216:
found guilty, they should be prosecuted. However, he suggested no judicial action if this was a mass phenomenon. The judge also remarked in court that McIntosh's actions were an example of the "atrocities committed in this and other states by individuals of negro blood against their White brethren," and that with the rise of abolitionism, "the free negro has been converted into a deadly enemy." The judge mistakenly told the jury that McIntosh was a pawn of local abolitionists, particularly Elijah
Lovejoy, the publisher of a known abolitionist newspaper. Many in the East and St. Louis itself condemned Judge Lawless's actions during the trial.
45:
176:, as McIntosh departed the boat, two police officers were chasing another sailor (who had been involved in a fight) and requested McIntosh's assistance in stopping him. McIntosh did not assist the officers, and he was arrested for interfering in the apprehension. In the second version of events, the two sailors had been drinking and had insulted the officers, and McIntosh refused to assist in arresting the pair. According to
199:), chained him to a locust tree, and piled wood around and up to his knees. When the mob lit the wood with a hot brand, McIntosh asked the crowd to shoot him, and began to sing hymns. When one in the crowd said that he had died, McIntosh reportedly replied, "No, no — I feel as much as any of you. Shoot me! Shoot me!" After at most twenty minutes, McIntosh died.
254:, noted that "the circumstances attending the burning of a negro alive, at the West, are known.... The Spaniards may have murdered monks by the score, the Mexicans may have shot prisoners by the dozen, but roasting alive before a slow fire is a practice nowhere except among free, enlightened, high-minded Americans."
269:
Turn, then, to that horror-striking scene at St. Louis. A single victim was only sacrificed there. His story is very short; and is, perhaps, the most highly tragic, if anything of its length, that has ever been witnessed in real life. A mulatto man, by the name of McIntosh, was seized in the street,
202:
Estimates for the number of persons present at the lynching range in the hundreds, and include an alderman who threatened to shoot anyone who attempted to stop the killing. During the night, an elderly
African-American man was paid to keep the fire lit, and the mob dispersed. The next day, on April
215:
was convened on May 16 to investigate the lynching, it was overseen by Judge Luke E. Lawless. Most local newspapers and the presiding judge encouraged no indictment for the crime, and no one was ever charged or convicted. Judge
Lawless stated in his charge to the jury that if individuals could be
191:
by a justice of the peace, McIntosh asked the two arresting officers how long he would have to remain in jail. After one told him that he would serve five years in prison for the crime, McIntosh stabbed both officers, killing one and seriously injuring the other, and tried to escape. He fled down
288:, noted that abolitionists were attempting to gather McIntosh's remains in an effort to bring them to the Eastern United States, as a symbol of the evils of slavery. In the years following the lynching, visitors to the city (often from McIntosh's home town of
192:
Market Street to Walnut, scaled a garden fence, and hid in an outhouse. A man in the crowd that had gathered outside smashed in the door, knocked down McIntosh, and took his knife. The crowd took McIntosh to jail, where
Sheriff James Brotherton locked him up.
245:, in the free state. But in November 1837, after he had acquired and hidden a new press, a White anti-abolition mob attacked the warehouse where it was stored. He was fatally shot and killed in the altercation, as was a man named Bishop in the mob.
270:
dragged to the suburbs of the city, chained to a tree, and actually burned to death; and all within a single hour from the time he had been a freeman, attending to his own business, and at peace with the world.
29:
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A White mob soon broke into the jail and removed McIntosh. The mob took him to the outskirts of town (near the present-day intersection of
Seventh and Chestnut streets in
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deckhands escape from Mull's custody. On their way to jail, the two met George
Hammond, deputy sheriff, who assisted Mull in escorting McIntosh to jail.
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165:, which arrived in St. Louis on April 28. McIntosh departed the boat in the morning to visit an African-American chambermaid who worked aboard the
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473:
Graff, Daniel A. (2004). "Race, Citizenship, and the
Origins of Organized Labor in Antebellum St. Louis". In Spencer, Thomas Morris (ed.).
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No other state legislator in
Illinois or Missouri condemned the mob action. Shortly after the lynching, a St. Louis newspaper, the
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header on May 5, 1836, suggested that the lynching of McIntosh effectively ended the rule of Law and
Constitution in St. Louis.
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As a result of mob pressure and outright attacks on his press, Lovejoy was forced to move from St. Louis to
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Schwarzbach, F.S. (1980). "The burning of
Francis L. McIntosh: A note to a Dickens letter from America".
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In the weeks after the lynching, several abolitionists condemned the events, including newspaper editor
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The Abolitionist Decade, 1829-1839: a Year-by-Year History of Early Events in the Antislavery Movement
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29, a group of boys were seen throwing rocks at McIntosh's corpse in an attempt to break his skull.
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Deputy Constable William Mull arrested McIntosh the afternoon of the 28th for helping two
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was the killing of a free Black man, a boatman, by a white mob after he was arrested in
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338:(2nd ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Historical Society Press. p. 17.
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506:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 179–180.
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Torture and State Violence in the United States: a Short Documentary History
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234:. He published abolitionist, temperance, and anti-Catholic editorials. The
561:"2:16 Jury Charge by Judge Luke Lawless, 1836, in prosecution of lynchers"
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567:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 62–63.
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423:. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. pp.
479:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 71–73.
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The Other Missouri History: Populists, Prostitutes, and Regular Folk
361:
St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and Its People, 1754-1865
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292:) went to the tree and removed parts of it as memorial keepsakes.
676:
335:
Discovering African American St. Louis: a Guide to Historic Sites
2654:
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Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
51:
Illustrations of the American Anti-slavery Almanac for 1840
178:
St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and Its People,
453:
St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and Its People
2840:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
261:
referred to the McIntosh lynching as an example in his
228:. Lovejoy ran the Presbyterian religious newspaper,
161:who worked as a porter and a cook on the steamboat
416:
663:
49:Drawing of the burning of Francis McIntosh, from
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2284:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
623:"Abraham Lincoln Warned Us About Donald Trump"
468:
466:
464:
462:
450:
358:
678:List of lynching victims in the United States
649:
410:
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406:
404:
402:
400:
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388:
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327:
325:
323:
321:
319:
317:
2714:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
531:
459:
2685:
2530:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
2260:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
656:
642:
617:
43:
3006:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
2466:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
1244:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
377:
314:
558:
363:. Missouri History Museum. p. 283.
2835:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
587:
3064:
552:
499:
331:
3087:African-American history in St. Louis
2472:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
2378:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
2069:
675:
637:
581:
472:
414:
248:One New York abolitionist newspaper,
16:Murder of boatman in St. Louis (1836)
3047:Lynching deaths in the United States
2177:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
2070:
527:
525:
523:
446:
444:
2708:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
2484:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
2266:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
590:"Awful Murder and Savage Barbarity"
13:
611:
419:Freedom's Champion: Elijah Lovejoy
257:In January 1838, future President
14:
3118:
2608:American Crusade Against Lynching
2254:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
559:Pallitto, Robert M., ed. (2011).
520:
441:
169:, which had docked the same day.
3077:1836 crimes in the United States
2820:America's Black Holocaust Museum
2603:American anti-lynching activists
2575:Nadir of American race relations
2165:Steve Long and two half-brothers
2101:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
451:Van Ravenswaay, Charles (1991).
359:Van Ravenswaay, Charles (1991).
172:According to the captain of the
3026:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
2660:National Conference on Lynching
2218:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
2095:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
1436:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
588:Lovejoy, Elijah (May 5, 1836).
2142:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
455:. Missouri Historical Society.
352:
302:History of St. Louis, Missouri
1:
3042:Lynching in the United States
2343:Springfield race riot of 1908
761:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
665:Lynching in the United States
206:
3097:Deaths by person in Missouri
2936:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
2867:And you are lynching Negroes
2719:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
2454:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
2360:Harris County, GA, lynchings
2302:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
2148:New Orleans massacre of 1866
219:
136:lynching of Francis McIntosh
38:Lynching of Francis McIntosh
7:
3102:Lynching deaths in Missouri
2845:Southern Poverty Law Center
2490:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
2118:? Lachenais and four others
1556:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
873:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
295:
145:
10:
3123:
2326:1906 Atlanta race massacre
2296:Phoenix, SC, election riot
2272:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
2224:Benjamin and Mollie French
534:Dickens Studies Newsletter
3107:19th century in St. Louis
3034:
2853:
2812:
2731:
2633:William O'Connell Bradley
2593:
2547:
2543:
2372:East St. Louis, IL, riots
2124:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
2107:New York City draft riots
2076:
2065:
1814:
1083:
688:
684:
671:
500:Julius, Kevin C. (2004).
124:
106:
67:
57:
42:
37:
2897:Deaths in police custody
2384:Jenkins County, GA, riot
2195:Chinese massacre of 1871
2113:Detroit race riot (1863)
1748:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
1540:Dick Rowland (attempted)
332:Wright, John A. (2002).
307:
290:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
155:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2878:Battle of Liberty Place
2873:Attack on John Shillady
2861:James Allen (collector)
2694:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
2478:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
2402:Omaha race riot of 1919
2390:Longview, TX, race riot
2366:Newberry, FL, lynchings
2308:Julia and Frazier Baker
2290:Porter and Spencer (MS)
2242:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
2200:Meridian, MS, race riot
2183:Opelousas, LA, massacre
1156:Paul Reed and Will Cato
841:Big Nose George Parrott
112:; 188 years ago
91:38.626769°N 90.191904°W
25:Infobox civilian attack
18:
3012:United States v. Shipp
2764:Rebecca Latimer Felton
2595:Anti-lynching movement
2512:Freedom Summer Murders
2442:Rosewood, FL, massacre
2407:Knoxville riot of 1919
1276:Laura and L. D. Nelson
282:
153:, aged twenty-six, of
30:considered for merging
2983:Summer in Mississippi
2930:Mississippi Cold Case
2884:The Birth of a Nation
2825:Civil Rights Memorial
2754:Sidney Johnston Catts
2732:Defenders of lynching
2418:Duluth, MN, lynchings
2396:Elaine, AR, race riot
2354:Laura and L.D. Nelson
2320:Watkinsville lynching
2278:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
2236:Hamburg, SC, massacre
2212:Election riot of 1874
2159:Camilla, GA, massacre
2081:Death of Joseph Smith
705:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
277:Address at the Lyceum
267:
263:address at the Lyceum
96:38.626769; -90.191904
2701:Costigan-Wagner Bill
2638:Ella Barksdale Brown
2436:Perry, FL, race riot
2348:Slocum, TX, massacre
2248:Mart and Tom Horrell
2206:Colfax, LA, massacre
2189:Bear River City riot
2039:James Craig Anderson
1839:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
1444:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
415:Simon, Paul (1994).
2943:The Ox-Bow Incident
2923:Mississippi Burning
2774:John Trotwood Moore
2430:Tulsa race massacre
2424:Ocoee, FL, massacre
1919:Mack Charles Parker
1847:Willie James Howard
286:Missouri Republican
189:breach of the peace
151:Francis L. McIntosh
140:St. Louis, Missouri
110:April 28, 1836
87: /
62:St. Louis, Missouri
2957:Reconstruction era
2769:John Temple Graves
2613:Jessie Daniel Ames
2560:Indiana White Caps
2230:Ellenton, SC, riot
2153:Reno Brothers Gang
1903:Judge Edward Aaron
1100:Ballie Crutchfield
621:(March 15, 2016).
619:Gourevitch, Philip
594:St. Louis Observer
279:, January 27, 1838
231:St. Louis Observer
197:Downtown St. Louis
187:When charged with
3092:April 1836 events
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3000:They Won't Forget
2917:Lynching postcard
2830:The Legacy Museum
2799:James K. Vardaman
2739:Theodore G. Bilbo
2727:
2726:
2618:Martin C. Ansorge
2539:
2538:
2524:Michael Schwerner
2331:Kemper County, MS
2171:Pulaski, TN, riot
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
1764:Shedrick Thompson
1644:Bernice Raspberry
1364:Name unknown (MS)
1268:Name unknown (TX)
889:Joseph Vermillion
857:John Wesley Heath
275:Abraham Lincoln,
159:free man of color
132:
131:
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3082:1836 in Missouri
2854:Related articles
2804:Thomas E. Watson
2794:Benjamin Tillman
2759:Thomas Dixon Jr.
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2448:Jim and Mark Fox
2136:Memphis massacre
2071:Multiple victims
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2460:Tate County, MS
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1362:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1316:George Saunders
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1164:Bunk Richardson
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1079:
1073:Benjamin Thomas
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1033:Joseph H. McCoy
1031:
1025:William Andrews
1023:
1015:
1007:
999:
993:Richard Puryear
991:
983:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
911:
903:
895:
887:
879:
871:
863:
855:
849:Charles Thurber
847:
839:
833:Joseph Standing
831:
823:
815:
807:
799:
791:
783:
775:
767:
759:
753:Clubfoot George
751:
743:
735:
727:
719:
711:
703:
695:
680:
667:
662:
614:
612:Further reading
609:
608:
598:
596:
586:
582:
575:
557:
553:
530:
521:
514:
498:
494:
487:
471:
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449:
442:
435:
413:
378:
371:
357:
353:
346:
330:
315:
310:
298:
281:
274:
259:Abraham Lincoln
251:The Emancipator
243:Alton, Illinois
222:
209:
148:
116:
114:
111:
95:
93:
89:
86:
81:
78:
76:
74:
73:
53:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3120:
3110:
3109:
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3056:
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3050:
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3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2986:
2979:
2977:Stone Mountain
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2899:
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2870:
2863:
2857:
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2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Goodloe Sutton
2786:
2781:
2779:John T. Morgan
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:Julian S. Carr
2746:
2744:Cole L. Blease
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
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2680:
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2662:
2657:
2652:
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2640:
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2630:
2628:Flossie Bailey
2625:
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2615:
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2605:
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2597:
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2590:
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2587:
2582:
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2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2520:Andrew Goodman
2509:
2503:
2493:
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2328:
2323:
2317:
2314:Pana, IL, riot
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
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2073:
2063:
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2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2031:James Byrd Jr.
2027:
2019:
2015:Michael Donald
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1911:Willie Edwards
1907:
1899:
1891:
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1859:
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1831:Johannes Kunze
1827:
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1800:
1792:
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1776:
1772:George Armwood
1768:
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1704:
1696:
1692:Winston Pounds
1688:
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1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1500:John Hartfield
1496:
1492:Wesley Everest
1488:
1480:
1476:Wallace Baynes
1472:
1468:Olli Kinkkonen
1464:
1460:Jim McIlherron
1456:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1340:Charles Fisher
1336:
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1304:
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1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
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1240:
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1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1148:Marie Thompson
1144:
1136:
1128:
1124:J. D. Mayfield
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1087:
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1080:
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1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
973:
965:
961:Samuel J. Bush
957:
949:
941:
933:
925:
917:
909:
901:
897:George Meadows
893:
885:
877:
869:
861:
853:
845:
837:
829:
821:
813:
805:
797:
789:
785:Alexander Boyd
781:
773:
765:
757:
749:
741:
733:
725:
717:
713:Josefa Segovia
709:
701:
692:
690:
682:
681:
669:
668:
661:
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646:
638:
632:
631:
627:The New Yorker
613:
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551:
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433:
376:
369:
351:
344:
312:
311:
309:
306:
305:
304:
297:
294:
272:
226:Elijah Lovejoy
221:
218:
208:
205:
147:
144:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
108:
104:
103:
71:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3119:
3108:
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3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3048:
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3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Silent Parade
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2911:Hang 'Em High
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2876:
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2818:
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2811:
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2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
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2757:
2755:
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2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
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2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:Strange Fruit
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2643:Father Divine
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Jim Crow laws
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
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2467:
2464:
2461:
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2416:
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2405:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
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2382:
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2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:Walker family
2335:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
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2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
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2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
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2204:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
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2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
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2149:
2146:
2143:
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2128:
2125:
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2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2048:
2047:Ahmaud Arbery
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:Yusef Hawkins
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:Betty Gardner
1996:
1992:
1991:Marian Pyszko
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:Carol Jenkins
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:Vernon Dahmer
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:George W. Lee
1884:
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1868:
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1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:James Cameron
1737:
1733:
1732:George Hughes
1729:
1725:
1724:J. C. Collins
1721:
1717:
1716:Leonard Woods
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:Owen Flemming
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:Fred N. Selak
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
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1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
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1557:
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1497:
1493:
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1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:George Taylor
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:Robert Prager
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:Charles Jones
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
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1365:
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1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:"Mose" Creole
1225:
1221:
1220:Matthew Chase
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:William Burns
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:Fred Rochelle
1089:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:F. W. Stewart
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:John Anderson
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:Alfred Blount
974:
970:
969:John Peterson
966:
962:
958:
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950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
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918:
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882:
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874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Michael Green
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:Henry Plummer
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:Pancho Daniel
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:
691:
687:
683:
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640:
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628:
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615:
595:
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584:
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574:9781421403434
570:
566:
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555:
547:
543:
539:
535:
528:
526:
524:
515:
513:9780826264305
509:
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496:
488:
486:9780826264305
482:
478:
477:
469:
467:
465:
463:
454:
447:
445:
436:
434:0-8093-1940-3
430:
426:
421:
420:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
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381:
372:
370:0-252-01915-6
366:
362:
355:
347:
345:1-883982-45-6
341:
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60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
36:
31:
27:
26:
22:
3018:
3010:
2998:
2989:Sundown town
2981:
2949:
2941:
2928:
2921:
2909:
2902:
2891:The Clansman
2889:
2882:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2677:Ida B. Wells
2665:Paul Robeson
2570:Ku Klux Klan
2516:James Chaney
2506:Anniston, AL
2130:Plummer Gang
2085:Joseph Smith
1983:Henry Marrow
1943:Frank Morris
1871:Willie Earle
1780:Cordie Cheek
1708:Henry Choate
1628:Dan Anderson
1588:Raymond Byrd
1572:Samuel Smith
1524:Willie Baird
1404:Frank Little
1396:Paulo Boleta
1324:Robert Perry
1300:Mary Jackson
1260:King Johnson
1212:James Hodges
1132:George White
1116:Walker Davis
1017:Jacob Henson
945:Robert Lewis
905:Ellen Watson
793:Jim Williams
769:Wyatt Outlaw
696:
626:
597:. Retrieved
593:
583:
564:
554:
537:
533:
502:
495:
475:
452:
418:
360:
354:
334:
285:
283:
276:
268:
256:
249:
247:
240:
235:
229:
223:
210:
201:
194:
186:
181:
177:
173:
171:
167:Lady Jackson
166:
162:
150:
149:
135:
133:
50:
23:
3072:1836 deaths
3021:(1999 film)
2905:(1936 film)
2784:James Rolph
2686:Legislation
2649:Flag Salute
2089:Hyrum Smith
1935:Lemuel Penn
1927:Louis Allen
1895:Emmett Till
1879:Lamar Smith
1855:Recy Taylor
1788:Claude Neal
1636:Will Sherod
1620:John Carter
1596:James Clark
1548:Henry Lowry
1420:Ell Persons
1308:Rob Edwards
1284:Will Porter
1140:David Wyatt
1108:George Ward
985:Henry Smith
881:Amos Miller
865:Eliza Woods
801:David Jones
745:Bill Sketoe
729:Joshua Boyd
689:Before 1900
94: /
69:Coordinates
19:‹ The
3066:Categories
3035:Categories
2962:Red Summer
2655:N.A.A.C.P.
2580:Red Shirts
2412:Red Summer
1951:James Reeb
1823:Felix Hall
1815:After 1940
1564:Joe Pullen
1532:Roy Belton
1484:Will Brown
1388:Jeff Brown
1348:John Evans
1332:? Anderson
1236:"Pie" Hill
1204:Jim Miller
1180:Slab Pitts
1172:Ed Johnson
1009:Amos Hicks
929:Dick Lundy
921:Jim Taylor
599:3 February
546:1298044848
213:grand jury
207:Grand jury
117:1836-04-28
82:90°11′31″W
79:38°37′36″N
2952:(musical)
1668:Joe Smith
1612:Tom Payne
1580:L. Q. Ivy
1508:Jay Lynch
1356:Leo Frank
1084:1900–1940
220:Aftermath
28:is being
3019:Vendetta
2555:Lynching
2526:) (1964)
2091:) (1844)
1065:Sam Hose
542:ProQuest
296:See also
273:—
236:Observer
157:, was a
146:Lynching
58:Location
32:. ›
21:template
2548:General
937:Joe Coe
809:Jo Reed
211:When a
115: (
2950:Parade
2938:(1965)
2813:Memory
2532:(1964)
2508:(1961)
2502:(1952)
2492:(1946)
2486:(1945)
2480:(1943)
2474:(1937)
2468:(1933)
2462:(1932)
2456:(1930)
2450:(1927)
2444:(1923)
2438:(1922)
2432:(1921)
2426:(1920)
2420:(1920)
2414:(1919)
2398:(1919)
2392:(1919)
2386:(1919)
2380:(1918)
2374:(1917)
2368:(1916)
2362:(1912)
2356:(1911)
2350:(1910)
2339:(1908)
2333:(1906)
2322:(1905)
2316:(1899)
2310:(1898)
2304:(1898)
2298:(1898)
2292:(1897)
2286:(1892)
2280:(1892)
2274:(1891)
2268:(1880)
2262:(1879)
2256:(1879)
2250:(1878)
2244:(1878)
2238:(1876)
2232:(1876)
2226:(1876)
2220:(1874)
2208:(1873)
2202:(1871)
2191:(1868)
2185:(1868)
2179:(1868)
2173:(1868)
2167:(1868)
2161:(1868)
2155:(1868)
2144:(1866)
2138:(1866)
2132:(1864)
2126:(1864)
2120:(1863)
2109:(1863)
2103:(1862)
2097:(1858)
2049:(2020)
2041:(2011)
2033:(1998)
2025:(1989)
2017:(1981)
2009:(1979)
2001:(1978)
1993:(1975)
1985:(1970)
1977:(1968)
1969:(1967)
1961:(1966)
1953:(1965)
1945:(1964)
1937:(1964)
1929:(1964)
1921:(1959)
1913:(1957)
1905:(1957)
1897:(1955)
1889:(1955)
1881:(1955)
1873:(1947)
1865:(1946)
1857:(1944)
1849:(1944)
1841:(1943)
1833:(1943)
1825:(1941)
1806:(1940)
1798:(1940)
1790:(1934)
1782:(1933)
1774:(1933)
1766:(1932)
1758:(1931)
1750:(1931)
1742:(1930)
1734:(1930)
1726:(1928)
1718:(1927)
1710:(1927)
1702:(1927)
1694:(1927)
1686:(1927)
1678:(1927)
1670:(1927)
1662:(1927)
1654:(1927)
1646:(1927)
1638:(1927)
1630:(1927)
1622:(1927)
1614:(1927)
1606:(1926)
1598:(1926)
1590:(1926)
1582:(1925)
1574:(1924)
1566:(1923)
1558:(1922)
1550:(1921)
1542:(1921)
1534:(1920)
1526:(1920)
1518:(1919)
1510:(1919)
1502:(1919)
1494:(1919)
1486:(1919)
1478:(1919)
1470:(1918)
1462:(1918)
1454:(1918)
1446:(1918)
1438:(1918)
1430:(1918)
1422:(1917)
1414:(1917)
1406:(1917)
1398:(1916)
1390:(1916)
1382:(1916)
1374:(1916)
1366:(1915)
1358:(1915)
1350:(1914)
1342:(1914)
1334:(1913)
1326:(1913)
1318:(1912)
1310:(1912)
1302:(1912)
1294:(1911)
1286:(1911)
1278:(1911)
1270:(1911)
1262:(1911)
1254:(1910)
1246:(1909)
1238:(1909)
1230:(1909)
1222:(1909)
1214:(1909)
1206:(1909)
1198:(1907)
1190:(1907)
1182:(1906)
1174:(1906)
1166:(1906)
1158:(1904)
1150:(1904)
1142:(1903)
1134:(1903)
1126:(1903)
1118:(1903)
1110:(1901)
1102:(1901)
1094:(1901)
1075:(1899)
1067:(1899)
1059:(1898)
1051:(1898)
1043:(1898)
1035:(1897)
1027:(1897)
1019:(1896)
1011:(1894)
1003:(1894)
995:(1894)
987:(1893)
979:(1893)
971:(1893)
963:(1893)
955:(1892)
947:(1892)
939:(1891)
931:(1891)
923:(1891)
915:(1890)
907:(1889)
899:(1889)
891:(1889)
883:(1888)
875:(1886)
867:(1886)
859:(1884)
851:(1882)
843:(1881)
835:(1879)
827:(1878)
819:(1877)
811:(1875)
803:(1872)
795:(1871)
787:(1870)
779:(1870)
771:(1870)
763:(1868)
755:(1864)
747:(1864)
739:(1864)
731:(1863)
723:(1858)
715:(1851)
707:(1837)
699:(1836)
571:
544:
510:
483:
431:
367:
342:
125:Deaths
2496:Harry
540:(2).
427:–50.
308:Notes
182:Flora
174:Flora
163:Flora
2993:list
2903:Fury
2585:Jews
2498:and
2214:(AL)
601:2012
569:ISBN
508:ISBN
481:ISBN
429:ISBN
365:ISBN
340:ISBN
134:The
107:Date
3068::
2522:,
2518:,
2087:,
625:.
592:.
563:.
538:11
536:.
522:^
461:^
443:^
425:45
379:^
316:^
265:.
2995:)
2991:(
2869:"
2865:"
2673:"
2669:"
2651:"
2647:"
2514:(
2083:(
657:e
650:t
643:v
629:.
603:.
577:.
548:.
516:.
489:.
437:.
373:.
348:.
119:)
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