340:
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374:) returned a total of 382 kilograms (842 pounds) of lunar rocks, core samples, pebbles, sand and lunar surface dust, comprising 2200 individual specimens. Seventy-five percent of the lunar materials returned by Apollo are housed at the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility, most in pristine condition. Some of the materials have been processed into smaller samples to meet scientific requirements, resulting in more than 110,000 individually cataloged samples.
281:
471:
27:
508:
494:
235:.) The 8,000-square-meter (86,000 sq ft) LRL was completed in 1967 at a cost of $ 7.8 million. The LRL was used for study, distribution and safe storage of the samples, but although the LRL had adequate facilities to process samples for the current mission, the facility was not ideal, and it lacked facilities to process or store samples from previous missions. To address some of these concerns,
2337:
859:
447:. Other small samples have been distributed to foreign heads of state, U.S. states, museums, and other institutions. NASA has also made a number of educational packs available for exhibition and educational purposes, each consisting of a disc of six small rock and soil samples in a lucite disc and a pack of thin petrological sections.
256:, as second-site storage. Fourteen percent of the lunar sample collection was moved to this bunker in 1976, transported secretly at night with a police escort in a specially modified passenger bus. This smaller collection of materials remained at Brooks until 2002, when the base was transitioned from military control as part of the
247:
Nonetheless, there were still concerns about the adequacy of the facility and about the wisdom of maintaining the entire collection of lunar samples in a single facility that might be vulnerable to natural disasters (especially the hurricanes to which
Houston is vulnerable) and military actions. The
322:
To avoid cross-contamination of samples from different places on the Moon, samples from different missions are not processed together in the same cabinet, but one or more cabinets are designated for processing samples from a particular mission. When cabinets become dusty from extensive processing or
223:
brought back via returning spacecraft, (although many of the astronauts and scientists involved in the program were skeptical that non-terrestrial microorganisms could survive lunar conditions). To address these issues, the committee in 1965 recommended a laboratory with limited analytical capacity
243:
that samples be processed in vacuum (in favor of a simpler-to-work-in nitrogen atmosphere). An additional vault and, subsequently, a new laboratory – the Sample
Storage and Processing Laboratory (SSPL) – were built in Building 31 of the Johnson Space Center. All lunar samples were moved
193:
missions to the lunar surface between 1969 and 1972. The facility preserves most of the 382 kilograms (842 lb) of lunar material returned over the course of Apollo program and other extraterrestrial samples, along with associated data records. It also contains laboratories for processing and
202:
Planning for handling returned lunar samples began early in the Apollo program. In 1964, a proposal was made for a small (10 square meters (110 sq ft)) sample receiving laboratory equipped with remote-controlled manipulators operating in a sterile, high-vacuum chamber to prepare samples
292:
The facility's storage vaults are elevated above anticipated storm-surge sea level heights to protect the samples from threats posed by hurricanes and tornadoes. During hurricane threats, a water-tight door is bolted into the frame of the door to the pristine sample vault in order to protect the
210:
A committee of the Space
Science Board reviewed the idea of a lunar sample receiving laboratory and sought to address multiple concerns. One was the fear that creating a facility with too great a capacity to analyze the samples would discourage distribution of samples to outside researchers and
267:
With a selection of the lunar samples secured offsite, construction began on the LSLF, with state-of-the-art facilities for handling the samples and better protection against natural disasters. The LSLF was constructed in a new annex of
Building 31 (Building 31N at the Johnson Space Center)
288:
The two-story, 1,300-square-meter (14,000 sq ft) facility consists of storage vaults for the samples, laboratories for sample preparation and study, a vault for sample data and records, and machinery to supply nitrogen to the cabinets in which the samples are stored and processed.
319:. The atmosphere in these cabinets is purged by high-purity nitrogen that is continuously monitored for oxygen and moisture contents. When research requires that a sample be exposed to contamination, the sample is kept separate from pristine samples after its return.
231:(LRL) in Building 37 at the Johnson Space Center, built to process and conduct basic analysis on lunar materials and to quarantine the materials and astronauts. (The requirement that astronauts be quarantined following their missions was dropped beginning with
481:
Researchers seeking samples submit proposals, which are evaluated by an independent peer review panel. 40 to 50 such proposals are approved each year and approximately 400 lunar samples (most weighing less than one gram) are sent to these scientists.
297:
All materials used in constructing and equipping the building (including floor coverings, walls, plumbing, light fixtures, and paint) were carefully screened to exclude chemical elements that would pose unacceptable contamination threats to the lunar
264:, where a new, smaller facility was built inside an existing secure building to house the samples. Of the 382 kilograms (842 lb) of lunar samples returned by the Apollo program, 52 kilograms (115 lb) are currently stored at White Sands.
1055:
478:
Approximately 100 people visit the facility annually for research or educational purposes, and the facility provides samples to hundreds of others each year for research or educational purposes.
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1680:
450:
In addition to the lunar samples returned by the Apollo missions, an additional 300 grams (11 oz) of lunar samples were returned to Earth by three automated Soviet spacecraft,
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77:
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944:
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1981:
1957:
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1991:
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1986:
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collection was divided among multiple vaults at the
Johnson Space Center while a vault was built in an empty ammunition bunker at
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beginning in 1977. Built for a cost of $ 2.5 million, the building was dedicated on July 20, 1979, the tenth anniversary of the
257:
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52 kilograms (115 lb) of the 382 kilograms (842 lb) of lunar samples returned by the Apollo program are stored at the
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1172:
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The facility is the chief repository of the samples returned by the Apollo program. The Apollo missions to the lunar surface (
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Air in the facility is filtered to remove all suspended particles, and the air in the laboratories and vaults is maintained at
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612:
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to keep unfiltered air from entering. The particulate concentration of the air in the various areas is monitored regularly.
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381:, a sample ultimately determined to be nearly as old as the Moon itself. Also at the facility is the sample known as
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1996:
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171:
1001:
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1103:
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656:
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samples. The facility takes extensive measures to prevent contamination of the lunar samples. For example:
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In addition to the Apollo materials, the
Johnson Space Center also houses other extraterrestrial samples:
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400:
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anticipates that more samples from the Moon will be brought back and processed and curated in the lab.
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are needed for processing samples from a different mission, they are cleaned using ultra-pure water.
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2002:
1977:
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1321:
1282:
1241:
1142:
592:. Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, NASA. p. 4
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for distribution to scientists, and this proposal was subsequently expanded to include a
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135:
1967:
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1350:
1326:
513:
253:
216:
841:. Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, NASA
838:
818:. Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, NASA
759:. Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, NASA
727:. Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, NASA
2396:
1931:
1815:
1775:
1735:
1655:
1615:
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302:
863:
807:
Carlton Allen; Judith Allton; Gary
Lofgren; Kevin Righter; Michael Zolensky (2011).
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995:
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with analytical instruments for performing preliminary analyses on the samples.
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1972:
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92:
79:
618:
Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar
Surface Explorations
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378:
344:
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1013:
405:
339:
1868:
1570:
1563:
1078:
411:
315:
Most samples are not handled directly. Researchers prepare samples in
809:"Curating NASA's Extraterrestrial Samples – Past, Present, and Future"
377:
Perhaps the most notable of the samples stored at the facility is the
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2106:
2018:
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526:
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Non-pristine samples returned to the lab after research was completed
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382:
371:
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359:
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351:
334:
280:
269:
240:
232:
204:
182:
26:
687:"White Sands Test Facility is the Curator for Apollo Lunar Samples"
316:
224:
and an ability to quarantine the returning astronauts and samples.
110:
31:
Vintage (left) and contemporary (right) glove boxes as seen in 2015
2629:
Katherine
Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility
2353:
1800:
1790:
1693:
1132:
621:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 44–46. Archived from
459:
455:
451:
260:
process. The second-site lunar materials were then moved to the
211:
effectively exclude them. In addition, space biologists and the
175:
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1127:
396:
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1631:
1595:
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1381:
423:
399:(ANtarctic Search for METeorites) expeditions funded by the
308:
People entering laboratories and vaults are required to don
2448:
Astromaterials
Research and Exploration Science Directorate
2384:
953:
328:
236:
186:
167:
244:
from the LRL to Building 31 after the last Apollo mission
725:"Curator's Tour of the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility"
327:
The facility has room to store many more lunar samples.
922:
655:
Kristen Erickson (16 July 2009). Amiko Kauderer (ed.).
385:, the largest sample returned from the Moon by Apollo.
685:
Brian Dunbar (29 March 2008). Gabriel Martinez (ed.).
317:
stainless steel cabinets through multi-layered gloves
755:
Carlton Allen (29 April 2011). Nancy S. Todd (ed.).
723:
Carlton Allen (29 April 2011). Nancy S. Todd (ed.).
489:
284:
Apollo 11 lunar samples cabinet in the storage vault
837:Carlton Allen (2 April 2012). Nancy S. Todd (ed.).
335:Samples stored at facility and other lunar samples
465:
2696:
654:
2369:
938:
868:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
836:
754:
722:
657:"Rock Solid: JSC's Lunar Sample Lab Turns 30"
435:Interstellar dust particles collected by the
166:) is a repository and laboratory facility at
684:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
194:studying the samples without contamination.
776:
774:
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1317:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
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931:
576:
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572:
570:
568:
566:
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562:
25:
2211:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
780:
637:
303:slightly higher than atmospheric pressure
771:
469:
338:
279:
2458:Space Environment Simulation Laboratory
2296:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
883:"How an Intern Stole NASA's Moon Rocks"
816:Solar System Sample Return Mission 2011
610:
559:
2697:
1084:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
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1874:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
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227:The result of this planning was the
2705:Buildings and structures in Houston
2624:Goddard Institute for Space Studies
2383:
739:
701:
675:
213:United States Public Health Service
13:
2675:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
2649:Scientific Balloon Flight Facility
990:National Aeronautics and Space Act
874:
866:from websites or documents of the
757:"Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility"
661:40th Anniversary of Apollo Program
538:The Case of the Missing Moon Rocks
14:
2731:
1944:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1498:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
901:
583:"25 Years of Curating Moon Rocks"
2550:Armstrong Flight Research Center
2507:Operations and Checkout Building
2497:Central Instrumentation Facility
2335:
2324:
2323:
2239:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
1997:Space Flight Operations Facility
1183:Operations and Checkout Building
862: This article incorporates
857:
613:"Handling Samples from the Moon"
506:
492:
160:Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility
20:Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility
1458:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
781:Gugliotta, Guy (28 July 2008).
611:Compton, William David (1989).
221:extraterrestrial microorganisms
16:NASA facility in Houston, Texas
913:Lunar Sample Information (JSC)
839:"How to Request Lunar Samples"
830:
800:
532:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
466:Access to facility and samples
239:dropped the requirement after
172:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
65:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
1:
2644:Santa Susana Field Laboratory
553:
2565:Rendezvous Docking Simulator
2524:Marshall Space Flight Center
2276:Space program on U.S. stamps
2201:Gemini and Apollo medallions
2151:Solar System Family Portrait
1927:Joint Polar Satellite System
1796:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
1050:Vision for Space Exploration
1020:Space Exploration Initiative
908:Lunar Sample Laboratory Tour
258:Base Realignment and Closure
7:
2634:Manned Space Flight Network
2453:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory
2418:Goddard Space Flight Center
2271:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
2228:We choose to go to the Moon
2191:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
1749:International Space Station
1729:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1468:Great Observatories program
1312:International Space Station
1290:Roscosmos State Corporation
1207:Science Mission Directorate
1153:Manned Space Flight Network
485:
426:particles collected by the
401:National Science Foundation
275:
10:
2736:
2592:Carnarvon Tracking Station
2438:Lunar Receiving Laboratory
2088:NASA cameras on spacecraft
1899:James Webb Space Telescope
1811:Solar Dynamics Observatory
1032:U.S. National Space Policy
581:Allton, Judy (July 1994).
408:collected by NASA aircraft
229:Lunar Receiving Laboratory
197:
178:, opened in 1979 to house
2667:
2659:White Sands Test Facility
2639:Michoud Assembly Facility
2584:
2537:
2470:Vehicle Assembly Building
2423:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2410:
2403:
2394:
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2219:
2096:
2011:
1956:
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1718:
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1445:
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1219:
1163:Vehicle Assembly Building
1071:
970:
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783:"The Keepers of the Moon"
445:White Sands Test Facility
262:White Sands Test Facility
215:expressed concern about "
130:
120:
108:
69:
61:
51:
36:
24:
2502:Shuttle Landing Facility
2234:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2158:The Day the Earth Smiled
1493:Solar Terrestrial Probes
952:
270:first human Moon landing
2654:Wallops Flight Facility
2617:Space Flight Operations
2560:Langley Research Center
2443:Lunar Sample Laboratory
2291:Other primates in space
2003:Deep Space Atomic Clock
1823:Mars Science Laboratory
1611:Spitzer Space Telescope
1200:Lunar Sample Laboratory
1143:Launch Services Program
541:, 2012 non-fiction book
414:atoms collected by the
2680:Mercury Control Center
2306:National Astronaut Day
2249:The Astronaut Monument
2071:Space Shuttle missions
1771:Mars Exploration Rover
1754:Hubble Space Telescope
1663:Kepler space telescope
1463:Earth Observing System
1437:Mars Exploration Rover
1148:Mercury Control Center
881:Hagen, Carmel (2012).
864:public domain material
475:
347:
285:
53:Field of research
2555:Glenn Research Center
2492:Launch Control Center
2254:Lunar sample displays
2244:Space Mirror Memorial
2186:Voyager Golden Record
2078:United States rockets
1270: (with the
1178:Launch Control Center
473:
342:
283:
250:Brooks Air Force Base
2710:Johnson Space Center
2545:Ames Research Center
2529:Stennis Space Center
2465:Kennedy Space Center
2428:Johnson Space Center
1272:Soviet space program
1190:Johnson Space Center
1158:Kennedy Space Center
1121:spinoff technologies
393:Antarctic meteorites
73:Houston, Texas, U.S.
2517:Crawler-transporter
2281:Apollo 17 Moon mice
2137:Pillars of Creation
2044:Space Shuttle crews
1522:(human and robotic)
1516:Individual featured
1099:Ranks and positions
918:History NASA Apollo
522:Geology of the Moon
500:Solar System portal
93:29.5594°N 95.0833°W
89: /
21:
2597:Deep Space Network
2404:Primary 10 centers
2083:NASA cancellations
1978:Deep Space Network
1968:Near Earth Network
1453:Living With a Star
1427:Project Prometheus
1407:Planetary Observer
625:on 30 October 2004
548:, 2007 documentary
514:Spaceflight portal
476:
348:
286:
254:San Antonio, Texas
217:back contamination
185:returned from the
19:
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2475:Launch Complex 39
2397:NASA Headquarters
2351:
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2264:stolen or missing
2061:uncrewed missions
2039:Apollo astronauts
2034:Gemini astronauts
1952:
1951:
1736:2001 Mars Odyssey
1511:
1510:
1387:Mars Surveyor '98
1345:
1344:
1288: (with
1221:Human spaceflight
1215:
1214:
1173:Launch Complex 48
1168:Launch Complex 39
156:
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98:29.5594; -95.0833
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2585:Other facilities
2570:Space Task Group
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2165:Fallen Astronaut
1806:Van Allen Probes
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1432:Mars Exploration
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2433:Mission Control
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2206:Mission patches
2181:Pioneer plaques
2144:Mystic Mountain
2121:Family Portrait
2114:The Blue Marble
2098:
2092:
2066:Apollo missions
2007:
1959:
1948:
1915:
1720:
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1551:Mercury-Atlas 6
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1507:
1441:
1377:Mariner Mark II
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1322:Commercial Crew
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1211:
1195:Mission Control
1094:Astronaut Corps
1089:Chief Scientist
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875:Further reading
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2301:Astronauts Day
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1284:
1268:Apollo–Soyuz
1199:
890:. Retrieved
886:
843:. Retrieved
832:
820:. Retrieved
815:
802:
790:. Retrieved
786:
761:. Retrieved
729:. Retrieved
691:. Retrieved
665:. Retrieved
660:
627:. Retrieved
623:the original
617:
606:
594:. Retrieved
589:
545:
536:
480:
477:
449:
442:
436:
428:
416:
387:
379:Genesis Rock
376:
349:
345:Genesis Rock
326:
291:
287:
266:
246:
226:
209:
201:
163:
159:
157:
2171:Deep fields
2099:and artwork
2097:NASA images
1669:Opportunity
1138:NASA Social
964:and history
887:gizmodo.com
731:22 December
693:22 December
406:Cosmic dust
146:/laboratory
96: /
37:Established
2699:Categories
2388:facilities
2259:Moon rocks
2019:Astronauts
2012:NASA lists
1869:OSIRIS-REx
1703:helicopter
1571:Pioneer 11
1564:Pioneer 10
1367:Hitchhiker
1242:suborbital
1079:Space Race
590:Lunar News
554:References
439:spacecraft
431:spacecraft
419:spacecraft
412:Solar wind
205:clean room
84:95°05′00″W
81:29°33′34″N
2602:Goldstone
2286:Moon tree
2107:Earthrise
1982:Goldstone
1879:Mars 2020
1848:Voyager 2
1841:Voyager 1
1777:Curiosity
1721:operating
1719:Currently
1701:Ingenuity
1638:MESSENGER
1617:Sojourner
1546:Mercury 3
1536:Apollo 11
1483:Discovery
1473:Explorers
1062:Augustine
1026:Augustine
527:Moon rock
383:Big Muley
372:Apollo 17
368:Apollo 16
364:Apollo 15
360:Apollo 14
356:Apollo 12
352:Apollo 11
241:Apollo 12
233:Apollo 15
2612:Canberra
2538:Research
2330:Category
1992:Canberra
1904:timeline
1892:timeline
1828:timeline
1784:timeline
1681:observed
1676:timeline
1644:Aquarius
1584:timeline
1557:Magellan
1519:missions
1417:Surveyor
1353:programs
1283:Shuttle–
1224:programs
1056:Aldridge
975:creation
486:See also
437:Stardust
429:Stardust
298:samples.
276:Features
180:geologic
111:ZIP code
70:Location
2668:Related
2342:Commons
2220:Related
2029:by year
2024:by name
1801:GOES 15
1791:GOES 14
1708:flights
1694:InSight
1650:Cassini
1578:Galileo
1503:SIMPLEx
1478:Voyager
1446:Current
1402:Pioneer
1372:Mariner
1351:Robotic
1332:Artemis
1305:Current
1248:Mercury
1240: (
1133:NASA TV
1072:General
971:History
845:29 June
822:29 June
792:27 June
763:29 June
667:29 June
596:29 June
460:Luna 24
456:Luna 20
452:Luna 16
417:Genesis
198:History
189:by the
183:samples
136:curator
131:Website
62:Address
57:Geology
42: (
2607:Madrid
1987:Madrid
1920:Future
1835:NuSTAR
1766:THEMIS
1688:RHESSI
1625:Spirit
1422:Viking
1412:Ranger
1263:Skylab
1258:Apollo
1253:Gemini
1111:Budget
1064:(2009)
1058:(2004)
1052:(2004)
1046:(2003)
1040:(2002)
1038:CFUSAI
1034:(1996)
1028:(1990)
1022:(1989)
1016:(1987)
1010:(1986)
1008:Rogers
1004:(1986)
998:(1958)
992:(1958)
986:(1915)
962:Policy
892:8 July
689:. NASA
663:. NASA
629:5 July
458:, and
397:ANSMET
370:, and
144:/lunar
1932:NISAR
1887:rover
1859:MAVEN
1779:rover
1760:Swift
1671:rover
1632:LADEE
1627:rover
1619:rover
1596:GRAIL
1591:GALEX
1382:MESUR
1327:Orion
1128:NASA+
1104:Chief
1002:Paine
812:(PDF)
586:(PDF)
424:Comet
148:_tour
140:.nasa
116:77058
2385:NASA
1911:PACE
1854:WISE
1817:Juno
1657:Dawn
1601:WMAP
1541:COBE
1529:Past
1360:Past
1238:X-15
1231:Past
1044:CAIB
1014:Ride
984:NACA
954:NASA
894:2012
847:2012
824:2012
794:2012
765:2012
733:2017
695:2017
669:2012
631:2012
598:2012
343:The
329:NASA
237:NASA
187:Moon
168:NASA
164:LSLF
158:The
150:.cfm
142:.gov
138:.jsc
126:NASA
44:1979
40:1979
2485:39B
2480:39A
1864:MMS
1285:Mir
252:in
174:in
170:'s
2701::
885:.
814:.
785:.
773:^
741:^
703:^
677:^
659:.
639:^
615:.
588:.
561:^
462:.
454:,
366:,
362:,
358:,
354:,
272:.
2377:e
2370:t
2363:v
2230:"
2226:"
1999:)
1980:(
1292:)
1274:)
1244:)
977:)
973:(
946:e
939:t
932:v
896:.
870:.
849:.
826:.
796:.
767:.
735:.
697:.
671:.
633:.
600:.
312:.
162:(
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