Last Interglacial - Knowledge

135: 4400: 239: 388:(GCM) with reconstructed Last Interglacial temperatures for Europe. Central Europe (north of the Alps) was found to be 1–2 °C (1.8–3.6 °F) warmer than present; south of the Alps, conditions were 1–2 °C cooler than today. The model (generated using observed greenhouse gas concentrations and Last Interglacial orbital parameters) generally reproduces these observations, leading them to conclude that these factors are enough to explain the Last Interglacial temperatures. 452: 28: 4159: 20: 440: 519: 352:, Finland. At the peak of the Last Interglacial, the Northern Hemisphere winters were generally warmer and wetter than now, though some areas were actually slightly cooler than today. A cooling event similar to but not exactly mirroring the 8.2-kiloyear event is recorded from Beckentin during the E5 phase of the Eemian, some 6,290 years after the start of interglacial afforestation. A 2018 study based on soil samples from 191:(Mediterranean faunal province). More information on the molluscan assemblages is given by Lorié (1887), and Spaink (1958). Since their discovery, Last Interglacial beds in the Netherlands have mainly been recognized by their marine molluscan content combined with their stratigraphical position and other palaeontology. The marine beds there are often underlain by 727:

during this time. During the Last Interglacial, Neanderthals engaged in a variety of food-gathering activities, including fishing, as well as big-game hunting, including the largest animals living in Europe at the time, straight-tusked elephants. Modern humans were present outside Africa in Arabia during this interval, as far east as the

376:(AMOC) began to cool the eastern Mediterranean region. The period closed as temperatures steadily fell to conditions cooler and drier than the present, with a 468-year-long aridity pulse in central Europe at about 116,000 BC, and by 112,000 BC, ice caps began to form in southern Norway, marking the start of a new 364:, lasting hundreds of years and causing temperature drops of a few degrees and vegetation changes in these regions. In Northern Europe, winter temperatures rose over the course of the Last Interglacial while summer temperatures fell. During an insolation maximum from 133,000 to 130,000 BP, meltwater from the 1260:

Johnsen, Sigfús J.; Clausen, Henrik B.; Dansgaard, Willi; Gundestrup, Niels S.; Hammer, Claus U.; Andersen, Uffe; Andersen, Katrine K.; Hvidberg, Christine S.; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Shoji, Hitoshi; Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Árny E.; White, Jim; Jouzel, Jean; Fisher, David (30 November

78:

in the atmosphere was about 280 parts per million. The Last Interglacial was one of the warmest periods of the last 800,000 years, with temperatures comparable to and at times warmer (by up to on average 2 degrees Celsius) than the contemporary Holocene interglacial, with the maximum sea level being

1020:

Barlow, Natasha L. M.; McClymont, Erin L.; Whitehouse, Pippa L.; Stokes, Chris R.; Jamieson, Stewart S. R.; Woodroffe, Sarah A.; Bentley, Michael J.; Callard, S. Louise; Ó Cofaigh, Colm; Evans, David J. A.; Horrocks, Jennifer R.; Lloyd, Jerry M.; Long, Antony J.; Margold, Martin; Roberts, David H.

471:

Sea level at peak was probably 6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 feet) higher than today, with Greenland contributing 0.6 to 3.5 m (2.0 to 11.5 ft), thermal expansion and mountain glaciers contributing up to 1 m (3.3 ft), and an uncertain contribution from Antarctica. A 2007 study found

285:

During the northern summer, temperatures in the Arctic region were about 2–4 °C higher than in 2011. The Arctic Last Interglacial climate was highly unstable, with pronounced temperature swings revealed by δO fluctuations in Greenlandic ice cores, though some of the instability inferred from

726:

managed to colonise the higher latitudes of Europe during this time interval, after having retreated from the region due to unfavourable conditions during the Penultimate Glacial Period. However, unlike previous interglacials, they were absent from Britain, likely due to Britain being an island

2247:

Willerslev, E.; Cappellini, E.; Boomsma, W.; Nielsen, R.; Hebsgaard, M. B.; Brand, T. B.; Hofreiter, M.; Bunce, M.; Poinar, H. N.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Johnsen, S.; Steffensen, J. P.; Bennike, O.; Schwenninger, J. -L.; Nathan, R.; Armitage, S.; De Hoog, C. -J.; Alfimov, V.; Christl, M.; Beer, J.;

2809:

Pearce, Elena A.; Mazier, Florence; Normand, Signe; Fyfe, Ralph; Andrieu, Valérie; Bakels, Corrie; Balwierz, Zofia; Bińka, Krzysztof; Boreham, Steve; Borisova, Olga K.; Brostrom, Anna; de Beaulieu, Jacques-Louis; Gao, Cunhai; González-Sampériz, Penélope; Granoszewski, Wojciech (2023-11-10).

1175:

Brovkin, Victor; Brücher, Tim; Kleinen, Thomas; Zaehle, Sönke; Joos, Fortunat; Roth, Raphael; Spahni, Renato; Schmitt, Jochen; Fischer, Hubertus; Leuenberger, Markus; Stone, Emma J.; Ridgwell, Andy; Chappellaz, Jérôme; Kehrwald, Natalie; Barbante, Carlo (1 April 2016).

972:

Thomas, Zoë A.; Jones, Richard T.; Turney, Chris S. M.; Golledge, Nicholas; Fogwill, Christopher; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Menviel, Laurie; McKay, Nicholas P.; Bird, Michael; Palmer, Jonathan; Kershaw, Peter; Wilmshurst, Janet; Muscheler, Raimund (April 2020).

82:

The Last Interglacial is known as the Eemian in northern Europe (sometimes used to describe the global interglacial), Ipswichian in Britain, the Mikulino (also spelled Milukin) interglacial in Russia, the Kaydaky in Ukraine, the Valdivia interglacial in

916:

Shackleton, S.; Baggenstos, D.; Menking, J. A.; Dyonisius, M. N.; Bereiter, B.; Bauska, T. K.; Rhodes, R. H.; Brook, E. J.; Petrenko, V. V.; McConnell, J. R.; Kellerhals, T.; Häberli, M.; Schmitt, J.; Fischer, H.; Severinghaus, J. P. (2020-01-02).

1525:

Levy, Elan J.; Vonhof, Hubert B.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Martínez-García, Alfredo; Ayalon, Avner; Matthews, Alan; Silverman, Vered; Raveh-Rubin, Shira; Zilberman, Tami; Yasur, Gal; Schmitt, Mareike; Haug, Gerald H. (25 August 2023).

3142:

Zilhão, J.; Angelucci, D. E.; Igreja, M. Araújo; Arnold, L. J.; Badal, E.; Callapez, P.; Cardoso, J. L.; d’Errico, F.; Daura, J.; Demuro, M.; Deschamps, M.; Dupont, C.; Gabriel, S.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Legoinha, P. (2020-03-27).

1809:

Wassenburg, Jasper A.; Vonhof, Hubert B.; Cheng, Hai; Martínez-García, Alfredo; Ebner, Pia-Rebecca; Li, Xianglei; Zhang, Haiwei; Sha, Lijuan; Tian, Ye; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Fiebig, Jens; Haug, Gerald H. (18 November 2021).

2926:

Froese, Duane; Stiller, Mathias; Heintzman, Peter D.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Zazula, Grant D.; Soares, André E. R.; Meyer, Matthias; Hall, Elizabeth; Jensen, Britta J. L.; Arnold, Lee J.; MacPhee, Ross D. E. (March 28, 2017).

480:. Recent research on marine sediment cores offshore of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet suggest that the sheet melted during the Last Interglacial, and that ocean waters rose as fast as 2.5 meters per century. Global mean 1391:

Salonen, J. Sakari; Helmens, Karin F.; Brendryen, Jo; Kuosmanen, Niina; Väliranta, Minna; Goring, Simon; Korpela, Mikko; Kylander, Malin; Philip, Annemarie; Plikk, Anna; Renssen, Hans; Luoto, Miska (20 July 2018).

417:(now tundra) to have boreal forest, although inadequate precipitation caused a reduction in the forest cover in interior Alaska and Yukon Territory despite warmer conditions. The prairie-forest boundary in the 263:

The Last Interglacial climate is believed to have been warmer than the current Holocene. The temperature of the Last Interglacial peaked during the early part of the period, around 128,000 to 123,000 years

1298:"CH 4 and δ 18 O of O 2 records from Antarctic and Greenland ice: A clue for stratigraphic disturbance in the bottom part of the Greenland Ice Core Project and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice cores" 484:

are thought to have been higher than in the Holocene, but not by enough to explain the rise in sea level through thermal expansion alone, and so melting of polar ice caps must also have occurred.

230:

age for late Last Interglacial deposits from this borehole of 118,200 ± 6,300 years ago. A historical review of Dutch Last Interglacial research is provided by Bosch, Cleveringa and Meijer, 2000.

1709:"Re-investigation of the Bispingen palaeolake sediment succession (northern Germany) reveals that the Last Interglacial (Eemian) in northern-central Europe lasted at least ~15 000 years" 4298: 2996:"First occurrence of <i>Panthera atrox</i> (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico" 697:(which is first known from the Snowmass site in Colorado, dating to around 120,000 years ago) and ultimately all North American bison species, and marking the beginning of the 1962: 830: 268:, before declining during the latter half of the period. Changes in the Earth's orbital parameters from today (greater obliquity and eccentricity, and perihelion), known as 672:

that occurred during the following Last Glacial Period, has been suggested as a "baseline" reference point for the analysis and restoration of modern European ecosystems.

3441:

Van Leeuwen, R.J., Beets, D., Bosch, J.H.A., Burger, A.W., Cleveringa, P., van Harten, D., Herngreen, G.F.W., Langereis, C.G., Meijer, T., Pouwer, R., de Wolf, H., 2000.

2586: 2363:; Marshall, Shawn J.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; Miller, Gifford H.; Hu, Aixue (2006). "Simulating Arctic Climate Warmth and Icefield Retreat in the Last Interglaciation". 1885:"A tentative reconstruction of the last interglacial and glacial inception in Greenland based on new gas measurements in the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core" 226:

glacial basin in the Amsterdam-Terminal borehole and was the subject of a multidisciplinary investigation (Van Leeuwen, et al., 2000). These authors also published a

1238: 203:. In contrast to e.g. the deposits in Denmark, the Last Interglacial deposits in the type area have never been found overlain by tills, nor in ice-pushed positions. 3035:

Roebroeks, Wil; MacDonald, Katharine; Scherjon, Fulco; Bakels, Corrie; Kindler, Lutz; Nikulina, Anastasia; Pop, Eduard; Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine (2021-12-17).

2711:

Davoli, Marco; Monsarrat, Sophie; Pedersen, Rasmus Østergaard; Scussolini, Paolo; Karger, Dirk Nikolaus; Normand, Signe; Svenning, Jens-Christian (January 2024).

487:

Because of the sea level drop since the Last Interglacial, exposed fossil coral reefs are common in the tropics, especially in the Caribbean and along the

2621:"A new record of Pleistocene hippopotamus from River Severn terrace deposits, Gloucester, UK—palaeoenvironmental setting and stratigraphical significance" 467:. Foreground shows corals truncated by erosion; behind the geologist is a post-erosion coral pillar which grew on the surface after sea level rose again. 1461:

Wegwerth, Antje; Dellwig, Olaf; Wulf, Sabine; Plessen, Birgit; Kleinhanns, Ilka C.; Nowaczyk, Norbert R.; Jiabo, Liu; Arz, Helge W. (1 September 2019).

4242: 4195: 3499: 122:). As the most recent point in time with a climate comparable to the Holocene, the Last Interglacial is also of relevance as a point of reference ( 691:) migrated into the heartlands of North America from Alaska at the beginning of the Last Interglacial, giving rise to the giant long-horned bison 2204:

Scherer, RP; Aldahan, A; Tulaczyk, S; Possnert, G; Engelhardt, H; Kamb, B (3 July 1998). "Pleistocene collapse of the west antarctic ice sheet".

3945: 2309:

Cuffey, K. M.; Marshall, S. J. (2000). "Substantial contribution to sea-level rise during the last interglacial from the Greenland ice sheet".

1595:

Sirocko, F.; Seelos, K.; Schaber, K.; Rein, B.; Dreher, F.; Diehl, M.; Lehne, R.; Jäger, K.; Krbetschek, M.; Degering, D. (11 August 2005).

1339:

Hrynowiecka, Anna; Stachowicz-Rybka, Renata; Niska, Monika; Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena; Börner, Andreas; Rother, Henrik (20 December 2021).

4305: 1934:

Wilson, M. A.; Curran, H. A.; White, B. (2007). "Paleontological evidence of a brief global sea-level event during the last interglacial".

3939: 373: 491:

coastlines. These reefs often contain internal erosion surfaces showing significant sea level instability during the Last Interglacial.

873: 3444:

Stratigraphy and integrated facies analysis of the Saalian and Eemian sediments in the Amsterdam-Terminal borehole, the Netherlands

171:

on which Amersfoort is located. Harting noticed the marine molluscan assemblages to be very different from the modern fauna of the

3443: 3327: 476:

was glaciated during the Last Interglacial, which implies that Greenland could have contributed at most 2 m (6.6 ft) to

2867:

Nogués-Bravo, David; Rodríguez, Jesús; Hortal, Joaquín; Batra, Persaram; Araújo, Miguel B (2008-04-01). Barnosky, Anthony (ed.).

2772:"The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian Palaeoloxodon antiquus assemblage" 1302: 1267: 31: 542:

The warmness of the interval allowed temperate-adapted taxa to extend their range considerably northward, with the range of the

4188: 3873: 3849: 3837: 2994:

Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel; Priego-Vargas, Jaime; Cabral-Perdomo, Miguel Ángel; Pineda Maldonado, Marco Antonio (2016-07-20).

1263:"The δ 18 O record along the Greenland Ice Core Project deep ice core and the problem of possible Eemian climatic instability" 3492: 3460:

Vegetation, climate and radiocarbon datings in the Late Pleistocene of the Netherlands. Part 1: Eemian and Early Weichselian.

3121: 2596: 118:

by this time, representing the earliest split of modern human populations that persists to the present time (associated with

79:

up to 6 to 9 metres higher than at present, with global ice volume likely also being smaller than the Holocene interglacial.

175:. Many species from the Last Interglacial layers nowadays show a much more southern distribution, ranging from South of the 3351: 1246: 308: 218:

was re-investigated using old and new data in a multi-disciplinary approach (Cleveringa et al., 2000). At the same time a

3879: 3472: 290:

records may be a result of mixing of Last Interglacial ice with ice from the preceding or succeeding glacial intervals.

3259:"Beyond arrows on a map: The dynamics of Homo sapiens dispersal and occupation of Arabia during Marine Isotope Stage 5" 272:, probably led to greater seasonal temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere. As the Last Interglacial cooled, 4181: 4119: 3406:

Müller, Ulrich C.; et al. (2005). "Cyclic climate fluctuations during the last interglacial in central Europe".

2491: 1528:"Weakened AMOC related to cooling and atmospheric circulation shifts in the last interglacial Eastern Mediterranean" 709:) appeared and become widespread across North America, having descended from populations of the Eurasian cave lion ( 4283: 4109: 3812: 3485: 3339:

Archives Néerlandaises Sciences Exactes et Naturelles de la Société Hollandaise des Sciences (Harlem), 10: 443–454.

1463:"Major hydrological shifts in the Black Sea "Lake" in response to ice sheet collapses during MIS 6 (130–184 ka BP)" 1102:

Arctic Council, Impacts of a Warming Climate: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge, 2004

769:

Dahl-Jensen, D.; Albert, M. R.; Aldahan, A.; Azuma, N.; Balslev-Clausen, D.; Baumgartner, M.; et al. (2013).

293:

The warmest peak of the Last Interglacial was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as

23:

Two ice core temperature records; the Last Interglacial is at a depth of about 1500–1800 meters in the lower graph

2543:"Quaternary development and evolution of the sedimentary environments in the Central Mediterranean Spanish coast" 1889: 3325:

Cleveringa, P., Meijer, T., van Leeuwen, R.J.W., de Wolf, H., Pouwer, R., Lissenberg T. and Burger, A.W., 2000.

1341:"Eemian (MIS 5e) climate oscillations based on palaeobotanical analysis from the Beckentin profile (NE Germany)" 554:

in northern England, though their range outside of southern Europe did not extend much further east of than the

4173: 3806: 3257:

Nicholson, Samuel Luke; Hosfield, Rob; Groucutt, Huw S.; Pike, Alistair W.G.; Fleitmann, Dominik (June 2021).

3202:"Hunting and processing of straight-tusked elephants 125.000 years ago: Implications for Neanderthal behavior" 2812:"Substantial light woodland and open vegetation characterized the temperate forest biome before Homo sapiens" 3328:

The Eemian stratotype locality at Amersfoort in the central Netherlands: a re-evaluation of old and new data

898: 3540: 1756: 770: 669: 4379: 4291: 3903: 838: 380:. The Eemian lasted about 1,500 to 3,000 years longer in Southern Europe than in Northern Europe. Kaspar 436:

Interglacial conditions ended on Antarctica while the Northern Hemisphere was still experiencing warmth.

4399: 4049: 3776: 2771: 1467: 1182: 413:. Coastal Alaska was warm enough during the summer due to reduced sea ice in the Arctic Ocean to allow 287: 123: 55: 2486: 1462: 391:

Meltwater pulse 2B, approximately 133,000 BP, substantially weakened the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM).

4424: 4374: 4364: 4114: 3770: 3545: 3400:

Contributions a la géologie des Pays Bas III. Le Diluvium plus récent ou sableux et le système Eémien

2137: 385: 372:

caused the Black and Caspian Seas to connect. During the middle of the Last Interglacial, a weakened

111: 103: 3101: 2385: 860: 66:. It was the second-to-latest interglacial period of the current Ice Age, the most recent being the 4369: 4069: 3861: 3800: 3453:

Foraminiferen aus dem Eemien (Riss-Würm-Interglazial) in der Bohrung Amersfoort I (Locus Typicus).

2547: 2100: 1665: 1345: 559: 535: 494:

Along the Central Mediterranean Spanish coast, sea levels were comparable to those of the present.

3818: 3258: 2713:"Megafauna diversity and functional declines in Europe from the Last Interglacial to the present" 2620: 1340: 974: 829:

Shackleton, Nicholas J.; Sánchez-Goñi, Maria Fernanda; Pailler, Delphine; Lancelot, Yves (2003).

567: 558:. The temperate landscapes of Europe were inhabited by large now extinct megafauna including the 481: 402: 184: 3102:"Testing Human Presence During the Last Interglacial (MIS 5e): A Review of the British Evidence" 2542: 1660: 214:, providing a subdivision of this stage into pollen stages. At the end of the 20th century, the 4419: 4262: 4247: 3951: 3855: 3794: 3782: 3580: 2380: 855: 750: 740: 361: 227: 63: 3438:

Wetenschappelijke Mededelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging 29, 44 pp.

2252:; Haile, J.; Taberlet, P.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Casoli, A.; Campani, E.; Collins, M. J. (2007). 4384: 4267: 4094: 4029: 3927: 3705: 3659: 3520: 1532: 1398: 575: 531: 522:

Collage of temperate forest environments in Europe during the Eemian, with animals including

414: 4429: 4232: 4104: 4059: 3897: 3575: 3530: 3525: 3415: 3363: 3304: 3213: 3200:

Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine; Kindler, Lutz; MacDonald, Katharine; Roebroeks, Wil (2023).

3048: 2940: 2724: 2674: 2632: 2552: 2500: 2435: 2372: 2318: 2265: 2253: 2213: 2176: 2114: 2050: 1976: 1898: 1825: 1765: 1674: 1610: 1541: 1476: 1407: 1350: 1191: 1125: 1034: 986: 930: 847: 787: 607: 1870: 1786: 1707:

Lauterbach, Stefan; Neumann, Frank H.; Tjallingii, Rik; Brauer, Achim (12 February 2024).

1214: 8: 4054: 3843: 3754: 2360: 2160: 2105: 507: 269: 95:

Stage of North America, the Last Interglacial is equivalent to either all or part of it.

71: 59: 51: 3419: 3367: 3308: 3217: 3052: 2944: 2844: 2811: 2728: 2678: 2636: 2556: 2504: 2439: 2424:

Voosen, Paul (20 December 2018). "Antarctic ice melt 125,000 years ago offers warning".

2376: 2322: 2269: 2217: 2180: 2118: 2101:"Quantification of Greenland ice-sheet contribution to Last Interglacial sea-level rise" 2054: 1980: 1902: 1829: 1812:"Penultimate deglaciation Asian monsoon response to North Atlantic circulation collapse" 1769: 1678: 1614: 1572: 1545: 1527: 1480: 1411: 1354: 1195: 1129: 1038: 990: 934: 851: 791: 219: 4342: 4134: 4129: 4064: 3387: 3234: 3201: 3113: 3077: 3036: 2993: 2971: 2928: 2903: 2868: 2487:"Stratigraphy and evolution of emerged Pleistocene reefs at the Red Sea coast of Sudan" 2467: 2406: 2342: 2286: 2074: 2040: 2000: 1947: 1791: 1634: 1500: 1438: 1393: 1366: 1157: 1112:

Bova, Samantha; Rosenthal, Yair; Liu, Zhengyu; Godad, Shital P.; Yan, Mi (2021-01-28).

1058: 1023:"Lack of evidence for a substantial sea-level fluctuation within the Last Interglacial" 1002: 954: 811: 294: 115: 99: 4357: 3618: 3144: 869: 360:

identified abrupt cold spells ca. 120,000 years ago caused by shifts in the

134: 4347: 4252: 4162: 4139: 4034: 3720: 3608: 3379: 3239: 3182: 3174: 3117: 3082: 3064: 3017: 2976: 2958: 2929:"Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America" 2908: 2890: 2849: 2831: 2791: 2787: 2752: 2690: 2592: 2564: 2516: 2512: 2459: 2451: 2426: 2398: 2334: 2291: 2229: 2066: 2004: 1992: 1967: 1916: 1853: 1816: 1732: 1686: 1626: 1596: 1577: 1559: 1504: 1492: 1443: 1425: 1394:"Abrupt high-latitude climate events and decoupled seasonal trends during the Eemian" 1370: 1321: 1219: 1161: 1149: 1141: 1113: 1062: 1050: 1006: 958: 946: 803: 4313: 3391: 2471: 2410: 2025:

Kopp, RE; Simons, FJ; Mitrovica, JX; Maloof, AC; Oppenheimer, M (17 December 2009).

1795: 1488: 1204: 1177: 1022: 998: 918: 4332: 4257: 3669: 3423: 3371: 3312: 3270: 3229: 3221: 3164: 3156: 3109: 3072: 3056: 3007: 2966: 2948: 2898: 2880: 2839: 2823: 2783: 2742: 2732: 2682: 2640: 2560: 2508: 2443: 2390: 2346: 2326: 2281: 2273: 2221: 2184: 2132: 2122: 2078: 2058: 2031: 1984: 1943: 1906: 1843: 1833: 1781: 1773: 1722: 1713: 1682: 1638: 1618: 1601: 1567: 1549: 1484: 1433: 1415: 1358: 1311: 1296:

Chappellaz, Jérôme; Brook, Ed; Blunier, Thomas; Malaizé, Bruno (30 November 1997).

1276: 1209: 1199: 1133: 1042: 994: 938: 865: 815: 795: 778: 745: 711: 632: 3352:"Paleoclimatic Evidence for Future Ice-Sheet Instability and Rapid Sea-Level Rise" 2995: 2447: 4352: 4327: 4008: 3977: 3909: 3891: 3649: 3628: 3550: 3535: 2885: 2644: 1597:"A late Eemian aridity pulse in central Europe during the last glacial inception" 1362: 1114:"Seasonal origin of the thermal maxima at the Holocene and the last interglacial" 715:) that had migrated into Alaska during the preceding Penultimate Glacial Period. 693: 551: 499: 456: 176: 4203: 2225: 4337: 4237: 4144: 4013: 3972: 3332:

Geologie & Mijnbouw / Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 79(2/3): 197–216.

2662: 2254:"Ancient Biomolecules from Deep Ice Cores Reveal a Forested Southern Greenland" 2249: 1848: 1838: 1811: 1554: 1420: 1338: 1137: 676: 477: 426: 377: 265: 164: 3317: 3292: 3274: 3199: 2686: 2026: 1046: 942: 4413: 4124: 4089: 3921: 3915: 3885: 3867: 3788: 3730: 3679: 3664: 3623: 3178: 3068: 3021: 2962: 2894: 2835: 2795: 2756: 2694: 2520: 2455: 1920: 1857: 1752:"A model-data comparison of European temperatures in the Eemian interglacial" 1736: 1563: 1496: 1429: 1325: 1223: 1145: 1054: 950: 702: 698: 422: 395: 323: 310: 302: 243: 188: 119: 3375: 3160: 2953: 2394: 2277: 1988: 238: 4074: 4039: 3560: 3555: 3473:

www.foraminifera.eu Foraminifera (Microfossils) of the Eemian Interglacial

3383: 3243: 3225: 3186: 3086: 3060: 3012: 2980: 2912: 2853: 2827: 2463: 2402: 2338: 2295: 2070: 1996: 1871:

Vegetation and paleoclimate of the last interglacial period, central Alaska

1630: 1581: 1447: 1153: 975:"Tipping elements and amplified polar warming during the Last Interglacial" 807: 728: 684: 543: 460: 418: 207: 144: 107: 3477: 3293:"The Eemian stage in the Netherlands: history, character and new research" 2233: 2127: 2027:"Probabilistic assessment of sea level during the last interglacial stage" 668:). The Last Interglacial ecosystems of Europe, which existed prior to the 4217: 4099: 4084: 4079: 3933: 3725: 3613: 3570: 2747: 2189: 2165:"The role of ocean thermal expansion in Last Interglacial sea level rise" 2164: 1911: 1884: 1777: 723: 637: 523: 495: 464: 451: 200: 160: 92: 2062: 1622: 1178:"Comparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial" 799: 27: 4315: 4205: 4003: 3982: 3715: 3674: 3565: 3169: 653: 211: 156: 3448:

Geologie en Mijnbouw / Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 79, 161–196.

2737: 2712: 1727: 1708: 1316: 1297: 1281: 1262: 4227: 3427: 2330: 1524: 1089: 828: 623: 583: 503: 223: 215: 172: 19: 2485:

Hamed, Basher; Bussert, Robert; Dominik, Wilhelm (1 February 2016).

1808: 915: 771:"Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core" 199:, and overlain by local fresh water or wind-blown deposits from the 3987: 3695: 2359: 1661:"A time dependent glaciological model of the Weichselian Ice Sheet" 615: 599: 518: 406: 337: 247: 180: 152: 67: 3145:"Last Interglacial Iberian Neandertals as fisher-hunter-gatherers" 2869:"Climate Change, Humans, and the Extinction of the Woolly Mammoth" 2246: 2045: 439: 4222: 4044: 3654: 3644: 2710: 1750:

Kaspar, F.; Kühl, Norbert; Cubasch, Ulrich; Litt, Thomas (2005).

1706: 1259: 591: 527: 488: 365: 357: 196: 139: 3034: 2866: 1390: 1019: 430: 410: 399: 298: 2203: 2099:

Stone, E.J; Lundt, D.J; Annan, J.D.; Hargreaves, J.C. (2013).

701:

faunal age in North America. Also during this time period the

3700: 3603: 3290: 3256: 1295: 768: 555: 473: 369: 353: 341: 251: 84: 1751: 167:(1875). He named the beds "Système Eémien", after the river 3710: 3141: 2925: 1174: 661: 349: 273: 192: 88: 3037:"Landscape modification by Last Interglacial Neanderthals" 2158: 1460: 58:

and ended about 115,000 years ago at the beginning of the

2541:

Viñals, María José; Fumanal, María Pilar (January 1995).

2098: 2024: 1077:

Human Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo sapiens

971: 506:

being drowned. Vast areas of northwestern Europe and the

345: 210:

from the type site, whereas Zagwijn (1961) published the

168: 1594: 831:"Marine Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian Interglacial" 2808: 1963:"Ice volume and sea level during the last interglacial" 242:

View of the Last Interglacial–aged coastal terraces of

143:

Picture from Pieter Harting (1886) assigned by him as '

3455:

Mededelingen Geologische Stichting NS 11(1957), 27–39.

91:. Depending on how a specific publication defines the 70:

which extends to the present day (having followed the

54:

which began about 130,000 years ago at the end of the

3100:

G. Lewis, Simon; Ashton, Nick; Jacobi, Roger (2011),

1749: 1111: 675:

In contrast, the range of cold-adapted taxa like the

74:). During the Last Interglacial, the proportion of CO 3291:

Bosch, J. H. A.; Cleveringa, P.; Meijer, T. (2000).

3099: 2591:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 101. 919:"Global ocean heat content in the Last Interglacial" 405:: currently, the northern limit is further south at 2484: 1090:"Current & Historical Global Temperature Graph" 1933: 1236: 899:"Earth is the warmest it's been in 120,000 years" 16:Interglacial period which began 130,000 years ago 4411: 3462:Mededelingen Geologische Stichting NS 14, 15–45. 1239:"Warm past climates: is our future in the past?" 384:(GRL, 2005) performed a comparison of a coupled 151:The Last Interglacial was first recognized from 3436:De Nederlandse Eemlagen, I: Algemeen overzicht. 2933:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2660: 1658: 630:), with predators including lions (the extinct 3946:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field 2308: 4299: 4189: 3493: 2540: 1960: 1075:M Richards et al. in: Bandelt et al. (eds.), 498:formed an island due to the area between the 102:and is of some interest for the evolution of 3402:Archives Teyler, Ser. II, Vol. III: 104–160. 3108:, vol. 14, Elsevier, pp. 125–164, 3940:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area 3507: 3350:Overpeck, Jonathan T.; et al. (2006). 2663:"The Eemian mammal fauna of central Europe" 2159:McKay, Nicholas P.; Overpeck, Jonathan T.; 1243:The National Centre for Atmospheric Science 374:Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation 4306: 4292: 4196: 4182: 3500: 3486: 2625:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 472:evidence that the Greenland ice core site 3316: 3233: 3168: 3076: 3011: 2970: 2952: 2902: 2884: 2843: 2746: 2736: 2384: 2285: 2188: 2138:1983/d05aa57e-0230-4287-94e8-242d43abee77 2136: 2126: 2044: 1910: 1847: 1837: 1785: 1726: 1571: 1553: 1437: 1419: 1315: 1280: 1213: 1203: 859: 3349: 2769: 517: 450: 237: 133: 87:, and the Riss-Würm interglacial in the 26: 18: 2618: 2584: 1882: 1303:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1268:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 896: 598:), alongside still-living species like 429:, whereas the current boundary is near 4412: 3874:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail 3838:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area 3405: 3263:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2706: 2704: 2423: 2248:Muscheler, R.; Barker, J.; Sharp, M.; 1961:Dutton, A; Lambeck, K (13 July 2012). 1883:Landais, Amaelle (16 September 2003). 258: 4287: 4177: 3481: 2656: 2654: 2619:Schreve, Danielle C. (January 2009). 206:Van Voorthuysen (1958) described the 195:that are considered to date from the 2661:van Kolfschoten, Th. (August 2000). 2530:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 1380:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 718: 670:global wave of megafauna extinctions 550:) notably extending as far north as 394:Trees grew as far north as southern 3880:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve 3193: 3106:Developments in Quaternary Sciences 2763: 2701: 187:faunal province) and even into the 13: 3297:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 3284: 3114:10.1016/b978-0-444-53597-9.00009-1 2667:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 2651: 2588:Rising Seas: Past, Present, Future 1948:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1998.tb00513.x 1659:Holmlund, P.; Fastook, J. (1995). 438: 14: 4441: 4314:The cold and warm periods of the 4204:The cold and warm periods of the 3868:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area 3466: 2492:Journal of African Earth Sciences 4398: 4158: 4157: 3813:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine 2788:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00109.x 2513:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.11.011 897:Kaufman, Mark (27 August 2018). 3346:Album der Natuur, 1886: 95–100. 3250: 3135: 3093: 3028: 2987: 2919: 2860: 2802: 2717:Global Ecology and Biogeography 2612: 2578: 2534: 2478: 2417: 2353: 2302: 2240: 2197: 2152: 2092: 2018: 1954: 1927: 1890:Journal of Geophysical Research 1876: 1864: 1802: 1743: 1700: 1652: 1588: 1518: 1489:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.07.008 1454: 1384: 1332: 1289: 1253: 1230: 1205:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.01.028 1168: 1105: 999:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106222 3876:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington 1787:11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FED3-9 1215:11858/00-001M-0000-0027-AE16-0 1096: 1082: 1069: 1013: 965: 909: 890: 822: 762: 1: 4120:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal 3451:Van Voorthuysen, J.H., 1958. 2770:Pushkina, Diana (July 2007). 2448:10.1126/science.362.6421.1339 870:10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00181-9 756: 580:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis 129: 3541:Glacial history of Minnesota 3344:Het Eemdal en het Eemstelsel 2886:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060079 2645:10.1016/j.pgeola.2009.03.003 2565:10.1016/1040-6182(95)00014-A 2169:Geophysical Research Letters 1757:Geophysical Research Letters 1687:10.1016/1040-6182(94)00060-I 1363:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.025 446: 147:' for the Last Interglacial. 38:over the last 400,000 years. 7: 3904:Kettle Moraine State Forest 3807:Lion's Head Provincial Park 2226:10.1126/science.281.5373.82 839:Global and Planetary Change 734: 155:in the area of the city of 126:) for nature conservation. 120:mitochondrial haplogroup L0 10: 4446: 4050:Penultimate Glacial Period 3777:Big Rock (glacial erratic) 1839:10.1038/s41561-021-00851-9 1555:10.1038/s41467-023-40880-z 1468:Quaternary Science Reviews 1421:10.1038/s41467-018-05314-1 1237:Nathaelle Bouttes (2011). 1183:Quaternary Science Reviews 1138:10.1038/s41586-020-03155-x 1079:, Springer (2006), p. 233. 979:Quaternary Science Reviews 572:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus 459:in a fossil coral reef on 288:Greenland ice core project 233: 104:anatomically modern humans 98:The period falls into the 56:Penultimate Glacial Period 4396: 4323: 4213: 4153: 4115:Late Glacial Interstadial 4022: 3996: 3965: 3894:, Minnesota and Wisconsin 3828: 3771:Arrowhead Provincial Park 3763: 3747: 3688: 3637: 3596: 3589: 3546:List of prehistoric lakes 3513: 3318:10.1017/S0016774600021673 3275:10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101269 2687:10.1017/s0016774600021752 1047:10.1038/s41561-018-0195-4 943:10.1038/s41561-019-0498-0 536:straight-tusked elephants 386:general circulation model 112:Skhul and Qafzeh hominins 4070:Holocene glacial retreat 3862:Glacial Lakes State Park 3801:Foothills Erratics Train 2585:Gornitz, Vivien (2013). 2548:Quaternary International 1666:Quaternary International 1346:Quaternary International 560:straight-tusked elephant 513: 482:sea surface temperatures 4110:Bølling–Allerød warming 3850:Devil's Lake State Park 3819:Ovayok Territorial Park 3508:Continental glaciations 3376:10.1126/science.1115159 3161:10.1126/science.aaz7943 2954:10.1073/pnas.1620754114 2395:10.1126/science.1120808 2278:10.1126/science.1141758 2161:Otto-Bliesner, Bette L. 1989:10.1126/science.1205749 568:narrow-nosed rhinoceros 64:Marine Isotope Stage 5e 3952:Yosemite National Park 3856:Glacial Lake Wisconsin 3795:Eskers Provincial Park 3783:Cypress Hills (Canada) 3581:Timeline of glaciation 3226:10.1126/sciadv.add8186 3061:10.1126/sciadv.abj5567 3013:10.5194/fr-19-131-2016 2828:10.1126/sciadv.adi9135 751:Timeline of glaciation 741:Marine Isotope Stage 5 564:Palaeoloxodon antiquus 548:Hippopotamus amphibius 539: 468: 443: 425:lay further west near 362:North Atlantic Current 255: 148: 106:, who were present in 39: 24: 4095:Quaternary glaciation 4030:Quaternary glaciation 3928:Mill Bluff State Park 3892:Interstate State Park 3706:Giant current ripples 3521:Cordilleran ice sheet 3458:Zagwijn, W.H., 1961. 2128:10.5194/cp-9-621-2013 1533:Nature Communications 1399:Nature Communications 681:Mammuthus primigenius 588:Megaloceros giganteus 521: 454: 442: 415:Saint Lawrence Island 348:grew as far north as 324:71.17250°N 25.79444°E 241: 137: 30: 22: 4318:in the Alpine region 4105:Wisconsin glaciation 4060:Last Glacial Maximum 3576:Post-glacial rebound 3531:Last Glacial Maximum 3526:Laurentide ice sheet 2361:Otto-Bliesner, B. L. 2190:10.1029/2011GL048280 1912:10.1029/2002JD003147 1778:10.1029/2005GL022456 1310:(C12): 26547–26557. 1275:(C12): 26397–26410. 222:was selected in the 62:. It corresponds to 46:, also known as the 4090:Pre-Illinoian Stage 4055:Last Glacial Period 3844:Coteau des Prairies 3755:Greenland ice sheet 3420:2005Geo....33..449M 3368:2006Sci...311.1747O 3362:(5768): 1747–1750. 3342:Harting, P., 1886. 3335:Harting, P., 1875. 3309:2000NJGeo..79..135B 3218:2023SciA....9D8186G 3053:2021SciA....7.5567R 2945:2017PNAS..114.3457F 2729:2024GloEB..33...34D 2679:2000NJGeo..79..269V 2637:2009PrGA..120...58S 2557:1995QuInt..29..119V 2505:2016JAfES.114..133H 2440:2018Sci...362.1339V 2377:2006Sci...311.1751O 2323:2000Natur.404..591C 2270:2007Sci...317..111W 2218:1998Sci...281...82S 2181:2011GeoRL..3814605M 2119:2013CliPa...9..621S 2106:Climate of the Past 2063:10.1038/nature08686 2055:2009Natur.462..863K 1981:2012Sci...337..216D 1903:2003JGRD..108.4563L 1849:20.500.11850/519155 1830:2021NatGe..14..937W 1770:2005GeoRL..3211703K 1679:1995QuInt..27...53H 1623:10.1038/nature03905 1615:2005Natur.436..833S 1546:2023NatCo..14.5180L 1481:2019QSRv..219..126W 1412:2018NatCo...9.2851S 1355:2021QuInt.605...38H 1196:2016QSRv..137...15B 1130:2021Natur.589..548B 1039:2018NatGe..11..627B 991:2020QSRv..23306222T 935:2020NatGe..13...77S 852:2003GPC....36..151S 800:10.1038/nature11789 792:2013Natur.493..489N 620:Capreolus capreolus 508:West Siberian Plain 320: / 270:Milankovitch cycles 259:Global temperatures 140:Bittium reticulatum 72:last glacial period 60:Last Glacial Period 52:interglacial period 4135:4.2 kiloyear event 4130:8.2 kiloyear event 4065:Mousterian Pluvial 3797:, British Columbia 3434:Spaink, G., 1958. 2551:. 29–30: 119–128. 1349:. 605–606: 38–54. 1249:on 13 August 2018. 1021:(September 2018). 683:) contracted. The 576:Merck's rhinoceros 540: 532:Merck's rhinoceros 469: 455:Last Interglacial 444: 403:Arctic Archipelago 329:71.17250; 25.79444 295:North Cape, Norway 256: 149: 100:Middle Paleolithic 40: 25: 4407: 4406: 4390:Last Interglacial 4281: 4280: 4273:Last Interglacial 4171: 4170: 4140:Piora Oscillation 4100:Sangamonian Stage 3961: 3960: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3398:Lorié, J., 1887. 3337:Le système Éemien 3123:978-0-444-53597-9 2939:(13): 3457–3462. 2738:10.1111/geb.13778 2598:978-0-231-14739-2 2250:Penkman, K. E. H. 1817:Nature Geoscience 1728:10.1111/bor.12649 1317:10.1029/97JC00164 1282:10.1029/97JC00167 1124:(7843): 548–553. 1027:Nature Geoscience 923:Nature Geoscience 786:(7433): 489–494. 719:Paleoanthropology 301:) well above the 282:remained stable. 44:Last Interglacial 4437: 4425:Paleoclimatology 4402: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4285: 4284: 4208:in North Germany 4198: 4191: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4161: 4160: 3761: 3760: 3686: 3685: 3670:Terminal moraine 3594: 3593: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3431: 3428:10.1130/G21321.1 3395: 3322: 3320: 3303:(2/3): 135–145. 3279: 3278: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3237: 3206:Science Advances 3197: 3191: 3190: 3172: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3080: 3047:(51): eabj5567. 3041:Science Advances 3032: 3026: 3025: 3015: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2974: 2956: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2906: 2888: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2847: 2822:(45): eadi9135. 2816:Science Advances 2806: 2800: 2799: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2750: 2740: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2673:(2–3): 269–281. 2658: 2649: 2648: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2388: 2371:(5768): 1751–3. 2357: 2351: 2350: 2331:10.1038/35007053 2306: 2300: 2299: 2289: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2140: 2130: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2048: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1914: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1851: 1841: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1730: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1575: 1557: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1441: 1423: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1319: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1245:. Archived from 1234: 1228: 1227: 1217: 1207: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1109: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1086: 1080: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1017: 1011: 1010: 969: 963: 962: 913: 907: 906: 894: 888: 887: 885: 884: 878: 872:. Archived from 863: 835: 826: 820: 819: 775: 766: 746:Paleoclimatology 712:Panthera spelaea 633:Panthera spelaea 510:were inundated. 335: 334: 332: 331: 330: 325: 321: 318: 317: 316: 313: 114:) as well as in 4445: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4394: 4319: 4312: 4282: 4277: 4209: 4202: 4172: 4167: 4149: 4035:Illinoian Stage 4018: 4009:Lambert Glacier 3992: 3978:Killary Harbour 3957: 3910:Lake Bonneville 3830: 3824: 3759: 3735: 3684: 3633: 3629:U-shaped valley 3619:Roche moutonnée 3585: 3551:Proglacial lake 3536:Canadian Shield 3509: 3506: 3469: 3287: 3285:Further reading 3282: 3255: 3251: 3212:(5): eadd8186. 3198: 3194: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3098: 3094: 3033: 3029: 2992: 2988: 2924: 2920: 2865: 2861: 2807: 2803: 2768: 2764: 2709: 2702: 2659: 2652: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2583: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2483: 2479: 2422: 2418: 2386:10.1.1.728.3807 2358: 2354: 2317:(6778): 591–4. 2307: 2303: 2264:(5834): 111–4. 2245: 2241: 2202: 2198: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2039:(7275): 863–7. 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1975:(6091): 216–9. 1959: 1955: 1932: 1928: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1824:(12): 937–941. 1807: 1803: 1748: 1744: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1657: 1653: 1643: 1641: 1609:(7052): 833–6. 1593: 1589: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1459: 1455: 1389: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1337: 1333: 1294: 1290: 1258: 1254: 1235: 1231: 1173: 1169: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1074: 1070: 1018: 1014: 970: 966: 914: 910: 895: 891: 882: 880: 876: 861:10.1.1.470.1677 833: 827: 823: 773: 767: 763: 759: 737: 721: 694:Bison latifrons 596:Bos primigenius 552:North Yorkshire 516: 500:Gulf of Finland 457:erosion surface 449: 328: 326: 322: 319: 314: 311: 309: 307: 306: 280: 261: 236: 177:Strait of Dover 132: 116:Southern Africa 77: 35: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4443: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4405: 4404: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4380:Haslach/Mindel 4377: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4145:Little Ice Age 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4014:Ross Ice Shelf 4011: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3973:Hardangerfjord 3969: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3898:Kelleys Island 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3846:, South Dakota 3841: 3834: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3785:, Saskatchewan 3780: 3774: 3767: 3765: 3758: 3757: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3609:Glacial striae 3606: 3600: 3598: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3467:External links 3465: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3449: 3439: 3432: 3414:(6): 449–452. 3403: 3396: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3323: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3249: 3192: 3134: 3122: 3092: 3027: 3006:(2): 131–141. 2986: 2918: 2859: 2801: 2782:(3): 224–245. 2762: 2700: 2650: 2611: 2597: 2577: 2533: 2477: 2434:(6421): 1339. 2416: 2352: 2301: 2239: 2212:(5373): 82–5. 2196: 2151: 2113:(2): 621–639. 2091: 2017: 1953: 1942:(3): 241–250. 1926: 1875: 1863: 1801: 1764:(11): L11703. 1742: 1721:(2): 243–261. 1699: 1651: 1587: 1517: 1453: 1383: 1331: 1288: 1252: 1229: 1167: 1104: 1095: 1081: 1068: 1033:(9): 627–634. 1012: 964: 908: 889: 846:(3): 151–155. 821: 760: 758: 755: 754: 753: 748: 743: 736: 733: 720: 717: 707:Panthera atrox 677:woolly mammoth 604:Cervus elaphus 515: 512: 478:sea level rise 448: 445: 427:Lubbock, Texas 378:glacial period 340:trees such as 297:(which is now 278: 266:Before Present 260: 257: 235: 232: 220:parastratotype 165:Pieter Harting 131: 128: 75: 36:concentrations 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4442: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4420:Interglacials 4418: 4417: 4415: 4401: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4317: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4207: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4164: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4125:Younger Dryas 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3922:Lake Missoula 3920: 3917: 3916:Lake Lahontan 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3886:Ice Age Trail 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3827: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3789:Eramosa River 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748:North America 3746: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3680:Veiki moraine 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3665:Rogen moraine 3663: 3661: 3660:Pulju moraine 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3650:Erratic block 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3624:Tunnel valley 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000:Fossil Record 2997: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776:Mammal Review 2773: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2748:11573/1714498 2744: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2705: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2655: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2600: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2537: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2163:(July 2011). 2162: 2155: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2095: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1897:(D18): 4563. 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1703: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1521: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1387: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1335: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1292: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1256: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1233: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1171: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1108: 1099: 1091: 1085: 1078: 1072: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1016: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 968: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 912: 904: 900: 893: 879:on 2016-03-03 875: 871: 867: 862: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 840: 832: 825: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780: 772: 765: 761: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 732: 730: 725: 716: 714: 713: 708: 704: 703:American lion 700: 699:Rancholabrean 696: 695: 690: 689:Bison priscus 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 634: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 466: 462: 458: 453: 441: 437: 434: 432: 428: 424: 423:United States 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 401: 397: 396:Baffin Island 392: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 333: 304: 303:Arctic Circle 300: 296: 291: 289: 283: 281: 276: 271: 267: 253: 249: 245: 240: 231: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 189:Mediterranean 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 146: 142: 141: 136: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 94: 90: 86: 80: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 37: 29: 21: 4389: 4375:Gunz/Haslach 4365:Biber/Danube 4272: 4075:Oldest Dryas 4045:Interstadial 4040:Interglacial 4023:Time periods 3954:, California 3948:, Washington 3689:Glacifluvial 3638:Depositional 3561:Lake Chicago 3556:Lake Agassiz 3459: 3452: 3442: 3435: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3359: 3355: 3343: 3336: 3326: 3300: 3296: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3152: 3148: 3137: 3127:, retrieved 3105: 3095: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2936: 2932: 2921: 2876: 2873:PLOS Biology 2872: 2862: 2819: 2815: 2804: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2723:(1): 34–47. 2720: 2716: 2670: 2666: 2631:(1): 58–64. 2628: 2624: 2614: 2602:. Retrieved 2587: 2580: 2570:17 September 2568:. Retrieved 2546: 2536: 2524:. Retrieved 2496: 2490: 2480: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2261: 2257: 2242: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2172: 2168: 2154: 2144:17 September 2142:. Retrieved 2110: 2104: 2094: 2084:17 September 2082:. Retrieved 2036: 2030: 2020: 2010:17 September 2008:. Retrieved 1972: 1966: 1956: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1894: 1888: 1878: 1866: 1821: 1815: 1804: 1761: 1755: 1745: 1718: 1712: 1702: 1692:17 September 1690:. Retrieved 1670: 1664: 1654: 1644:17 September 1642:. Retrieved 1606: 1600: 1590: 1537: 1531: 1520: 1510:21 September 1508:. Retrieved 1472: 1466: 1456: 1403: 1397: 1386: 1374:. Retrieved 1344: 1334: 1307: 1301: 1291: 1272: 1266: 1255: 1247:the original 1242: 1232: 1187: 1181: 1170: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1098: 1084: 1076: 1071: 1030: 1026: 1015: 982: 978: 967: 929:(1): 77–81. 926: 922: 911: 902: 892: 881:. Retrieved 874:the original 843: 837: 824: 783: 777: 764: 729:Persian Gulf 724:Neanderthals 722: 710: 706: 692: 688: 685:steppe bison 680: 674: 665: 658:Ursus arctos 657: 649: 645: 641: 631: 627: 619: 611: 603: 595: 587: 579: 571: 563: 547: 544:hippopotamus 541: 493: 486: 470: 461:Great Inagua 435: 419:Great Plains 409:in northern 393: 390: 381: 356:in northern 292: 284: 274: 262: 208:foraminifera 205: 150: 145:Index fossil 138: 108:Western Asia 97: 81: 47: 43: 41: 4430:Pleistocene 4385:Mindel/Riss 4370:Danube/Gunz 4263:Weichselian 4218:Pre-Tiglian 4085:Pleistocene 4080:Older Dryas 3942:, Wisconsin 3934:Oneida Lake 3930:, Wisconsin 3906:, Wisconsin 3888:, Wisconsin 3882:, Wisconsin 3870:, Wisconsin 3864:, Minnesota 3858:, Wisconsin 3852:, Wisconsin 3840:, Wisconsin 3726:Outwash fan 3721:Kettle hole 3614:Ribbon lake 3571:Teays River 3170:2445/207289 2499:: 133–142. 2175:(14): n/a. 1540:(1): 5180. 1475:: 126–144. 1406:(1): 2851. 666:Canis lupus 654:brown bears 638:cave hyenas 608:fallow deer 524:fallow deer 496:Scandinavia 465:The Bahamas 327: / 201:Weichselian 161:Netherlands 93:Sangamonian 4414:Categories 4316:Quaternary 4206:Quaternary 4004:Antarctica 3997:Antarctica 3983:Monte Rosa 3936:, New York 3716:Kame delta 3675:Till plain 3566:Lake Tight 3269:: 101269. 3129:2024-06-26 2879:(4): e79. 985:: 106222. 883:2014-08-07 757:References 628:Sus scrofa 315:25°47′40″E 312:71°10′21″N 212:palynology 185:Lusitanian 157:Amersfoort 130:Definition 50:, was the 4248:Cromerian 4228:Eburonian 3924:, Montana 3821:, Nunavut 3815:, Ontario 3809:, Ontario 3803:, Alberta 3791:, Ontario 3779:, Alberta 3773:, Ontario 3597:Erosional 3590:Landforms 3179:0036-8075 3069:2375-2548 3022:2193-0074 2963:0027-8424 2895:1545-7885 2836:2375-2548 2796:0305-1838 2757:1466-822X 2695:0016-7746 2604:August 9, 2526:1 January 2521:1464-343X 2456:0036-8075 2381:CiteSeerX 2046:0903.0752 2005:206534053 1921:0148-0227 1858:1752-0908 1737:0300-9483 1673:: 53–58. 1564:2041-1723 1505:200048431 1497:0277-3791 1430:2041-1723 1371:234039540 1326:0148-0227 1224:0277-3791 1190:: 15–32. 1162:231767101 1146:0028-0836 1063:135048938 1055:1752-0894 1007:216288524 959:209897368 951:1752-0894 856:CiteSeerX 624:wild boar 612:Dama dama 584:Irish elk 504:White Sea 447:Sea level 224:Amsterdam 216:type site 173:North Sea 153:boreholes 4268:Holstein 4243:Bavelian 4238:Menapian 4163:Category 3988:Svalbard 3918:, Nevada 3696:Diluvium 3392:36048003 3384:16556837 3244:36724231 3187:32217702 3155:(6485). 3087:34910514 2981:28289222 2913:18384234 2854:37948521 2845:10637746 2472:58627262 2464:30573605 2411:35153489 2403:16556838 2339:10766239 2296:17615355 2071:20016591 1997:22798610 1796:38387245 1631:16094365 1582:37620353 1573:10449873 1448:30030443 1154:33505038 903:Mashable 808:23344358 735:See also 616:roe deer 600:red deer 502:and the 407:Kuujjuaq 400:Canadian 338:Hardwood 248:Valdivia 181:Portugal 124:baseline 68:Holocene 4343:Haslach 4233:Waalian 4223:Tiglian 3966:Eurasia 3655:Moraine 3645:Drumlin 3514:General 3416:Bibcode 3408:Geology 3364:Bibcode 3356:Science 3305:Bibcode 3235:9891704 3214:Bibcode 3149:Science 3078:8673775 3049:Bibcode 2972:5380047 2941:Bibcode 2904:2276529 2725:Bibcode 2675:Bibcode 2633:Bibcode 2553:Bibcode 2501:Bibcode 2436:Bibcode 2427:Science 2373:Bibcode 2365:Science 2347:4422775 2319:Bibcode 2287:2694912 2266:Bibcode 2258:Science 2234:9651249 2214:Bibcode 2206:Science 2177:Bibcode 2115:Bibcode 2079:4313168 2051:Bibcode 1977:Bibcode 1968:Science 1936:Lethaia 1899:Bibcode 1826:Bibcode 1766:Bibcode 1675:Bibcode 1639:4328192 1611:Bibcode 1542:Bibcode 1477:Bibcode 1439:6054633 1408:Bibcode 1376:6 March 1351:Bibcode 1261:1997). 1192:Bibcode 1126:Bibcode 1035:Bibcode 987:Bibcode 931:Bibcode 848:Bibcode 816:4420908 788:Bibcode 650:spelaea 646:Crocuta 642:Crocuta 592:aurochs 566:), the 528:aurochs 489:Red Sea 421:of the 398:in the 366:Dnieper 358:Finland 234:Climate 197:Saalian 4348:Mindel 4333:Danube 4253:Elster 3912:, Utah 3900:, Ohio 3831:States 3829:United 3764:Canada 3731:Sandur 3390: 3382: 3242: 3232: 3185: 3177: 3120: 3085: 3075: 3067: 3020: 2979: 2969: 2961: 2911: 2901: 2893: 2852: 2842: 2834: 2794: 2755: 2693: 2595: 2519: 2470: 2462: 2454: 2409: 2401: 2383: 2345: 2337: 2311:Nature 2294: 2284: 2232: 2077: 2069: 2032:Nature 2003: 1995: 1919: 1873:. USGS 1856: 1794: 1735: 1714:Boreas 1637: 1629: 1602:Nature 1580: 1570: 1562: 1503: 1495: 1446: 1436: 1428: 1369: 1324: 1222: 1160: 1152: 1144: 1118:Nature 1061: 1053: 1005: 957: 949: 858: 814: 806: 779:Nature 662:wolves 660:) and 636:) and 622:) and 590:) and 431:Dallas 411:Quebec 382:et al. 299:tundra 244:Niebla 48:Eemian 4328:Biber 4258:Saale 3701:Esker 3604:Fjord 3388:S2CID 2468:S2CID 2407:S2CID 2343:S2CID 2075:S2CID 2041:arXiv 2001:S2CID 1792:S2CID 1635:S2CID 1501:S2CID 1367:S2CID 1158:S2CID 1059:S2CID 1003:S2CID 955:S2CID 877:(PDF) 834:(PDF) 812:S2CID 774:(PDF) 556:Rhine 514:Fauna 474:Dye 3 370:Volga 354:Sokli 342:hazel 252:Chile 246:near 193:tills 163:, by 85:Chile 4358:Würm 4353:Riss 4338:Gunz 3711:Kame 3380:PMID 3240:PMID 3183:PMID 3175:ISSN 3118:ISBN 3083:PMID 3065:ISSN 3018:ISSN 2977:PMID 2959:ISSN 2909:PMID 2891:ISSN 2850:PMID 2832:ISSN 2792:ISSN 2753:ISSN 2691:ISSN 2606:2021 2593:ISBN 2572:2023 2528:2024 2517:ISSN 2460:PMID 2452:ISSN 2399:PMID 2335:PMID 2292:PMID 2230:PMID 2146:2023 2086:2023 2067:PMID 2012:2023 1993:PMID 1917:ISSN 1854:ISSN 1733:ISSN 1694:2023 1646:2023 1627:PMID 1578:PMID 1560:ISSN 1512:2023 1493:ISSN 1444:PMID 1426:ISSN 1378:2024 1322:ISSN 1220:ISSN 1150:PMID 1142:ISSN 1051:ISSN 947:ISSN 804:PMID 534:and 368:and 350:Oulu 344:and 228:U/Th 89:Alps 42:The 3424:doi 3372:doi 3360:311 3313:doi 3271:doi 3230:PMC 3222:doi 3165:hdl 3157:doi 3153:367 3110:doi 3073:PMC 3057:doi 3008:doi 2967:PMC 2949:doi 2937:114 2899:PMC 2881:doi 2840:PMC 2824:doi 2784:doi 2743:hdl 2733:doi 2683:doi 2641:doi 2629:120 2561:doi 2509:doi 2497:114 2444:doi 2432:362 2391:doi 2369:311 2327:doi 2315:404 2282:PMC 2274:doi 2262:317 2222:doi 2210:281 2185:doi 2133:hdl 2123:doi 2059:doi 2037:462 1985:doi 1973:337 1944:doi 1907:doi 1895:108 1844:hdl 1834:doi 1782:hdl 1774:doi 1723:doi 1683:doi 1619:doi 1607:436 1568:PMC 1550:doi 1485:doi 1473:219 1434:PMC 1416:doi 1359:doi 1312:doi 1308:102 1277:doi 1273:102 1210:hdl 1200:doi 1188:137 1134:doi 1122:589 1043:doi 995:doi 983:233 939:doi 866:doi 796:doi 784:493 652:), 614:), 606:), 582:), 574:), 346:oak 305:at 179:to 169:Eem 4416:: 3422:. 3412:33 3410:. 3386:. 3378:. 3370:. 3358:. 3354:. 3311:. 3301:79 3299:. 3295:. 3267:62 3265:. 3261:. 3238:. 3228:. 3220:. 3208:. 3204:. 3181:. 3173:. 3163:. 3151:. 3147:. 3116:, 3104:, 3081:. 3071:. 3063:. 3055:. 3043:. 3039:. 3016:. 3004:19 3002:. 2998:. 2975:. 2965:. 2957:. 2947:. 2935:. 2931:. 2907:. 2897:. 2889:. 2875:. 2871:. 2848:. 2838:. 2830:. 2818:. 2814:. 2790:. 2780:37 2778:. 2774:. 2751:. 2741:. 2731:. 2721:33 2719:. 2715:. 2703:^ 2689:. 2681:. 2671:79 2669:. 2665:. 2653:^ 2639:. 2627:. 2623:. 2559:. 2545:. 2515:. 2507:. 2495:. 2489:. 2466:. 2458:. 2450:. 2442:. 2430:. 2405:. 2397:. 2389:. 2379:. 2367:. 2341:. 2333:. 2325:. 2313:. 2290:. 2280:. 2272:. 2260:. 2256:. 2228:. 2220:. 2208:. 2183:. 2173:38 2171:. 2167:. 2131:. 2121:. 2109:. 2103:. 2073:. 2065:. 2057:. 2049:. 2035:. 2029:. 1999:. 1991:. 1983:. 1971:. 1965:. 1940:31 1938:. 1915:. 1905:. 1893:. 1887:. 1852:. 1842:. 1832:. 1822:14 1820:. 1814:. 1790:. 1780:. 1772:. 1762:32 1760:. 1754:. 1731:. 1719:53 1717:. 1711:. 1681:. 1671:27 1669:. 1663:. 1633:. 1625:. 1617:. 1605:. 1599:. 1576:. 1566:. 1558:. 1548:. 1538:14 1536:. 1530:. 1499:. 1491:. 1483:. 1471:. 1465:. 1442:. 1432:. 1424:. 1414:. 1402:. 1396:. 1365:. 1357:. 1343:. 1320:. 1306:. 1300:. 1271:. 1265:. 1241:. 1218:. 1208:. 1198:. 1186:. 1180:. 1156:. 1148:. 1140:. 1132:. 1120:. 1116:. 1057:. 1049:. 1041:. 1031:11 1029:. 1025:. 1001:. 993:. 981:. 977:. 953:. 945:. 937:. 927:13 925:. 921:. 901:. 864:. 854:. 844:36 842:. 836:. 810:. 802:. 794:. 782:. 776:. 731:. 648:) 530:, 526:, 463:, 433:. 336:. 277:CO 250:, 159:, 32:CO 4307:e 4300:t 4293:v 4197:e 4190:t 4183:v 3501:e 3494:t 3487:v 3446:. 3430:. 3426:: 3418:: 3394:. 3374:: 3366:: 3330:. 3321:. 3315:: 3307:: 3277:. 3273:: 3246:. 3224:: 3216:: 3210:9 3189:. 3167:: 3159:: 3112:: 3089:. 3059:: 3051:: 3045:7 3024:. 3010:: 2983:. 2951:: 2943:: 2915:. 2883:: 2877:6 2856:. 2826:: 2820:9 2798:. 2786:: 2759:. 2745:: 2735:: 2727:: 2697:. 2685:: 2677:: 2647:. 2643:: 2635:: 2608:. 2574:. 2563:: 2555:: 2511:: 2503:: 2474:. 2446:: 2438:: 2413:. 2393:: 2375:: 2349:. 2329:: 2321:: 2298:. 2276:: 2268:: 2236:. 2224:: 2216:: 2193:. 2187:: 2179:: 2148:. 2135:: 2125:: 2117:: 2111:9 2088:. 2061:: 2053:: 2043:: 2014:. 1987:: 1979:: 1950:. 1946:: 1923:. 1909:: 1901:: 1860:. 1846:: 1836:: 1828:: 1798:. 1784:: 1776:: 1768:: 1739:. 1725:: 1696:. 1685:: 1677:: 1648:. 1621:: 1613:: 1584:. 1552:: 1544:: 1514:. 1487:: 1479:: 1450:. 1418:: 1410:: 1404:9 1361:: 1353:: 1328:. 1314:: 1285:. 1279:: 1226:. 1212:: 1202:: 1194:: 1164:. 1136:: 1128:: 1092:. 1065:. 1045:: 1037:: 1009:. 997:: 989:: 961:. 941:: 933:: 905:. 886:. 868:: 850:: 818:. 798:: 790:: 705:( 687:( 679:( 664:( 656:( 644:( 640:( 626:( 618:( 610:( 602:( 594:( 586:( 578:( 570:( 562:( 546:( 538:. 279:2 275:p 254:. 183:( 110:( 76:2 34:2

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.