1449:
1230:
425:
433:
1630:
165:
184:
1578:
832:
1378:
2531:
1657:
2085:
2266:
1999:
258:
1517:
1317:
1169:
771:
662:
585:
156:
29:
1397:, from about 9,000 BC. It is believed that climatic change displaced these prehistoric peoples, as it later displaced Roman and Byzantine settlements. The town's location was noted in Roman records on a plateau called Tizgrarin. The inhabitants refused to submit to the Byzantines and convert to Christianity, and resisted paying tribute or taxes to the empires which followed, who sometimes called it a "rebel city".
191:
1417:. Over time, the majority of these peoples migrated westward, leaving only two factions in the city: the Berber-descended Sargins and the Ahlaf ("alliance") clans of Arabs. Various nomadic peoples also populated the town at times. In the 1650s the Moroccans established nominal control over the city, and in 1708 they sent out
558:
Laghouat is an important city in the
Maghreb. It is located in an oasis, and it is surrounded by mountains. The city is fortified, and it is an important stronghold for Muslims against Christians. Laghouat is also a center of trade and learning. There are many madrasas (schools) in the city, and many
1249:
and neighboring
Bedouin tribes that roamed the area. The population was very small due to the relatively isolated nature of the city. In1928 it had 7,000 people, and 11,999 in 1954. After independence in 1962 it was recorded that about 1000 Europeans and 600 Jews departed, but the overall population
1637:
The French colonial military fort
Tizgraren Tower (also called Buskaran Tower) was opened as a tourist attraction in 2011. It is located at the highest point in the town and dates to 1857. It has four wings, catacombs, and a large square containing the tomb of General Buskaran, who was assassinated
1606:
As for what can be mentioned regarding women's clothing, there is what is called “Qanbouz,” which is a serene veil that only protrudes one eye, and it was made of blue and then white cloth, and it had ancient analogues, like other cities, such as the “Fattah veil” and there is the dress, the holly,
1610:
However, these traditional clothes are almost extinct now for the sake of modern and imported clothes, which necessitates the establishment of a local museum of crafts, traditional clothes and jewelry that will serve history and the balance of developments and social changes and the formation of a
546:
Ibn
Khaldun also wrote about the history of Laghouat, which was founded by the Almoravids in the 11th century. He also wrote about the culture of Laghouat, which is Muslim and speaks Arabic and Berber. He also said that the people of Laghouat are known for their hospitality and their sense of
566:
The people of
Laghouat are Muslims, and they speak Arabic and Berber. They are known for their hospitality and their sense of hospitality. Laghouat is a beautiful and important city, and it is a great place to visit if you are interested in learning more about the history and culture of the
543:. Ibn Khaldun described Laghouat as an important city in the Maghreb, located in an oasis, surrounded by mountains and fortified. He also wrote that the city was a center of trade and learning, with many madrasas (schools) and students coming from all over North Africa to study in Laghouat.
1471:
began on 21 November and concluded with the storming of the town on 4 December. Several days of brutal massacres followed, which included one of the first recorded uses of chemical weapons on civilians. About two-thirds of the population perished, which became known locally as the
850:
BWk). Rainfall is higher in winter than in summer. The average annual temperature in
Laghouat is 17.4 °C (63.3 °F). About 176 mm (6.93 in) of precipitation falls annually. Rain falls irregularly, with severe droughts in some years.
1490:
held
British and Commonwealth servicemen, under the authority of Vichy France. The camp also held a large number of Jews who were described by the French authorities as Communists. Following the war, captured German soldiers were held at the camp.
524:
It was formerly the administrative center of one of the four "Territories of the South" forming the region of
Algeria administered under Martial Law until the reform instituted by the Statue of Algiers law of 20 September 1947.
562:
The city of
Laghouat was founded by the Almoravids in the 11th century. The Almoravids were a group of Muslims who conquered the Maghreb and Spain in the 11th century. They built many cities in the Maghreb, including Laghouat.
1622:
The region is known for its variety of landscapes – mountain valleys, plateaus, plains, sand dunes and steppes – within a small area. Some call it the city of the four seasons, due to the diversity of the terrain.
1896:
550:
Laghouat is an important city in the history of
Algeria. It is a center of trade, learning, and culture, and a fortified city that played an important role in the defense of Algeria against Christians.
648:
The city and the region as a whole were named by several titles, including 'the capital of the steppe', 'the gateway to the Sahara', 'bride of the Saharan Atlas', and 'the city of the four seasons'.
1638:
within the fort. In the last years of colonization, the tower was converted from a barracks to a military hospital specialized in treating respiratory conditions and allergies. Following
1603:
As for the man, there are the brannos, the djellaba, the kandoora, the Arab trousers, the innovated “bra” chest, the shirt and the turban, which vary in size and have shrunk over time.
1448:
517:
Laghouat traces its history to at least the 11th century. It was ruled by the Ottoman Turks in 1786 and annexed to Beylik of Titteri (Médéa). The town experienced the brutal
2563:
1900:
855:
may encroach upon the town from the north in drought years, and have been countered with administrative buildings and a green belt of gardens around the city.
1626:
Landmarks of the town include the old mosque, the fortress of Sidi El Hajj Issa, its shrine, the old quarter, palm groves, and the French colonial cathedral.
2254:
1145:
1476:(Arabic: emptiness). It also started a local tradition of protecting young boys from evil with an earring (then done to disguise them as girls).
1463:
Laghouat was a center of resistance against French colonial rule from 1831 under Sheikh Moussa Ibn Hassen El Misri. In 1852, France launched a
1619:
The province has sought to develop tourism with new 4-star hotels, though the existing hotels in Laghouat do not exceed the 3-star rating.
1479:
Other settlements quickly capitulated following the example set at Laghouat, and the French used the town as a gateway for a land route to
1585:
Laghouat has a long tradition as a meeting place and cultural center, and has developed handicrafts based around the local raw materials.
1987:
1600:
The traditional dress does not differ greatly from what is prevalent in the ancient cities, especially in the steppe and desert region.
1503:
over improper housing, infrastructure, and treatment of the elderly by police. The police used tear gas to disperse the protesters.
2232:
1959:
218:
1695:"Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 03 - Wilaya de Laghouat"
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2558:
1733:
164:
1965:
1418:
1838:
2568:
2240:
93:
1564:
1364:
1216:
818:
709:
632:
112:
65:
1922:
1546:
1346:
1198:
800:
691:
614:
531:
The population of the town was 134,373 inhabitants in 2008.There are natural gas deposits in the region, and nearby
1857:
The First French-Algerian War (1830-1848): A Reappraisal of the French Colonial Venture and the Algerian Resistance
1855:
847:
1980:
1500:
72:
1542:
1342:
1194:
796:
687:
610:
50:
183:
1611:
civilizational balance that can be taken as a reference to be used in studies and inspired by new creations.
2049:
1675:
1425:
in 1727. Other than occasional conflicts they regularly paid tribute annually of biannually to either the
79:
866:, which is the largest of its kind in Africa and dates to the colonial period. It is also known for its
1441:
The due tribute payment was cut short in 1830, as the Deylik of Algiers collapsed in 1830 following the
2553:
1973:
1442:
437:
1229:
2262:
2116:
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1190:
792:
683:
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61:
46:
1527:
1327:
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781:
672:
595:
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1960:
https://www.offshore-technology.com/data-insights/top-ten-natural-gas-producing-fields-in-africa/
1531:
1331:
1183:
785:
676:
599:
39:
2074:
1409:
reported the existence of a walled town which housed a faction of the "laghouat" tribe (called
456:
250:
1639:
540:
499:
379:
2335:
2034:
726:
south of Algiers. It is built on the banks of the Wadi Mzee, which flows eastwards from the
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2270:
2201:
2021:
1995:
1670:
1487:
282:
270:
17:
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8:
2295:
2121:
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1701:(in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 4 September 1991. p. 1294
1697:[List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 03 - Laghouat Province]
1464:
1393:
and other archeological evidence indicate that people were living in the area during the
843:
424:
432:
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2044:
1480:
1306:
86:
2146:
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2003:
1739:
1729:
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1238:
518:
471:
287:
275:
170:
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2460:
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2410:
1250:
increased very fast to the economic influx spurred on by the oil and gas industry.
1840:
Bulletin du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques: section de géographie
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1943:
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233:
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1953:
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554:
Here is a more detailed description of Laghouat, as written by Ibn Khaldun:
2191:
1592:
art has emerged in Laghouat. Al-Taher Jadid is a local master of the form.
1406:
1149:
467:
310:
2345:
2290:
2106:
1421:. The region was taken from the Moroccans, and became a tributary of the
1253:
The town had a population of 170,693 people, according to 2012 estimates.
831:
2485:
2320:
2156:
2151:
1377:
727:
722:
The town of Laghouat is a regional center in the Algerian depression, an
536:
507:
483:
2380:
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2415:
2186:
2141:
2131:
1414:
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2400:
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2211:
2136:
1723:
1394:
742:
370:
2340:
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1827:(in French). Au Secrétariat général de l'Institut de Carthage. 1900.
1516:
1316:
1168:
770:
661:
584:
155:
28:
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2375:
2181:
863:
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503:
397:
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2435:
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2500:
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2300:
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The town relies on groundwater, which is abundant due to a large
835:
730:
and is one of a large number of seasonal streams that empty into
528:
Since 1974, it has been the seat of a province of the same name.
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2196:
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2084:
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students come from all over North Africa to study in Laghouat.
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375:
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water, which has attracted investment from a Spanish bottler.
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2126:
2101:
1758:"Laghouat | Oasis City, Saharan Region, Algeria | Britannica"
1246:
723:
491:
411:
318:
2440:
1872:"La conquête coloniale de l'Algérie débute le 14 juin 1830"
146:
478:, 400 km (250 mi) south of the Algerian capital
521:
in 1852, and came under French colonial rule until 1962.
1782:"Synagogue at Laghouat, Algeria | Archive | Diarna.org"
645:
Laghouat literally means "houses surrounding gardens."
1923:"Anger at squalid housing unleashes Algeria protest"
1652:
1400:
461:
737:It is bordered to the north by the municipality of
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1944:Algerian Artist Creates Using "Sanding Technology"
1897:"10 injured, several arrested in Algeria protests"
1581:The municipal museum is housed in a former church.
2564:Populated places established in the 11th century
2545:
1642:, it was used by various security departments.
1419:an expedition to create a tributary in Laghouat
16:For the Second World War detention centre, see
1413: ), a branch of the Berber tribe of the
2248:
1981:
1853:
1459:(1807–1885), depicts the Battle of Laghouat.
135:
1721:
1545:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1345:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1197:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
799:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
690:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
613:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2255:
2241:
1988:
1974:
1499:In January 2012, Laghouat was the site of
1954:https://www.britannica.com/place/Laghouat
1565:Learn how and when to remove this message
1365:Learn how and when to remove this message
1217:Learn how and when to remove this message
819:Learn how and when to remove this message
710:Learn how and when to remove this message
633:Learn how and when to remove this message
539:reserve in Africa. The city is served by
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
1843:(in French). Imprimerie nationale. 1894.
1628:
1576:
1447:
1376:
1228:
830:
431:
423:
1722:Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H. (2008).
1494:
1483:, furthering their colonial ambitions.
753:, and to the south the municipality of
2546:
1233:Population density of northern Algeria
428:Laghouat in the Algerian Sahara (1879)
2236:
1969:
1860:. University of California, Berkeley.
1854:Abou-Khamseen, Mansour Ahmad (1983).
1804:
1899:. Agent France Press. Archived from
1728:. Pentagon Press. pp. 595–597.
1717:
1715:
1595:
1543:adding citations to reliable sources
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1436:
1343:adding citations to reliable sources
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1195:adding citations to reliable sources
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797:adding citations to reliable sources
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688:adding citations to reliable sources
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611:adding citations to reliable sources
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51:adding citations to reliable sources
22:
1506:
451:
136:
13:
2529:
1808:Laghouat: essai d'histoire sociale
749:, to the east the municipality of
125:City in Laghouat Province, Algeria
14:
2580:
1712:
1607:the protection and the khmer. ..
1467:to eradicate the resistance. The
1401:Medieval and pre-colonial history
336:400 km (200 sq mi)
2264:
2083:
1997:
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1515:
1385:
1315:
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769:
660:
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256:
190:
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27:
1937:
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38:needs additional citations for
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1725:Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam
1687:
1:
2559:Communes of Laghouat Province
1681:
1381:The Deylik of Algiers in 1771
848:Köppen climate classification
651:
574:
7:
1648:
1255:
1000:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
930:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
462:
10:
2585:
1614:
1443:French invasion of Algiers
1304:
1300:
1143:
881:Climate data for Laghouat
880:
760:
438:Gustave Achille Guillaumet
344:769 m (2,523 ft)
15:
2569:Province seats of Algeria
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2281:
2092:
2081:
2020:
2010:
1486:During World War II, the
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999:
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494:on the north edge of the
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1676:Boughezoul–Laghouat line
1633:Boughezoul–Laghouat line
1501:anti-government protests
203:Location of Laghouat in
169:Location of Laghouat in
1241:trace their origins to
535:has the second largest
436:Street in Laghouat, by
365:340/km (870/sq mi)
2535:
1811:(in French). O. Petit.
1805:Petit, Odette (1976).
1634:
1582:
1460:
1382:
1234:
839:
569:
514:and tapestry weaving.
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429:
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1962:, Offshore technology
1640:Algerian independence
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1580:
1451:
1405:In the 14th century,
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1232:
834:
556:
498:. It is an important
435:
427:
1671:Laghouat prison camp
1539:improve this section
1495:Post-colonial period
1488:Laghouat prison camp
1339:improve this section
1191:improve this section
793:improve this section
684:improve this section
607:improve this section
362: • Density
234:33.80278°N 2.87500°E
47:improve this article
18:Laghouat prison camp
2122:Bennasser Benchohra
844:cold desert climate
510:, and is known for
230: /
2536:
2336:Bordj Bou Arréridj
1786:archive.diarna.org
1762:www.britannica.com
1635:
1583:
1481:Sub-Saharan Africa
1461:
1383:
1307:History of Algeria
1237:Most residents of
1235:
840:
441:
430:
354: • Total
333: • Total
2554:Cities in Algeria
2541:
2540:
2230:
2229:
2147:Gueltat Sidi Saad
2050:Gueltet Sidi Saâd
2004:Laghouat Province
1735:978-81-8274-341-0
1596:Traditional dress
1588:In modern times,
1575:
1574:
1567:
1469:Siege of Laghouat
1465:punitive campaign
1437:French occupation
1423:Deylik of Algiers
1375:
1374:
1367:
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1297:
1239:Laghouat Province
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1226:
1219:
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1154:
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741:, to the west by
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719:
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643:
642:
635:
519:Siege of Laghouat
490:, the town is an
482:. Located in the
472:Laghouat Province
460:
422:
421:
307: • Type
276:Laghouat Province
239:33.80278; 2.87500
171:Laghouat Province
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2534:Flag of Algeria
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2079:
2016:
2006:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1903:on May 25, 2012
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860:underground dam
842:Laghouat has a
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323:Benbehaz béchir
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2471:Sidi Bel Abbès
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2458:
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2451:Oum El Bouaghi
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2207:Sidi Makhlouf
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2075:Sidi Makhlouf
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2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1991:
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1946:, BBC Arabic.
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1590:sand blasting
1586:
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1529:
1524:This section
1522:
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1411:laghouat-ksel
1408:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:Early history
1379:
1369:
1366:
1358:
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1344:
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1333:
1329:
1324:This section
1322:
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1176:This section
1174:
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1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
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1086:
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1076:
1073:
1072:precipitation
1068:
1062:
1057:
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869:
868:mineral water
865:
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849:
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837:
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823:
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812:
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788:
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783:
778:This section
776:
772:
767:
766:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:Sidi Makhlouf
735:
733:
732:Chott Melrhir
729:
725:
714:
711:
703:
693:
689:
685:
679:
678:
674:
669:This section
667:
663:
658:
657:
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637:
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626:
616:
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608:
602:
601:
597:
592:This section
590:
586:
581:
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572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:
548:
547:hospitality.
544:
542:
538:
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529:
526:
522:
520:
515:
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509:
505:
501:
497:
496:Sahara Desert
493:
489:
488:Saharan Atlas
485:
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477:
473:
469:
464:
458:
449:
445:
439:
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417:
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398:ISO 3166 code
395:
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215:Coordinates:
213:
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114:
106:
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67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
42:
41:
36:This article
34:
30:
25:
24:
19:
2405:
2176:
2112:Aïn Sidi Ali
2013:
1956:, Britannica
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:the original
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1875:
1866:
1856:
1849:
1839:
1833:
1823:
1817:
1807:
1800:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:
1776:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:
1752:
1724:
1703:. Retrieved
1689:
1644:
1636:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1587:
1584:
1561:
1552:
1537:Please help
1525:
1498:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1462:
1452:
1440:
1433:until 1828.
1410:
1407:Ibn Khaldoun
1404:
1389:
1361:
1352:
1337:Please help
1325:
1252:
1236:
1213:
1204:
1189:Please help
1177:
1159:Demographics
1150:Climate data
1074:mm (inches)
871:
857:
841:
815:
806:
791:Please help
779:
736:
721:
706:
697:
682:Please help
670:
647:
644:
629:
620:
605:Please help
593:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
530:
527:
523:
516:
443:
442:
414:.laghouat-dz
311:Municipality
109:
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
45:Please help
40:verification
37:
2486:Tamanrasset
2356:Constantine
2202:Sidi Bouzid
2162:Hassi R'Mel
2157:Hassi Delaa
2152:Hadj Mechri
2055:Hassi R'Mel
1878:(in French)
1427:Bey of Oran
1279:population
838:at Laghouat
728:Amour Range
537:natural gas
533:Hassi R'Mel
508:marketplace
506:center and
484:Amour Range
387:Postal code
237: /
2548:Categories
2516:Tizi Ouzou
2511:Tissemsilt
2481:Souk Ahras
2426:Mostaganem
2271:Provincial
2187:Oued Morra
2142:El Houaita
2132:El Assafia
2070:Oued Morra
1929:13 January
1907:13 January
1882:2021-05-16
1791:2022-11-15
1767:2024-03-05
1705:2019-11-03
1682:References
1415:Maghraouas
853:Sand dunes
751:El Assafia
349:Population
302:Government
222:33°48′10″N
103:March 2011
73:newspapers
62:"Laghouat"
2401:Khenchela
2366:El Bayadh
2346:Boumerdès
2291:Aïn Defla
2273:seats of
2217:Tadjrouna
2212:Tadjemout
2192:Oued M'Zi
2137:El Ghicha
2107:Aïn Madhi
2045:El Ghicha
2035:Aïn Mahdi
2022:Districts
2012:Capital:
1925:. Reuters
1744:756316986
1526:does not
1429:, or the
1395:Stone Age
1326:does not
1259:the year
1178:does not
870:, called
780:does not
743:Tadjemout
671:does not
652:Geography
594:does not
575:Etymology
466:) is the
463:al-Aghwāt
457:romanized
371:Time zone
341:Elevation
297:2012-2017
225:2°52′30″E
2456:Relizane
2406:Laghouat
2381:Ghardaïa
2376:El Taref
2182:Mekhareg
2177:Laghouat
2094:Communes
2065:Laghouat
2014:Laghouat
1649:See also
1555:May 2020
1355:May 2020
1294:170.693
1291:144.747
1288:106.665
1207:May 2020
1144:Source:
1070:Average
864:Tadjmout
809:May 2020
755:Mekhareg
700:May 2020
623:May 2020
567:Maghreb.
504:military
444:Laghouat
288:Laghouat
283:District
271:Province
197:Laghouat
132:Laghouat
2521:Tlemcen
2501:Tindouf
2491:Tébessa
2446:Ouargla
2411:Mascara
2371:El Oued
2301:Algiers
2275:Algeria
2222:Taouila
1615:Tourism
1547:removed
1532:sources
1347:removed
1332:sources
1301:History
1285:69.435
1282:42.186
1243:Berbers
1199:removed
1184:sources
1065:(51.9)
1060:(38.1)
1055:(42.4)
1050:(52.5)
1045:(62.8)
1040:(69.1)
1035:(70.9)
1030:(65.1)
1025:(56.3)
1020:(48.0)
1015:(42.8)
1010:(38.1)
1005:(36.9)
995:(74.8)
990:(56.1)
985:(64.6)
980:(74.3)
975:(86.0)
970:(95.5)
965:(97.3)
960:(90.7)
955:(80.2)
950:(73.0)
945:(64.6)
940:(59.9)
935:(55.2)
836:Climate
801:removed
786:sources
761:Climate
692:removed
677:sources
615:removed
600:sources
486:of the
480:Algiers
476:Algeria
470:of the
468:capital
459::
452:الأغواط
407:Website
357:134,372
264:Algeria
251:Country
205:Algeria
137:الأغواط
87:scholar
2506:Tipasa
2496:Tiaret
2476:Skikda
2431:M'Sila
2391:Illizi
2386:Guelma
2361:Djelfa
2341:Bouïra
2326:Biskra
2321:Béjaïa
2316:Béchar
2306:Annaba
2197:Sebgag
2167:Kheneg
2117:Beidha
1742:
1732:
1474:Khalya
1139:(6.9)
1134:(0.5)
1129:(0.6)
1124:(0.8)
1119:(0.7)
1114:(1.0)
1109:(0.1)
1104:(0.5)
1099:(0.6)
1094:(0.6)
1089:(0.5)
1084:(0.5)
1079:(0.5)
886:Month
747:Kheneg
448:Arabic
261:
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
2466:Sétif
2461:Saida
2436:Naâma
2416:Médéa
2396:Jijel
2351:Chlef
2331:Blida
2311:Batna
2286:Adrar
2127:Brida
2102:Aflou
2040:Brida
2030:Aflou
1699:(PDF)
1274:2012
1271:2008
1268:1998
1265:1987
1262:1977
1247:Arabs
925:Year
872:milok
724:oasis
492:oasis
391:03000
376:UTC+1
319:Mayor
94:JSTOR
80:books
2441:Oran
2421:Mila
1931:2011
1909:2012
1740:OCLC
1730:ISBN
1530:any
1528:cite
1330:any
1328:cite
1245:and
1182:any
1180:cite
1063:11.1
1048:11.4
1043:17.1
1038:20.6
1033:21.6
1028:18.4
1023:13.5
993:23.8
988:13.4
983:18.1
978:23.5
973:30.0
968:35.3
963:36.3
958:32.6
953:26.8
948:22.8
943:18.1
938:15.5
933:12.9
922:Dec
919:Nov
916:Oct
913:Sep
910:Aug
907:Jul
904:Jun
901:May
898:Apr
895:Mar
892:Feb
889:Jan
784:any
782:cite
745:and
675:any
673:cite
598:any
596:cite
502:and
416:.org
328:Area
147:City
66:news
1541:by
1455:by
1341:by
1193:by
1137:176
1058:3.4
1053:5.8
1018:8.9
1013:6.0
1008:3.4
1003:2.7
862:in
795:by
686:by
609:by
512:rug
412:www
380:CET
294:APC
49:by
2550::
1874:.
1784:.
1760:.
1738:.
1714:^
1645:.
1148:,
1132:13
1127:15
1122:20
1117:19
1112:26
1102:12
1097:16
1092:15
1087:13
1082:12
1077:12
757:.
734:.
474:,
454:,
450::
402:CP
2256:e
2249:t
2242:v
1989:e
1982:t
1975:v
1933:.
1911:.
1885:.
1794:.
1770:.
1746:.
1708:.
1568:)
1562:(
1557:)
1553:(
1549:.
1535:.
1445:.
1368:)
1362:(
1357:)
1353:(
1349:.
1335:.
1220:)
1214:(
1209:)
1205:(
1201:.
1187:.
1107:3
846:(
822:)
816:(
811:)
807:(
803:.
789:.
713:)
707:(
702:)
698:(
694:.
680:.
636:)
630:(
625:)
621:(
617:.
603:.
446:(
382:)
378:(
116:)
110:(
105:)
101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
43:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
