A History of Money: From AD 800 6687:The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371 6542:. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. 6220:"The Story of Scotland's Flags" 4915: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4867: 4855: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4682: 4670: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4525: 4513: 4501: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4394: 4382: 4373: 4361: 4349: 4333: 4321: 4289: 4265: 4253: 4226: 4214: 4209:Brown, Tanner & Mann (2004) 4202: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4082: 4070: 4043: 4019: 4007: 3995: 3983: 3971: 3959: 3932: 3905: 3893: 3869: 3845: 3833: 3797: 3773: 3747: 2962:and a dockyard at the Pools of 2865:and anchored off the island of 2153:Demographic history of Scotland 1547:Government in Medieval Scotland 1232: 936:. In 1707, during the reign of 913:to the north and west, and the 184:The Kingdom of Scotland in 1190 9709:Northern Ireland Sign Language 8520:. Batsford/Historic Scotland. 8466:. Edinburgh University Press. 8114:. Cambridge University Press. 8083:; MacKillop, A., eds. (2002). 8027:. Edinburgh University Press. 7940:. Edinburgh University Press. 7480:. Cambridge University Press. 7449:. Cambridge University Press. 7445:Houston, R. (Rab) A. (2002) . 7418:Haswell-Smith, Hamish (1996). 7325:. Edinburgh University Press. 7240:. Cambridge University Press. 7136:. Cambridge University Press. 7078:; Morpeth, Robert S. (1999) . 7052:. Edinburgh University Press. 6907:. Edinburgh University Press. 6689:. Edinburgh University Press. 6659:. Edinburgh University Press. 6599:. Edinburgh University Press. 6520:. Edinburgh University Press. 6472:. Edinburgh University Press. 6357:. Vol. I. General Books. 6318: 5991:Murdoch & MacKillop (2002) 4665:Donaldson & Morpeth (1999) 3718: 3689: 3677: 3657: 3644: 3620: 3596: 3579: 3562: 3459:Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount 2124:and the higher terrain of the 2050:was reformed to closely match 1778:Leges inter Brettos et Scottos 1775:customs. The legal tract, the 1120:Origins of the Kingdom of Alba 1066:; but by the early modern era 1022:was reformed to closely match 1: 8801:Wheeler, James Scott (2002). 8742:. Vol. 2. London: Black. 8110:Ogilvie, A. G., ed. (1958) . 7794:. The Atlantic World. Brill. 7510:. Westport: Greenwood Press. 7132:Fissel, Mark Charles (1994). 7050:Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587 5292:Bawcutt & Williams (2006) 5100:Bawcutt & Williams (2006) 4248:McNeill & MacQueen (1996) 4113:McNeill & MacQueen (1996) 3954:Bawcutt & Williams (2006) 3670: 3545:Scottish monarchs family tree 3465: 3453: 3373:which, together with a royal 3100:Wars of Scottish Independence 2800:St Mary's College, St Andrews 2758:is the most obvious example. 2353:Authorized King James Version 2228: 2146: 2040: 2033: 2025: 1540: 1252:has been characterised as a " 1237: 1078:that created a predominately 883:Wars of Scottish Independence 215: 206: 197: 170:"In my defence God me defend" 10357:Colonization of the Americas 10190:History of the British Isles 8334:Gaelic Laws and Institutions 7907:Scotland's Historic Heraldry 7168:. London: Bloomsbury Books. 6569:. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer. 6430:. Pen & Sword Military. 4679:, pp. 291–292, 301–302. 4471:Welsh Society and Nationhood 3530:List of monarchs of Scotland 3054:Warfare in Medieval Scotland 3000:of privateers. In 1627, the 2559: 2065: 1917:Customary laws, such as the 1479:was deposed by his daughter 1132:in the west, the Britons of 965:and great offices of state. 342:semi-constitutional monarchy 7: 10945:Former monarchies of Europe 9836:Scotland in the Middle Ages 8653:Thornton, David E. (2009). 8581:. Oxford University Press. 7905:McAndrew, Bruce A. (2006). 7882:. Oxford University Press. 7737:. Oxford University Press. 7577:Kilday, Anne-Marie (2007). 7478:Scottish Society, 1500–1800 7395:. Oxford University Press. 7267:. Oxford University Press. 7022:. Oxford University Press. 7016:Davies, R. R. (Robert Rees) 6801:. Oxford University Press. 6767:Campbell, Alastair (2004). 6540:British Flags & Emblems 6353:Anderson, Alan Orr (2010). 6078:Tabraham & Grove (1995) 4910:Jennings & Kruse (2009) 4874:Frazer & Tyrrell (2000) 4826:Gemmill & Mayhew (1995) 4592:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4580:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4568:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4556:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4544:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4532:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4520:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4508:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4457:Davies, R. R. (Robert Rees) 4453:Davies, R. R. (Robert Rees) 4440:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4401:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4389:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4368:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4356:Reid & Zimmerman (2000) 4346:, retrieved 15 August 2010. 4340:"Laws and legal procedures" 4328:Sharples & Smith (2009) 4316:Grant & Stringer (1993) 3939:Grant & Stringer (1995) 3513: 3143:the Battle of Flodden Field 2821: 2400:were more significant than 2362: 2218: 2080:The topography of Scotland. 2052:coins of the pound sterling 2017:minted during the reign of 1879:Parliament House, Edinburgh 1683:Parliament House, Edinburgh 1523:Parliament of Great Britain 1469:restoration of the monarchy 1391:was strongly influenced by 1367:In the 16th century, under 1223:Scotland in the Middle Ages 10: 10981: 10352:Economy in the Middle Ages 10313:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 9007:Scottish Historical Review 8149:Phillips, Gervase (1999). 8144:. Oxford University Press. 7878:Manning, Roger B. (2006). 7160:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles 7082:. Edinburgh: John Donald. 6769:A History of Clan Campbell 6739:Burns, William E. (2009). 4260:Houston & Whyte (2005) 3637:(13th century–1450), 3633:(1066–13th century), 3540:Royal Consorts of Scotland 3463:Register of Scottish Arms, 3330:used between 1606 and 1707 3276:Royal Standard of Scotland 3252: 3076:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 3047: 3006:major expedition to Biscay 2830: 2563: 2366: 2165:From the formation of the 2150: 2069: 1957: 1953: 1739: 1554: 1544: 1506: 1503:Treaty of Union: 1690–1707 1435:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1406:In the late 16th century, 1399:and the introduction of a 1349: 1220: 1136:in the south-west and the 1117: 1106: 1102: 155:In my defens God me defend 152: 18: 10776: 10713: 10665: 10630: 10587: 10532: 10455:Convention of the Estates 10425: 10377: 10238: 10182: 10151: 10120: 10072: 9969: 9883: 9872: 9843: 9726: 9691: 9653: 9615: 9592: 9585: 9578: 9526: 9468: 9452: 9437: 9380: 9305: 9298: 9258: 9230: 9187: 9180: 9125: 8698:. Yale University Press. 8636:The New History of Orkney 8332:Sellar, D. H. S. (2001). 7847:Macquarrie, Alan (2004). 7393:Scotland: a Short History 7263:Goodacre, Julian (2004). 6988:Cullen, Karen J. (2010). 6930:Corning, Caitlin (2006). 4330:, pp. 104, 109, 124. 4308:Grant, Alexander (1993). 3574:'Nemo me impune lacessit' 3396:According to legend, the 2837:History of the Royal Navy 2724:principles. Although the 2496:Lords of the Congregation 2116:by the fault line of the 1987:. In James V's reign the 1567:Alexander III of Scotland 784: 610: 600: 596: 586: 576: 566: 562: 555: 547: 540: 536: 523: 510: 492: 466: 452: 430: 417: 413: 399: 389: 385: 373: 361: 357: 347: 334: 322: 291: 222: 189: 177: 144: 91: 80: 30: 9551:Kingdom of Great Britain 9051:Kingdom of Great Britain 8978:(Jazzybee Verlag, 2016). 7963:Menzies, Gordon (2002). 7612:MacDonald, Alasdair A.; 7581:. Boydell & Brewer. 7508:Kings of Celtic Scotland 7422:. Edinburgh: Canongate. 6518:The Kingdom of the Scots 4463:; Jones, Ieuan Gwynedd; 3555: 3508:Kingdom of Great Britain 3248: 3164:; 1631 German engraving. 2676:First Book of Discipline 2631:University of St Andrews 1948:High Court of Justiciary 1860:Gaelic and Britonnic law 1519:Kingdom of Great Britain 1442:Second English Civil War 1395:, leading to widespread 1346:Consolidation: 1513–1690 997:and the introduction of 942:Kingdom of Great Britain 764:Kingdom of Great Britain 375:• 1702–1707 (last) 249:(1093–12th century) 9009:61.172 (1982): 105–129. 8747:Webster, Bruce (1997). 8655:Communities and kinship 8562:Thomas, Andrea (2012). 8543:Thomas, Andrea (2005). 7705:Scotland: a New History 7678:, Pen and Sword Books, 7674:Leask, Anthony (2006), 6957:Barraclough, E. M. C.; 6853:. Dublin: Four Courts. 6743:. Infobase Publishing. 6326:Alcock, Leslie (2003). 6310:. Flag Research Center. 6306:Smith, Whitney (1973). 3477:James VI, King of Scots 3043: 2826: 2804:University of Edinburgh 2712:ratified this with the 2490:, were condemned to be 2211:with around 16,000 and 1621:constitutional monarchy 1489:Claim of Right Act 1689 1475:of 1688–1689, in which 1448:king, resulting in the 1336:Battle of Flodden Field 991:Commissioners of Supply 944:under the terms of the 854: 846: 363:• 843–858 (first) 64: 50: 10808:Court of the Lord Lyon 8751:. St. Martin's Press. 8736:Tytler, Patrick Fraser 8547:. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 8261:Rodger, Nicholas A. M. 7932:McNeill, Peter G. B.; 7472:Houston, R. (Rab) A.; 7218:Furgol, E. M. (2001). 6426:Barratt, John (2004). 3613:(1550–1707). Overall, 3573: 3445:Parliament of Scotland 3165: 3071: 3026:Third Anglo-Dutch Wars 2955: 2850: 2745: 2710:Parliament of Scotland 2670: 2639:University of Aberdeen 2579: 2527: 2456:Protestant Reformation 2451: 2381: 2259: 2227:The linguistic divide 2162: 2100:, subdivided into the 2081: 2056:Parliament of Scotland 2021: 1972: 1881: 1755: 1735: 1718:Commissioner of Supply 1704:) and toísechs (later 1690:Parliament of Scotland 1685: 1679:Parliament of Scotland 1582: 1575:Mormaers of Strathearn 1364: 1076:Protestant Reformation 873:to the south with the 838: 340:Unitary parliamentary 36: 10445:Estates of Parliament 10143:Scandinavian Scotland 10128:Lordship of the Isles 9699:British Sign Language 9544:Principality of Wales 9388:Bailiwick of Guernsey 9271:British–Irish Council 9259:Political cooperation 9240:Bailiwick of Guernsey 8983:A history of Scotland 8805:. London: Routledge. 8721:Tyson, R. E. (2001). 8430:Smout, T. Christopher 8400:Smith, David Lawrence 8368:University of Glasgow 7995:A History of Scotland 7822:A History of Scotland 7352:. London: Routledge. 7298:. London: Routledge. 7296:The Reformation World 7195:. London: Continuum. 6823:. London: Routledge. 6401:World and Its Peoples 3735:. Library of Congress 3706:. Library of Congress 3437:Guardians of Scotland 3159: 3132:, similar to English 3065: 2944: 2844: 2740: 2664: 2635:University of Glasgow 2624:and probably died at 2573: 2518:The riots set off by 2517: 2446: 2418:Scandinavian Scotland 2376: 2337:Highlands and Islands 2226: 2183:Industrial Revolution 2160: 2128:, which included the 2079: 2072:Geography of Scotland 2012: 1967: 1908:Quoniam Attachiamenta 1868: 1826:Ecclesiastical courts 1749: 1714:justices of the peace 1676: 1629:divine right of kings 1573:; beside him are the 1564: 1555:Further information: 1383:, despite long royal 1359: 1297:, the English backed 1035:Highlands and Islands 223:Common languages 10552:Early modern warfare 10283:Wars of Independence 10095:Wars of Independence 9318:Islands of the Clyde 9026:Wormald, Jenny, ed. 8774:West, T. W. (1985). 8434:Scotland and the Sea 7618:Cowan, Ian Borthwick 7232:Gemmill, Elizabeth; 6959:Crampton, William G. 6193:on 16 September 2013 4963:"A history of Scots" 4718:Haswell-Smith (1996) 3450:Vienna Book of Hours 3357:during the reign of 3213:. On the eve of the 3126:, hired by bonds of 2886:Wars of Independence 2871:Kingdom of the Isles 2765:, who returned from 2756:Mary, Queen of Scots 2706:act in Privy council 2699:Classical literature 2019:Mary, Queen of Scots 1842:Justiciar of Lothian 1742:History of Scots law 1724:and introduction of 1509:Treaty of Union 1707 1389:Scottish Reformation 1373:Mary, Queen of Scots 1311:Wars of Independence 1246:Indulf the Aggressor 926:James VI of Scotland 283:(until 15th century) 238:Scottish Gaelic 233:(until 12th century) 10905:Kingdom of Scotland 10877: / 10342:Glorious Revolution 10303:Union of the Crowns 10278:Davidian Revolution 10232:Kingdom of Scotland 10085:Davidian Revolution 9704:Irish Sign Language 9561:Kingdom of Scotland 9398:Bailiwick of Jersey 9381:Lists of islands of 9038:Kingdom of Scotland 9028:Scotland: a history 8985:(Bloomsbury, 2018). 8981:Macinnes, Allan I. 8917:. London: Longman. 8740:History of Scotland 8723:Population Patterns 8406:. Wiley-Blackwell. 8021:Mitchison, Rosalind 7991:Mitchison, Rosalind 7934:MacQueen, Hector L. 7818:Mackie, John Duncan 7504:Hudson, Benjamin T. 7389:Harvie, Christopher 7234:Mayhew, Nicholas J. 6847:Clancy, Thomas Owen 6138:on 28 December 2009 6044:, pp. 637–638. 5825:, pp. 239–241. 5777:, pp. 204–210. 5651:, pp. 181–182. 5549:, pp. 106–111. 5506:, pp. 227–228. 5494:, pp. 196–197. 5470:, pp. 183–184. 5431:, pp. 219–228. 5345:, pp. 124–125. 5311:, pp. 104–107. 5261:, pp. 252–253. 5225:, pp. 231–234. 5213:, pp. 279–281. 5201:, pp. 205–206. 5165:, pp. 121–133. 5153:, pp. 120–121. 5129:, pp. 102–104. 5090:, pp. 109–117. 5034:, pp. 192–193. 4852:, pp. 123–124. 4804:, pp. 109–111. 4792:, pp. 487–488. 4461:Griffiths, Ralph A. 4430:, pp. 381–382. 4250:, pp. 191–194. 4187:, pp. 150–151. 4175:, pp. 35, 130. 4139:, pp. 200–202. 4079:, pp. 283–284. 4067:, pp. 241–245. 4052:, pp. 225–226. 4040:, pp. 200–206. 4004:, pp. 120–133. 3631:Middle English 3629:(until 1066), 3611:Modern English 3607:Middle English 3473:Union of the Crowns 3328:Scottish Union Flag 3262:Flags and standards 3215:Glorious Revolution 3193:(1643–1644) and in 3096:Davidian Revolution 2906:near his palace at 2774:were abandoned and 2394:Celtic Christianity 2179:Highland Clearances 2110:Northwest Highlands 1919:Law of Clan MacDuff 1886:Edward I of England 1869:Institution of the 1838:Justiciar of Scotia 1810:David I of Scotland 1648:Lord High Constable 1633:Union of the Crowns 1473:Glorious Revolution 1412:Union of the Crowns 1369:James V of Scotland 1254:Davidian Revolution 1217:Expansion: 943–1513 1144:(which united with 1109:History of Scotland 921:to the southwest. 855:Kongungdum Skotland 839:Rìoghachd na h-Alba 831:Kingdom of Scotland 514:Union of the Crowns 280:Medieval Latin 264:(from 13th century) 241:(from 12th century) 65:Kongungdum Skotland 37:Rìoghachd na h-Alba 32:Kingdom of Scotland 10955:843 establishments 10845:Saint Andrew's Day 10815:Royal coat of arms 10680:Church of Scotland 10507:Secretary of State 10497:Acts of Parliament 10369:Union with England 9556:Kingdom of Ireland 9539:Kingdom of England 9286:Common Travel Area 9232:Crown Dependencies 8999:Vol. 144. (2015). 8988:Moffat, Alistair. 8940:Young, J. (2001). 8389:. pp. 103 ff. 8370:. pp. 1–119. 8291:Rowlinson, Matthew 8138:Perrin, William G. 7761:Macdougall, Norman 7046:Dawson, Jane E. A. 6965:. EDC Publishing. 6963:Flags of the World 6399:Anonymous (2009). 5443:, pp. 63, 68. 5062:, pp. 77–89; 5046:, pp. 95–96; 4522:, pp. 42, 46. 4465:Morgan, Kenneth O. 3761:. 11 December 2007 3733:www.catdir.loc.gov 3726:"Scottish Society" 3704:www.catdir.loc.gov 3697:"Scottish Society" 3481:Kingdom of England 3371:royal coat of arms 3361:(1249–1286). This 3195:Glencairn's rising 3166: 3108:Hundred Years' War 3072: 3068:Hundred Years' War 2956: 2934:also known as the 2851: 2746: 2718:Education Act 1646 2714:Education Act 1633 2671: 2665:A woodcut showing 2602:Education Act 1496 2580: 2528: 2524:St Giles Cathedral 2500:Parliament in 1560 2452: 2414:calculating Easter 2412:and the method of 2382: 2260: 2163: 2114:Grampian Mountains 2082: 2022: 1973: 1943:College of Justice 1882: 1814:feudal land tenure 1756: 1686: 1668:Acts of Union 1707 1583: 1513:Acts of Union 1707 1456:in England led by 1450:Anglo-Scottish War 1365: 1015:College of Justice 875:Kingdom of England 847:Kinrick o Scotland 527:Union with England 305:Church of Scotland 51:Kinrick o Scotland 10915:Scottish monarchy 10860: 10859: 10763:Scottish baronial 10572:Lord High Admiral 10513:Regiam Majestatem 10263:Early Middle Ages 10198: 10197: 9856:Early Middle Ages 9801: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9722: 9721: 9574: 9573: 9433: 9432: 9294: 9293: 9086: 9085: 8924:978-0-58-277292-2 8894:978-0-74-860276-6 8872:978-0-95-125737-1 8842:978-0-74-861234-5 8812:978-0-41-522131-3 8785:978-0-85-263748-7 8758:978-0-33-356761-6 8705:978-0-30-009234-9 8675:978-1-40-510628-3 8662:Stafford, Pauline 8645:978-1-84-158696-0 8618:978-0-52-125790-9 8588:978-0-19-162433-9 8554:978-0-85-976611-1 8527:978-0-71-347484-8 8500:978-1-86-232151-9 8473:978-0-74-860100-4 8443:978-0-85-976338-7 8413:978-0-63-119402-6 8377:978-0-85-261919-3 8316:978-0-41-518926-2 8274:978-0-00-255128-1 8244:978-0-63-121785-5 8217:978-0-90-182492-9 8187:978-0-19-829941-7 8160:978-0-85-115746-7 8153:. Boydell Press. 8121:978-1-10-762653-9 8094:978-9-00-412823-1 8064:978-9-00-418568-5 8057:. Leiden: Brill. 8004:978-0-41-527880-5 7974:978-1-90-293038-1 7947:978-0-95-039041-3 7916:978-1-84-383261-4 7909:. Boydell Press. 7889:978-0-19-926149-9 7862:978-0-75-092977-6 7831:978-0-14-192756-5 7801:978-9-00-414711-9 7744:978-0-19-969305-4 7714:978-1-44-647563-8 7685:978-1-84-415405-0 7658:978-1-84-158254-2 7649:The Orkney Tongue 7631:978-9-00-410097-8 7604:Kirk, J. (1994). 7588:978-0-86-193287-0 7547:978-1-84-596539-6 7517:978-0-31-329087-9 7487:978-0-52-189167-7 7456:978-0-52-189088-5 7402:978-0-19-210054-2 7359:978-0-41-513041-7 7332:978-0-74-861110-2 7305:978-0-41-516357-6 7292:Pettegree, Andrew 7274:978-0-19-924354-9 7247:978-0-52-147385-9 7202:978-0-71-850084-9 7175:978-0-90-622334-5 7143:978-0-52-146686-8 7116:978-0-88-920166-8 7089:978-0-85-976018-8 7076:Donaldson, Gordon 7059:978-0-74-861455-4 7029:978-0-19-820849-5 6999:978-0-74-863887-1 6972:978-0-72-322797-7 6941:978-1-40-397299-6 6914:978-0-74-861596-4 6887:978-0-85-976341-7 6860:978-1-85-182516-5 6830:978-0-41-510279-7 6808:978-0-19-860514-0 6778:978-0-74-861790-6 6750:978-0-81-607728-1 6723:978-0-81-393352-8 6696:978-0-74-863333-3 6666:978-0-74-863333-3 6636:978-0-74-861485-1 6606:978-0-74-861299-4 6576:978-1-84-384096-1 6549:978-1-86-232297-4 6527:978-0-74-861802-6 6505:978-1-85-285052-4 6479:978-0-74-860104-2 6437:978-1-84-415128-8 6410:978-0-76-147883-6 6383:978-0-74-861625-1 6364:978-1-15-221572-6 6337:978-0-90-390324-0 6308:The Flag Bulletin 6278:Fox-Davies (1986) 6056:, pp. 24–25. 5945:, pp. 69–70. 5897:, pp. 16–30. 5873:, pp. 95–99. 5753:, pp. 19–21. 5639:, pp. 33–34. 5607:Macdougall (1989) 5597:, pp. I–xii. 5578:, pp. 74–90. 5559:Macquarrie (2004) 5381:, pp. 59–62. 5326:, pp. 68–72. 5294:, pp. 29–30. 5271:Macquarrie (2004) 5117:, pp. 76–87. 5102:, pp. 26–29. 5088:Macquarrie (2004) 5078:, pp. 67–68. 5076:Macquarrie (2004) 5050:, pp. 82–83. 4986:, pp. 60–67. 4756:, pp. 39–40. 4606:, pp. 24–25. 4486:978-0-70-830890-5 4418:, pp. 69–82. 4274:, pp. 80–81. 4163:, pp. 22–23. 4151:, pp. 11–12. 4115:, pp. 14–15. 3927:Macquarrie (2004) 3890:, pp. 29–37. 3854:, pp. 95–96. 3782:, pp. 44–45. 3686:, pp. 1–119. 3639:Middle Scots 3591:Cumbric languages 3550:Scottish Term Day 3525:Linlithgow Palace 3411:of Scotland, was 3092:kings of Scotland 3084:Early Middle Ages 2924:Lord High Admiral 2792:Marischal College 2612:, who studied at 2593:collegiate church 2533:National Covenant 2484:St Andrews Castle 2406:clerical celibacy 2284:Early Middle Ages 2268:Cumbric languages 2266:in the north and 1903:Regiam Majestatem 1752:Regiam Majestatem 1485:William of Orange 1187:Cínaed mac Ailpín 987:Justices of Peace 909:to the east, the 905:, bounded by the 827: 826: 780: 779: 776: 775: 756: 755: 751:Earldom of Orkney 299:Roman Catholicism 10972: 10965:Christian states 10892: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10882: 10878: 10875: 10874: 10873: 10870: 10562:Royal Scots Navy 10557:Royal Scots Army 10547:Medieval warfare 10347:Maritime history 10288:Late Middle Ages 10273:Late Middle Ages 10268:High Middle Ages 10225: 10218: 10211: 10202: 10201: 10183:Related articles 10080:Christianisation 9878: 9866:Late Middle Ages 9861:High Middle Ages 9837: 9828: 9821: 9814: 9805: 9804: 9759:Irish Travellers 9590: 9589: 9586:Modern languages 9583: 9582: 9534:Irish Free State 9491:Northern Ireland 9450: 9449: 9303: 9302: 9211:Northern Ireland 9189:Sovereign states 9185: 9184: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9089: 9088: 9082: 9069: 9056: 9043: 9034: 9033: 8992:(Birlinn, 2011). 8967:Brown, Keith M. 8945: 8936: 8906: 8876: 8854: 8824: 8797: 8770: 8743: 8726: 8717: 8687: 8658: 8649: 8630: 8600: 8567: 8558: 8539: 8512: 8485: 8460:Smyth, Alfred P. 8455: 8425: 8390: 8381: 8355: 8337: 8328: 8301:Gilbert, Emily; 8298: 8286: 8256: 8229: 8210:. Mercat Press. 8199: 8172: 8145: 8133: 8106: 8076: 8046: 8016: 7986: 7959: 7928: 7901: 7874: 7843: 7813: 7786: 7756: 7726: 7696: 7670: 7643: 7609: 7600: 7568: 7559: 7529: 7499: 7468: 7441: 7414: 7384: 7371: 7344: 7317: 7286: 7259: 7223: 7214: 7187: 7155: 7128: 7101: 7071: 7041: 7011: 6984: 6953: 6926: 6899: 6872: 6842: 6812: 6790: 6762: 6735: 6708: 6678: 6648: 6618: 6588: 6561: 6531: 6514:Barrow, G. W. S. 6509: 6492:Barrow, G. W. S. 6488:Barrow, G. W. S. 6483: 6466:Barrow, G. W. S. 6461: 6454:Barrow, G. W. S. 6449: 6422: 6395: 6368: 6349: 6312: 6311: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6224: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6183: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6132:"Royal Standard" 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6112:on 10 March 2010 6102: 6096: 6090: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5967:Mitchison (2002) 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5895:Contamine (1992) 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5625: 5619: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5579: 5573: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5528: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5417: 5415: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5327: 5321: 5312: 5306: 5295: 5289: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5235:Mitchison (2002) 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5057: 5051: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4998:, p. 10 ff. 4993: 4987: 4981: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4838:Mitchison (2002) 4835: 4829: 4828:, pp. 8–10. 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4780:, pp. 8–11. 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4742:Anonymous (2009) 4739: 4733: 4730:Mitchison (2002) 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4708:, pp. 10–11 4703: 4692: 4689:Rowlinson (1999) 4686: 4680: 4677:Mitchison (2002) 4674: 4668: 4662: 4653: 4647: 4638: 4632: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 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English 3624: 3618: 3603:Old English 3600: 3594: 3583: 3577: 3566: 3467: 3455: 3324: 3304:Flag of Scotland 3300: 3286: 3272: 3255:Flag of Scotland 3170:Thirty Years War 3112:Late Middle Ages 3088:High Middle Ages 3024:(1665–1667) and 3002:Royal Scots Navy 2984:guerre de course 2974:Flodden campaign 2855:William the Lion 2833:Royal Scots Navy 2637:in 1451 and the 2610:John Duns Scotus 2598:abbey at Kinloss 2554:the Killing Time 2468:Patrick Hamilton 2378:Dundrennan Abbey 2348:Standard English 2329:Late Middle Ages 2321:Adam of Dryburgh 2288:High Middle Ages 2264:Pictish language 2253: 2244: 2235: 2230: 2126:Southern Uplands 2122:Central Lowlands 2060:Bank of Scotland 2045: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1960:Scottish coinage 1935:Court of Session 1871:Court of Session 1844:, but sometimes 1531:House of Commons 1483:and her husband 1454:Parliamentarians 1421:When James' son 1239: 1236: 1234: 1114:Origins: 400–943 1092:guerre de course 1028:Bank of Scotland 1011:Court of Session 772: 771: 760: 759: 747: 746: 733: 732: 719: 718: 705: 704: 691: 690: 677: 676: 663: 662: 649: 648: 635: 634: 628: 627: 612: 611: 444:1124 (confirmed 284: 276:(from 1471) 265: 257: 242: 234: 217: 208: 199: 182: 167: 159: 158: 130: 106: 99: 75: 67: 61: 53: 47: 39: 28: 27: 10980: 10979: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10969: 10940:Former kingdoms 10895: 10894: 10885: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10856: 10772: 10709: 10661: 10650:Scottish people 10645:Scottish Gaelic 10626: 10583: 10528: 10502:Lord Chancellor 10450:General Council 10429: 10421: 10373: 10234: 10229: 10199: 10194: 10178: 10147: 10116: 10068: 9965: 9879: 9870: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9802: 9793: 9749:English Gypsies 9718: 9687: 9649: 9630:Scottish Gaelic 9611: 9570: 9522: 9464: 9441: 9429: 9376: 9372:Isles of Scilly 9313:Channel Islands 9290: 9254: 9226: 9176: 9121: 9116: 9080: 9079: 9075: 9067: 9066: 9062: 9054: 9053: 9049: 9041: 9040: 9012:Taylor, Alice. 8958: 8956:Further reading 8953: 8942:Army: 1600–1750 8925: 8895: 8873: 8843: 8813: 8786: 8759: 8706: 8676: 8646: 8619: 8589: 8577:, eds. (2012). 8564:The Renaissance 8555: 8528: 8501: 8474: 8444: 8414: 8378: 8353: 8347:Sharpe, Richard 8317: 8305:, eds. (1999). 8303:Helleiner, Eric 8275: 8245: 8218: 8188: 8161: 8122: 8095: 8065: 8035: 8005: 7975: 7948: 7936:, eds. (1996). 7917: 7890: 7863: 7832: 7802: 7775: 7745: 7715: 7686: 7659: 7632: 7620:, eds. (1994). 7589: 7548: 7518: 7488: 7476:, eds. (2005). 7457: 7430: 7403: 7360: 7333: 7306: 7275: 7248: 7203: 7176: 7144: 7117: 7090: 7060: 7030: 7000: 6973: 6942: 6915: 6888: 6861: 6831: 6809: 6779: 6751: 6724: 6697: 6667: 6637: 6623:Brown, Keith M. 6607: 6593:Brown, Keith M. 6577: 6550: 6536:Bartram, Graham 6528: 6506: 6480: 6438: 6411: 6384: 6365: 6338: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6300:, p. 122; 6288: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6222: 6216:Bartram, Graham 6213: 6206: 6196: 6194: 6185: 6184: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6093:McAndrew (2006) 6091: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5943:Phillips (1999) 5941: 5937: 5931:Phillips (1999) 5929: 5925: 5919:Phillips (1999) 5917: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5811:Campbell (2004) 5809: 5805: 5799:Brunsman (2013) 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5582: 5574: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5429:Anderson (2003) 5427: 5420: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5330: 5322: 5315: 5307: 5298: 5290: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5058: 5054: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4973: 4965: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4922:Stringer (2000) 4920: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4862:Thompson (1990) 4860: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4656: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4487: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4284:Thornton (2009) 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4211:, pp. 1–28 4207: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4185:Goodacre (2004) 4183: 4179: 4173:Goodacre (2004) 4171: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3649: 3645: 3625: 3621: 3601: 3597: 3584: 3580: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3520:Falkland Palace 3516: 3493:Flag of England 3415:on an X-shaped 3335: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3325: 3317: 3316: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3223:Nine Years' War 3219:King William II 3139:Garde Écossaise 3060: 3048:Main articles: 3046: 2993:Union of Crowns 2945:A model of the 2879:Battle of Largs 2845:A carving of a 2839: 2831:Main articles: 2829: 2824: 2802:, in 1580. The 2763:Andrew Melville 2742:Andrew Melville 2589:grammar schools 2568: 2562: 2404:, attitudes to 2371: 2365: 2258: 2251: 2249: 2242: 2240: 2238:Scottish Gaelic 2233: 2221: 2167:Kingdom of Alba 2155: 2149: 2074: 2068: 2043: 2036: 2028: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1962: 1956: 1892:as he had done 1744: 1738: 1656:Lord Chancellor 1625:George Buchanan 1559: 1553: 1545:Main articles: 1543: 1525:, which sat in 1515: 1507:Main articles: 1505: 1467:After the 1660 1458:Oliver Cromwell 1354: 1348: 1319:Stewart Dynasty 1283:Treaty of Perth 1279:Battle of Largs 1231: 1225: 1219: 1122: 1116: 1111: 1105: 956:developed as a 930:King of England 859:sovereign state 835:Scottish Gaelic 823: 769: 744: 730: 716: 702: 688: 674: 660: 646: 632: 589: 579: 569: 529: 516: 503: 486:Treaty of Perth 481: 459: 441: 423: 376: 364: 318: 313:Presbyterianism 309:Episcopalianism 287: 282: 263: 255: 248: 240: 232: 210: 201: 185: 173: 161: 140: 139: 138: 135: 131: 123: 122: 119: 115: 112: 107: 100: 82: 76: 69: 62: 55: 48: 44:Scottish Gaelic 41: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10978: 10968: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10788: 10782: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10719: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10695:Highland dance 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10671: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10659: 10658: 10657: 10647: 10642: 10640:Scots language 10636: 10634: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10593: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10542:Gaelic warfare 10538: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10487: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10436: 10434: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10383: 10381: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10371: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10317: 10316: 10315: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10244: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10228: 10227: 10220: 10213: 10205: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10192: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10124: 10122: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10114: 10109: 10108: 10107: 10102: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10076: 10074: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9973: 9971: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9873: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9831: 9830: 9823: 9816: 9808: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9774:Northern Irish 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9730: 9728: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9621: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9598: 9596: 9587: 9580: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9536: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9481:United Kingdom 9478: 9472: 9470: 9469:Current states 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9456: 9454: 9447: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9408:United Kingdom 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9384: 9382: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9355:Northern Isles 9352: 9347: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9309: 9307: 9300: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9262: 9260: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9236: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9202:United Kingdom 9199: 9193: 9191: 9182: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9132: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9115: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9092: 9084: 9083: 9070: 9057: 9044: 9032: 9031: 9024: 9017: 9010: 9003: 8993: 8986: 8979: 8974:Lang, Andrew. 8972: 8965: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8937: 8923: 8911:Yorke, Barbara 8907: 8893: 8881:Wormald, Jenny 8877: 8871: 8861:, ed. (2009). 8855: 8841: 8825: 8811: 8798: 8784: 8771: 8757: 8744: 8732: 8718: 8704: 8688: 8674: 8664:, ed. (2009). 8650: 8644: 8631: 8617: 8607:, ed. (1990). 8601: 8587: 8575:Wormald, Jenny 8571:Devine, Tom M. 8559: 8553: 8540: 8526: 8513: 8499: 8486: 8472: 8456: 8442: 8426: 8412: 8396: 8382: 8376: 8343: 8329: 8315: 8287: 8273: 8257: 8243: 8230: 8216: 8200: 8186: 8173: 8159: 8146: 8134: 8120: 8107: 8093: 8081:Murdoch, Steve 8077: 8063: 8051:Murdoch, Steve 8047: 8033: 8017: 8003: 7987: 7973: 7960: 7946: 7929: 7915: 7902: 7888: 7875: 7861: 7844: 7830: 7814: 7800: 7787: 7773: 7757: 7743: 7733:, ed. (2001). 7731:Lynch, Michael 7727: 7713: 7701:Lynch, Michael 7697: 7684: 7671: 7657: 7644: 7630: 7614:Lynch, Michael 7601: 7587: 7574: 7560: 7546: 7530: 7516: 7500: 7486: 7469: 7455: 7442: 7428: 7415: 7401: 7385: 7372: 7358: 7345: 7331: 7318: 7304: 7287: 7273: 7260: 7246: 7229: 7215: 7201: 7188: 7174: 7156: 7142: 7129: 7115: 7102: 7088: 7072: 7058: 7042: 7028: 7012: 6998: 6985: 6971: 6954: 6940: 6927: 6913: 6900: 6886: 6873: 6859: 6843: 6829: 6817:Chown, John F. 6813: 6807: 6791: 6777: 6764: 6749: 6736: 6722: 6709: 6695: 6683:Brown, Michael 6679: 6665: 6653:Brown, Michael 6649: 6635: 6619: 6605: 6589: 6575: 6562: 6548: 6532: 6526: 6510: 6504: 6484: 6478: 6462: 6450: 6436: 6423: 6409: 6396: 6382: 6369: 6363: 6350: 6336: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6298:Bartram (2004) 6282: 6270: 6244: 6240:Bartram (2004) 6232: 6204: 6175: 6149: 6123: 6097: 6082: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6031: 6029:, p. 169. 6027:Barratt (2004) 6019: 6007: 5995: 5993:, p. 240. 5983: 5979:Wheeler (2002) 5971: 5969:, p. 183. 5959: 5947: 5935: 5923: 5911: 5907:Wormald (1991) 5899: 5887: 5875: 5863: 5851: 5849:, pp. 48. 5839: 5837:, p. 349. 5827: 5823:Murdoch (2010) 5815: 5803: 5791: 5789:, p. 239. 5787:Murdoch (2010) 5779: 5775:Murdoch (2010) 5767: 5765:, p. 198. 5763:Murdoch (2010) 5755: 5751:Wheeler (2002) 5740: 5738:, p. 174. 5736:Murdoch (2010) 5728: 5726:, p. 172. 5724:Murdoch (2010) 5716: 5714:, p. 118. 5712:Manning (2006) 5704: 5702:, p. 169. 5700:Murdoch (2010) 5692: 5677: 5675:, p. 164. 5665: 5661:Murdoch (2010) 5653: 5641: 5637:Murdoch (2010) 5626: 5611: 5599: 5580: 5563: 5561:, p. 147. 5551: 5539: 5520: 5518:, p. 262. 5508: 5496: 5484: 5482:, p. 280. 5472: 5468:Wormald (1991) 5457: 5455:, p. 187. 5445: 5441:Houston (2002) 5433: 5418: 5408:Knowledge Base 5395: 5393:, p. 183. 5391:Wormald (1991) 5383: 5371: 5367:Houston (2002) 5359: 5357:, p. 119. 5355:Webster (1997) 5347: 5343:Webster (1997) 5328: 5324:Wormald (1991) 5313: 5296: 5275: 5273:, p. 128. 5263: 5251: 5249:, p. 241. 5239: 5237:, p. 253. 5227: 5215: 5203: 5191: 5189:, p. 204. 5179: 5177:, p. 203. 5167: 5163:Wormald (1991) 5155: 5151:Wormald (1991) 5143: 5141:, p. 414. 5131: 5127:Wormald (1991) 5119: 5115:Wormald (1991) 5104: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5064:Corning (2006) 5052: 5036: 5032:Wormald (1991) 5024: 5020:Wormald (1991) 5012: 5000: 4988: 4984:Wormald (1991) 4971: 4950: 4946:Houston (2002) 4938: 4936:, p. 220. 4926: 4924:, p. 133. 4914: 4902: 4900:, p. 250. 4890: 4878: 4876:, p. 238. 4866: 4854: 4842: 4840:, p. 145. 4830: 4818: 4814:Wormald (1991) 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4768:, p. 421. 4758: 4754:Wormald (1991) 4746: 4734: 4722: 4710: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4654: 4639: 4637:, p. 225. 4620: 4608: 4604:Wormald (1991) 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4512: 4500: 4485: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4332: 4320: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4262:, p. 202. 4252: 4237: 4235:, p. 128. 4225: 4221:Wormald (1991) 4213: 4201: 4199:, p. 287. 4189: 4177: 4165: 4161:Wormald (1991) 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4101:Webster (1997) 4093: 4091:, p. 314. 4081: 4069: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4016:, p. 200. 4006: 4002:Wormald (1991) 3994: 3992:, p. 188. 3982: 3980:, p. 179. 3978:Menzies (2002) 3970: 3966:Wormald (1991) 3958: 3943: 3941:, p. 101. 3931: 3929:, p. 153. 3916: 3914:, p. 204. 3912:Thomson (2008) 3904: 3892: 3888:Webster (1997) 3880: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3842:, p. 128. 3832: 3828:Webster (1997) 3820: 3818:, p. 395. 3808: 3796: 3792:Webster (1997) 3784: 3772: 3746: 3717: 3688: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3656: 3643: 3619: 3595: 3578: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3471:Following the 3326: 3319: 3318: 3302: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3280: 3274: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3253:Main article: 3250: 3247: 3207:socket bayonet 3045: 3042: 2863:Firth of Clyde 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2564:Main article: 2561: 2558: 2476:George Wishart 2367:Main article: 2364: 2361: 2308:Outer Hebrides 2300:lingua Scotica 2250: 2241: 2232: 2220: 2217: 2151:Main article: 2148: 2145: 2141:Little Ice Age 2106:Outer Hebrides 2102:Inner Hebrides 2070:Main article: 2067: 2064: 1958:Main article: 1955: 1952: 1939:Earl of Argyll 1740:Main article: 1737: 1734: 1652:Earl Marischal 1587:Stone of Scone 1565:Coronation of 1542: 1539: 1535:House of Lords 1504: 1501: 1350:Main article: 1347: 1344: 1301:, son of King 1299:Edward Balliol 1271:Treaty of York 1221:Main article: 1218: 1215: 1191:House of Alpin 1118:Main article: 1115: 1112: 1107:Main article: 1104: 1101: 1043:Little Ice Age 934:personal union 911:Atlantic Ocean 891:Northern Isles 825: 824: 822: 821: 814:Northumberland 803: 794: 792:United Kingdom 788: 786: 782: 781: 778: 777: 774: 773: 766: 757: 754: 753: 748: 740: 739: 734: 726: 725: 720: 712: 711: 706: 698: 697: 692: 684: 683: 678: 670: 669: 664: 656: 655: 650: 642: 641: 636: 624: 623: 618: 608: 607: 602: 598: 597: 594: 593: 590: 587: 584: 583: 580: 577: 574: 573: 570: 567: 564: 563: 560: 559: 553: 552: 549: 545: 544: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 524: 521: 520: 517: 511: 508: 507: 504: 493: 490: 489: 482: 467: 464: 463: 460: 453: 450: 449: 446:Treaty of York 442: 431: 428: 427: 424: 418: 415: 414: 411: 410: 401: 400:Historical era 397: 396: 391: 387: 386: 383: 382: 377: 374: 371: 370: 365: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 345: 344: 338: 332: 331: 326: 320: 319: 317: 316: 302: 295: 293: 289: 288: 286: 285: 277: 271: 266: 258: 250: 243: 235: 226: 224: 220: 219: 191: 187: 186: 183: 175: 174: 172: 171: 168: 148: 142: 141: 132: 125: 124: 108: 101: 94: 93: 92: 89: 88: 78: 77: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10977: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10893: 10890: 10853: 10850: 10846: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10801: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10786:National flag 10784: 10783: 10781: 10779: 10775: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10685:Country dance 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10664: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10477:Privy Council 10475: 10473: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10428: 10424: 10418: 10417:Orange-Nassau 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10376: 10370: 10367: 10363: 10362:Darien scheme 10360: 10359: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10321: 10318: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10226: 10221: 10219: 10214: 10212: 10207: 10206: 10203: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10181: 10175: 10174:Privy Council 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10150: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10138:The Old North 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10113: 10110: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9882: 9877: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9829: 9824: 9822: 9817: 9815: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9725: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9690: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9614: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9584: 9581: 9577: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9527:Former states 9525: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9461: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9453:Island groups 9451: 9448: 9445: 9440: 9436: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9323:Great Britain 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9306:Island groups 9304: 9301: 9297: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9257: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9179: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9119:British Isles 9113: 9108: 9106: 9101: 9099: 9094: 9093: 9090: 9078: 9074: 9073:Succeeded by: 9065: 9061: 9060:Succeeded by: 9052: 9048: 9047:Succeeded by: 9039: 9035: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8959: 8949: 8943: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8804: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8781: 8777: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8754: 8750: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8724: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8637: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8496: 8492: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8388: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8335: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8179: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8034:0-713-16313-5 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7881: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7774:1-898-41041-0 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7650: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7607: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7580: 7575: 7572: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7534:Hunter, James 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7474:Whyte, Ian D. 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7429:0-862-41579-9 7425: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7351: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7266: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7230: 7227: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6879: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6429: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6309: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6290:Perrin (2015) 6286: 6280:, p. 399 6279: 6274: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6241: 6236: 6228: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6087: 6080:, p. 38. 6079: 6074: 6068:, p. 85. 6067: 6062: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6042:Furgol (2001) 6038: 6036: 6028: 6023: 6017:, p. 51. 6016: 6011: 6005:, p. 28. 6004: 6003:Fissel (1994) 5999: 5992: 5987: 5981:, p. 48. 5980: 5975: 5968: 5963: 5957:, p. 27. 5956: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5933:, p. 68. 5932: 5927: 5921:, p. 61. 5920: 5915: 5909:, p. 19. 5908: 5903: 5896: 5891: 5885:, p. 58. 5884: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5861:, p. 56. 5860: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5813:, p. 44. 5812: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5764: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5737: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5690:, p. 76. 5689: 5688:Dawson (2007) 5684: 5682: 5674: 5673:Thomas (2005) 5669: 5663:, p. 39. 5662: 5657: 5650: 5649:Dawson (2007) 5645: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5624:, p. 45. 5623: 5618: 5616: 5609:, p. 235 5608: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5577: 5576:Rodger (1997) 5572: 5570: 5568: 5560: 5555: 5548: 5547:Hunter (2010) 5543: 5536: 5532: 5531:Tytler (1829) 5527: 5525: 5517: 5512: 5505: 5504:Mackie (1978) 5500: 5493: 5492:Thomas (2012) 5488: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5464: 5462: 5454: 5449: 5442: 5437: 5430: 5425: 5423: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5325: 5320: 5318: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5272: 5267: 5260: 5259:Mackie (1978) 5255: 5248: 5247:Mackie (1978) 5243: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5223:Mackie (1978) 5219: 5212: 5207: 5200: 5199:Mackie (1978) 5195: 5188: 5187:Mackie (1978) 5183: 5176: 5175:Mackie (1978) 5171: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5147: 5140: 5139:Graham (2000) 5135: 5128: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5045: 5044:Clancy (2000) 5040: 5033: 5028: 5022:, p. 40. 5021: 5016: 5010:, p. 11. 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4964: 4960: 4959:Aitken, A. J. 4954: 4948:, p. 76. 4947: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4918: 4912:, p. 97. 4911: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4888:, p. 14. 4887: 4886:Barrow (1989) 4882: 4875: 4870: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4850:Cullen (2010) 4846: 4839: 4834: 4827: 4822: 4816:, p. 61. 4815: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4778:Dawson (2007) 4774: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4744:, p. 13. 4743: 4738: 4731: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4706:Harvie (2002) 4702: 4700: 4698: 4691:, p. 51. 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4667:, p. 43. 4666: 4661: 4659: 4652:, p. 24. 4651: 4646: 4644: 4636: 4635:Cannon (1997) 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4618:, p. 29. 4617: 4616:Kilday (2007) 4612: 4605: 4600: 4594:, p. 68. 4593: 4588: 4582:, p. 73. 4581: 4576: 4570:, p. 66. 4569: 4564: 4558:, p. 65. 4557: 4552: 4546:, p. 52. 4545: 4540: 4534:, p. 56. 4533: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4510:, p. 41. 4509: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4442:, p. 36. 4441: 4436: 4429: 4428:Sellar (2001) 4424: 4417: 4416:Barrow (2003) 4412: 4410: 4403:, p. 30. 4402: 4397: 4391:, p. 24. 4390: 4385: 4376: 4370:, p. 23. 4369: 4364: 4358:, p. 20. 4357: 4352: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4318:, p. 42. 4317: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4286:, p. 98. 4285: 4280: 4273: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4234: 4229: 4223:, p. 21. 4222: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4198: 4197:Mackie (1978) 4193: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4150: 4149:Barrow (2005) 4145: 4138: 4137:Thomas (2012) 4133: 4126: 4125:Mackie (1978) 4121: 4114: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4078: 4077:Mackie (1978) 4073: 4066: 4065:Mackie (1978) 4061: 4059: 4051: 4050:Mackie (1978) 4046: 4039: 4038:Mackie (1978) 4034: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4014:Thomas (2012) 4010: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3990:Thomas (2012) 3986: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3956:, p. 21. 3955: 3950: 3948: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3913: 3908: 3902:, p. 64. 3901: 3900:Davies (2000) 3896: 3889: 3884: 3878:, p. 80. 3877: 3872: 3865: 3864:Barrow (1992) 3860: 3853: 3852:Hudson (1994) 3848: 3841: 3836: 3830:, p. 22. 3829: 3824: 3817: 3816:Anderson 2010 3812: 3806:, p. 54. 3805: 3800: 3794:, p. 15. 3793: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3760: 3759:The Telegraph 3756: 3750: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3685: 3684:Sharpe (2011) 3680: 3676: 3660: 3653: 3652:Auld Alliance 3647: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3612: 3609:(1066–1550), 3608: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3483:. In 1606, a 3482: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3365:occupied the 3364: 3360: 3359:Alexander III 3356: 3352: 3351:double border 3348: 3347:embellishment 3344: 3340: 3329: 3323: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3299: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3231:standing army 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3183:Lochaber axes 3179: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116:Stewart kings 3113: 3109: 3105: 3104:Auld Alliance 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3080:standing army 3077: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030:Darien Scheme 3027: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998:marque fleets 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2979:Low Countries 2975: 2971: 2970: 2969:Great Michael 2965: 2961: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2948:Great Michael 2943: 2939: 2937: 2936:Yellow Carvel 2933: 2932:King's Carvel 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:Mary of Guise 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2633:in 1413, the 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2542:Resolutioners 2539: 2534: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2492:galley slaves 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460:Martin Luther 2457: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2357:Jenny Wormald 2354: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2225: 2216: 2215:with 12,000. 2214: 2210: 2207:with 32,000, 2206: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2130:Cheviot Hills 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2078: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1726:kirk sessions 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:Privy Council 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Bishops' Wars 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332:Auld Alliance 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315:Auld Alliance 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285:in 1266. The 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275:Alexander III 1272: 1269:in 1157. The 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1230:(Malcolm I) ( 1229: 1228:Máel Coluim I 1224: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1178:Gaelicisation 1175: 1174:Western Isles 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1110: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1089:and fought a 1088: 1084: 1083:national kirk 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1024:sterling coin 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999:kirk sessions 996: 992: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 968: 964: 963:Privy Council 959: 955: 951: 947: 946:Acts of Union 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 920: 916: 915:North Channel 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 877:. During the 876: 872: 868: 867:Great Britain 864: 861:in northwest 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 819: 815: 811: 808: 804: 802: 799: 795: 793: 790: 789: 787: 785:Today part of 783: 767: 765: 762: 761: 758: 752: 749: 742: 741: 738: 735: 728: 727: 724: 721: 714: 713: 710: 707: 700: 699: 696: 693: 686: 685: 682: 679: 672: 671: 668: 665: 658: 657: 654: 651: 644: 643: 640: 637: 630: 629: 626: 625: 622: 619: 617: 614: 613: 609: 606: 603: 599: 595: 591: 585: 581: 575: 571: 565: 561: 558: 554: 550: 546: 543: 539: 535: 531: 528: 522: 519:24 March 1603 518: 515: 509: 505: 502:incorporated 501: 497: 491: 487: 483: 480:incorporated 479: 475: 471: 465: 461: 458:incorporated 457: 451: 447: 443: 440:incorporated 439: 435: 429: 425: 422: 416: 412: 409: 405: 402: 398: 395: 392: 388: 384: 381: 378: 372: 369: 366: 360: 356: 352: 350: 346: 343: 339: 337: 333: 330: 327: 325: 321: 315:) (from 1560) 314: 310: 306: 303: 300: 297: 296: 294: 290: 281: 278: 275: 272: 270: 267: 262: 259: 254: 251: 247: 244: 239: 236: 231: 228: 227: 225: 221: 213: 204: 195: 192: 188: 181: 176: 169: 165: 156: 150: 149: 147: 143: 137: 129: 121: 114: 105: 98: 90: 86: 79: 73: 66: 59: 52: 45: 38: 29: 26: 22: 10862: 10825:Crown Jewels 10820:Royal Banner 10733:Early Modern 10715:Architecture 10632:Demographics 10511: 10490:Early Modern 10379:Royal Houses 10325:Commonwealth 10308:Jacobean era 10231: 10152:Institutions 9977:Architecture 9955: 9884:Early Realms 9784:Ulster-Scots 9560: 9081:1922–present 9072: 9059: 9046: 9037: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8996: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8948:Lynch (2001) 8941: 8914: 8884: 8862: 8832: 8802: 8775: 8748: 8739: 8729:Lynch (2001) 8722: 8695: 8665: 8654: 8635: 8608: 8578: 8563: 8544: 8517: 8490: 8463: 8433: 8403: 8393:Woolf (2009) 8386: 8362: 8340:Lynch (2001) 8333: 8306: 8294: 8264: 8234: 8207: 8204:Reid, Stuart 8177: 8150: 8141: 8111: 8084: 8054: 8024: 7994: 7964: 7937: 7906: 7879: 7848: 7821: 7791: 7767:. Tuckwell. 7764: 7734: 7704: 7675: 7648: 7621: 7605: 7578: 7571:Woolf (2009) 7564: 7537: 7507: 7477: 7446: 7419: 7392: 7380: 7376: 7349: 7322: 7295: 7264: 7237: 7226:Lynch (2001) 7219: 7192: 7164: 7133: 7106: 7079: 7049: 7019: 6989: 6962: 6931: 6904: 6877: 6850: 6820: 6798: 6795:Cannon, John 6768: 6740: 6713: 6686: 6656: 6626: 6596: 6566: 6539: 6517: 6495: 6469: 6457: 6427: 6400: 6373: 6354: 6327: 6307: 6285: 6273: 6261:. Retrieved 6256: 6247: 6235: 6226: 6195:. Retrieved 6191:the original 6166:. Retrieved 6161: 6152: 6140:. Retrieved 6136:the original 6126: 6114:. Retrieved 6110:the original 6100: 6073: 6066:Leask (2006) 6061: 6054:Young (2001) 6049: 6022: 6010: 5998: 5986: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5883:Brown (2004) 5878: 5871:Brown (2008) 5866: 5854: 5847:Grant (1912) 5842: 5830: 5818: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5758: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5695: 5668: 5656: 5644: 5622:Smout (1992) 5602: 5595:Grant (1912) 5554: 5542: 5516:Lynch (2011) 5511: 5499: 5487: 5475: 5453:Brown (2001) 5448: 5436: 5407: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5369:, p. 5. 5362: 5350: 5309:Lynch (2011) 5266: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5211:Lynch (2011) 5206: 5194: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5146: 5134: 5122: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5060:Evans (1985) 5055: 5048:Smyth (1989) 5039: 5027: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4953: 4941: 4934:Brown (2001) 4929: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4881: 4869: 4864:, p. 5. 4857: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4802:Rigby (2003) 4797: 4790:Tyson (2001) 4785: 4773: 4766:Ogilvie 1958 4761: 4749: 4737: 4732:, p. 2. 4725: 4713: 4684: 4672: 4650:Chown (1994) 4611: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4470: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4396: 4384: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4344:hurstwic.org 4343: 4335: 4323: 4309: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4045: 4033: 4026:Smith (1998) 4021: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3968:, p. 5. 3961: 3934: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3876:Lynch (2011) 3871: 3859: 3847: 3840:Woolf (2007) 3835: 3823: 3811: 3804:Yorke (2006) 3799: 3787: 3780:Burns (2009) 3775: 3763:. Retrieved 3758: 3749: 3737:. Retrieved 3732: 3720: 3708:. Retrieved 3703: 3691: 3679: 3659: 3646: 3622: 3605:(950–1066), 3598: 3581: 3564: 3503: 3497: 3489:Saint George 3470: 3462: 3449: 3423:(Patrae) in 3409:patron saint 3405:Saint Andrew 3395: 3343:Alexander II 3339:Lion Rampant 3336: 3311:, a saltire 3307: 3243:British Army 3235:Horse Guards 3227:Act of Union 3199: 3178:David Leslie 3167: 3127: 3114:, under the 3073: 3034:Act of Union 3014: 2982: 2967: 2957: 2953:Royal Museum 2946: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2883: 2859:Alexander II 2852: 2760: 2747: 2731:presbyteries 2704:In 1616, an 2703: 2701:and sports. 2674: 2672: 2652:Hector Boece 2606: 2581: 2550:conventicles 2546: 2529: 2520:Jenny Geddes 2504:Presbyterian 2474:-influenced 2453: 2422: 2383: 2345: 2326: 2299: 2291: 2261: 2196: 2176: 2164: 2134: 2083: 2023: 1974: 1932: 1916: 1907: 1901: 1883: 1853: 1829: 1819: 1807: 1800: 1782: 1776: 1757: 1722:courts baron 1695: 1687: 1640:High Steward 1637: 1614: 1595: 1584: 1516: 1466: 1439: 1420: 1405: 1401:Presbyterian 1381:New Monarchy 1366: 1303:John Balliol 1262:royal burghs 1226: 1198: 1154:Viking raids 1123: 1090: 1068:Middle Scots 1032: 995:courts baron 984: 958:capital city 923: 869:, sharing a 830: 828: 820:, partially) 806: 797: 621:Succeeded by 620: 615: 588:• 1700 578:• 1600 568:• 1500 408:Early modern 301:(until 1560) 230:Middle Irish 146:Motto: 145: 118:Royal Banner 85:Commonwealth 83:(1654–1660: 25: 10884: / 10524:Covenanters 10481:Government 10337:Popish Plot 10332:Restoration 10320:Interregnum 10298:Reformation 10293:Renaissance 10258:Roman times 10253:Prehistoric 10112:Renaissance 10090:Great Cause 10002:Agriculture 9961:Strathclyde 9673:Guernésiais 9518:Isle of Man 9403:Isle of Man 9350:Isle of Man 9250:Isle of Man 9135:Terminology 8859:Woolf, Alex 8829:Woolf, Alex 8692:Todd, Margo 6319:Cited works 6142:15 December 6116:15 December 6015:Reid (1990) 5955:West (1985) 5859:Alcock 2003 5533:, pp. 5480:Kirk (1994) 5379:Todd (2002) 4898:Lamb (2003) 3203:Cameronians 3120:men-at-arms 3074:Before the 2989:Burntisland 2912:River Clyde 2899:Bannockburn 2812:High Street 2772:Metaphysics 2726:Restoration 2644:nominalists 2464:John Calvin 2438:Black Death 2396:, in which 2333:Early Scots 2276:Old English 2171:Black Death 2048:Pound Scots 2044: 1513 2037: 1484 2029: 1300 1890:English law 1855:jus commune 1773:Anglo-Saxon 1710:sheriffdoms 1644:Chamberlain 1591:Scone Abbey 1571:Scone Abbey 1527:Westminster 1377:Renaissance 1287:Isle of Man 1242:Strathclyde 1207:River Forth 1162:Lindisfarne 1150:Northumbria 1140:kingdom of 1134:Strathclyde 1097:common army 1056:Old English 1047:Black Death 1020:Pound Scots 980:sheriffdoms 879:Middle Ages 871:land border 737:Northumbria 709:Strathclyde 616:Preceded by 605:Pound Scots 474:Isle of Man 438:Strathclyde 404:Middle Ages 390:Legislature 203:Dunfermline 136:(1565–1603) 120:(1565–1603) 113:(1542–1707) 10899:Categories 10830:Scots pine 10791:Union Flag 10768:Neoclassic 10723:Vernacular 10169:Parliament 10039:Literature 10024:Government 9992:Demography 9683:Sercquiais 7855:: Sutton. 6292:, p. 6263:9 December 6197:9 December 6168:9 December 3671:References 3485:Union Flag 3134:indentures 3050:Scots Army 3038:Royal Navy 2904:man-of-war 2816:Protestors 2722:Covenanter 2538:Protesters 2509:iconoclasm 2480:St Andrews 2428:orders of 2386:St Columba 2278:and later 2200:hearth tax 2147:Demography 2118:Great Glen 2096:, and the 1850:common law 1784:comhdhails 1617:minorities 1541:Government 1497:Jacobitism 1446:Charles II 1431:Covenanter 1397:iconoclasm 1385:minorities 1295:Edward III 1267:Malcolm IV 1195:Domnall II 1087:privateers 967:Parliament 938:Queen Anne 557:Population 532:1 May 1707 394:Parliament 336:Government 324:Demonym(s) 256:(950–1707) 209:1069–1452 200:843–1069) 134:Royal Arms 10840:St Andrew 10748:Palladian 10700:Mythology 10589:Geography 10019:Geography 10014:Education 9987:Childhood 9916:Dál Riata 9851:Sub-Roman 9663:Auregnais 9299:Geography 9068:1801–1922 9055:1707–1801 8778:. Shire. 8684:18608329M 8597:26714489M 8140:(2015) . 8130:20783500M 8073:24494166M 7993:(2002) . 7840:38651664M 7723:36707757M 7703:(2011) . 7694:11908616M 7624:. Brill. 7597:19290739M 7556:29012061M 7314:15501047M 7162:(1986) . 7152:25956446M 7068:20000490M 7008:26862985M 6759:23170557M 6732:25376643M 6675:26862954M 6456:(2005) . 6419:23057511M 4495:11196968M 3475:in 1603, 3429:William I 3413:crucified 3353:set with 3239:Dumbarton 3211:flintlock 3174:Alexander 3110:. In the 2895:Edward II 2751:catechism 2687:catechism 2667:John Mair 2648:John Mair 2618:Cambridge 2574:Tower of 2560:Education 2488:John Knox 2462:and then 2448:John Knox 2426:mendicant 2286:. By the 2187:River Tay 2066:Geography 1985:James III 1968:Penny of 1928:Canon law 1912:Roman law 1834:Justiciar 1795:measure. 1793:Ounceland 1765:Britonnic 1664:treasurer 1635:in 1603. 1610:Edinburgh 1477:James VII 1423:Charles I 1393:Calvinism 1211:Causantín 1201:(King of 1130:Dál Riata 1080:Calvinist 1007:Scots law 954:Edinburgh 950:The Crown 924:In 1603, 919:Irish Sea 907:North Sea 639:Dál Riata 592:1,250,000 548:1482–1707 478:Caithness 462:1234/1235 368:Kenneth I 292:Religion 212:Edinburgh 10881:57°N 4°W 10803:Heraldry 10758:Georgian 10753:Jacobean 10743:Churches 10728:Medieval 10705:Religion 10534:Military 10485:Medieval 10465:Guardian 10460:Monarchy 10427:Politics 10248:Timeline 10049:Religion 10034:Language 10029:Identity 9956:Scotland 9931:Gododdin 9926:Galloway 9901:Bernicia 9896:Bamburgh 9779:Scottish 9678:Jèrriais 9594:Germanic 9508:Guernsey 9496:Scotland 9418:Scotland 9365:Shetland 9328:Hebrides 9216:Scotland 9181:Politics 9170:Hibernia 9042:843–1707 8933:7881989M 8913:(2006). 8903:7963781M 8883:(1991). 8851:7963996M 8831:(2007). 8821:3570917M 8794:8282088M 8738:(1829). 8714:9338383M 8694:(2002). 8627:7734538M 8509:8304421M 8482:7963725M 8462:(1989). 8452:1550959M 8432:(1992). 8402:(1998). 8358:Broun, D 8349:(2011). 8325:7485791M 8293:(1999). 8283:7256067M 8263:(1997). 8253:7610106M 8226:8288219M 8206:(1990). 8196:9673340M 8103:9084590M 8053:(2010). 8043:2790411M 8023:(1983). 8013:3952705M 7983:8766288M 7956:8475784M 7925:8950522M 7898:3416860M 7871:3377781M 7810:9085354M 7783:6887436M 7765:James IV 7763:(1989). 7753:3580863M 7667:3353435M 7640:9076497M 7536:(2010). 7526:1437044M 7506:(1994). 7496:7767826M 7465:7767767M 7411:7381900M 7391:(2002). 7368:7483599M 7341:9381534M 7283:3452965M 7256:1081723M 7236:(1995). 7184:2467450M 7125:8212672M 7098:6803835M 7048:(2007). 7038:6784843M 7018:(2000). 6981:3118730M 6961:(1992). 6950:8400765M 6923:3769832M 6896:1453450M 6869:8972444M 6839:1421130M 6819:(1994). 6797:(1997). 6787:7964144M 6705:7963997M 6685:(2004). 6655:(2008). 6645:7964055M 6615:9764510M 6595:(2001). 6585:8950641M 6558:8633011M 6538:(2004). 6516:(2003). 6490:(1992). 6468:(1989). 6446:8953237M 6392:9885324M 6346:3770207M 6218:(2001), 6162:BBC News 5412:archived 4961:(1985). 4467:(eds.). 4028:, ch. 2. 3514:See also 3498:Scottish 3383:Scottish 3187:halberds 3147:James IV 2960:Newhaven 2930:and the 2908:Cardross 2893:forcing 2890:Flemings 2822:Military 2796:Aberdeen 2682:heritors 2656:humanism 2390:monastic 2363:Religion 2341:Galloway 2294:, or in 2292:Scottish 2219:Language 2209:Aberdeen 2181:and the 2112:and the 2098:Hebrides 2090:Shetland 1977:Roxburgh 1970:David II 1894:in Wales 1846:Galloway 1840:and the 1797:Althings 1789:Udal law 1716:and the 1698:mormaers 1602:Stirling 1408:James VI 1361:James VI 1340:James IV 1327:Shetland 1307:Robert I 1293:. 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