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lost consciousness but was awake to receive the sacraments at 9:00pm before experiencing yet another restless night, marveling, "God's will be done. Who would have believed it when only ten days ago I was presiding over a public consistory?" Leo XIII only slept three hours but severe pain saw him immediately awaken, complaining of pain on both sides of the thorax that forced doctors to move his frail form for better comfort. His situation had previously been critical that afternoon when he was given the Last Rites, while his doctors apprised him of his sudden deterioration. On 7 July, the feeble pope asked that the shutters of his window be opened, saying "I wish to see once more, perhaps for the last time, the rays of the sun". In the nights following, the pope suffered from several coughing fits, perspiring heavily due to his rising fever. The pope felt slightly better enough on 10 July to receive a group of
Hungarian pilgrims; however, the pope was exhausted and collapsed after the meeting.
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1192:, which required him to reside in Rome. Reportedly, Pius IX is alleged to have said to Pecci: "Monsignor, I have decided to summon you to the Senate of the Church. I feel sure this will be the first act of my pontificate that you will not feel called upon to criticize". These comments were reported to have been said due to the stories that Pecci and Pius IX had a mutual animosity for each other and disagreed with each other in terms of policy; however, this purported animosity has never been proven. It was further alleged that by this stage Pecci desired a change of scenery from Perugia and hoped for either the
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4422:. Various dates are given. A common account says that on the morning of 13 October 1884, Leo XIII celebrated Mass but as he finished, he turned to step down the stairs and allegedly collapsed, falling into what was originally thought to be a coma, but was rather a mystical ecstasy. As the priests and cardinals rushed to his side, Leo XIII rose and visibly shaken, brushed off his aides and rushed back towards his apartment where he immediately wrote the Prayer to Saint
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2082:, he urged French Catholics to "rally" to the republic. Leo's decision upset many French monarchists, who felt they were being forced to betray their king for their faith. Ultimately, this move split the French Church politically and decreased its influence in France. Leo's move also failed to prevent the Concordant's eventual repealment, as it was later abrogated by the
2545:("Eternal Father"), which, more than any other single document, provided a charter for the revival of Thomism, the medieval theological system based on the thought of Aquinas – as the official philosophical and theological system of the Catholic Church. It was to be normative not only in the training of priests but also in the education of the laity at universities.
2118:, to the cardinalate. He had to defend the freedom of the church against what Catholics considered Italian persecution and discrimination in the area of education, expropriation and violation of Catholic Churches, legal measures against the church and acts of terrorism such as anticlerical groups attempting to throw the corpse of Pope Pius IX into the
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previously tended to him in 1899 when he suffered a previous serious illness. When the doctor was immediately summoned to the pope's bedside, he determined that the castor oil had disturbed his stomach and exacerbated his condition. The pope's nephews were immediately notified of their uncle's illness, as were
Cardinals
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to succeed him, and while many of the cardinals created by the late pope intended to vote for Bilio to honor the man that elevated them in the first place, they feared that voting for an ultra-conservative could potentially evoke a veto from one of the
European powers and stall the election more than
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succeeded him in the next conclave. When doctors ordered him to rest, so as not to further aggravate his declining health, Leo XIII said: "If it were only of any use, but I do not believe it would be. The brief remainder of my life must be given to God's Church, not to my own poor comfort". The pope
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both in 1879 was also noteworthy due to their roles in the short-lived
Council. It was even alleged that Félix Antoine Philibert Dupanloup, a vocal opponent of papal infallibility like Newman, would have been elevated to the cardinalate in 1879 had he not died in October 1878. Additionally, in 1884,
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in Europe, specifically Italy; divisions in the church and the status of the First
Vatican Council. It was also debated that the conclave be moved elsewhere, but Pecci decided otherwise in his capacity as the camerlengo. On 18 February 1878, the conclave assembled in Rome. Cardinal Pecci was elected
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structures, which were often allied with aristocratic families. Pecci arrested the most powerful aristocrat in
Benevento and his troops captured others, who were either killed or imprisoned by him. With public order restored, he turned to the economy and a reform of the tax system to stimulate trade
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affected the upper and middle lobes of the right lung, while Leo XIII suffered from considerable cardiac weakness and difficulties in breathing, while reporting the absence of any fever or coughing fits. That same day, after having received the sacraments, the pope said, "I am now near my end. I do
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In 1934, a German writer, Fr. Bers, tried to trace the origin of the story and declared that, though the story was widespread, nowhere could he find a trace of proof. Sources close to the institution of the prayer in 1886, including an account of a conversation with Leo XIII about his decision, say
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Leo XIII brought normality back to the
Catholic Church after the tumultuous years of Pius IX. Leo's intellectual and diplomatic skills helped regain much of the prestige lost with the fall of the Papal States. He tried to reconcile the church with the working class, particularly by dealing with the
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During the conclave, he secured his election on the third scrutiny with 44 out of 61 votes, more than the requisite two-thirds majority. While the 1878 conclave was characterized by fewer political influences than in previous conclaves due to a variety of
European political crises, it was generally
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which had been troubling him for almost thirty years and which had never been previously removed. The only reason it had never been of any particular concern was due to incisions designed for pain relief. While Leo XIII strongly rejected the notion of surgery at first, he was persuaded by
Cardinal
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Towards the end of his life, Leo XIII resorted to using a gold-headed cane when going on walks, as he often found it difficult to do so. While Leo XIII was certainly able to walk without it, he only did so if he felt truly comfortable in doing so. When there were ever rumors about his health, Leo
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Leo XIII deteriorated further until he died at 3:55 pm on 20 July 1903, whispering a final blessing before he died. However, Vatican officials gave the time of his death as 4:04 pm when officials officially confirmed that the pope had died. Officially, Leo XIII had died of pneumonia, followed by
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On 6 July 1903, he was administered an injection to ease the pain that he was experiencing, while it was reported that the pneumonia he had contracted was starting to spread to the left lung. The pope, who had an imperceptible pulse, had a restless night and was given oxygen by his doctors. When
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as a cardinal at the next consistory, but Panici died before the nomination could take place in 1903. Allegedly, before deciding to name him, Leo XIII asked his brother
Diomede to renounce his claim to the red hat, but when Agapito died in 1902, the pope informed Diomede that he would ignore his
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due to his admiration for the late pope's interest in education and his conciliatory attitude toward foreign governments. When asked what name he would take, the new pope responded: "As Leo XIII, in remembrance of Leo XII, whom I have always venerated". His election was formally announced to the
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authorities expropriated convents and monasteries of Catholic orders, turning them into administration or military buildings, Pecci protested but acted moderately. When the Italian state took over Catholic schools, Pecci, fearing for his theological seminary, simply added all secular topics from
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With the elevation of Newman in 1879, it was widely praised throughout the English-speaking world, not simply on the account of Newman's virtues and reputation, but on the basis that Leo XIII had a broader episcopal vision in mind than Pius IX ever did. His similar appointments of two prominent
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on 3 July 1903; however, his condition rapidly deteriorated to the point that he had contracted pneumonia. That night, he immediately went to bed and lost consciousness. Originally, the pope refused his doctor's desire to secure a second opinion from a colleague, insisting on a doctor who had
4598:(700–795), who died at the age of 95. However, although there is some contemporary documentation attesting to their ages, there is not sufficient evidence for them to be verified with complete certainty; this is due to the poor record keeping typical of the era in which they lived in.
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and maintaining the rights and dignities of the human person. Leo XIII issued a record of eleven papal encyclicals on the rosary, earning him the title of the "Rosary Pope". In addition, he approved two new Marian scapulars. He was the first pope never to have held any control over the
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is reported to have said, "In the successor of Pius IX recognize a depth of thought, a tenderness of heart, a winning simplicity, and a power answering to the name of Leo, which prevent me from lamenting that Pius is no longer here". In the conclave, Pecci was perceived as the main
2632:, Portugal, asking him to consecrate the entire world to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, he commissioned a group of theologians to examine the petition on the basis of revelation and sacred tradition. The outcome of this investigation was positive and so in the encyclical letter
1116:. Pope Gregory XVI originally intended to name him as a cardinal; however, his death in 1846 put pause to that idea while the events that characterized the beginning of the papacy of Pius IX further postponed the idea of Pecci's elevation. By the time that Gregory XVI died,
888:, where Pecci investigated several incidents. When it was claimed that a bakery was selling bread below the prescribed pound weight, he personally went there, had all bread weighed and confiscated it if below legal weight. The confiscated bread was distributed to the poor.
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Leo XIII was the first pope to be born in the 19th century and was also the first to die in the 20th century, living to the age of 93. He is the oldest verified pope to have served in the office, and the second-oldest verified person to have been pope, surpassed only by
2053:
discussed the "friendly, trustful relationship that existed between me and Pope Leo XIII." During Wilhelm's third visit to Leo: "It was of interest to me that the Pope said on this occasion that Germany must be the sword of the Catholic Church. I remarked that the old
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that it was necessary to ensure his good health. Before the pope was taken for surgery, he asked that his chaplain celebrate Mass in his private chapel while the operation was taking place. Reportedly, the cyst removed "was the size of an ordinary-sized orange."
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and asked his Cardinal Secretary of State Lambruschini to consecrate him. Pecci developed excellent relations with the royal family and used the location to visit neighboring Germany, where he was particularly interested in the architectural completion of the
4673:, and blessed the camera while being filmed. The video contains three segments: the pope on a throne, the pope arriving in a horse-drawn carriage, the pope taking a seat on a bench. Born in 1810, he is also the earliest-born known person to appear in a film.
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other schools and opened the seminary to non-theologians. The new government also levied taxes on the Catholic Church and issued legislation according to which all episcopal or papal utterances were to be approved by the government before their publication.
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American newspapers criticized Pope Leo because they claimed that he was attempting to gain control of American public schools. One cartoonist drew Leo as a fox unable to reach grapes that were labeled for American schools; the caption read "Sour grapes!"
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Of the 147 cardinals he elevated, 85 were Italian since Leo XIII nominated cardinals from beyond Europe, including the first cardinals from Australia, Canada, Slovenia, and Armenia, the latter of which would be the first Oriental selection since 1439.
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and all clerical involvement in it as well as boycotting, followed in June by the papal encyclical "Saepe Nos" that was addressed to all the Irish bishops. Of outstanding significance, not least for the English-speaking world, was Leo's encyclical
4426:. Leo XIII reportedly saw a vision of demons being released from Hell, and as the vision ended, he saw Saint Michael charge in and drive them all back into Hell. Leo XIII mandated that the prayer be said after every Mass from that point forth.
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and Giovanni Battista Pecci. Until 1818, he lived at home with his family "in which religion counted as the highest grace on earth, as through her, salvation can be earned for all eternity." Together with Giuseppe, he studied in the
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In Belgium, the school question was sharply debated between the Catholic majority and the liberal minority. Pecci encouraged the struggle for Catholic schools, but he was able to win the good will of the Court not only of the pious
1132:. It is not true that Pius IX deliberately sent him to Perugia as a way of exiling him from Rome simply because Pecci's views were perceived to be liberalistic and conciliatory, as opposed to the conservatism of the papal court.
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presented theological challenges in consecrating non-Christians. Since about 1850, various congregations and countries had consecrated themselves to the Sacred Heart, a practice common at the time throughout the Catholic world.
1854:"so that everyone might see clearly that the Church and her Pastors are not opposed to true and solid science, whether human or divine, but that they embrace it, encourage it, and promote it with the fullest possible devotion."
4057:(later beatified) to the cardinalate; however, he was unable to do so because the French government did not favor a cardinal from a religious order to seek its best interests as a Curial member. In 1901, he planned to name
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in Germany represented Catholic interests and was a force for social change. It was encouraged by Leo's support for social welfare legislation and the rights of working people. Leo's forward-looking approach encouraged
1993:. Relations improved further when Pope Leo XIII, because of Italian considerations, distanced the Vatican from the Rome-Vienna-Berlin alliance, and helped to facilitate a rapprochement between Paris and St. Petersburg.
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believed that the long papacy of the conservative Pius IX led many of the cardinals to vote for Pecci because his age and health created the expectation that his papacy would be somewhat brief. Following the conclave,
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social changes that were sweeping Europe. The new economic order had resulted in the growth of an impoverished working class who had increasing anticlerical and socialist sympathies. Leo helped reverse that trend.
1873:
Although Leo XIII was no radical in either theology or politics, his papacy moved the Catholic Church back to the mainstream of European life. Considered a great diplomat, he managed to improve relations with
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from 20 February 1878 until his death in July 1903. Living until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, whose age can be validated, holding office and had the fourth-longest reign of any pope, behind those of
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granted unlimited freedom for the press in the Papal States, Pecci, who had been highly popular in the first years of his episcopate, became the object of attacks in the media and at his residence. In 1848,
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In 1824, he and Giuseppe were called to Rome, where their mother was dying. Count Pecci wanted his children near him after the loss of his wife and so they stayed with him in Rome and attended the Jesuit
1887:
4415:. Even though she was strictly forbidden to speak to him because she was told that it would prolong the audience too much, she addressed him and obatained his permission to enter the noviciate early.
670:
in the 8th century. Similarly, many of his policies were oriented towards mitigating the loss of the Papal States in an attempt to overcome the loss of temporal power, but nonetheless continuing the
1044:, a noted Thomist scholar, to resign his professorship in Rome and to teach in Perugia instead. His own residence was next to the seminary, which facilitated his daily contacts with the students.
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and later was barely able to recite the profession of faith. That same day, he experienced a loss of appetite and suffered from shortness of breath. On 5 July, the doctor said reported that the
2768:. While allowing the title "Mediatrix", recent popes, following on the Second Vatican Council, have warned away from the term "co-redemptrix" as derogating from the one mediator, Jesus Christ.
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because he promulgated Marian devotion. In his encyclical on the 50th anniversary of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception, he stresses Mary's role in the redemption of humanity and calls her
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3946:(it was based purely on recommendation and merit), in the same consistory. In 1893, he elevated Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto to the cardinalate, who would go on to be his immediate successor,
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were also considered as potential candidates. But some cardinals who opposed Pecci, and were alarmed at the rising votes he was securing, banded together to cast their ballots for Cardinal
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given the oxygen, Leo XIII replied, "That is much better. Before I felt as though I had lost my liberty". That morning, he intimated to those with him that he would prefer it if Cardinal
1141:" by Gregory XVI in the consistory of 19 January 1846, with the pope's death just over four months later invalidating the appointment since his name was never actually revealed publicly.
3900:, for the first time, addressed social inequality and social justice issues with papal authority by focusing on the rights and duties of capital and labour. He was greatly influenced by
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in June 1899. In June 1896, Leo XIII named two other cardinals in pectore, announcing in March 1898 that both had died, hence, vacating the red hats he would have bestowed upon them.
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In March 1899, it had been believed that the pope was gravely ill and that he was nearing death. Originally, it was presumed that the pope was suffering from a violent case of
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previous missive asking him to renounce his claim to the red hat, a position that Diomede was never then given. According to witnesses, Leo XIII failed three times to invite
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Pope Leo XIII urged "Filii tui India, administri tibi salutis" (Your own sons, O India, will be the heralds of your salvation) and founded the national seminary, called
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to help himself recuperate, shrugging off concerns about his health. While it seemed to work, and the pope resumed his duties with a renewed vigor, it was not to last.
1342:, and Franchi (proposed by Pecci's opponents) all agreed on supporting Pecci's candidacy, also determining that the next pope needed to be an Italian. Both Manning and
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2245:, the two had a lot in common. However, relations between the two degenerated when Ferdinand expressed his intention to allow his eldest son Crown Prince Boris (later
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620:. With that encyclical, he became popularly titled as the "Social Pope" and the "Pope of the Workers", also having created the foundations for modern thinking in the
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Throughout his pontificate, Leo XIII elevated 147 cardinals in 27 consistories. While the limit of the College of Cardinals had been set at 70 since the papacy of
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Pope Leo XIII was able to reach several agreements in 1896 that resulted in better conditions for the faithful and additional appointments of bishops. During the
1297:; however, Franchi secured no votes in the final ballot that saw Pecci duly elected. Allegedly, those who were dedicated to thwarting his election were Cardinals
2380:, where the soldiers ransacked various items along with much capital, and Chilean Priests coveted rare and ancient editions of the Bible that were stored there.
2249:) to convert to Orthodoxy, the majority religion of Bulgaria. Leo strongly condemned the action, and when Ferdinand went through with the conversion anyway, Leo
962:, who was strongly liberal in his views. The new nuncio succeeded in uniting Catholics. At the end of his mission, the King granted him the Grand Cordon in the
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parties, which became an acceptable alternative to socialist parties. Leo's social teachings were reiterated throughout the 20th century by his successors.
4050:, the dean of the Sacred Rota, though he refused the honor (he refused again in 1908 when invited by Pope Pius X). In 1899, Leo XIII hoped to nominate the
1834:
As soon as he was elected to the papacy, Leo XIII worked to encourage understanding between the church and the modern world. When he firmly reasserted the
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repeatedly asked that Pecci be named as a cardinal. While Pius IX strongly desired having Pecci as close to Rome as possible, and repeatedly offered him a
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He is well known for his intellectualism and his attempts to define the position of the Catholic Church with regard to modern thinking. In his famous 1891
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and floods, he donated all resources for the festivities of his elevation to the victims. Much of the public attention turned on the conflict between the
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3908:. Since Leo XIII, many papal teachings have expanded on the rights and obligations of workers. Leo argued that both capitalism and communism are flawed.
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he described the importance of scriptures for theological study. It was an important encyclical for Catholic theology and its relation to the Bible, as
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4620:, his cathedral church as the Bishop of Rome, and a church in which he took a particular interest. He was moved there in late 1924. Until the death of
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2440:. The missionaries were sent to North and South America to do pastoral care for Italian immigrants. In 1879 Catholic missionaries associated with the
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visited hospitals and educational institutions for several days, asking for advice and listing questions. The fight against corruption continued in
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and hence the one that needed to be made a cardinal. In order to avoid a conflict between Chile and Peru, the pope abandoned the idea reluctantly.
3934:, Leo XIII never exceeded nor reached the limit, only ever coming close at 67 in 1901. Amongst the noteworthy cardinals whom he elevated, he named
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because it upheld human dignity of working people, opposed the excesses of industrialization and developed large-scale charities for the needy.
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Pope Leo XIII performed a number of consecrations, at times entering new theological territory. After he had received many letters from Sister
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During the 1870s, in his last years in Perugia, Pecci addressed the role of the church in modern society several times, defining the church as
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in other European countries, where the social teachings of the church were incorporated into the agenda of Catholic parties, particularly the
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2638:(on 25 May 1899), he decreed that the consecration of the entire human race to the Sacred Heart of Jesus should take place on 11 June 1899.
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and that the alarm was raised regarding his health. However, it was soon discovered that the reason for the pope's illness was the sudden
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as a cardinal but the cardinal died before the promotion could take place. In 1891 and again in 1897, the pope offered the cardinalate to
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in Catalonia celebrated 1000 years of existence. On 11 September 1881, to coincide with the Catalan national day, Leo XIII proclaimed the
644:, desiring to refer to it as the official theological and philosophical foundation for the Catholic Church. As a result, he sponsored the
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troops reversed the revolutionary gains but at a price for Pecci and the Catholic Church, who could not regain their former popularity.
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monarch of the millions of Catholics living in his empire who would like to be good Russian subjects if their dignity were respected.
815:, on papal judgments. For his presentation, he received awards for academic excellence and gained the attention of Vatican officials.
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as "Pope emeritus", who died at the age of 95. There are three other popes that are claimed to have lived longer than Pope Leo XIII:
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stance and continued to insist that Italian Catholics should not vote in Italian elections or hold any elected office. In his first
1989:, who was grateful and asked for all religious forces to unify. He asked the pope to ensure that his bishops abstain from political
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described Leo as "great and wise", his "first teacher", from whom he had inherited "a pastoral outlook and a pastoral approach".
1124:, Pecci continually refused due to his preference for Perugia. It is possible that the archbishop did not share the views of the
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is available on the web. He was also the first pope to be filmed by a motion picture camera. He was filmed in 1896 by inventor,
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in his duties as overseer of all the city hospitals. In 1836, he received his doctorate in theology and doctorates of civil and
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At the time of his death, Leo XIII was the third-longest-reigning pope (25 years), exceeded only by his immediate predecessor,
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was discussed. He invested in enlarging the seminary for future priests and in hiring new and prominent professors, preferably
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4066:(whose cause for beatification has since been launched) to receive the red hat. According to a conversation in 1904 between
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Leo introduced the promotion of monthly prayer intentions in 1890, which he entrusted to the Apostleship of Prayer (now the
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After the assassination of Alexander II, the pope sent a high ranking representative to the coronation of his successor,
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The main problems facing Pecci were a decaying local economy, insecurity from widespread bandits, and pervasive Mafia or
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with 200,000 inhabitants. His immediate concern was to prepare the province for a papal visitation in the same year.
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to be Patron of Catalonia. This had implications beyond the purely religious sphere, influencing the development of
1932:. In 1903, he attributed his longevity to the sparing use of meat and the consumption of eggs, milk and vegetables.
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and was known to have written his own Latin poems at the age of eleven. Leo was a descendant of the Italian leader
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5768:"Priestly Formation in Indian Context :A New Pedagogy for Integral Formation of Candidates to Priesthood in India"
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1080:, which were run by the Capuchins. Upon his elevation to the cardinalate in late 1853, and in light of continuing
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7114:(New and Enlarged ed.). New York, Cincinnati, and St. Louis: Benziger Brothers – via Internet Archive.
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4903:"The life of Pope Leo XIII: containing a full and authentic account of the illustrious pontiff's life and work"
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without major modifications. In his relations with the Italian state, Leo continued the Papacy's self-imposed
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nothing of the alleged vision. Bers concluded that the story was a later invention that spread like a virus.
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Leo XIII is credited with great efforts in the areas of scientific and historical analysis. He opened the
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Leopold, Robert S. (August 1994), "A Guide to Early African Collections in the Smithsonian Institution",
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Mariano Santiago Casanova Casanova as a cardinal in 1895; however, the pope abandoned the idea after the
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In the light of a climate hostile to the Catholic Church, Leo continued the policies of Pius IX towards
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Leo XIII was the first pope whose voice was recorded. The recording can be found on a compact disc of
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died on 7 February 1878, and during his closing years the liberal press had often insinuated that the
1174:. Pecci was likely well informed since the pope named his brother Giuseppe to help prepare the event.
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5727:[Over the Ocean, Apostolic letter on Latin American privileges] (in Latin). Rome, IT: Vatican
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The United States frequently attracted his attention and admiration. He confirmed the decrees of the
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2026:. During Leo's papacy, compromises were informally reached and the anti-Catholic attacks subsided.
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because of his dogmatization in 1854. Leo XIII, in light of his unprecedented promulgation of the
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The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887
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inside the Vatican. That building would be torn down in 1996 to make way for construction of the
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introduced him to Vatican congregations. During a cholera epidemic in Rome, he assisted Cardinal
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Sister Mary of the Divine Heart, Droste zu Vischering, religious of the Good Shepherd, 1863–1899
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not know if all I have done has been good, but I certainly obeyed my conscience and our faith".
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His encyclicals changed the church's relations with temporal authorities; the 1891 encyclical
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6746:"Restored 1896 Footage May Reveal New Details Of Pope Leo XIII, Earliest-Born Person On Film"
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One of the first audiences that Leo XIII granted was to the professors and students of the
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in 1898, in which the United States, a then largely Protestant nation, took control of the
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Pecci called a provincial council in 1849 to reform the religious life in his dioceses in
716:(1767–1833) and his wife, Anna Francesca Prosperi Buzzi (1773–1824).His brothers included
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who requested Pope Leo XIII to consecrate the entire world to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
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Among the activities of Leo XIII that were important for the English-speaking world, he
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attended a general audience with Pope Leo XIII and asked him to allow her to enter the
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on 15 October 1879 and ordered the publication of the critical edition, the so-called
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would begin his Roman studies there. Pecci spent several weeks in England with Bishop
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Regoli, Roberto (2009). "L'elite cardinalizia dopo la fine dello stato pontificio".
6720:"American role in first-ever papal film scrubbed by Vatican due to 'lascivious' use"
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and personally fostered a 20-volume comprehensive scientific study of the Papacy by
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The encyclical letter also encouraged the entire Catholic episcopate to promote the
2292:, establishing the national university of the Catholic Church in the United States.
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for boys, girls and elderly women. Throughout his dioceses, he opened branches of a
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5637:. Vol. VIII (1,630 ed.). Minneapolis, Minnesota. 19 March 1894. p. 5
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was offered but refused an offer of elevation. Leo XIII later intended to name the
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on the invalidity of the Anglican orders, published in 1896. In 1899, he declared
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no longer existed, and that conditions had changed. But he adhered to his words."
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Film of Pope Leo XIII in 1896 on YouTube with recording of Leo XIII chanting the
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6149:"An Armenian As Pope? – A British Diplomatic Report on Cardinal Agagianian, 1958"
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At the time of his election in 1878, the pope had started to experience a slight
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Silver medal celebrating Pope Leo XIII's 1891 inauguration of the new observatory
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Upon his election, he announced that he would assume the name "Leo" in memory of
1321:. It was also suggested that, before his death, Pius IX heavily favored Cardinal
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on the third ballot and chose the name Leo XIII. He was crowned on 3 March 1878.
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Joyce Annotated: Notes for Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
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In the conclave, the cardinals faced varied questions and discussed issues like
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Life of Leo XIII – From An Authentic Memoir – Furnished By His Order
6637:"The pope says he wants to be buried in the Rome basilica, not in the Vatican"
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Leo XIII welcomed the elevation of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg (the later
1326:
was necessary. To that end, there had been early talks about Austria possibly
1200:. It has also been said that Pecci was reportedly in line to succeed Cardinal
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in Rome, Leo will be the last pope not to be buried in St. Peter's Basilica.
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Leo XIII is particularly remembered for his belief that pastoral activity in
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McEachen, A. D. (February 1972), "Letters and lectures of Captain Little",
5318:"Domus Sanctae Marthae & The New Urns Used in the Election of the Pope"
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to qualified researchers, among whom was the noted historian of the Papacy
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While archbishop, Pecci developed several activities in support of various
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developed throughout Western Europe, including France, Germany and Italy.
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6907:] (in German), New York & St. Louis: C&N Benzinger, Einsideln
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XIII was known to mischievously walk about briskly to dispel the rumors.
4074:, the former is alleged to have said, "he should have been in my place".
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The monument and tomb to Leo XIII in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran.
3987:", announcing them in 1882 and 1884. In 1882, he named another cardinal
2376:, including the churches, and their chaplains headed the robbery at the
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Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession
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respectively. On 4 July, the pope made his last confession to Cardinal
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held at Rome in 1899, and for his encyclical of 1888 to the bishops of
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5786:"Taft's Curious Connection with the Church - 1901-2000 Church History"
5725:"Trans Oceanum, Litterae apostolicae, De privilegiis Americae Latinae"
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2645:, established June as the Month of the Sacred Heart, and included the
2288:
On 10 April 1887, a pontifical charter from Pope Leo XIII founded the
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in 1878. The following year, on 12 May 1879, he raised to the rank of
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5837:
A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church
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There are several versions of a story of how Leo came to compose the
4392:, on his first day of 57 years of service in the Vatican (1901–1958).
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Leo XIII possessed a great affection for France, and feared that the
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doctrine that science and religion coexist, he required the study of
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Leo XIII originally contracted a cold while taking an outing in the
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As pope, he used all his authority for a revival of the theology of
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agreed to persuade the foreign cardinals to back Pecci's candidacy.
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Bilio; however, this never occurred. Before the conclave, Cardinals
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in 1886. A fellow Catholic, whose wife was a member of the Italian
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1974:
Pope Leo XIII began his pontificate with a friendly letter to Tsar
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Story of a Soul – The Autobiography of St. Thérèse of Lisieux
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Antonio Maria Zaccaria (whom he later canonized) on 3 January 1890
2122:
on 13 July 1881. The pope even considered moving his residence to
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Pope Leo XIII and his inner court at the Vatican, photographed by
861:, the smallest Papal province, with a population of about 20,000.
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5069:(1st ed.). United Kingdom: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 178.
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White Father Congregation (Society of the Missionaries of Africa)
2392:. He entrusted this task to the then Apostolic Delegate to India
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would take advantage of the fact that most French Catholics were
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807:, and Giuseppe entered the Jesuit order. Vincenzo studied at the
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Aeterni Patris – On the Restoration of Christian Philosophy
4504:
995:. From 1846 to 1877, he was considered a popular and successful
846:
even before he was ordained a priest on 31 December 1837 by the
624:, influencing the thoughts of his successors. He influenced the
10079:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
9522:
9432:
9337:
6832:, Clarke, John Clarke trans (3rd ed.), Washington, DC: ICS
6258:"Like a perpetual sickness" – "Die Gebete nach der hl. Messe",
4447:
2753:
2482:
2453:
2445:
2412:
from Spain. In a 1902 meeting with Philippine Governor-General
2328:
2084:
1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State
1936:
1391:
1208:; however, it was stymied by his opponent, Cardinal Antonelli.
1092:, which aimed at the Papal States' annihilation to achieve the
722:
629:
106:
6401:"Leo forecasts death, expresses desire that Gotti succeed him"
2560:. The superintendence of the Leonine edition was entrusted to
2018:
led to significant restrictions on the Catholic Church in the
1357:
He retained the administration of the Perugia see until 1880.
1104:
In the consistory of 19 December 1853, he was elevated to the
4825:"Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, aka Pope Leo XIII"
4690:
for her mission in the United States in 1889 and thereafter.
2629:
2357:
2119:
1928:, and also appeared on a poster endorsing it. Leo XIII was a
730:
710:
438:
Bishops consecrated by Pope Leo XIII as principal consecrator
5748:
Historia de la guerra de América entre Chile, Perú y Bolivia
7352:
5981:"Co-Redemptrix as Dogma? : University of Dayton, Ohio"
5752:
History of the American war between Chile, Peru and Bolivia
5282:(encyclical), Catholic forum, 4 August 1879, archived from
4466:
4368:
2481:, Leo XIII in 1879 elevated his brother, Giuseppe Pecci, a
2368:
in January 1881. The Chilean soldiers looted the cities of
2285:, the archbishop of that city, to the cardinalate in 1886.
1235:
246:
6537:"A look at the oldest popes of history, including Francis"
4616:
only briefly after his funeral; he was later moved to the
2718:
was raised into the College of Cardinals by Pope Leo XIII.
2515:
to an archconfraternity. He also approved the Scapular of
2428:
beginning in 1884. In 1887, he approved the foundation of
969:
9968:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
7066:
6349:"Pope Leo XIII suffering from severe attack of pneumonia"
4770:[dʒoakˈkiːnovinˈtʃɛntsoraffaˈɛːleluˈiːdʒiˈpettʃi]
938:
in Rome was opened; 102 years later, in 1946, the future
876:, a province of 100,000. On 17 July 1841, he was sent to
681:
before his remains were later transferred in 1924 to the
7094:(text with concordances and frequency list). Intra text.
5564:
5552:
5540:
5447:. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press.
5347:
Poison Pills: The Untold Story of the Vioxx Drug Scandal
3966:
to the Sacred College. Other noteworthy inclusions were
2606:
Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd
2539:. On 4 August 1879, Leo XIII promulgated the encyclical
1266:(9 January 1878) distracted the government's attention.
1231:
Depiction of Leo XIII's papal coronation – image c. 1900
10869:
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
6512:"Benedict XVI, First Modern Pope to Resign, Dies at 95"
5962:
5351:(1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp.
5253:
4388:
In 1901, Pope Leo XIII welcomed Eugenio Pacelli, later
4330:. He beatified several of the English martyrs in 1895.
1157:
803:
In 1828, the 18-year-old Vincenzo decided in favour of
709:, near Rome, he was the sixth of the seven children of
657:
was also a vital mission of the church as a vehicle of
4517:
On 30 June 1903, Leo XIII reported slight feelings of
833:
688:
9999:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
7071:
The Pope arrives in a carriage and bestows a blessing
636:. Upon his election, he immediately sought to revive
10347:
5817:
5175:
5163:
5151:
4407:
On a pilgrimage with her father and sister in 1887,
5114:
5102:
5046:
5016:
4987:
4975:
4963:
4928:
4900:
4077:
3938:as a cardinal while also elevating his own brother
922:On 27 April 1843, Pope Gregory XVI appointed Pecci
9072:
7086:Colorized film of Pope Leo XIII in 1896 on YouTube
6827:
6037:. Philadelphia: P.W. Ziegler & Co. p. 607
5344:
5198:
4916:
4854:
2265:In 1889, Pope Leo XIII authorized the founding of
1072:, which focused on low-income people and provided
10964:People from the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital
10904:Burials at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
7011:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 437–439.
6510:Fisher, Ian; Donadio, Rachel (31 December 2022).
5240:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 437–439.
5067:A Modern Inquisition and the Unification of Italy
4842:
2580:Faculty of Philosophy in 1882 and its Faculty of
1955:Official portrait of Leo XIII taken in April 1878
1289:" candidate; however, Cardinals Flavio Chigi and
1239:Portrait depiction of Leo XIII's papal coronation
10845:
10069:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
7351:
5896:Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices
5811:The Italian American Experience. An Encyclopedia
5511:The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity
4753:Portrait from the archives of the United States
4157:Leo XIII beatified several of his predecessors:
2703:" of 1894 to preserving Eastern Rite liturgies.
2307:, a special envoy planning the commemoration of
4803:. University of California Press. p. 106.
3950:in 1903. The pope also nominated the brothers,
1149:Pecci defended the papacy and its claims. When
1135:Allegedly, Pecci had been a cardinal reserved "
1032:and it was in this council that the need for a
891:
554:; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was head of the
6840:The Master Diplomat; From the Life of Leo XIII
5966:The foot of the Cross; or, The sorrows of Mary
5514:. University of California Press. p. 55.
4665:'s singing; a recording of his praying of the
4642:
2649:. His consecration of the entire world to the
677:After his death in 1903, he was buried in the
10333:
9058:
7337:
6888:
6509:
5687:
5623:
4209:(whom he later canonized) on 19 February 1888
4092:the following saints during his pontificate:
4016:the Polish priest and former Curial official
3841:
2685:pointed out 50 years later in his encyclical
2570:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas
1815:
27:Head of the Catholic Church from 1878 to 1903
6995:
6847:
6665:, paragraph 67, accessed on 4 September 2024
6184:
6085:The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs
5672:
5224:
4953:"Catholic Encyclopedia : Pope Leo XIII"
4594:(1145–1241), who died at the age of 96; and
2356:He bestowed his pontifical benediction over
842:appointed the 27-year-old Pecci as personal
4007:participants of the First Vatican Council,
2448:and others went to Tanganyika (present-day
2273:, and granted it Papal degrees in theology.
946:, carefully reviewing the condition of the
10340:
10326:
10084:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
10034:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
9065:
9051:
7344:
7330:
7050:. Catholic Community Forum. Archived from
6944:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6889:Franzen, August; Bäumer, Remigius (1988),
6883:], Eos (in German), et al, St Ottilien
6842:, Wolson, Ilya trans, New York: Alba House
6820:Saints and Sinners, A History of the Popes
6215:(in French). l'Eglise Catholique en France
6106:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5946:
5658:"CRIA: Commercial Research Image Archives"
5594:] (in Italian). Vol. 7. Firenze:
5420:
5388:. Mayfield Publishing Company. p. 6.
5194:
5192:
5190:
5004:
5002:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4686:in several scenes offering his support to
4498:Pope Leo XIII lying in state in July 1903.
3848:
3834:
3578:Christian Democrat Organization of America
2647:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
1897:in 1891, he ordered the construction of a
1822:
1808:
1384:
1056:Archbishop Pecci aids the poor in Perugia.
911:In 1843, Pecci, at only 33, was appointed
666:, which had been dissolved by 1870, since
283:
271:
55:
10959:Participants in the First Vatican Council
10368:Historical-critical exegesis of the Bible
7024:Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi
6929:
6168:, Vol. V, No. 3 & 4, 1995, pp. 11–13.
6146:
5969:. Thomas Richardson and Son. p. 448.
5721:Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi
5610:Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi
5570:
5558:
5546:
5299:Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi
4790:
4657:, the first time a Pope appeared on film.
4084:List of saints canonized by Pope Leo XIII
3981:In 1880, the pope named three cardinals "
2694:
2424:Pope Leo XIII sanctioned the missions to
1184:In August 1877, on the death of Cardinal
7048:"Pope Leo XIII, overview of pontificate"
6423:"Lumen de coelo nunc est lumen in coelo"
6189:. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
5693:
5495:A History of the Popes: Vicars of Christ
5492:
5467:
5431:The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine
5383:
5377:
5320:. EWTN. 22 February 1996. Archived from
5009:Miranda, Salvador. "Pecci, Gioacchino",
4646:
4437:
4383:
4333:
4117:Seven Holy Founders of the Servite Order
3881:
3866:
2710:
2591:
2550:Pontifical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas
2469:
2260:
2114:in 1879, he elevated his older brother,
2093:
1950:
1856:
1354:people of Rome and the world at 1:15pm.
1234:
1226:
1051:
1047:
978:
895:
692:
552:Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci
207:Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci
7136:Newspaper clippings about Pope Leo XIII
6992:, Philadelphia: P. W. Ziegler & Co.
6864:
6235:"St. Cosmas – Saints & Angels"
6140:
6081:
5765:
5745:
5678:
5585:
5581:
5579:
5468:Emperor), William I.I. (German (1922).
5187:
4999:
4940:
4796:
4590:(574-681), who died at the age of 107;
4450:in his hand due to a poorly undertaken
4404:, who would be pope from 1914 to 1922.
4039:In 1897, the pope intended to name the
2968:Friendly separation of church and state
2706:
2477:in 1887. At the urgent requests of the
1170:, was to take place in the Vatican per
1144:
970:Archbishop-Bishop of Perugia, 1846–1878
622:social doctrines of the Catholic Church
14:
10846:
7107:
6960:
6912:
6874:
6852:, New York: Charles L Webster & Co
6447:, (Oxford University Press, 2004), 98.
6425:. The Catholic Telegraph. 23 July 1903
6395:
6393:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6034:The Life of His Holiness Pope Leo XIII
6030:
5877:
5766:Mathias, Joseph Benedict (June 2015).
5011:The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
4521:and said that he would take a dose of
4371:(13 November 1899) – he named him as "
2325:First Plenary Council of Latin America
10321:
9046:
7325:
7265:22 September 1877 – 20 February 1878
6898:
6817:
6698:, Taylor & Francis, p. 266,
6370:
6368:
6366:
6343:
6341:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6174:
5823:
5719:
5507:
5297:
5249:
5247:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5181:
5169:
5157:
5131:
5129:
5120:
5108:
5052:
5022:
4993:
4981:
4969:
4934:
4922:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4875:A Generation of Materialism 1871–1900
4872:
4860:
4848:
4768:
4735:Restoration of the Scottish hierarchy
3906:Die Arbeiterfrage und das Christentum
3588:European Christian Political Movement
3451:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
1023:
919:'s hat after completion of the tour.
10909:Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church
10796:
10691:Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy
7108:Keller, Rev. Joseph E., ed. (1883).
6691:
6482:
5893:
5576:
5442:
5342:
5064:
4700:List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII
4048:Johannes Montel Edler von Treuenfels
2778:List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII
2495:List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII
2430:Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
2396:, who founded the Seminary in 1893.
2323:Pope Leo XIII is remembered for the
2186:(20 April 1888) condemned the Irish
1946:
1211:
1158:Organizing the First Vatican Council
10826:
9938:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
7261:Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
7063:(silent film, available in UK only)
6561:
6403:. The Saint Paul Globe. 6 July 1903
6390:
6309:"The Illness and Death of the Pope"
6292:
6114:
5898:, Our Sunday Visitor, p. 166,
5034:Laatste Nieuws (Het) 1 January 1910
4775:Joachim Vincent Raphael Louis Pecci
4338:Leo XIII named four individuals as
3446:Christian Democratic People's Party
2771:
2499:Leo XIII also approved a number of
1179:the mother of material civilization
834:Provincial administrator, 1837–1843
701:in which the Pecci brothers grew up
689:Early life and education, 1810–1836
525:Giuseppe Antonio Ermenegildo Prisco
144:Camerlengo of the Apostolic Chamber
24:
9493:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
6982:
6837:
6363:
6351:. The Lafayette News. 11 July 1903
6338:
6265:
6171:
6126:Dizionario Biografico dei Friulani
5681:National Museum of Natural History
5244:
5209:
5126:
4881:
4349:(28 July 1882) – he named him as "
4252:Rodolfo Acquaviva and 4 Companions
2756:in 11 encyclicals, was called the
2748:, became known as the Pope of the
2299:In 1892, Pope Leo XIII opened the
2279:Third Plenary Council of Baltimore
1924:gold medal to the wine's creator,
974:
25:
10985:
10914:Cardinals created by Pope Pius IX
10632:Annales de philosophie chrétienne
7028:"Encyclicals and other documents"
7022:
7016:
6990:The Life of His Holiness Leo XIII
6798:The Popes and European Revolution
6586:"Pope Adrian I - PopeHistory.com"
6006:"Pope Francis on 'Co-Redemptrix'"
5920:Pope’s prayer intentions for 2022
5608:
5427:"Pope Leo XIII and his Household"
4454:procedure for a previous malady.
3598:Conservative Christian Fellowship
3461:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
2419:
2141:
2056:Roman Empire of the German nation
1315:Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso
1305:, Chigi, Lorenzo Ilarione Randi,
1196:or the position of datary of the
915:, a position that guaranteed the
763:Count and Countess Pecci, parents
10825:
10816:
10815:
10806:
10805:
10795:
10777:
10765:
10349:Modernism in the Catholic Church
10300:
10288:
9619:Fourth Council of Constantinople
9574:Second Council of Constantinople
9024:
9013:
9012:
7292:20 February 1878 – 20 July 1903
7128:
6932:Papstgeschichte der neueren Zeit
6780:A History of the Popes 1830–1914
6464:. Guinness World Records Limited
5963:Frederick William Faber (1858).
5199:O'Reilly, D.D., Bernard (1886).
4720:List of popes by length of reign
4503:
4491:
4078:Canonizations and beatifications
3860:
3817:
3436:Christian Democratic and Flemish
2801:
2587:
2548:Pope Leo XIII later created the
2256:
1791:
934:In 1844, upon his initiative, a
869:with the neighboring provinces.
753:
744:
626:Mariology of the Catholic Church
567:(his immediate predecessor) and
138:Cardinal-Priest of San Crisogono
9589:Third Council of Constantinople
9513:First Council of Constantinople
7099:Works by or about Pope Leo XIII
6867:Leo XIII – Papst und Staatsmann
6767:
6738:
6712:
6692:Abel, Richard (1 August 2004),
6685:
6668:
6655:
6629:
6604:
6578:
6555:
6543:. Aleteia SAS. 16 December 2021
6529:
6503:
6476:
6450:
6437:
6415:
6319:(4169): 253–255. 25 July 1903.
6252:
6227:
6201:
6075:
6049:
6024:
5998:
5973:
5956:
5940:
5925:
5912:
5887:
5871:
5850:
5829:
5803:
5778:
5759:
5739:
5713:
5655:
5649:
5602:
5501:
5486:
5461:
5436:
5410:The Elusive Secret of Long Life
5402:
5336:
5310:
5291:
5270:
5083:
5058:
5037:
5028:
4682:, Pope Leo XIII is depicted by
4353:" ("Doctor of the Incarnation")
4304:Dénis Berthelot of the Nativity
3919:
3573:Centrist Democrat International
3456:Christian Social People's Party
2664:Pope's Worldwide Prayer Network
2598:Sister Mary of the Divine Heart
2556:, of the complete works of the
2215:Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey
2148:restored the Scottish hierarchy
948:Catholic Church in that country
120:Titular Archbishop of Tamiathis
10954:Occupational safety and health
10556:Pontifical Biblical Commission
10383:Quest for the historical Jesus
9828:Dissolution of the monasteries
9094:History of the Catholic Church
6963:Archivum Historiae Pontificiae
6869:, Herder (in German), Freiburg
6485:"Pope Benedict XVI dies at 95"
6209:"Bienheureux Pierre Berthelot"
6082:Hopkins, John Castell (1924).
6031:Clarke, Richard Henry (1903).
5497:. MJF Books. pp. 404–405.
4866:
4817:
4759:
4747:
4624:, who will be interred at the
4618:Basilica of Saint John Lateran
4539:Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano
4308:Redento Rodríguez of the Cross
4013:Friedrich Egon von Fürstenberg
3970:(later beatified in 1987) and
2564:, professor and rector of the
2432:, which were organized by the
2399:
2290:Catholic University of America
2267:Catholic University of America
1413:Social teachings of the papacy
1360:
1299:Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano
1099:
991:In 1843, Pecci had been named
857:(provincial administrator) to
683:Basilica of Saint John Lateran
13:
1:
10610:José de Calasanz Vives y Tutó
9702:Fourth Council of the Lateran
9677:Second Council of the Lateran
9286:Apostles in the New Testament
7111:Life and Acts of Pope Leo XII
6954:
6921:] (in German), Kevelaer,
6893:(in German), Freiburg: Herder
6772:
6612:"Popes Buried in St. Peter's"
6325:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)50670-4
6278:"The Illness of His Holiness"
6147:B. Miller (21 January 2015).
5772:Catholic Theology and Thought
5493:Coulombe, Charles A. (2003).
5254:Roger-François-Marie Aubert.
4784:
4705:Cardinals created by Leo XIII
4286:Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse
4169:(9 March 1898). He canonized
3926:Cardinals created by Leo XIII
3902:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler
2669:
2566:Collegium Divi Thomae de Urbe
2489:theologian, into their ranks.
2404:Leo XIII was pope during the
1262:and the sudden death of King
1260:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
1188:, Pope Pius IX appointed him
872:Pecci was first destined for
782:Giovanni Battista (1802–1881)
10899:Apostolic nuncios to Belgium
10590:Twenty-four Thomistic theses
9816:Catholic Counter-Reformation
9682:Third Council of the Lateran
9672:First Council of the Lateran
9128:Catholic ecumenical councils
7234:Archbishop-Bishop of Perugia
7002:"Leo (popes)/Leo XIII"
6858:
6695:Encyclopedia of early cinema
6376:"Pope Leo XIII facing death"
5231:"Leo (popes)/Leo XIII"
4901:James Martin Miller (1908).
4535:Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro
4472:Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro
4379:
4052:Dominican procurator general
2733:
2525:Scapular of the Sacred Heart
2438:Giovanni Battista Scalabrini
2378:Biblioteca Nacional del Perú
2313:World's Columbian Exposition
2108:incarceration-in-the-Vatican
1166:, which became known as the
892:Nuncio to Belgium, 1843–1846
640:, the theological system of
495:Jean Baptiste François Pitra
132:Archbishop-Bishop of Perugia
7:
7167:Apostolic Nuncio to Belgium
7140:20th Century Press Archives
7127:(public domain audiobooks)
7060:"Pope Leo XIII in Carriage"
6999:; Bryant, Margaret (1911).
6828:Thérèse of Lisieux (1996),
6680:, Archive, 30 November 1902
6260:Theol-Prakt. Quartalschrift
5947:von Pastor, Ludwig (1950),
5882:, London: Burns & Oates
5856:Francis de Zulueta (2008),
5596:Casa Editrice G. C. Sansoni
5586:Martire, Egilberto (1951).
5384:Inciardi, James A. (1992).
5228:; Bryant, Margaret (1911).
4873:Hayes, Carlton J.H (1941).
4693:
4654:Sua Santità papa Leone XIII
4643:In sound recording and film
4631:
4541:in their capacities as the
4375:" ("Doctor of the English")
3603:Centre for European Studies
3536:Popular Republican Movement
3431:Christian Democratic Appeal
2699:He devoted his encyclical "
2503:. In 1885, he approved the
2459:
2341:. In 1897 he published the
2228:
1311:Raffaele Monaco La Valletta
1216:
1126:Cardinal Secretary of State
1040:. He called on his brother
913:Apostolic Nuncio to Belgium
817:Cardinal Secretary of State
126:Apostolic Nuncio to Belgium
10:
10990:
10615:Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange
9162:History of the Roman Curia
7315:1. Retained personal title
7194:Giovanni Giacomo Sinibaldi
6988:Richard H. Clarke (1903),
6848:O'Reilly, Bernard (1887),
6280:. The Pilot. 25 March 1899
6122:"Missia Jakob (1838–1902)"
6057:"Australian Cardinal Dead"
5835:Henry Charles Lea (2002),
4298:Maria Maddalena Martinengo
4276:Ignatius Delgado y Cebrian
4081:
3923:
3593:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
3441:Christian Democratic Party
2775:
2740:Mariology of Pope Leo XIII
2737:
2530:
2492:
2463:
2158:, who would eventually be
1996:
1963:
1250:should take a hand in the
1220:
10760:
10699:
10681:
10623:
10522:
10401:
10355:
10283:
10183:
10049:
9976:
9911:
9898:European wars of religion
9795:
9730:
9632:
9554:
9445:
9368:
9228:
9217:
9209:Eastern Catholic Churches
9084:
9008:
8935:
8875:
8814:
8805:
8619:
8333:
7932:
7636:
7430:
7363:
7313:
7304:
7294:
7285:
7277:
7267:
7258:
7250:
7240:
7231:
7223:
7213:
7198:
7190:
7183:
7173:
7164:
7156:
7151:
7038:(texts & biography).
6930:Schmidlin, Josef (1934),
6875:Bäumer, Remigius (1992),
6378:. The Pilot. 11 July 1903
4433:
4222:Giovanni Giovenale Ancina
4207:Jean-Baptiste de La Salle
3618:Center for Public Justice
3476:Croatian Democratic Union
3416:American Solidarity Party
2730:, an Austrian historian.
2657:
2505:Scapular of the Holy Face
2466:Theology of Pope Leo XIII
2394:Ladislaus Michael Zaleski
2360:troops on the eve of the
2318:
2061:
1978:in which he reminded the
1959:
1935:His favourite poets were
1908:Leo was a drinker of the
523:
513:
503:
493:
483:
473:
463:
453:
443:
436:
429:
425:
413:
401:
394:
386:
381:Giuseppe Maria Castellani
370:
360:
353:
345:
333:
326:
319:
315:
302:
291:
279:
267:
256:
232:
202:
197:
184:
171:
158:
153:
112:
102:
92:
84:
76:
66:
54:
47:
34:
10653:Revue du clergé français
10574:Pascendi Dominici gregis
10029:Mary of the Divine Heart
9652:Clash against the empire
9604:Second Council of Nicaea
9498:Old St. Peter's Basilica
7207:Archbishop of Tamiathis
6997:Hutton, Arthur Wollaston
6811:26 November 2020 at the
6677:Pope Leo XIII, 1810–1910
6462:guinnessworldrecords.com
5696:Naval War College Review
5443:Ross, Ronald J. (1998).
5226:Hutton, Arthur Wollaston
4740:
4482:
4326:He approved the cult of
4258:Diego José López-Caamaño
4147:John Baptist de la Salle
4034:Primate of South America
3741:Christian libertarianism
3679:Sollicitudo rei socialis
3015:Environmental protection
2819:Catholic social teaching
2614:Mary of the Divine Heart
2523:, both in 1893, and the
2517:Our Lady of Good Counsel
2513:Priests of the Holy Face
2383:
2351:
2208:
2089:
1970:Pope Leo XIII and Poland
1966:Pope Leo XIII and Russia
1850:. He also refounded the
1647:Sollicitudo rei socialis
1378:Catholic social teaching
1319:Johann Baptist Franzelin
983:Archbishop Pecci enters
583:, Pope Leo outlined the
10944:Italian anti-communists
10784:Vatican City portal
10295:Vatican City portal
9647:Investiture Controversy
9503:First Council of Nicaea
8826:During the Roman Empire
7227:Carlo Filesio Cittadini
7008:Encyclopædia Britannica
6913:Quardt, Robert (1964),
6822:, Yale University Press
6565:"Pope Gregory IX"
5933:Divino Afflante Spiritu
5858:Early Steps In The Fold
5746:Caivano, Tomas (1907),
5635:Minneapolis Daily Times
5237:Encyclopædia Britannica
4730:Prayer to Saint Michael
4420:Prayer to Saint Michael
4228:Pompilio Maria Pirrotti
4055:Hyacinthe-Marie Cormier
3912:introduced the idea of
3877:National Gallery of Art
3583:European People's Party
3421:Austrian People's Party
2688:Divino afflante Spiritu
2674:In his 1893 encyclical
2576:. Leo also founded the
2235:Ferdinand I of Bulgaria
2154:the convert theologian
2134:, an idea that Emperor
2078:. At the advisement of
1916:, a precursor drink to
1844:Vatican Secret Archives
1162:On 8 December 1869, an
1006:revolutionary movements
737:on his mother's side.
729:until 1824. He enjoyed
595:, and the formation of
593:safe working conditions
61:Official portrait, 1898
10772:Catholicism portal
10580:Oath Against Modernism
10567:Lamentabili sane exitu
10307:Catholicism portal
10118:Second Vatican Council
10004:Our Lady of La Salette
9811:Protestant Reformation
9798:Protestant Reformation
9717:Second Council of Lyon
9106:Ecclesiastical history
9031:Catholic Church Portal
8891:Conflicts with the HRE
7244:Federico Pietro Foschi
7185:Catholic Church titles
7121:Works by Pope Leo XIII
6925:: Butzon & Bercker
6865:Ernesti, Jörg (2019),
6187:"Lep XIII (1878–1903)"
6088:. Toronto. p. 458
5922:, accessed 2 June 2023
5878:Chasle, Louis (1906),
5839:, Adamant Media Corp.
5618:(in Latin), New Advent
5588:Enciclopedia Cattolica
5508:Fehér, Ferenc (1990).
5417:. (9 March 1903). p. 2
5065:Lang, Ariella (2008).
4658:
4614:Saint Peter's Basilica
4443:
4393:
4292:John Lantrua of Triora
4022:Archbishop of Santiago
3891:
3879:
3608:European Ideas Network
2886:Economic progressivism
2719:
2695:Eastern Rite Catholics
2643:First Friday Devotions
2624:in the Convent of the
2609:
2562:Tommaso Maria Zigliara
2521:Scapular of St. Joseph
2490:
2274:
2243:House of Bourbon-Parma
2180:Portuguese authorities
2099:
1956:
1895:fifth cholera pandemic
1866:
1798:Catholicism portal
1749:René de La Tour du Pin
1569:Second Vatican Council
1271:church–state relations
1240:
1232:
1057:
988:
908:
776:Anna Maria (1798–1870)
702:
628:and promoted both the
599:, while affirming the
547:
355:Episcopal consecration
293:Other popes named Leo
10474:Marie-Joseph Lagrange
10464:Lucien Laberthonnière
10014:First Vatican Council
9712:First Council of Lyon
9476:Constantine the Great
9172:Christian monasticism
8807:History of the papacy
7201:— TITULAR —
6899:Kühne, Benno (1880),
6818:Duffy, Eamon (1997),
6661:Pope Paul VI (1964),
6616:stpetersbasilica.info
6571:Catholic Encyclopedia
6562:Ott, Michael (1909).
5592:Catholic Encyclopedia
5343:Nesi, Thomas (2008).
5202:Life of Pope Leo XIII
4797:Gifford, Don (1982).
4650:
4442:Pope Leo XIII in 1887
4441:
4424:Michael the Archangel
4387:
4340:Doctors of the Church
4334:Doctors of the Church
4110:Benedict Joseph Labre
4102:John Baptist de Rossi
3885:
3870:
3746:Christian nationalism
3531:Polish People's Party
3501:National Action Party
2990:Social market economy
2948:Person Dignity Theory
2861:Consistent life ethic
2824:Christian corporatism
2750:Immaculate Conception
2714:
2677:Providentissimus Deus
2651:Sacred Heart of Jesus
2626:Good Shepherd Sisters
2595:
2493:Further information:
2473:
2305:William Eleroy Curtis
2264:
2097:
1954:
1903:Domus Sanctae Marthae
1890:and other countries.
1860:
1434:Tranquillitas ordinis
1238:
1230:
1168:First Vatican Council
1122:suburbicarian diocese
1055:
1048:Charitable activities
997:Archbishop of Perugia
982:
899:
838:On 14 February 1837,
824:Giuseppe Antonio Sala
696:
361:Principal consecrator
305:Ordination history of
10605:Rafael Merry del Val
10504:Dalmace Sertillanges
10484:Eudoxe Irénée Mignot
10191:Sexual abuse scandal
10100:Mit brennender Sorge
9943:Age of Enlightenment
9722:Bernard of Clairvaux
9599:Byzantine Iconoclasm
9538:Council of Chalcedon
9318:Council of Jerusalem
9187:Role in civilization
9167:Religious institutes
9099:By country or region
8969:Revolutionary Papacy
8963:Age of Enlightenment
7307:Notes and references
6934:(in German), München
5668:on 29 November 2019.
5631:"The Public Schools"
5090:"Notices of books".
4829:www.familysearch.org
4626:Santa Maria Maggiore
4564:Girolamo Maria Gotti
4351:Doctor Incarnationis
4328:Cosmas of Aphrodisia
4322:on 30 September 1900
4316:on 23 September 1900
4106:Lawrence of Brindisi
3972:Girolamo Maria Gotti
3968:Andrea Carlo Ferrari
3871:Charles M. Johnson,
3658:Graves de communi re
3651:Populorum progressio
2707:Theological research
2701:Orientalium dignitas
2618:Droste zu Vischering
2479:College of Cardinals
2406:Spanish–American War
2362:Battle of Chorrillos
2339:abolition of slavery
2309:Christopher Columbus
2219:Virgin of Montserrat
2203:Doctor of the Church
2040:Christian democratic
1912:-infused wine tonic
1616:Populorum progressio
1609:Octogesima adveniens
1487:Mit brennender Sorge
1336:Henry Edward Manning
1145:Defending the papacy
1106:College of Cardinals
1094:Unification of Italy
1070:Bank, Monte di Pietà
900:Archbishop Pecci as
791:Fernando (1813–1830)
779:Caterina (1800–1867)
505:Bartholomew Woodlock
431:Episcopal succession
10884:Angelic visionaries
10459:Friedrich von Hügel
10019:Papal infallibility
10009:Our Lady of Lourdes
9958:Shimabara Rebellion
9802:Counter-Reformation
8816:Antiquity and Early
8620:17th–21st centuries
8334:13th–16th centuries
7065:. 1898 – via
6919:The Master Diplomat
6915:Der Meisterdiplomat
6789:24 May 2018 at the
5813:. 2003. p. 21.
5386:The War on Drugs II
5286:on 25 February 2007
4755:Library of Congress
4663:Alessandro Moreschi
4612:He was entombed in
4551:Serafino Vannutelli
4347:Cyril of Alexandria
4314:Jeanne de Lestonnac
4215:on 26 February 1888
4203:on 29 December 1886
4185:Giancarlo Melchiori
4165:(23 July 1887) and
4129:Alphonsus Rodriguez
4098:Clare of Montefalco
4072:Antonio Mele-Virdis
4041:Archbishop of Turin
3956:Vincenzo Vannutelli
3824:Christianity portal
3763:Religious democracy
3729:Christian socialism
3724:Christian communism
3719:Christian anarchism
3426:Christian Democracy
2975:Religious pluralism
2943:Option for the poor
2795:Christian democracy
2511:) and elevated the
2414:William Howard Taft
2223:Catalan nationalism
2024:Jesuits Law of 1872
1852:Vatican Observatory
1685:Caritas in veritate
1494:Non abbiamo bisogno
1344:Edward Henry Howard
1223:1878 papal conclave
1204:as the prefect for
1194:bishopric of Albano
1090:Italian nationalism
809:Academia dei Nobili
769:His siblings were:
655:political sociology
377:Fabio Maria Asquini
328:Priestly ordination
10924:Critics of Marxism
10919:Critics of atheism
10879:20th-century popes
10874:19th-century popes
10752:Christoph Theobald
10732:François Laplanche
10639:La Justice sociale
10545:Syllabus of Errors
10373:Biblical inerrancy
10064:Our Lady of Fátima
9853:Ignatius of Loyola
9777:Catherine of Siena
9745:Pope Boniface VIII
9564:Benedict of Nursia
9533:Council of Ephesus
9370:Ante-Nicene period
9323:Split with Judaism
9157:Crusading movement
8951:Reformation Papacy
8945:Renaissance Papacy
8887:(1012–1044 / 1048)
8840:Ostrogothic Papacy
7933:9th–12th centuries
7254:Filippo de Angelis
7177:Innocenzo Ferrieri
6881:Dictionary of Mary
6750:Religion Unplugged
6726:. 13 November 2023
6643:. 13 December 2023
6516:The New York Times
6262:87 (1934), 162–163
6185:Salvador Miranda.
6061:The New York Times
6012:. 12 December 2019
5894:Ball, Ann (2003),
5754:] (in Spanish)
5662:www.criaimages.com
5474:. pp. 204–207
5415:Arizona Republican
5205:. Jubilee edition.
5139:. New Advent. 1910
4684:Giancarlo Giannini
4676:In the 2024 film,
4659:
4543:Secretary of State
4444:
4409:Thérèse of Lisieux
4398:Collegio Capranica
4394:
4369:Bede the Venerable
4357:Cyril of Jerusalem
4280:Martyrs of Vietnam
4270:Francis Regis Clet
4266:on 12 January 1896
4264:Bernardino Realino
4246:Antonio Baldinucci
4236:on 29 January 1893
4230:on 26 January 1890
4224:on 9 February 1890
4187:on 22 January 1882
4030:Archbishop of Lima
4028:objected that the
3892:
3880:
3613:Schuman Foundation
3000:Sphere sovereignty
2720:
2616:, the countess of
2610:
2491:
2434:Bishop of Piacenza
2366:War of the Pacific
2281:(1884) and raised
2275:
2239:Prince of Bulgaria
2199:Bede the Venerable
2100:
1957:
1867:
1578:Dignitatis humanae
1480:Divini redemptoris
1332:Domenico Bartolini
1295:Alessandro Franchi
1291:Tommaso Martinelli
1264:Victor Emmanuel II
1241:
1233:
1202:Alessandro Barnabò
1186:Filippo de Angelis
1164:ecumenical council
1074:low-interest loans
1062:Catholic charities
1058:
1034:Syllabus of Errors
1024:Provincial council
989:
909:
820:Luigi Lambruschini
703:
601:rights to property
365:Luigi Lambruschini
179:Luigi Lambruschini
10841:
10840:
10742:Jean-Marie Mayeur
10722:Étienne Fouilloux
10707:Giuseppe Alberigo
10585:Sodalitium Pianum
10444:Antonio Fogazzaro
10434:Ernesto Buonaiuti
10363:Biblical exegesis
10315:
10314:
10275:COVID-19 pandemic
10253:Pope Benedict XVI
10158:Pope John Paul II
9933:Pope Benedict XIV
9919:French Revolution
9903:Thirty Years' War
9893:Robert Bellarmine
9878:John of the Cross
9782:Pope Alexander VI
9767:Council of Vienne
9697:Francis of Assisi
9687:Pope Innocent III
9556:Early Middle Ages
9550:
9549:
9546:
9545:
9488:Arian controversy
9441:
9440:
9389:Apostolic Fathers
9040:
9039:
9004:
9003:
8896:Wandering Papacy
8859:Saeculum obscurum
8832:Under Constantine
7637:5th–8th centuries
7431:1st–4th centuries
7415:papal resignation
7320:
7319:
7316:
7309:
7295:Succeeded by
7271:Camillo di Pietro
7268:Succeeded by
7241:Succeeded by
7214:Succeeded by
7203:
7174:Succeeded by
7152:Diplomatic posts
6752:. 22 October 2021
6705:978-0-415-23440-5
6592:. 27 January 2017
6443:John-Peter Pham,
6164:First published:
5905:978-0-87973-910-2
5866:978-1-4086-6003-4
5723:(18 April 1897).
5395:978-1-55934-016-8
5301:(14 March 1891),
5092:The Dublin Review
5076:978-1-349-37407-6
4957:www.newadvent.org
4810:978-0-520-04610-8
4584:Pope Benedict XVI
4213:Inés de Benigánim
4127:(1599–1621), and
4115:15 January 1888:
4096:8 December 1881:
3936:John Henry Newman
3858:
3857:
3795:Ethical socialism
3758:Liberal democracy
3665:Quadragesimo anno
3623:Paneuropean Union
3511:Nationalist Party
2963:Religious liberty
2744:His predecessor,
2728:Ludwig von Pastor
2716:John Henry Newman
2507:, (also known as
2194:Apostolicae curae
2164:Pope Benedict XVI
2156:John Henry Newman
2138:gently rejected.
2080:Cardinal Rampolla
2076:Concordat of 1801
2003:Otto von Bismarck
1947:Foreign relations
1848:Ludwig von Pastor
1832:
1831:
1744:Gaspard Mermillod
1709:Evangelii gaudium
1676:Pope Benedict XVI
1631:Pope John Paul II
1547:Mater et magistra
1501:Quadragesimo anno
1334:, Monaco, Bilio,
1280:John Henry Newman
1212:Papacy, 1878–1903
1198:Apostolic Dataria
1130:Giacomo Antonelli
1066:homeless shelters
999:. In 1847, after
958:but also of King
940:Pope John Paul II
929:Cologne Cathedral
798:Collegium Romanum
773:Carlo (1793–1879)
585:rights of workers
561:Peter the Apostle
537:
536:
533:
532:
421:
420:
298:
297:
263:(Light in Heaven)
16:(Redirected from
10981:
10829:
10828:
10819:
10818:
10809:
10808:
10799:
10798:
10782:
10781:
10780:
10770:
10769:
10424:Joseph Bonsirven
10378:Synoptic problem
10342:
10335:
10328:
10319:
10318:
10305:
10304:
10293:
10292:
10291:
10270:Patriarch Kirill
10143:Pope John Paul I
9948:Anti-clericalism
9928:Pope Innocent XI
9848:Society of Jesus
9833:Council of Trent
9787:Age of Discovery
9732:Late Middle Ages
9634:High Middle Ages
9624:East–West Schism
9508:Pope Sylvester I
9454:
9453:
9443:
9442:
9353:General epistles
9348:Pauline epistles
9281:John the Baptist
9264:Great Commission
9226:
9225:
9177:Catholic culture
9067:
9060:
9053:
9044:
9043:
9028:
9016:
9015:
8936:Early Modern and
8846:Byzantine Papacy
8812:
8811:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7323:
7322:
7314:
7305:
7278:Preceded by
7251:Preceded by
7224:Preceded by
7199:
7191:Preceded by
7160:Raffaele Fornari
7157:Preceded by
7149:
7148:
7132:
7131:
7115:
7103:Internet Archive
7095:
7081:in Latin in 1903
7073:
7064:
7055:
7043:
7031:
7012:
7004:
6978:
6949:
6943:
6935:
6926:
6908:
6894:
6884:
6870:
6853:
6843:
6838:Quardt, Robert,
6833:
6823:
6796:Chadwick, Owen.
6778:Chadwick, Owen.
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6716:
6710:
6708:
6689:
6683:
6681:
6672:
6666:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6567:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6483:Scribner, Herb.
6480:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6454:
6448:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6397:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6372:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6345:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6305:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6274:
6263:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6182:
6169:
6166:Window Quarterly
6163:
6161:
6159:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6105:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6063:. 17 August 1911
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5929:
5923:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5875:
5869:
5860:, Miller Press,
5854:
5848:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5790:Christianity.com
5782:
5776:
5775:
5763:
5757:
5755:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5664:. Archived from
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5627:
5621:
5619:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5583:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5524:. Archived from
5505:
5499:
5498:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5454:978-0-81320894-7
5440:
5434:
5424:
5418:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5350:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5251:
5242:
5241:
5233:
5222:
5207:
5206:
5196:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5133:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5006:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4949:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4898:
4879:
4878:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4794:
4778:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4605:(31 years), and
4507:
4495:
4402:Pope Benedict XV
4365:(29 August 1890)
4363:John of Damascus
4260:on 22 April 1894
4254:on 30 April 1893
4248:on 16 April 1893
4173:on 2 June 1891.
4161:(14 July 1881),
4149:(1651–1719) and
4138:(1502–1539) and
4136:Anthony Zaccaria
4064:Vincenzo Tarozzi
3958:and the cousins
3888:Philip de László
3850:
3843:
3836:
3821:
3814:
3790:Social democracy
3751:Theoconservatism
3686:Centesimus annus
3672:Laborem exercens
3481:Democratic Rally
3061:Arizmendiarrieta
3010:Environmentalism
2928:Multiculturalism
2876:Dignity of labor
2866:Cultural mandate
2834:Communitarianism
2829:Christian ethics
2805:
2782:
2781:
2772:Social teachings
2724:Vatican Archives
2602:religious sister
2558:doctor angelicus
2343:Apostolic Letter
2301:Vatican archives
2271:Washington, D.C.
2188:Plan of Campaign
2130:, two cities in
2022:, including the
1824:
1817:
1810:
1796:
1795:
1779:G. K. Chesterton
1769:Joseph Bernardin
1661:Evangelium vitae
1654:Centesimus annus
1640:Laborem exercens
1524:Social teachings
1398:
1388:
1365:
1364:
1303:Pietro Giannelli
1248:Kingdom of Italy
964:Order of Leopold
944:Nicholas Wiseman
882:Pope Gregory XVI
851:Carlo Odescalchi
840:Pope Gregory XVI
757:
748:
707:Carpineto Romano
699:Carpineto Romano
679:Vatican Grottoes
607:, opposing both
485:Francesco Latoni
475:Edoardo Borromeo
459:19 November 1871
455:Carmelo Pascucci
449:19 November 1871
445:Antonio Briganti
432:
427:
426:
417:19 December 1853
404:
390:19 February 1843
373:
349:31 December 1837
340:Carlo Odescalchi
336:
322:
317:
316:
310:
306:
300:
299:
287:
275:
251:Kingdom of Italy
243:Apostolic Palace
239:
214:Carpineto Romano
198:Personal details
188:19 December 1853
185:Created cardinal
175:19 February 1843
166:Carlo Odescalchi
162:31 December 1837
113:Previous post(s)
80:20 February 1878
59:
32:
31:
21:
10989:
10988:
10984:
10983:
10982:
10980:
10979:
10978:
10844:
10843:
10842:
10837:
10778:
10776:
10764:
10756:
10727:Maurilio Guasco
10695:
10683:
10677:
10619:
10600:Umberto Benigni
10524:
10518:
10419:Maurice Blondel
10414:Pierre Batiffol
10409:Prosper Alfaric
10397:
10393:Social doctrine
10351:
10346:
10316:
10311:
10299:
10289:
10287:
10279:
10201:World Youth Day
10179:
10168:World Youth Day
10112:Pacem in terris
10106:Pope John XXIII
10045:
9972:
9963:Edict of Nantes
9921:
9917:
9907:
9873:Teresa of Ávila
9868:Tridentine Mass
9804:
9800:
9791:
9772:Knights Templar
9726:
9628:
9584:Gregorian chant
9542:
9468:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9449:
9437:
9364:
9233:
9221:
9213:
9080:
9078:Catholic Church
9071:
9041:
9036:
9000:
8983:(1929–present)
8937:
8931:
8885:Tusculan Papacy
8877:
8871:
8852:Frankish Papacy
8817:
8801:
8615:
8329:
7928:
7632:
7426:
7359:
7357:Catholic Church
7350:
7300:
7291:
7283:
7273:
7264:
7256:
7246:
7237:
7229:
7219:
7210:
7204:
7196:
7179:
7170:
7162:
7129:
7092:"Pope Leo XIII"
7090:
7062:
7058:
7054:on 3 June 2004.
7046:
7036:"Pope Leo XIII"
7034:
7019:
6985:
6983:Further reading
6957:
6937:
6936:
6891:Papstgeschichte
6861:
6813:Wayback Machine
6791:Wayback Machine
6775:
6770:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6744:
6743:
6739:
6729:
6727:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6706:
6690:
6686:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6660:
6656:
6646:
6644:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6620:
6618:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6595:
6593:
6590:popehistory.com
6584:
6583:
6579:
6560:
6556:
6546:
6544:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6520:
6518:
6508:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6481:
6477:
6467:
6465:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6442:
6438:
6428:
6426:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6374:
6373:
6364:
6354:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6339:
6329:
6327:
6307:
6306:
6293:
6283:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6266:
6257:
6253:
6243:
6241:
6239:Catholic Online
6233:
6232:
6228:
6218:
6216:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6190:
6183:
6172:
6157:
6155:
6145:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6099:
6098:
6091:
6089:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6064:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6040:
6038:
6029:
6025:
6015:
6013:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5989:
5987:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5961:
5957:
5945:
5941:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5917:
5913:
5906:
5892:
5888:
5876:
5872:
5855:
5851:
5834:
5830:
5822:
5818:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5792:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5764:
5760:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5728:
5718:
5714:
5692:
5688:
5677:
5673:
5654:
5650:
5640:
5638:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5607:
5603:
5584:
5577:
5569:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5522:
5506:
5502:
5491:
5487:
5477:
5475:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5441:
5437:
5425:
5421:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5382:
5378:
5363:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5325:
5324:on 12 July 2018
5316:
5315:
5311:
5296:
5292:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5261:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5223:
5210:
5197:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5137:"Pope Leo XIII"
5135:
5134:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5063:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4968:
4964:
4951:
4950:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4882:
4871:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4696:
4645:
4634:
4592:Pope Gregory IX
4530:Vatican Gardens
4515:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4485:
4436:
4413:Carmelite order
4382:
4373:Anglorum doctor
4336:
4310:on 10 June 1900
4180:the following:
4108:(d. 1619), and
4086:
4080:
4044:Davide Riccardi
4026:Peruvian Church
4018:Stefan Pawlicki
3964:Angelo Jacobini
3942:, though not a
3928:
3922:
3865:
3854:
3812:Politics portal
3810:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3736:Christian right
3708:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3637:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3568:Catholic Action
3562:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3521:Patriotic Union
3410:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3045:
2958:Public morality
2901:Just war theory
2871:Culture of life
2813:
2780:
2774:
2742:
2736:
2709:
2697:
2672:
2660:
2622:Mother Superior
2590:
2572:, today called
2554:Leonine Edition
2533:
2497:
2468:
2462:
2422:
2402:
2386:
2354:
2321:
2259:
2231:
2211:
2144:
2092:
2074:to abolish the
2064:
2036:Catholic Action
1999:
1972:
1964:Main articles:
1962:
1949:
1930:semi-vegetarian
1920:. He awarded a
1842:and opened the
1828:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1702:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:Gaudium et spes
1571:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:Pacem in terris
1540:
1538:Pope John XXIII
1530:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1473:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1449:
1439:
1399:
1390:
1363:
1258:. However, the
1254:and occupy the
1225:
1219:
1214:
1206:Propaganda Fide
1160:
1147:
1110:Cardinal-Priest
1102:
1050:
1026:
993:papal assistant
977:
975:Papal assistant
972:
936:Belgian College
894:
836:
767:
766:
765:
764:
760:
759:
758:
750:
749:
691:
605:free enterprise
556:Catholic Church
439:
430:
402:
397:
379:
372:Co-consecrators
371:
356:
334:
329:
320:
311:
308:
307:
304:
241:
237:
228:
211:
209:
208:
189:
176:
163:
149:
71:Catholic Church
62:
43:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10987:
10977:
10976:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10934:House of Pecci
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10839:
10838:
10836:
10835:
10834:
10833:
10823:
10813:
10793:
10787:
10786:
10774:
10761:
10758:
10757:
10755:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10703:
10701:
10697:
10696:
10694:
10693:
10687:
10685:
10679:
10678:
10676:
10675:
10663:
10656:
10649:
10642:
10635:
10627:
10625:
10621:
10620:
10618:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10570:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10541:
10534:
10528:
10526:
10523:Anti-modernist
10520:
10519:
10517:
10516:
10514:George Tyrrell
10511:
10506:
10501:
10499:Fernand Portal
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10469:Lucien Lacroix
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10439:Louis Duchesne
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10405:
10403:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10359:
10357:
10353:
10352:
10345:
10344:
10337:
10330:
10322:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10309:
10297:
10284:
10281:
10280:
10278:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10249:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10198:
10193:
10187:
10185:
10181:
10180:
10178:
10177:
10176:
10175:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10108:
10103:
10096:
10091:
10089:Lateran Treaty
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10055:
10053:
10047:
10046:
10044:
10043:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9980:
9978:
9974:
9973:
9971:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9924:
9922:
9914:Baroque period
9912:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9883:Peter Canisius
9880:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9858:Francis Xavier
9855:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9822:Exsurge Domine
9818:
9813:
9807:
9805:
9796:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9762:Pope Clement V
9759:
9758:
9757:
9755:Avignon Papacy
9750:Western Schism
9747:
9742:
9740:Thomas Aquinas
9736:
9734:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9638:
9636:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9594:Saint Boniface
9591:
9586:
9581:
9579:Pope Gregory I
9576:
9571:
9566:
9560:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9518:Biblical canon
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9484:
9483:
9472:
9470:
9451:
9447:Late antiquity
9439:
9438:
9436:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9408:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9394:Pope Clement I
9384:Church Fathers
9381:
9375:
9373:
9366:
9365:
9363:
9362:
9361:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9309:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9267:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9240:
9238:
9223:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9184:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9145:Biblical canon
9140:Catholic Bible
9137:
9136:
9135:
9125:
9124:
9123:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9102:
9101:
9090:
9088:
9082:
9081:
9070:
9069:
9062:
9055:
9047:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9034:
9022:
9009:
9006:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8990:
8978:
8975:Roman Question
8972:
8966:
8965:(c. 1640–1740)
8960:
8957:Baroque Papacy
8954:
8948:
8941:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8929:
8926:Western Schism
8923:
8920:Avignon Papacy
8917:
8916:
8915:
8909:
8903:
8894:
8888:
8881:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8869:
8866:Crescentii era
8863:
8855:
8849:
8843:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8822:
8820:
8809:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8672:Alexander VIII
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8337:
8335:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8055:Anastasius III
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7936:
7934:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7640:
7638:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7434:
7432:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7424:
7419:
7418:
7417:
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7096:
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7056:
7044:
7042:: The Vatican.
7032:
7018:
7017:External links
7015:
7014:
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6993:
6984:
6981:
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6927:
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6901:Papst Leo XIII
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6704:
6684:
6667:
6663:Ecclesiam Suam
6654:
6628:
6603:
6577:
6574:. Vol. 6.
6554:
6528:
6502:
6475:
6449:
6436:
6414:
6389:
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6337:
6291:
6264:
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6226:
6200:
6170:
6153:Horizon Weekly
6139:
6113:
6074:
6048:
6023:
5997:
5972:
5955:
5939:
5924:
5918:Vatican News,
5911:
5904:
5886:
5870:
5849:
5828:
5826:, p. 247.
5816:
5802:
5777:
5758:
5738:
5712:
5686:
5671:
5648:
5622:
5601:
5575:
5573:, p. 414.
5571:Schmidlin 1934
5563:
5561:, p. 413.
5559:Schmidlin 1934
5551:
5549:, p. 409.
5547:Schmidlin 1934
5539:
5528:on 29 May 2010
5520:
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5243:
5208:
5186:
5184:, p. 129.
5174:
5172:, p. 105.
5162:
5160:, p. 102.
5150:
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4998:
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4915:
4880:
4877:. p. 142.
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4707:
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4688:Mother Cabrini
4644:
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4633:
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4588:Pope St Agatho
4509:
4502:
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4497:
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4486:
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4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4360:
4359:(28 July 1882)
4354:
4335:
4332:
4324:
4323:
4320:Antonio Grassi
4317:
4311:
4301:
4300:on 3 June 1900
4295:
4294:on 27 May 1900
4289:
4288:on 27 May 1900
4283:
4282:on 27 May 1900
4273:
4272:on 27 May 1900
4267:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4242:on 12 May 1893
4240:Leopoldo Croci
4237:
4234:Gerard Majella
4231:
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4219:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4191:Edmund Campion
4188:
4155:
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4151:Rita of Cascia
4143:
4132:
4125:John Berchmans
4113:
4082:Main article:
4079:
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4059:Agapito Panici
3944:nepotistic act
3940:Giuseppe Pecci
3924:Main article:
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3714:Christian left
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3707:Related topics
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3523:
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3506:National Party
3503:
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3471:Civic Platform
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3027:in Catholicism
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2985:Social justice
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2542:Aeterni Patris
2537:Thomas Aquinas
2532:
2529:
2485:and prominent
2475:Giuseppe Pecci
2464:Main article:
2461:
2458:
2426:Eastern Africa
2421:
2420:Evangelization
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2390:Papal Seminary
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2251:excommunicated
2247:Tsar Boris III
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2136:Franz Joseph I
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2068:Third Republic
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1998:
1995:
1961:
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1948:
1945:
1926:Angelo Mariani
1840:Thomas Aquinas
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1754:Heinrich Pesch
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1221:Main article:
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1049:
1046:
1042:Giuseppe Pecci
1025:
1022:
976:
973:
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893:
890:
848:Cardinal Vicar
835:
832:
805:secular clergy
793:
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762:
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735:Cola di Rienzo
714:Ludovico Pecci
690:
687:
672:Roman Question
659:social justice
647:Editio Leonina
642:Thomas Aquinas
535:
534:
531:
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515:Agostino Bausa
511:
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261:Lumen in coelo
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240:(aged 93)
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49:Bishop of Rome
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10986:
10975:
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10949:Italian popes
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10862:
10860:
10857:
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10854:Pope Leo XIII
10852:
10851:
10849:
10832:
10824:
10822:
10814:
10812:
10804:
10803:
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10794:
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10673:
10672:Marc Sangnier
10669:
10668:
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10661:
10660:Temps présent
10657:
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10578:
10576:
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10571:
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10559:
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10554:
10552:
10551:Pope Leo XIII
10549:
10547:
10546:
10542:
10540:
10539:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10521:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10509:Joseph Turmel
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10454:Albert Houtin
10452:
10450:
10449:Marcel Hébert
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10429:Henri Brémond
10427:
10425:
10422:
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10410:
10407:
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10400:
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10148:Mother Teresa
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10074:Pope Pius XII
10072:
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10057:
10056:
10054:
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10048:
10042:
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10040:Rerum novarum
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10024:Pope Leo XIII
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9994:United States
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9984:Pope Pius VII
9982:
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9979:
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9969:
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9809:
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9773:
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9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9667:Scholasticism
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9642:Pope Urban II
9640:
9639:
9637:
9635:
9631:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
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9610:
9607:
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9418:Justin Martyr
9416:
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9409:
9405:
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9397:
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9387:
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9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9329:
9328:New Testament
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9291:Commissioning
9289:
9288:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9245:
9242:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9235:Apostolic Age
9231:
9227:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9138:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9129:
9126:
9122:
9121:Papal primacy
9119:
9118:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9100:
9097:
9096:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9068:
9063:
9061:
9056:
9054:
9049:
9048:
9045:
9033:
9032:
9027:
9023:
9021:
9020:
9011:
9010:
9007:
8994:
8991:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8976:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8934:
8927:
8924:
8921:
8918:
8913:
8910:
8907:
8904:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8889:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8876:High and Late
8874:
8867:
8864:
8861:
8860:
8856:
8853:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8838:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8804:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8692:Benedict XIII
8690:
8688:
8687:Innocent XIII
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8652:Alexander VII
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8618:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8521:Innocent VIII
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8501:Callixtus III
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8421:Boniface VIII
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8320:Celestine III
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8295:Alexander III
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8285:Anastasius IV
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8185:Sylvester III
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8170:Benedict VIII
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7931:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7694:Anastasius II
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7423:
7420:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7410:Pope emeritus
7408:
7406:
7403:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7369:
7368:List of popes
7366:
7365:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7347:
7342:
7340:
7335:
7333:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7312:
7308:
7303:
7299:
7290:
7289:
7282:
7276:
7272:
7263:
7262:
7255:
7249:
7245:
7236:
7235:
7228:
7222:
7218:
7217:Diego Planeta
7209:
7208:
7202:
7195:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7169:
7168:
7161:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7126:
7122:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7020:
7010:
7009:
7003:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6959:
6958:
6947:
6941:
6933:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6905:Pope Leo XIII
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6878:
6877:Marienlexikon
6873:
6868:
6863:
6862:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6803:
6800:(1981) 655pp
6799:
6795:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6707:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6688:
6679:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6658:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6573:
6572:
6566:
6558:
6542:
6538:
6532:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6490:
6486:
6479:
6463:
6459:
6458:"Oldest pope"
6453:
6446:
6440:
6424:
6418:
6402:
6396:
6394:
6377:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6261:
6255:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6214:
6210:
6204:
6188:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6167:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6109:
6103:
6087:
6086:
6078:
6062:
6058:
6052:
6036:
6035:
6027:
6011:
6007:
6001:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5968:
5967:
5959:
5950:
5949:Errinnerungen
5943:
5934:
5928:
5921:
5915:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5846:
5845:1-4021-6108-5
5842:
5838:
5832:
5825:
5820:
5812:
5806:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5682:
5675:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5652:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5580:
5572:
5567:
5560:
5555:
5548:
5543:
5527:
5523:
5521:9780520071209
5517:
5513:
5512:
5504:
5496:
5489:
5473:
5472:
5464:
5456:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5405:
5397:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5362:9780312369590
5358:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5339:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5257:
5250:
5248:
5239:
5238:
5232:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5204:
5203:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5183:
5178:
5171:
5166:
5159:
5154:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5123:, p. 78.
5122:
5117:
5111:, p. 76.
5110:
5105:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5078:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5055:, p. 66.
5054:
5049:
5040:
5031:
5025:, p. 52.
5024:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5005:
5003:
4996:, p. 37.
4995:
4990:
4984:, p. 31.
4983:
4978:
4972:, p. 24.
4971:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4937:, p. 23.
4936:
4931:
4925:, p. 20.
4924:
4919:
4904:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4876:
4869:
4863:, p. 12.
4862:
4857:
4850:
4845:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4776:
4771:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:List of popes
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4671:W. K. Dickson
4668:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4651:Photogram of
4649:
4640:
4638:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4596:Pope Adrian I
4593:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4506:
4494:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4440:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4390:Pope Pius XII
4386:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:as one of 64
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4195:Ralph Sherwin
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4145:24 May 1900:
4144:
4141:
4140:Peter Fourier
4137:
4134:27 May 1897:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:(1581–1654),
4122:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:(1696–1764),
4103:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4009:Lajos Haynald
4004:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3932:Pope Sixtus V
3927:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3910:Rerum novarum
3907:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3897:Rerum novarum
3889:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3873:Pope Leo XIII
3869:
3863:
3862:Rerum novarum
3851:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3644:Rerum novarum
3641:
3640:
3633:
3632:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3561:Organizations
3558:
3557:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:New Democracy
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:von der Leyen
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Nell-Breuning
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Social Gospel
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Neo-Calvinism
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Mixed economy
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Human dignity
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2766:Co-Redemptrix
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2683:Pope Pius XII
2680:
2678:
2667:
2665:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2588:Consecrations
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:, the future
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2346:Trans Oceanum
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2283:James Gibbons
2280:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2257:United States
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:In 1880, the
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:British India
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:German Empire
2017:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:anti-Catholic
2004:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:Alexander III
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:Other figures
1734:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1516:Pope Pius XII
1512:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1456:Rerum novarum
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:Pope Leo XIII
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:Carlo Sacconi
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:San Crisogono
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:soup kitchens
1076:. He created
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:. He founded
1063:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
986:
981:
967:
965:
961:
957:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
925:
920:
918:
914:
907:
903:
898:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
849:
845:
841:
831:
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
771:
770:
756:
747:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
712:
708:
700:
697:The house in
695:
686:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
660:
656:
651:
649:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
615:
614:laissez-faire
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:
580:Rerum novarum
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:Pope Leo XIII
528:
526:
522:
519:24 March 1889
518:
516:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
476:
472:
468:
466:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
446:
442:
435:
428:
424:
416:
412:
409:
406:
400:
393:
389:
385:
382:
378:
375:
369:
366:
363:
359:
352:
348:
344:
341:
338:
332:
325:
318:
314:
309:Pope Leo XIII
301:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
235:
231:
227:
226:French Empire
223:
219:
215:
205:
201:
196:
193:
187:
183:
180:
174:
170:
167:
161:
157:
152:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
58:
53:
50:
46:
38:
33:
30:
19:
10929:Distributism
10894:Anti-Masonry
10889:Anti-Marxism
10747:Émile Poulat
10717:Avery Dulles
10712:Pierre Colin
10665:
10658:
10651:
10646:La Quinzaine
10644:
10637:
10630:
10624:Publications
10595:Louis Billot
10572:
10565:
10550:
10543:
10536:
10532:Pope Pius IX
10489:Romolo Murri
10479:Alfred Loisy
10262:
10258:Pope Francis
10184:21st century
10133:Pope Paul VI
10110:
10098:
10051:20th century
10038:
10023:
9989:Pope Pius IX
9977:19th century
9953:Pope Pius VI
9820:
9692:Latin Empire
9662:Universities
9614:Pope Leo III
9481:Christianity
9466:state church
9458:Great Church
9259:Resurrection
9222:(30–325/476)
9219:Early Church
9204:Latin Church
9199:Papal States
9194:Vatican City
9029:
9017:
8987:World War II
8981:Vatican City
8857:
8828:(until 493)
8792:Benedict XVI
8787:John Paul II
8746:
8707:Clement XIII
8702:Benedict XIV
8677:Innocent XII
8611:Clement VIII
8586:Gregory XIII
8566:Marcellus II
8526:Alexander VI
8476:Innocent VII
8441:Benedict XII
8396:Nicholas III
8361:Alexander IV
8351:Celestine IV
8341:Honorius III
8325:Innocent III
8310:Gregory VIII
8270:Celestine II
8255:Callixtus II
8225:Alexander II
8150:Sylvester II
8130:Benedict VII
8090:Stephen VIII
7975:Benedict III
7829:Adeodatus II
7774:Boniface III
7628:Anastasius I
7306:
7286:
7259:
7232:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7165:
7110:
7078:
7070:
7052:the original
7040:Vatican City
7023:
7006:
6989:
6966:
6962:
6931:
6918:
6914:
6904:
6900:
6890:
6880:
6876:
6866:
6849:
6839:
6829:
6819:
6797:
6779:
6768:Bibliography
6754:. Retrieved
6749:
6740:
6728:. Retrieved
6723:
6714:
6694:
6687:
6676:
6670:
6657:
6645:. Retrieved
6640:
6631:
6619:. Retrieved
6615:
6606:
6594:. Retrieved
6589:
6580:
6569:
6557:
6545:. Retrieved
6540:
6531:
6519:. Retrieved
6515:
6505:
6493:. Retrieved
6488:
6478:
6466:. Retrieved
6461:
6452:
6444:
6439:
6427:. Retrieved
6417:
6405:. Retrieved
6380:. Retrieved
6353:. Retrieved
6328:. Retrieved
6316:
6312:
6282:. Retrieved
6259:
6254:
6242:. Retrieved
6238:
6229:
6217:. Retrieved
6212:
6203:
6191:. Retrieved
6165:
6156:. Retrieved
6152:
6142:
6130:. Retrieved
6128:(in Italian)
6125:
6116:
6090:. Retrieved
6084:
6077:
6065:. Retrieved
6060:
6051:
6039:. Retrieved
6033:
6026:
6014:. Retrieved
6009:
6000:
5988:. Retrieved
5984:
5975:
5965:
5958:
5948:
5942:
5932:
5927:
5914:
5895:
5889:
5879:
5873:
5857:
5852:
5836:
5831:
5819:
5810:
5805:
5793:. Retrieved
5789:
5780:
5774:(75): 11–45.
5771:
5761:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5729:. Retrieved
5720:
5715:
5702:(6): 89–91,
5699:
5695:
5689:
5680:
5674:
5666:the original
5661:
5651:
5639:. Retrieved
5634:
5625:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5591:
5587:
5566:
5554:
5542:
5532:17 September
5530:. Retrieved
5526:the original
5510:
5503:
5494:
5488:
5476:. Retrieved
5470:
5463:
5444:
5438:
5430:
5422:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5385:
5379:
5346:
5338:
5326:. Retrieved
5322:the original
5312:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5284:the original
5278:
5272:
5260:. Retrieved
5258:. Britannica
5235:
5201:
5177:
5165:
5153:
5141:. Retrieved
5116:
5104:
5098:: 483. 1888.
5095:
5091:
5085:
5066:
5060:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5018:
5010:
4989:
4977:
4965:
4956:
4930:
4918:
4906:. Retrieved
4874:
4868:
4856:
4851:, p. 7.
4844:
4832:. Retrieved
4828:
4819:
4799:
4792:
4774:
4761:
4749:
4710:Distributism
4677:
4675:
4660:
4652:
4637:Pope Paul VI
4635:
4622:Pope Francis
4611:
4609:(38 years).
4600:
4580:
4569:
4560:
4555:hepatisation
4527:
4516:
4477:
4463:inflammation
4456:
4452:bloodletting
4445:
4428:
4417:
4406:
4395:
4372:
4350:
4337:
4325:
4175:
4156:
4121:Peter Claver
4087:
4038:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3929:
3920:Consistories
3914:subsidiarity
3909:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3886:Portrait by
3872:
3861:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3545:
3496:Kataeb Party
3466:Centre Party
3140:
3121:John Paul II
3054:Philosophers
3022:Subsidiarity
2911:Conservative
2881:Distributism
2839:Conservatism
2746:Pope Pius IX
2743:
2721:
2698:
2686:
2675:
2673:
2661:
2640:
2635:Annum sacrum
2633:
2611:
2596:The Blessed
2577:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2512:
2509:The Veronica
2508:
2498:
2423:
2403:
2387:
2355:
2345:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2311:at the 1893
2298:
2294:
2287:
2276:
2232:
2212:
2192:
2174:in 2019. In
2172:Pope Francis
2166:in 2010 and
2145:
2101:
2065:
2046:
2044:
2031:Centre Party
2028:
2009:
2000:
1984:
1976:Alexander II
1973:
1934:
1907:
1892:
1872:
1868:
1865:in June 1878
1833:
1764:Óscar Romero
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:Pope Francis
1683:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1614:
1607:
1600:Pope Paul VI
1583:
1576:
1552:
1545:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:Pope Pius XI
1454:
1446:
1432:
1428:Subsidiarity
1418:Distributism
1356:
1351:Pope Leo XII
1348:
1340:Lorenzo Nina
1284:
1276:
1268:
1244:Pope Pius IX
1242:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:Pope Pius IX
1161:
1148:
1136:
1134:
1103:
1086:Papal States
1069:
1059:
1027:
1001:Pope Pius IX
990:
956:Queen Louise
952:
933:
921:
910:
871:
863:
855:Papal legate
837:
802:
794:
768:
704:
676:
664:Papal States
652:
645:
612:
597:trade unions
578:
573:
569:John Paul II
551:
539:
538:
469:24 June 1877
280:Coat of arms
260:
238:(1903-07-20)
236:20 July 1903
210:2 March 1810
172:Consecration
88:20 July 1903
85:Papacy ended
77:Papacy began
29:
10939:Integralism
10864:1903 deaths
10859:1810 births
10831:WikiProject
10684:equivalents
10561:Pope Pius X
10538:Quanta cura
10494:Maude Petre
10264:Laudato si'
10059:Pope Pius X
9888:Philip Neri
9863:Pope Pius V
9838:Thomas More
9707:Inquisition
9609:Charlemagne
9569:Monasticism
9379:Persecution
9271:Holy Spirit
9254:Crucifixion
9133:First seven
8995:(1945–1991)
8989:(1939–1945)
8977:(1870–1929)
8971:(1775–1848)
8959:(1585–1689)
8953:(1534–1585)
8947:(1417–1534)
8928:(1378–1417)
8922:(1309–1378)
8914:, 1228–1304
8908:, 1262–1297
8902:, 1257–1281
8893:(1048–1257)
8878:Middle Ages
8818:Middle Ages
8782:John Paul I
8757:Benedict XV
8737:Gregory XVI
8712:Clement XIV
8697:Clement XII
8667:Innocent XI
8606:Innocent IX
8601:Gregory XIV
8551:Clement VII
8481:Gregory XII
8471:Boniface IX
8451:Innocent VI
8426:Benedict XI
8416:Celestine V
8411:Nicholas IV
8406:Honorius IV
8356:Innocent IV
8315:Clement III
8265:Innocent II
8260:Honorius II
8250:Gelasius II
8230:Gregory VII
8220:Nicholas II
8180:Benedict IX
8125:Benedict VI
8100:Agapetus II
8075:Stephen VII
8050:Sergius III
8040:Benedict IV
8030:Theodore II
8015:Boniface VI
7914:Stephen III
7894:Gregory III
7884:Constantine
7849:Benedict II
7784:Adeodatus I
7779:Boniface IV
7759:Pelagius II
7719:Boniface II
7659:Celestine I
7598:Sylvester I
7583:Marcellus I
7578:Marcellinus
7513:Callixtus I
7498:Eleutherius
7473:Telesphorus
7463:Alexander I
7385:Papal names
6793:pp 273–331.
6647:13 December
6547:18 February
6541:aleteia.org
6521:28 December
6495:18 February
6468:18 February
6382:10 February
6330:21 February
6284:21 February
6244:15 February
6193:12 February
6158:12 February
6132:12 February
6092:12 February
6067:12 February
6041:12 February
6010:cruxnow.com
5985:udayton.edu
5951:(in German)
5656:LLC, CRIA.
5328:15 February
5303:Ut Mysticam
5262:12 February
5143:12 February
4908:21 February
4773:; English:
4607:Saint Peter
4573:hemorrhagic
4153:(1381–1457)
4142:(1565–1640)
4131:(1531–1617)
4112:(1748–1783)
4100:(d. 1308),
4068:Pope Pius X
3948:Pope Pius X
3693:Laudato si'
3486:Fianna Fáil
3316:Mikołajczyk
3209:Politicians
3005:Stewardship
2938:Neo-Thomism
2891:Familialism
2849:Progressive
2758:Rosary Pope
2578:Angelicum's
2410:Philippines
2400:Philippines
2364:during the
2334:In plurimis
2011:Kulturkampf
1914:Vin Mariani
1863:Jules David
1759:Dorothy Day
1716:Laudato si'
1361:Pontificate
1323:Luigi Bilio
1100:Cardinalate
1082:earthquakes
788:(1807–1890)
725:College in
529:29 May 1898
509:1 June 1879
499:1 June 1879
489:1 June 1879
479:19 May 1878
403:Elevated by
396:Cardinalate
335:Ordained by
218:département
146:(1877–1878)
140:(1853–1878)
134:(1846–1880)
128:(1843–1846)
122:(1843–1846)
93:Predecessor
10848:Categories
10737:René Marlé
10700:Historians
10682:Protestant
10137:coronation
9843:Pope Leo X
9428:Tertullian
9358:Revelation
9333:Background
8938:Modern Era
8868:(974–1012)
8772:John XXIII
8682:Clement XI
8657:Clement IX
8647:Innocent X
8642:Urban VIII
8637:Gregory XV
8561:Julius III
8496:Nicholas V
8461:Gregory XI
8446:Clement VI
8381:Innocent V
8371:Clement IV
8346:Gregory IX
8300:Lucius III
8280:Eugene III
8245:Paschal II
8235:Victor III
8215:Stephen IX
8200:Damasus II
8195:Clement II
8190:Gregory VI
8165:Sergius IV
8160:John XVIII
8110:Benedict V
8095:Marinus II
8020:Stephen VI
8000:Adrian III
7980:Nicholas I
7965:Sergius II
7960:Gregory IV
7940:Stephen IV
7904:Stephen II
7889:Gregory II
7809:Theodore I
7794:Honorius I
7789:Boniface V
7754:Benedict I
7744:Pelagius I
7729:Agapetus I
7689:Gelasius I
7679:Simplicius
7664:Sixtus III
7654:Boniface I
7644:Innocent I
7508:Zephyrinus
7422:Pope-elect
7398:non-extant
7238:1846–1878
7211:1843–1846
7171:1843–1846
6955:In Italian
6773:In English
6621:5 November
6429:7 February
6407:7 February
6355:7 February
6313:The Lancet
5824:Kühne 1880
5305:(in Latin)
5256:"Leo XIII"
5182:Kühne 1880
5170:Kühne 1880
5158:Kühne 1880
5121:Kühne 1880
5109:Kühne 1880
5053:Kühne 1880
5023:Kühne 1880
4994:Kühne 1880
4982:Kühne 1880
4970:Kühne 1880
4935:Kühne 1880
4923:Kühne 1880
4861:Kühne 1880
4849:Kühne 1880
4785:References
4725:Papal Navy
4547:Camerlengo
4523:castor oil
4201:John Haile
4171:Adrian III
4167:Innocent V
4163:Victor III
4001:in pectore
3997:in pectore
3993:in pectore
3989:in pectore
3984:in pectore
3541:VMRO-DPMNE
3396:Windthorst
3301:Mazowiecki
3241:De Gasperi
3091:Dooyeweerd
3081:Chesterton
2995:Solidarity
2953:Popularism
2906:Liberalism
2812:Principles
2670:Scriptures
2370:Chorrillos
2182:. A papal
2112:consistory
2051:Wilhelm II
2049:, Emperor
1836:scholastic
1423:Solidarity
1190:Camerlengo
1138:in pectore
1118:Leopold II
924:Archbishop
668:Stephen II
618:capitalism
576:encyclical
548:Leone XIII
159:Ordination
10821:Templates
10667:Le Sillon
10153:Communism
10123:Ecumenism
9469:(380–451)
9461:(180–451)
9450:(313–476)
9372:(100–325)
8862:(904–964)
8854:(756–857)
8848:(537–752)
8842:(493–537)
8834:(312–337)
8732:Pius VIII
8662:Clement X
8596:Urban VII
8546:Adrian VI
8536:Julius II
8516:Sixtus IV
8491:Eugene IV
8436:John XXII
8431:Clement V
8401:Martin IV
8376:Gregory X
8305:Urban III
8290:Adrian IV
8275:Lucius II
8210:Victor II
8155:John XVII
8145:Gregory V
8120:John XIII
8005:Stephen V
7995:Marinus I
7990:John VIII
7985:Adrian II
7955:Valentine
7950:Eugene II
7945:Paschal I
7879:Sisinnius
7864:Sergius I
7799:Severinus
7764:Gregory I
7734:Silverius
7704:Hormisdas
7699:Symmachus
7684:Felix III
7618:Damasus I
7593:Miltiades
7568:Eutychian
7558:Dionysius
7553:Sixtus II
7548:Stephen I
7538:Cornelius
7458:Evaristus
7453:Clement I
7448:Anacletus
7378:canonised
7373:graphical
7079:Ave Maria
7030:(Etexts).
6969:: 63–87.
6859:In German
6489:axios.com
6102:cite book
5641:15 August
5371:227205792
4834:3 January
4667:Ave Maria
4519:dyspepsia
4459:pneumonia
4380:Audiences
4178:beatified
4090:canonized
4088:Leo XIII
3636:Documents
3491:Fine Gael
3376:Vogelsang
3371:Tindemans
3341:Pöttering
3221:Andreotti
3191:Vogelsang
3136:Lamennais
2762:Mediatrix
2734:Mariology
2604:from the
2584:in 1896.
2582:Canon Law
2574:Angelicum
2527:in 1900.
2501:Scapulars
2337:, on the
2168:canonized
2160:beatified
2072:Royalists
1991:agitation
1918:Coca-Cola
960:Leopold I
859:Benevento
830:in Rome.
828:Canon Law
813:cardinals
650:in 1879.
609:socialism
589:fair wage
268:Signature
103:Successor
10974:Thomists
10811:Category
10525:reaction
10163:HIV/AIDS
9657:Crusades
9411:Irenaeus
9404:Ignatius
9399:Polycarp
9249:Ministry
9237:(30–100)
9111:Timeline
9019:Category
8993:Cold War
8767:Pius XII
8747:Leo XIII
8722:Pius VII
8591:Sixtus V
8556:Paul III
8531:Pius III
8486:Martin V
8466:Urban VI
8391:John XXI
8386:Adrian V
8366:Urban IV
8240:Urban II
8175:John XIX
8135:John XIV
8115:Leo VIII
8105:John XII
8010:Formosus
7919:Adrian I
7874:John VII
7824:Vitalian
7819:Eugene I
7814:Martin I
7769:Sabinian
7749:John III
7739:Vigilius
7714:Felix IV
7674:Hilarius
7623:Siricius
7613:Liberius
7608:Julius I
7588:Eusebius
7543:Lucius I
7503:Victor I
7488:Anicetus
7468:Sixtus I
7405:Antipope
7125:LibriVox
6975:23565185
6940:citation
6809:Archived
6787:Archived
6782:(2003).
6596:26 March
5708:44639691
5615:Sæpe nos
5433:, p. 596
5043:Kühne 62
4766:Italian:
4694:See also
4632:Tributes
4576:pleurisy
4176:He also
4159:Urban II
4032:was the
3952:Serafino
3875:, 1899,
3768:Buddhist
3331:Pastrana
3276:Korfanty
3266:Ketteler
3216:Adenauer
3196:Williams
3186:Tischner
3146:Maritain
3141:Leo XIII
3131:Korfanty
3126:Ketteler
3116:Habsburg
3096:Gebhardt
3076:Berggrav
2787:a series
2785:Part of
2519:and the
2460:Theology
2450:Tanzania
2444:came to
2374:Barranco
2229:Bulgaria
2184:rescript
2152:cardinal
2128:Salzburg
2116:Giuseppe
1404:Overview
1396:Holy See
1370:a series
1368:Part of
1286:papabile
1252:conclave
1217:Election
1038:Thomists
1010:Austrian
987:in 1846.
917:cardinal
906:Brussels
786:Giuseppe
718:Giuseppe
705:Born in
634:scapular
632:and the
177:by
164:by
42:Leo XIII
18:Leo XIII
10388:Thomism
10128:Judaism
9528:Vulgate
9338:Gospels
9313:Stephen
9230:Origins
9150:Vulgate
9086:General
9076:of the
9074:History
8912:Perugia
8906:Orvieto
8900:Viterbo
8797:Francis
8777:Paul VI
8762:Pius XI
8742:Pius IX
8727:Leo XII
8717:Pius VI
8576:Pius IV
8571:Paul IV
8511:Paul II
8506:Pius II
8456:Urban V
8140:John XV
8085:Leo VII
8080:John XI
8035:John IX
8025:Romanus
7924:Leo III
7899:Zachary
7869:John VI
7804:John IV
7724:John II
7649:Zosimus
7563:Felix I
7528:Anterus
7523:Pontian
7518:Urban I
7478:Hyginus
7355:of the
7281:Pius IX
7142:of the
7138:in the
7101:at the
6804:; also
6802:excerpt
6641:AP News
6491:. Axios
6219:8 March
6213:Nominis
5795:24 June
5731:23 June
5478:23 June
5471:Memoirs
4679:Cabrini
4603:Pius IX
4197:in 1886
3773:Islamic
3409:Parties
3361:Strauss
3351:Schuman
3336:Pethrus
3326:Quadros
3311:Metsola
3296:Martens
3236:Caldera
3166:Pius XI
3151:Mounier
3034:Welfare
2844:Liberal
2531:Thomism
2487:Thomist
2358:Chilean
2132:Austria
2124:Trieste
2047:Memoirs
2045:In his
2016:Prussia
1997:Germany
1980:Russian
1922:Vatican
1910:cocaine
1899:hospice
1888:Britain
1880:Germany
1394:of the
1328:vetoing
1256:Vatican
1151:Italian
1030:Spoleto
1018:Spanish
985:Perugia
886:Perugia
878:Perugia
874:Spoleto
866:Camorra
844:prelate
727:Viterbo
638:Thomism
565:Pius IX
550:; born
544:Italian
408:Pius IX
321:History
192:Pius IX
97:Pius IX
10402:People
10356:Issues
10094:Nazism
9916:to the
9523:Jerome
9433:Origen
9116:Papacy
8752:Pius X
8632:Paul V
8627:Leo XI
8581:Pius V
8205:Leo IX
8070:Leo VI
8065:John X
7970:Leo IV
7909:Paul I
7854:John V
7844:Leo II
7839:Agatho
7709:John I
7533:Fabian
7483:Pius I
7393:extant
7389:Tombs
7298:Pius X
6973:
6806:online
6784:online
6756:18 May
6730:18 May
6702:
6016:7 July
5990:7 July
5935:, 1–12
5902:
5868:p. 317
5864:
5847:p. 506
5843:
5706:
5518:
5451:
5392:
5369:
5359:
5073:
4807:
4448:tremor
4434:Health
3890:, 1900
3822:
3783:Mormon
3778:Jewish
3386:Wałęsa
3366:Sturzo
3306:Merkel
3286:Kuyper
3261:Joseph
3246:Erhard
3181:Sturzo
3106:Görres
3101:Gilson
3071:Belloc
3066:Baader
2854:Social
2754:rosary
2658:Prayer
2600:was a
2483:Jesuit
2454:Rwanda
2452:) and
2446:Uganda
2329:Brazil
2319:Brazil
2062:France
2005:, the
2001:Under
1960:Russia
1937:Virgil
1884:France
1876:Russia
1392:Emblem
1317:, and
1014:French
902:Nuncio
723:Jesuit
630:rosary
154:Orders
107:Pius X
67:Church
10969:Popes
10801:Media
10196:Islam
9464:Roman
9423:Canon
9296:Peter
9244:Jesus
8541:Leo X
8060:Lando
8045:Leo V
7859:Conon
7834:Donus
7669:Leo I
7573:Caius
7493:Soter
7443:Linus
7438:Peter
7353:Popes
6971:JSTOR
6917:[
6903:[
6879:[
5750:[
5704:JSTOR
5590:[
4741:Notes
4483:Death
4465:of a
3960:Luigi
3391:Weber
3356:Söder
3346:Prodi
3291:Letta
3256:Groen
3231:Buzek
3176:Stein
3171:Röpke
3161:Pesch
3111:Groen
3039:State
2630:Porto
2384:India
2352:Chile
2253:him.
2237:) to
2209:Spain
2120:Tiber
2104:Italy
2090:Italy
1941:Dante
1108:, as
731:Latin
711:Count
587:to a
257:Motto
10791:Name
10246:2023
10241:2019
10236:2016
10231:2013
10226:2011
10221:2008
10216:2005
10211:2002
10206:2000
10173:1995
9343:Acts
9306:Paul
9301:John
9276:Mary
7603:Mark
7288:Pope
6946:link
6758:2024
6732:2024
6724:Crux
6700:ISBN
6649:2023
6623:2022
6598:2024
6549:2024
6523:2023
6497:2024
6470:2024
6431:2022
6409:2022
6384:2022
6357:2022
6332:2022
6286:2022
6246:2010
6221:2012
6195:2022
6160:2022
6134:2022
6108:link
6094:2022
6069:2021
6043:2022
6018:2020
5992:2020
5900:ISBN
5862:ISBN
5841:ISBN
5797:2024
5733:2013
5683:: 29
5643:2022
5534:2021
5516:ISBN
5480:2013
5449:ISBN
5390:ISBN
5367:OCLC
5357:ISBN
5330:2010
5264:2022
5145:2022
5071:ISBN
4910:2022
4836:2023
4805:ISBN
4545:and
4537:and
4467:cyst
4306:and
4193:and
4070:and
4011:and
3962:and
3954:and
3547:More
3321:Moro
3281:Kurz
3271:Kohl
3251:Frei
3226:Beel
2916:Ordo
2764:and
2620:and
2372:and
2029:The
1968:and
1939:and
1088:and
1016:and
611:and
603:and
414:Date
387:Date
346:Date
247:Rome
233:Died
222:Rome
203:Born
37:Pope
9232:and
9182:Art
7144:ZBW
7123:at
7067:BFI
6321:doi
6317:162
5429:in
5096:104
3086:Day
2666:).
2628:in
2303:to
2269:in
2170:by
2162:by
2126:or
2014:in
1112:of
904:in
220:of
190:by
10850::
7069:.
7026:.
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6965:.
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6938:{{
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