350:
191:
202:
77:
167:
53:
179:
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are typically 'dry' and scabbed. The skin surrounding a venous ulcer may be edematous (swollen) and there may be evidence of varicose veins; the skin surrounding an arterial ulcer may be pale, cold, shiny and hairless. Both venous and arterial ulcers may be painful, however arterial ulcers tend to be more painful, especially with elevation of the leg, for example when in bed.
643:
Treatments aimed at decreasing protease activity to promote healing in chronic wounds have been suggested, however, the benefit remains uncertain. There is also lack of evidence on effectiveness on testing for elevated proteases in venous ulcers and treating them with protease modulating treatment.
596:
is not better than simple low adherent dressings. Good outcomes in ulcer treatment were shown after the application of double compression stockings, e.g. ulcer stockings. These systems contain two different stockings, one often of white colour. This one is to be put on first, is also worn overnight
591:
found that compression dressings probably reduce pain and help ulcers to heal more quickly (usually within 12 months) and may also improve quality of life. However, it is not clear whether or not compression bandages have any unwanted effects or if the potential health benefits of using compression
379:
tends to occur on lateral side of the leg and over bony prominences. A venous ulcer is typically shallow with irregular sloping edges whereas an arterial ulcer can be deep and has a 'punched out' appearance. Venous ulcers are typically 'wet' with a moderate to heavy exudate, whereas arterial ulcers
774:
The current 'best' practice in the UK is to treat the underlying venous reflux once an ulcer has healed. It is questionable as to whether endovenous treatment should be offered before ulcer healing, as current evidence would not support this approach as standard care. The EVRA (Early Venous Reflux
336:
that the classic venous stasis ulcer occurs. Venous stasis results from damage to the vein valvular system in the lower extremity and in extreme cases allows the pressure in the veins to be higher than the pressure in the arteries. This pressure results in transudation of inflammatory mediators
502:
The recommendations of dressings to treat venous ulcers vary between the countries. Antibiotics are often recommended to be used only if so advised by the physician due to emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. This is an issue on venous ulcers as they tend to heal slower than acute
655:
There is insufficient evidence to determine if cleaning wounds is beneficial or whether wound cleaning solutions (polyhexamethylene biguanide, aqueous oxygen peroxide, etc.) are better than sterile water or saline solutions to help venous leg ulcers heal. It is uncertain whether the choice of
712:
Endovenous ablation, in combination with compression, on superficial venous incompetence has been shown (high quality evidence) to improve leg ulcer healing when compared to compression alone. The use of subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery is uncertain in the healing of venous ulcer.
621:, which reduces the formation of blood clots and reduces inflammation, may improve the healing of venous ulcers when taken in conjunction with proper local wound care. Further research is necessary to determine potential adverse effects, the effectiveness, and the dosing protocol for
592:
outweigh its costs. It is not clear whether non-elastic systems are better than a multilayer elastic system. Patients should wear as much compression as is comfortable. In treating an existing ulcer, the type of dressing applied beneath the compression does not seem to matter, and
340:
Wounds of the distal lower extremities arising from causes not directly related to venous insufficiency (e.g., scratch, bite, burn, or surgical incision) may ultimately fail to heal if underlying (often undiagnosed) venous disease is not properly addressed.
779:(NIHR) to compare early versus delayed endovenous treatment of superficial venous reflux in patients with chronic venous ulceration, opened for recruitment in October 2013. The study hopes to show an increase in healing rates from 60% to 75% at 24 weeks.
362:
A clinical severity score has been developed to assess chronic venous ulcers. It is based on the CEAP (clinical, etiology, anatomy, and pathophysiology) classification system developed by an expert panel. A high score gives a poor prognosis.
632:
is being investigated as a potential treatment option for people with venous ulcers. A 2016 Cochrane systematic review concluded that further research is necessary before this treatment option can be confirmed to be safe and effective.
597:
and exerts a basic pressure of 20 mmHg or less. Also it keeps the wound dressing in place. A second stocking, often brown, sometimes black, achieves a pressure of 20–30 mmHg and is applied over the other stocking during the daytime.
614:
is a useful add on treatment to compression stockings and may also help by itself. It works by reducing platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. Gastrointestinal disturbances were reported as a potential adverse effect.
731:
aimed to determine the effectiveness of foam dressings for helping to heal venous leg ulcers. The authors concluded that is uncertain whether or not foam dressings are more effective than other dressing types and that more
559:
is used for venous leg ulcers and can decrease blood vessel diameter and pressure, which increases their effectiveness, preventing blood from flowing backwards. Compression is also used to decrease release of inflammatory
748:; one study found that up to 48% of venous ulcers had recurred by the fifth year after healing. However treatment with local anaesthetic endovenous techniques suggests a reduction of this high recurrence rate is possible.
117:, increases healing. The NICE guideline recommends that everyone with a venous leg ulcer, even if healed, should be referred to a vascular specialist for venous duplex ultrasound and assessment for endovenous surgery.
93:
as "a full-thickness defect of skin, most frequently in the ankle region, that fails to heal spontaneously and is sustained by chronic venous disease, based on venous duplex ultrasound testing." Venous ulcers are
3232:
3209:
1885:
Taylor JE, Laity PR, Hicks J, Wong SS, Norris K, Khunkamchoo P, et al. (October 2005). "Extent of iron pick-up in deforoxamine-coupled polyurethane materials for therapy of chronic wounds".
480:
The main aim of the treatment is to create such an environment that allows skin to grow across an ulcer. In the majority of cases this requires finding and treating underlying venous reflux. The
721:
It is not certain which dressings and topical agents are most effective for healing venous leg ulcers. Silver-containing dressings may increase the probability of healing for venous leg ulcers.
2795:
Thomas CA, Holdstock JM, Harrison CC, Price BA, Whiteley MS (April 2013). "Healing rates following venous surgery for chronic venous leg ulcers in an independent specialist vein unit".
786:
and funded by the Leg Ulcer
Charity looked at the psychological impact of having a leg ulcer, on the relatives and friends of the affected person, and the influence of treatment.
709:
showed an 85% success rate of healing, with no recurrence of healed ulcers at an average of 3.1 years, and a clinical improvement in 98% in a selected group of venous leg ulcers.
544:
There is uncertain evidence whether alginate dressing is effective in the healing of venous ulcer when compared to hydrocolloid dressing or plain non-adherent dressing.
178:
321:", in which ischemic tissue is never fully reperfused. Allowing blood to flow back into the limb, for example by elevating it, is necessary but also contributes to
736:
are needed to help answer this research question. However, there is some evidence that ibuprofen dressings may offer pain relief to people with venous leg ulcers.
487:
Most venous ulcers respond to patient education, elevation of foot, elastic compression, and evaluation (known as the
Bisgaard regimen). Exercise together with
313:) and further contributing to chronic wound formation. Buildup of white blood cells in small blood vessels may also plug the vessels, further contributing to
495:, whether administered intravenously or by mouth, are useful. Silver products are also not typically useful, while there is some evidence of benefit from
110:, affecting 1% of the population. Venous ulcers develop mostly along the medial distal leg, and can be painful with negative effects on quality of life.
1713:
Murandu M, Webber MA, Simms MH, Dealey C (May 2011). "Use of granulated sugar therapy in the management of sloughy or necrotic wounds: a pilot study".
190:
1444:
1024:
484:(NICE) recommends referral to a vascular service for anyone with a leg ulcer that has not healed within two weeks or anyone with a healed leg ulcer.
481:
2745:"Long term results of compression therapy alone versus compression plus surgery in chronic venous ulceration (ESCHAR): randomised controlled trial"
603:
It is not clear if interventions that are aimed to help people adhere to compression therapy are effective. More research is needed in this field.
776:
1611:
Lohi J, Sipponen A, Jokinen JJ (March 2010). "Local dressings for pressure ulcers: what is the best tool to apply in primary and second care?".
4100:
1400:
de Moraes Silva MA, Nelson A, Bell-Syer SE, Jesus-Silva SG, Miranda F (March 2024). "Compression for preventing recurrence of venous ulcers".
972:"Prescribed Exercise With Compression vs Compression Alone in Treating Patients With Venous Leg Ulcers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
686:
found that bilayer artificial skin with compression bandaging is useful in the healing of venous ulcers when compared to simple dressings.
640:
have not been proven to be effective in aiding the healing of venous ulcers, however more research is necessary to confirm these results.
250:
exists, arteries no longer have significantly higher pressure than veins, and blood is not pumped as effectively into or out of the area.
3321:
349:
3894:
600:
Intermittent pneumatic compression devices may be used, but it is not clear that they are superior to simple compression dressings.
805:"Management of venous leg ulcers: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery ® and the American Venous Forum"
1213:
Mustoe T (May 2004). "Understanding chronic wounds: a unifying hypothesis on their pathogenesis and implications for therapy".
3666:
3149:
3132:
1253:
Moreo K (2005). "Understanding and overcoming the challenges of effective case management for patients with chronic wounds".
853:
698:
found that surgery "reduces the recurrence of ulcers at four years and results in a greater proportion of ulcer free time".
3671:
3164:
529:
wounds. A study of 50 leg ulcer patients demonstrated the efficacy of a weekly treatment consisting solely of a 60% / 40%
503:
wounds for example. Natural alternatives that are suitable for the longer term use exists on the market such as honey and
2732:. Tissue repair and ulcer/wound healing: molecular mechanisms, therapeutic targets and future directions. Paris, France.
1078:
882:
Lal BK (March 2015). "Venous ulcers of the lower extremity: Definition, epidemiology, and economic and social burdens".
2000:"Prevention of recurrence of venous ulceration: randomized controlled trial of class 2 and class 3 elastic compression"
1054:
644:
There is low certainty evidence that protease modulating matrix treatment is helpful in the healing of venous ulcer.
166:
521:
or powdered sugar. A number of articles demonstrate the efficacy of sugar application in the treatment of ulcers of
3821:
3438:
3453:
3314:
3165:"Impact of Leg Ulcers on Relatives and Carers of Affected Patients - A PhD Study funded by The Leg Ulcer Charity"
46:
Venous insufficiency ulceration, stasis ulcer, stasis dermatitis, varicose ulcer, ulcus cruris, crural ulceration
1441:"Varicose veins in the legs: The diagnosis and management of varicose veins. 1.2 Referral to a vascular service"
1021:"Varicose veins in the legs: The diagnosis and management of varicose veins. 1.2 Referral to a vascular service"
337:
into the subcutaneous tissues of the lower extremity and subsequent breakdown of the tissue including the skin.
3772:
472:
Compression stockings appear to prevent the formation of new ulcers in people with a history of venous ulcers.
3584:
499:
creams. There is a lack of quality evidence regarding the use of medical grade honey for venous leg ulcers.
3889:
3809:
3514:
2538:
Westby MJ, Norman G, Dumville JC, Stubbs N, Cullum N, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (December 2016).
555:
Non-elastic, ambulatory, below knee (BK) compression counters the impact of reflux on venous pump failure.
219:
130:
2489:
Norman G, Westby MJ, Stubbs N, Dumville JC, Cullum N, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (January 2016).
3904:
3899:
3626:
3616:
733:
695:
647:
Flavonoids may be useful for treating venous ulcers but the evidence needs to be interpreted cautiously.
393:
2887:
Lin ZC, Loveland PM, Johnston RV, Bruce M, Weller CD, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (March 2019).
1923:
Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N, Connaughton E, Norman G, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (July 2021).
1359:
Eklöf B, Rutherford RB, Bergan JJ, Carpentier PH, Gloviczki P, Kistner RL, et al. (December 2004).
919:"A systematic review of qualitative research into people's experiences of living with venous leg ulcers"
4095:
4005:
3656:
3631:
3448:
3377:
3307:
388:
Leg ulcerations may result from various pathologic processes. Common causes of leg ulcerations include
17:
4030:
3973:
3621:
3574:
3424:
3387:
918:
2790:
2788:
656:
cleaning solution or method of application makes any difference to venous leg ulcer healing.
76:
4015:
3828:
3782:
3777:
3601:
3579:
3247:
2491:"A 'test and treat' strategy for elevated wound protease activity for healing in venous leg ulcers"
556:
441:
421:
223:
1749:
1440:
1020:
803:
O'Donnell TF, Passman MA, Marston WA, Ennis WJ, Dalsing M, Kistner RL, et al. (August 2014).
4070:
4052:
3534:
3529:
3493:
3463:
2785:
725:
584:. Compression is applied using elastic bandages or boots specifically designed for the purpose.
433:
306:
142:'Atrophie blanche', localised loss of skin pigmentation due to death of erythrocytes and scarring
139:
Associated oedema, due to increased hydrostatic pressure, which contributes to 'atrophie blanche'
744:
Venous ulcers are costly to treat, and there is a significant chance that they will recur after
507:. These products are considered as Medical Devices in EU and the products have to be CE marked.
201:
148:, a hardening of the skin which can lead to an "inverted champagne bottle" appearance to the leg
4042:
4025:
4020:
4010:
3851:
3787:
3429:
3330:
3287:
1787:
O'Meara S, Martyn-St James M, Adderley UJ, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (August 2015).
1511:
O'Meara S, Al-Kurdi D, Ologun Y, Ovington LG, Martyn-St James M, Richardson R (January 2014).
1295:
Stanley AC, Lounsbury KM, Corrow K, Callas PW, Zhar R, Howe AK, et al. (September 2005).
4047:
3792:
3651:
3643:
3611:
3498:
3074:
Briggs M, Nelson EA, Martyn-St James M, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (November 2012).
2440:
Westby MJ, Dumville JC, Stubbs N, Norman G, Wong JK, Cullum N, et al. (September 2018).
2194:"Interventions for helping people adhere to compression treatments for venous leg ulceration"
90:
3961:
3956:
3760:
3552:
1647:"Regulation (Eu) 2017/745 of the European Parliament and of the Council on medical devices"
1465:
van Gent WB, Wilschut ED, Wittens C (November 2010). "Management of venous ulcer disease".
783:
541:. Complementary compression therapy is used to reduce the effects of venous insufficiency.
488:
401:
318:
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145:
114:
8:
4037:
3804:
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2189:
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262:
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2165:
2130:
1925:"Compression bandages or stockings versus no compression for treating venous leg ulcers"
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1924:
1898:
1862:
1837:
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1788:
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1563:
1490:
1361:"Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement"
1125:
1098:
996:
971:
949:
706:
322:
214:
The exact cause of venous ulcers is not certain, but a common denominator is generally
3241:
2988:
Ribeiro CT, Dias FA, Fregonezi GA, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (August 2022).
2743:
Gohel MS, Barwell JR, Taylor M, Chant T, Foy C, Earnshaw JJ, et al. (July 2007).
1226:
1185:
1168:
917:
Phillips P, Lumley E, Duncan R, Aber A, Woods HB, Jones GL, et al. (March 2018).
895:
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953:
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728:
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588:
65:
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It is uncertain whether therapeutic ultrasound improve the healing of venous ulcer.
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2011:
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333:
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A venous ulcer tends to occur on the medial side of the leg, typically around the
3939:
3934:
3846:
3569:
3524:
3404:
3252:
2587:
Scallon C, Bell-Syer SE, Aziz Z, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (May 2013).
2442:"Protease activity as a prognostic factor for wound healing in venous leg ulcers"
1998:
Nelson EA, Harper DR, Prescott RJ, Gibson B, Brown D, Ruckley CV (October 2006).
1664:
Biswas A, Bharara M, Hurst C, Gruessner R, Armstrong D, Rilo H (September 2010).
671:
397:
2939:
Norman G, Westby MJ, Rithalia AD, Stubbs N, Soares MO, Dumville JC (June 2018).
2889:"Subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS) for treating venous leg ulcers"
2760:
2627:
McLain NE, Moore ZE, Avsar P, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (March 2021).
2056:
1726:
1099:"Reduced cardiac function and risk of venous thromboembolism in Asian countries"
3988:
3838:
3701:
3661:
3596:
3557:
3468:
3263:
3168:
2838:
Cai PL, Hitchman LH, Mohamed AH, Smith GE, Chetter I, Carradice D (July 2023).
1681:
1562:
Jull AB, Cullum N, Dumville JC, Westby MJ, Deshpande S, Walker N (March 2015).
611:
457:
376:
294:
152:
3222:
3218:
2808:
2342:
de
Oliveira Carvalho PE, Magolbo NG, De Aquino RF, Weller CD (February 2016).
2016:
1999:
1377:
1360:
1340:"eMedicine - Reperfusion Injury in Stroke : Article by Wayne M Clark, MD"
1339:
1313:
1296:
1115:
821:
804:
705:(endovenous laser ablation or radiofrequency), perforator closure (TRLOP) and
4089:
3856:
3519:
1773:
1064:
863:
763:
679:
417:
270:
258:
215:
107:
3683:
3226:
1646:
317:. This blockage of blood vessels by leukocytes may be responsible for the "
3997:
3724:
3414:
3357:
3109:
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3023:
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2922:
2873:
2816:
2778:
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2377:
2328:
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2227:
2174:
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1984:
1958:
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1822:
1734:
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99:
2341:
52:
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504:
453:
326:
156:
70:
3201:
3978:
3968:
3929:
3873:
3866:
3696:
1087:
Last reviewed by a
Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 05/14/2019.
752:
665:
622:
618:
492:
445:
409:
274:
2106:
2089:
2041:"Dressings for venous leg ulcers: systematic review and meta-analysis"
1478:
937:
396:
and venous stasis ulcerations. Additional causes include neutrophilic
3732:
3473:
3409:
3365:
3348:
3343:
2540:"Protease-modulating matrix treatments for healing venous leg ulcers"
565:
372:
3946:
3548:
3485:
3419:
3370:
2131:"Intermittent pneumatic compression for treating venous leg ulcers"
1297:"Pressure elevation slows the fibroblast response to wound healing"
756:
702:
577:
573:
561:
534:
526:
522:
425:
389:
314:
290:
235:
231:
227:
1786:
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and eventually may need amputation of the part of limb in future.
1836:
Cullum N, Liu Z, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (May 2017).
1510:
1044:
775:
Ablation) ulcer trial, a randomised clinical trial funded by the
745:
629:
581:
530:
184:
Healing process of a chronic venous stasis ulcer of the lower leg
1750:"Anti-infective effects of sugar-vaseline mixture on leg ulcers"
802:
3339:
3213:
1975:
Nelson EA, Cullum N, Jones J (June 2006). "Venous leg ulcers".
1358:
429:
286:
282:
95:
273:, preventing them from helping to heal the wound. Leakage of
2941:"Dressings and topical agents for treating venous leg ulcers"
569:
518:
514:
510:
246:
to pump blood forward through arteries and into veins. When
243:
2794:
1922:
1294:
678:
skin cells, is also used to cover venous ulcers and excrete
3715:
3076:"Topical agents or dressings for pain in venous leg ulcers"
3073:
1663:
751:
Without proper care, the ulcer may get infected leading to
239:
3036:
2938:
2537:
2488:
2439:
1997:
1666:"Use of sugar on the healing of diabetic ulcers: a review"
159:", a collection of small, dark, engorged superficial veins
1747:
98:
that are thought to occur due to improper functioning of
2886:
2187:
2038:
1712:
1561:
1169:"Protocol for the successful treatment of venous ulcers"
916:
762:
Some topical drugs used to treat venous ulcer may cause
2837:
2742:
1464:
2244:
Jull AB, Arroll B, Parag V, Waters J (December 2012).
2243:
3329:
3191:
2987:
2586:
2039:
Palfreyman S, Nelson EA, Michaels JA (August 2007).
1884:
1049:(Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1045:
Hugo F, Norris-Cervetto E, Warbrick-Smith J (2015).
664:
Two layers of skin created from animal sources as a
390:
inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues
2128:
1610:
1513:"Antibiotics and antiseptics for venous leg ulcers"
846:
129:Moderate pain, which improves on elevation (unlike
2678:
1748:Franceschi C, Bricchi M, Delfrate R (2017-05-10).
1166:
668:has been found to be useful in venous leg ulcers.
659:
366:
230:in veins to increase. The body needs the pressure
3150:"EVRA (Early Venous Reflux Ablation) Ulcer Trial"
1974:
1657:
1445:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
1025:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
843:
482:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
4087:
2629:"Wound cleansing for treating venous leg ulcers"
2626:
969:
2730:Dermal ulcer healing: Advances in understanding
2679:Jones JE, Nelson EA, Al-Hity A (January 2013).
2246:"Pentoxifylline for treating venous leg ulcers"
2087:
1970:
1968:
1741:
1290:
1288:
1286:
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1248:
1246:
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1204:
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1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
777:National Institute for Health and Care Research
701:Local anaesthetic endovenous surgery using the
205:Chronic venous insufficiency & Venous ulcer
3152:. Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London.
2393:"Oral zinc for arterial and venous leg ulcers"
1838:"Therapeutic ultrasound for venous leg ulcers"
877:
875:
873:
3315:
2344:"Oral aspirin for treating venous leg ulcers"
513:has long been known for its effectiveness in
491:increases healing. There is no evidence that
329:may also be the root cause of venous ulcers.
125:Signs and symptoms of venous ulcers include:
2736:
2122:
2032:
1991:
1965:
1878:
1604:
1352:
1334:
1332:
1281:
1241:
1201:
1141:
970:Jull A, Slark J, Parsons J (November 2018).
650:
424:but may also occur with medications such as
27:Skin sore sustained by a vasculatory disease
3080:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3043:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2994:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2945:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2893:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2844:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2840:"Endovenous ablation for venous leg ulcers"
2685:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2633:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2593:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2589:"Flavonoids for treating venous leg ulcers"
2544:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2495:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2446:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2397:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2348:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2299:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2295:"Sulodexide for treating venous leg ulcers"
2250:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2239:
2237:
2198:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2135:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2129:Nelson EA, Hillman A, Thomas K (May 2014).
1929:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1842:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1793:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1568:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1517:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1402:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1167:Brem H, Kirsner RS, Falanga V (July 2004).
910:
870:
285:to build up around the vessels, preventing
3895:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
3322:
3308:
2990:"Hydrogel dressings for venous leg ulcers"
2721:
2292:
1789:"Alginate dressings for venous leg ulcers"
1670:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
965:
963:
75:
51:
3147:
3127:(17th ed.). CRC Press. p. 127.
3099:
3050:
3037:O'Meara S, Martyn-St James M (May 2013).
3013:
2964:
2912:
2863:
2768:
2704:
2652:
2600:
2563:
2514:
2465:
2416:
2390:
2367:
2318:
2269:
2217:
2164:
2146:
2105:
2064:
2015:
1948:
1861:
1835:
1812:
1689:
1587:
1564:"Honey as a topical treatment for wounds"
1538:
1528:
1506:
1504:
1376:
1329:
1312:
1184:
1124:
1114:
1096:
995:
820:
564:, lower the amount of fluid leaking from
383:
60:Venous ulcer on the back of the right leg
2674:
2672:
2234:
1090:
348:
200:
3167:. The Leg Ulcer Charity. Archived from
960:
844:James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM (2006).
297:. Venous insufficiency may also cause
14:
4088:
3162:
3039:"Foam dressings for venous leg ulcers"
2727:
2622:
2620:
2293:Wu B, Lu J, Yang M, Xu T (June 2016).
1651:Official Journal of the European Union
1501:
1212:
837:
550:
537:mixture applied to the wound, without
517:treatment, notably through the use of
277:from veins as well as deficiencies in
4101:Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
3667:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
3303:
3122:
2934:
2932:
2681:"Skin grafting for venous leg ulcers"
2669:
2088:Partsch H, Mortimer P (August 2015).
1918:
1916:
1252:
305:, releasing inflammatory factors and
120:
3672:Generalized essential telangiectasia
1438:
1079:"Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)"
1047:Oxford cases in medicine and surgery
1018:
301:(leukocytes) to accumulate in small
196:Healing venous ulcer after one month
3141:
2617:
881:
106:). They are an important cause of
24:
2929:
2094:The British Journal of Dermatology
1913:
1899:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.03.015
452:); or atypical infections such as
209:
25:
4112:
3187:
896:10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2015.05.002
357:
257:may also stretch veins and allow
3822:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
189:
177:
165:
3156:
3125:Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases
3116:
3067:
3030:
2981:
2880:
2831:
2580:
2531:
2482:
2433:
2391:Wilkinson EA (September 2014).
2384:
2335:
2286:
2181:
2081:
1829:
1780:
1706:
1639:
1555:
1458:
1432:
1393:
660:Skin grafts and artificial skin
367:Distinction from arterial ulcer
3773:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
3092:10.1002/14651858.CD001177.pub3
3052:10.1002/14651858.cd009907.pub2
3006:10.1002/14651858.CD010738.pub2
2957:10.1002/14651858.CD012583.pub2
2905:10.1002/14651858.CD012164.pub2
2856:10.1002/14651858.CD009494.pub3
2728:Mustoe T (March 17–18, 2005).
2697:10.1002/14651858.CD001737.pub4
2645:10.1002/14651858.CD011675.pub2
2602:10.1002/14651858.CD006477.pub2
2556:10.1002/14651858.CD011918.pub2
2507:10.1002/14651858.CD011753.pub2
2458:10.1002/14651858.CD012841.pub2
2409:10.1002/14651858.CD001273.pub3
2360:10.1002/14651858.CD009432.pub2
2311:10.1002/14651858.CD010694.pub2
2262:10.1002/14651858.CD001733.pub3
2210:10.1002/14651858.CD008378.pub3
2157:10.1002/14651858.CD001899.pub4
1941:10.1002/14651858.CD013397.pub2
1854:10.1002/14651858.CD001180.pub4
1805:10.1002/14651858.CD010182.pub3
1580:10.1002/14651858.CD005083.pub4
1530:10.1002/14651858.CD003557.pub5
1414:10.1002/14651858.CD002303.pub4
1071:
1038:
1012:
988:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.3281
796:
606:
450:diabetic peripheral neuropathy
13:
1:
3585:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
3439:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
1625:10.12968/jowc.2010.19.3.47282
1267:10.1016/j.casemgr.2005.01.014
1227:10.1016/S0002-9610(03)00306-4
1186:10.1016/S0002-9610(03)00284-8
789:
467:
375:in the 'gaiter area' whereas
102:, usually of the legs (hence
3890:Chronic venous insufficiency
3515:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
2192:, Johnston RV (March 2016).
2090:"Compression for leg wounds"
1097:Zhu R, Hu Y, Tang L (2017).
884:Seminars in Vascular Surgery
739:
734:randomized controlled trials
716:
576:by decreasing activation of
475:
344:
220:chronic venous insufficiency
133:which worsen with elevation)
7:
3905:Inferior vena cava syndrome
3900:Superior vena cava syndrome
3627:Vertebral artery dissection
3617:Intracranial berry aneurysm
2761:10.1136/bmj.39216.542442.BE
2057:10.1136/bmj.39248.634977.AE
2004:Journal of Vascular Surgery
1727:10.12968/jowc.2011.20.5.206
1721:(5): 206, 208, 210 passim.
1365:Journal of Vascular Surgery
1301:Journal of Vascular Surgery
1215:American Journal of Surgery
1173:American Journal of Surgery
926:Journal of Advanced Nursing
809:Journal of Vascular Surgery
769:
696:randomized controlled trial
420:(often seen in people with
394:peripheral arterial disease
226:. Venous stasis causes the
172:Venous ulcer before surgery
10:
4117:
4006:Hypertensive heart disease
3657:Arteriovenous malformation
3632:Familial aortic dissection
1682:10.1177/193229681000400512
689:
4061:
4031:Renovascular hypertension
3996:
3987:
3974:Hepatic artery thrombosis
3922:
3882:
3837:
3741:
3723:
3714:
3682:
3642:
3622:Carotid artery dissection
3575:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
3547:
3507:
3484:
3425:Intermittent claudication
3395:
3388:Peripheral artery disease
3386:
3356:
3338:
3273:
3195:
2809:10.1258/phleb.2012.011097
2017:10.1016/j.jvs.2006.05.051
1378:10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09.027
1314:10.1016/j.jvs.2005.04.047
1116:10.1186/s12959-017-0135-3
822:10.1016/j.jvs.2014.04.049
651:Wound Cleansing Solutions
353:Venous ulcer (45 x 30 mm)
218:, which may be caused by
64:
59:
50:
42:
37:
4016:Hypertensive nephropathy
3829:Post-thrombotic syndrome
3810:Paget–Schroetter disease
3602:Coronary artery aneurysm
3580:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
442:myelodysplastic syndrome
422:end-stage kidney disease
224:congestive heart failure
136:Irregular, sloping edges
113:Exercise, together with
4071:Orthostatic hypotension
4053:White coat hypertension
3530:Fibromuscular dysplasia
3494:Carotid artery stenosis
3163:Tollow P (April 2014).
674:, made of collagen and
580:and increasing that of
434:squamous cell carcinoma
307:reactive oxygen species
151:Associated superficial
4043:Pulmonary hypertension
4026:Secondary hypertension
4021:Essential hypertension
4011:Hypertensive emergency
3852:Portacaval anastomosis
3788:Portal vein thrombosis
3430:Critical limb ischemia
3331:Cardiovascular disease
3123:Marks R (2003-04-30).
1439:NICE (July 23, 2013).
1019:NICE (July 23, 2013).
568:and therefore prevent
384:Differential diagnosis
354:
206:
4048:Systolic hypertension
3793:Renal vein thrombosis
3652:Arteriovenous fistula
3644:Vascular malformation
3612:Intracranial aneurysm
3499:Renal artery stenosis
3148:Davies A, Heatley F.
1715:Journal of Wound Care
1613:Journal of Wound Care
848:. Saunders Elsevier.
682:to help them heal. A
352:
204:
115:compression stockings
91:American Venous Forum
3962:Paradoxical embolism
3957:Cholesterol embolism
3783:May–Thurner syndrome
3778:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3761:Deep vein thrombosis
3756:primarily lower limb
3535:Raynaud's phenomenon
1766:10.4081/vl.2017.6652
1754:Veins and Lymphatics
784:University of Surrey
489:compression stocking
410:vasculitic processes
402:pyoderma gangrenosum
319:no reflow phenomenon
269:(ECM) molecules and
267:extracellular matrix
146:Lipodermatosclerosis
4038:Benign hypertension
815:(2 Suppl): 3S–59S.
557:Compression therapy
551:Compression therapy
525:origin, as well as
263:extravascular space
248:venous hypertension
3952:Pulmonary embolism
3862:Esophageal varices
3800:upper limb / torso
3444:Arteriolosclerosis
3274:External resources
3171:on August 26, 2014
1103:Thrombosis Journal
782:Research from the
707:foam sclerotherapy
355:
323:reperfusion injury
207:
121:Signs and symptoms
89:is defined by the
4096:Vascular diseases
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
3923:Arteries or veins
3918:
3917:
3743:Venous thrombosis
3710:
3709:
3692:Cherry hemangioma
3592:Aortic dissection
3543:
3542:
3378:Buerger's disease
3297:
3296:
3134:978-0-340-76232-5
2107:10.1111/bjd.13851
1979:(15): 2607–2626.
1977:Clinical Evidence
1893:(30): 6024–6033.
1479:10.1136/bmj.c6045
1179:(1A Suppl): 1–8.
982:(11): 1304–1311.
938:10.1111/jan.13465
855:978-0-7216-2921-6
729:systematic review
684:systematic review
589:systematic review
299:white blood cells
261:to leak into the
242:in order for the
84:
83:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4108:
3994:
3993:
3805:Mondor's disease
3748:Thrombophlebitis
3721:
3720:
3397:Arteriosclerosis
3393:
3392:
3354:
3353:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3193:
3192:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3086:(11): CD001177.
3071:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3017:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2256:(12): CD001733.
2241:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2150:
2148:quant-ph/0403227
2126:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1676:(5): 1139–1145.
1661:
1655:
1654:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1420: 10919450.
1397:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1371:(6): 1248–1252.
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1255:The Case Manager
1250:
1239:
1238:
1210:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1164:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1083:Cleveland Clinic
1075:
1069:
1068:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1016:
1010:
1009:
999:
976:JAMA Dermatology
967:
958:
957:
923:
914:
908:
907:
879:
868:
867:
841:
835:
834:
824:
800:
638:zinc supplements
628:An oral dose of
497:cadexomer iodine
438:Marjolin's ulcer
414:cryoglobulinemia
406:Sweet's syndrome
373:medial malleolus
193:
181:
169:
80:
79:
55:
35:
34:
21:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4075:
4057:
3983:
3940:Microangiopathy
3935:Macroangiopathy
3914:
3878:
3847:Gastric varices
3833:
3746:
3737:
3706:
3678:
3638:
3570:Aortic aneurysm
3556:
3539:
3525:Erythromelalgia
3503:
3480:
3405:Atherosclerosis
3382:
3346:
3334:
3328:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3269:
3268:
3204:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3161:
3157:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3121:
3117:
3072:
3068:
3045:(5): CD009907.
3035:
3031:
3000:(8): CD010738.
2986:
2982:
2951:(6): CD012583.
2937:
2930:
2899:(3): CD012164.
2885:
2881:
2850:(7): CD009494.
2836:
2832:
2793:
2786:
2741:
2737:
2726:
2722:
2691:(1): CD001737.
2677:
2670:
2639:(3): CD011675.
2625:
2618:
2595:(5): CD006477.
2585:
2581:
2550:(4): CD011918.
2536:
2532:
2501:(1): CD011753.
2487:
2483:
2452:(9): CD012841.
2438:
2434:
2403:(9): CD001273.
2389:
2385:
2354:(2): CD009432.
2340:
2336:
2305:(6): CD010694.
2291:
2287:
2242:
2235:
2204:(3): CD008378.
2186:
2182:
2141:(5): CD001899.
2127:
2123:
2086:
2082:
2037:
2033:
1996:
1992:
1973:
1966:
1935:(7): CD013397.
1921:
1914:
1883:
1879:
1848:(5): CD001180.
1834:
1830:
1799:(8): CD010182.
1785:
1781:
1746:
1742:
1711:
1707:
1662:
1658:
1653:. 5 April 2017.
1645:
1644:
1640:
1609:
1605:
1574:(3): CD005083.
1560:
1556:
1523:(1): CD003557.
1509:
1502:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1437:
1433:
1408:(3): CD002303.
1398:
1394:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1293:
1282:
1261:(2): 62–3, 67.
1251:
1242:
1221:(5A): 65S–70S.
1211:
1202:
1165:
1142:
1095:
1091:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1057:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1017:
1013:
968:
961:
921:
915:
911:
880:
871:
856:
842:
838:
801:
797:
792:
772:
742:
719:
692:
672:Artificial skin
662:
653:
609:
553:
478:
470:
398:skin conditions
386:
369:
360:
347:
281:may also cause
212:
210:Pathophysiology
197:
194:
185:
182:
173:
170:
131:arterial ulcers
123:
74:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4114:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3989:Blood pressure
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3839:Varicose veins
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3752:
3750:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3702:Spider angioma
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3684:Vascular nevus
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3662:Telangiectasia
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3604:
3599:
3597:Aortic rupture
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3562:
3560:
3558:pseudoaneurysm
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3469:Oxycholesterol
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3255:
3244:
3229:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:Classification
3189:
3188:External links
3186:
3183:
3182:
3155:
3140:
3133:
3115:
3066:
3029:
2980:
2928:
2879:
2830:
2803:(3): 132–139.
2784:
2735:
2720:
2668:
2616:
2579:
2530:
2481:
2432:
2383:
2334:
2285:
2233:
2180:
2121:
2100:(2): 359–369.
2080:
2031:
2010:(4): 803–808.
1990:
1964:
1912:
1877:
1828:
1779:
1740:
1705:
1656:
1638:
1619:(3): 123–127.
1603:
1554:
1500:
1457:
1431:
1392:
1351:
1328:
1307:(3): 546–551.
1280:
1240:
1200:
1140:
1089:
1070:
1056:978-0198716228
1055:
1037:
1011:
959:
932:(3): 550–563.
909:
869:
854:
836:
794:
793:
791:
788:
771:
768:
741:
738:
718:
715:
703:thermoablation
691:
688:
680:growth factors
661:
658:
652:
649:
612:Pentoxifylline
608:
605:
572:, and prevent
552:
549:
477:
474:
469:
466:
458:sporotrichosis
385:
382:
377:arterial ulcer
368:
365:
359:
358:Classification
356:
346:
343:
293:from reaching
271:growth factors
259:blood proteins
211:
208:
199:
198:
195:
188:
186:
183:
176:
174:
171:
164:
161:
160:
153:varicose veins
149:
143:
140:
137:
134:
122:
119:
108:chronic wounds
82:
81:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4113:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Caput medusae
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Degos disease
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:(7613): 244.
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
964:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
913:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
876:
874:
865:
861:
857:
851:
847:
840:
832:
828:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
795:
787:
785:
780:
778:
767:
765:
764:venous eczema
760:
758:
754:
749:
747:
737:
735:
730:
727:
722:
714:
710:
708:
704:
699:
697:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
667:
657:
648:
645:
641:
639:
634:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
613:
604:
601:
598:
595:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
548:
545:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
506:
500:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
473:
465:
463:
462:mycobacterial
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:calciphylaxis
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
381:
378:
374:
364:
351:
342:
338:
335:
332:It is in the
330:
328:
327:comorbidities
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:free radicals
308:
304:
303:blood vessels
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:venous stasis
203:
192:
187:
180:
175:
168:
163:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
128:
127:
126:
118:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
100:venous valves
97:
92:
88:
78:
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3998:Hypertension
3910:Venous ulcer
3909:
3816:
3799:
3767:
3755:
3725:Inflammation
3606:
3565:
3454:Hyperplastic
3415:Fatty streak
3358:Inflammation
3281:
3257:
3246:
3231:
3208:
3173:. Retrieved
3169:the original
3158:
3143:
3124:
3118:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3042:
3032:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2948:
2944:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2800:
2796:
2755:(7610): 83.
2752:
2748:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2688:
2684:
2636:
2632:
2592:
2582:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2253:
2249:
2201:
2197:
2190:Buchbinder R
2183:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1976:
1932:
1928:
1890:
1887:Biomaterials
1886:
1880:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1520:
1516:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1434:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1343:. Retrieved
1304:
1300:
1258:
1254:
1218:
1214:
1176:
1172:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1082:
1073:
1046:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1014:
979:
975:
929:
925:
912:
887:
883:
845:
839:
812:
808:
798:
781:
773:
761:
750:
743:
723:
720:
711:
700:
693:
670:
663:
654:
646:
642:
635:
627:
617:
610:
602:
599:
594:hydrocolloid
586:
554:
546:
543:
509:
501:
486:
479:
471:
464:infections.
387:
370:
361:
339:
331:
279:fibrinolysis
265:, isolating
255:hypertension
252:
213:
124:
112:
103:
87:Venous ulcer
86:
85:
38:Venous ulcer
29:
4063:Hypotension
3607:head / neck
3459:Cholesterol
3349:capillaries
3283:MedlinePlus
2188:Weller CD,
625:treatment.
607:Medications
566:capillaries
539:debridement
505:resin salve
493:antibiotics
454:nocardiosis
392:as seen in
157:ankle flare
71:Dermatology
43:Other names
4090:Categories
3979:Vasculitis
3969:Thrombosis
3930:Angiopathy
3874:Varicocele
3867:Hemorrhoid
3697:Halo nevus
3553:dissection
3344:arterioles
3259:DiseasesDB
3175:August 25,
2797:Phlebology
1450:August 25,
1345:2007-08-05
890:(1): 3–5.
790:References
753:cellulitis
666:skin graft
623:sulodexide
619:Sulodexide
468:Prevention
446:neuropathy
275:fibrinogen
104:leg ulcers
18:Leg ulcers
3733:Phlebitis
3474:Trans fat
3410:Foam cell
3366:Arteritis
3333:(vessels)
1774:2279-7483
1473:: c6045.
1109:(1): 12.
1065:923846134
954:206018724
864:968428064
740:Prognosis
717:Dressings
562:cytokines
476:Treatment
345:Diagnosis
325:. Other
291:nutrients
222:, and/or
66:Specialty
3947:Embolism
3549:Aneurysm
3486:Stenosis
3420:Atheroma
3371:Aortitis
3340:Arteries
3110:23152206
3061:23728697
3024:35930364
2975:29906322
2923:30827037
2874:37497816
2865:10373122
2817:22833505
2779:17545185
2715:23440784
2663:33734426
2611:23728661
2574:27977053
2525:26771894
2476:30171767
2427:25202988
2378:26889740
2329:27251175
2280:23235582
2228:26932818
2175:24820100
2166:10788769
2116:26094638
2075:17631512
2026:17012004
1985:16973096
1959:34308565
1907:15885771
1872:28504325
1823:26286189
1735:21647066
1700:20920433
1633:20559190
1598:25742878
1549:24408354
1540:10580125
1487:21075818
1426:38451842
1387:15622385
1323:16171604
1275:15818347
1235:15147994
1195:15223495
1135:28450810
1030:June 15,
1006:30285080
946:28960514
904:26358303
831:24974070
770:Research
757:gangrene
726:Cochrane
676:cultured
578:thrombin
574:clotting
570:swelling
535:vaseline
527:necrotic
523:diabetic
432:such as
426:warfarin
412:such as
400:such as
315:ischemia
236:arteries
234:between
232:gradient
228:pressure
3768:abdomen
3449:Hyaline
3253:D014647
3101:7054838
3015:9354941
2966:6513558
2914:6397791
2825:9186619
2770:1914523
2706:7061325
2654:8092712
2565:6463954
2516:8627254
2467:6513613
2418:6486207
2369:8627253
2320:9308373
2271:7061323
2219:6823259
2066:1939774
1950:8407020
1863:6481488
1814:7087437
1691:2956799
1589:9719456
1495:5218584
1126:5404284
997:6248128
746:healing
724:A 2013
690:Surgery
630:aspirin
587:A 2021
582:plasmin
531:glucose
448:(e.g.,
430:cancers
253:Venous
3288:000834
3131:
3108:
3098:
3059:
3022:
3012:
2973:
2963:
2921:
2911:
2872:
2862:
2823:
2815:
2777:
2767:
2713:
2703:
2661:
2651:
2609:
2572:
2562:
2523:
2513:
2474:
2464:
2425:
2415:
2376:
2366:
2327:
2317:
2278:
2268:
2226:
2216:
2173:
2163:
2114:
2073:
2063:
2024:
1983:
1957:
1947:
1905:
1870:
1860:
1821:
1811:
1772:
1733:
1698:
1688:
1631:
1596:
1586:
1547:
1537:
1493:
1485:
1424:
1385:
1321:
1273:
1233:
1193:
1133:
1123:
1063:
1053:
1004:
994:
952:
944:
902:
862:
852:
829:
309:(ROS,
287:oxygen
283:fibrin
96:wounds
73:
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