998:- "Turkish peri masalı is a literal translation of the term 'fairy tale,' the originally Indo–Persian character of the peri or pari constituting the equivalent of the European fairy in modern Persian folktales (Adhami 2010). Probably the character most fascinating for a Western audience in the Persian tales is the peri or pari (Adhami 2010). Although the Persian word is tantalizingly close to the English 'fairy', both words do not appear to be etymologically related. English 'fairy' derives from Latin fatum, 'fate', via the Old French faerie, 'land of fairies'. The modern Persian word, instead, derives from the Avestan pairikā, a term probably denoting a class of pre-Zoroastrian goddesses who were concerned with sexuality and who were closely connected with sexual festivals and ritual orgies. In Persian narratives and folklore of the Muslim period, the peri is usually imagined as a winged character, most often, although not exclusively, of female sex, that is capable of acts of sorcery and magic (Marzolph 2012: 21–2). For the male hero, the peri exercises a powerful sexual attraction, although unions between a peri and a human man are often ill-fated, as the human is not able to respect the laws ruling the peri's world. The peri may at times use a feather coat to turn into a bird and is thus linked to the concept of the swan maiden that is wide-spread in Asian popular belief. If her human husband transgresses one of her taboos, such as questioning her enigmatic actions, the peri will undoubtedly leave him, a feature that is exemplified in the widely known European folktale tale type 400: 'The Man on a Quest for His Lost Wife' (Schmitt 1999)."
727:
31:
193:
228:
3484:
622:
3494:
777:
might soon turn into wrath, when he acted in a way which might offend him. He then prepares for a meeting at a pavilion outside the city. For the special occasion, the Garden was adorned with precious golden and silver vessels, jewellery, and costly furniture. After the sunset he fell asleep. When he
830:) rather than surviving in exile from the disease and the lover. The third gift, the one that gets the peri into heaven, is a "Tear that, warm and meek/Dew'd that repentant sinner's cheek": the tear of an evil old man who repented upon seeing a child praying in the ruins of the
441:
in
Turkish tales fly through the air with cloud-like garments of a green colour, but also in the shape of doves. They also number forty, seven or three, and serve a Fairy-king that can be a human person they abducted from the human world. Like vestals, Kúnos wrote, the
1468:
Marzolph, Ulrich, and
Richard van Leeuwen. "The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful: The Survival of Ancient Iranian Ethical Concepts in Persian Popular Narratives of the Islamic Period." The Idea of Iran: Tradition and Innovation in Early Islamic Persia (2012):
1149:
Marzolph, Ulrich, and
Richard van Leeuwen. "The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful: The Survival of Ancient Iranian Ethical Concepts in Persian Popular Narratives of the Islamic Period." The Idea of Iran: Tradition and Innovation in Early Islamic Persia (2012):
1139:
Marzolph, Ulrich, and
Richard van Leeuwen. "The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful: The Survival of Ancient Iranian Ethical Concepts in Persian Popular Narratives of the Islamic Period." The Idea of Iran: Tradition and Innovation in Early Islamic Persia (2012):
1070:
Marzolph, Ulrich, and
Richard van Leeuwen. "The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful: The Survival of Ancient Iranian Ethical Concepts in Persian Popular Narratives of the Islamic Period." The Idea of Iran: Tradition and Innovation in Early Islamic Persia (2012):
1228:
MacDonald, D.B., Massé, H., Boratav, P.N., Nizami, K.A. and
Voorhoeve, P., “Ḏj̲inn”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 31 January 2024
210:
The etymological relation to the
English word "fairy" is disputed. Some argue that there is no relation and that both words derive from different meanings. Others argue that both terms share a common origin: The English term "fairy" deriving from
794:
in 1855. The authors leaves a mark of mockery and used as a sign of the
Persian's gullibility. Whether Gobineau's remark holds true or not, the story reflects the popularity of such belief in Iranian consciousness.
446:
belong to the spiritual realm until love sprouts in their hearts, and they must join with their mortal lovers, being abandoned by their sisters to their own devices. Also, the first meeting between humans and
1282:
Boratav, P.N. and J.T.P. de Bruijn, “Parī”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second
Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 31 January 2024
964:
Boratav, P.N. and J.T.P. de Bruijn, “Parī”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second
Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 31 January 2024
910:
Abedinifard, Mostafa; Azadibougar, Omid; Vafa, Amirhossein, eds. (2021). Persian Literature as World Literature. Literatures as World Literature. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 37–43. ISBN 978-1-5013-5420-5
1219:
DAVLETSHİNA, Leyla, and Enzhe SADYKOVA. "ÇAĞDAŞ TATAR HALK BİLİMİNDEKİ KÖTÜ RUHLAR ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA: PERİ BAŞKA, CİN BAŞKA." Uluslararası Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi (TÜRKLAD) 4.2 (2020): 366-374.
1210:
DAVLETSHİNA, Leyla, and Enzhe SADYKOVA. "ÇAĞDAŞ TATAR HALK BİLİMİNDEKİ KÖTÜ RUHLAR ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA: PERİ BAŞKA, CİN BAŞKA." Uluslararası Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi (TÜRKLAD) 4.2 (2020): 366-374.
498:. Alleged abductions can be either physical or psychological, in which case their victims lose consciousness. During the periods of abductions, people claim to be able to see, hear, and interact with
1061:
Modi, Jivanji Jamshedji. "An Account of Comets as given by Mahomedan Historians and as contained in the books of the Pishinigan or the Ancient Persians referred to by Abul Fazl." (1917): 68-105.
1052:
Modi, Jivanji Jamshedji. "An Account of Comets as given by Mahomedan Historians and as contained in the books of the Pishinigan or the Ancient Persians referred to by Abul Fazl." (1917): 68-105.
1016:
Modi, Jivanji Jamshedji. "An Account of Comets as given by Mahomedan Historians and as contained in the books of the Pishinigan or the Ancient Persians referred to by Abul Fazl." (1917): 68-105.
1443:
Abedinifard, Mostafa; Azadibougar, Omid; Vafa, Amirhossein, eds. (2021). Persian Literature as World Literature. Literatures as World Literature. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 37–43.
1427:
Abedinifard, Mostafa; Azadibougar, Omid; Vafa, Amirhossein, eds. (2021). Persian Literature as World Literature. Literatures as World Literature. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 37–43.
1411:
Abedinifard, Mostafa; Azadibougar, Omid; Vafa, Amirhossein, eds. (2021). Persian Literature as World Literature. Literatures as World Literature. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 37–43.
279:. Comets and planets were associated with evil, while the Sun, the Moon, and the fixed stars, with good. Such negative associations of the planets, however, are not supported in
290:
are non-human beings with wings and magical powers. They are often, though not necessarily female and employ an erotic appeal to mortal men. As early as the tenth century,
91:
and distributed into wider Asian folklore. They are often described as winged creatures of immense beauty who are structured in societies similar to that of humans. Unlike
118:
already developed into morally complex beings with a generally positive connotation of immense beauty, and at latest in the tenth century, being integrated into the Arab
3780:
3523:
1089:
Shahbazi, Mohammad Reza, Somayeh Avarand, and Maryam Jamali. "An Anthropological study of Melmedas in Iran and Siren in Greece." The Anthropologist 18.3 (2014): 981-989.
366:
features in the latter, when Prince Ahmad meets the beautiful princess Pari Banu. Ahmad has to deal with difficult tasks he manages to comply by aid of his fairy-wife.
1459:
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, and Mehdi Aminrazavi, eds. An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Vol. 2: From Zoroaster to Omar Khayyam. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007. pp. 320-323
726:
814:
the gift most dear to God. The first attempt is "The last libation Liberty draws/From the heart that bleeds and breaks in her cause", to wit, a drop of
3809:
30:
1250:
Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World. (2017). Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 148
822:. Next is a "Precious sigh/of pure, self-sacrificing love": a sigh stolen from the dying lips of a maiden who died with her lover of
1383:
Pantologia. A new (cabinet) cyclopædia, by J.M. Good, O. Gregory, and N. Bosworth assisted by other gentlemen of eminence, Band 8
3792:
3774:
3709:
2742:
2687:
3909:
3530:
3497:
1448:
1432:
1416:
1369:
1336:
1296:
1238:
1189:
1168:
974:
898:
253:
refers to a person who lost reason because they fell in love, as the beloved steals the lover's reason. In this regard, the
3899:
1396:
694:
3904:
3864:
3691:
3446:
666:
1927:
1534:
1124:
928:
713:
538:
651:
2682:
3738:
3732:
1308:
Basilov, Vladimir N. "Shamanism in central Asia." The Realm of Extra-human. Agents and Audiences (1976): 149-157.
673:
347:
also form part of the mythological army that Keyumars eventually draws up to defeat Ahriman and his demonic son.
3894:
2917:
2448:
2246:
1201:
Claus, Peter, Sarah Diamond, and Margaret Mills. South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2020. p. 463
647:
1080:
Seyed‐Gohrab, Ali Asghar. "Magic in classical Persian amatory literature." Iranian Studies 32.1 (1999): 71-97.
1043:
Seyed‐Gohrab, Ali Asghar. "Magic in classical Persian amatory literature." Iranian Studies 32.1 (1999): 71-97.
1034:
Seyed‐Gohrab, Ali Asghar. "Magic in classical Persian amatory literature." Iranian Studies 32.1 (1999): 71-97.
1025:
Seyed‐Gohrab, Ali Asghar. "Magic in classical Persian amatory literature." Iranian Studies 32.1 (1999): 71-97.
1007:
Seyed‐Gohrab, Ali Asghar. "Magic in classical Persian amatory literature." Iranian Studies 32.1 (1999): 71-97.
3786:
1817:
1717:
3836:
3419:
1483:
680:
192:
351:
514:(دیو), who persecuted them by locking them in iron cages. This persecution was brought about by, as the
406:
is attested in Turkish sources from the 11th century onward and was probably associated with the Arabic
3924:
3914:
3889:
3703:
1553:
1362:
South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
734:
662:
3919:
2732:
2566:
2523:
1317:
ZARCONE, EDITED BY THIERRY, and ANGELA HOBART. "AND ISLAM." The Sufi orders in northern Central Asia.
272:
3929:
3374:
3257:
2840:
632:
643:
3848:
3242:
995:
987:
738:
636:
510:
3667:
3409:
1812:
494:
would take interest in the life of humans and abduct them to invite them to weddings of fellow
2717:
2667:
1777:
1527:
1114:
844:
227:
3516:
3116:
204:
110:
were probably a class of evil spirits and only later received a positive reception. In the
1161:
The Self Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature and Civilization
786:
was gone. The author of the tale was probably familarized with the tale on his travels to
200:
8:
3618:
2458:
2115:
1607:
1567:
748:
398:, local traditions variously acknowledge the existence of a supernatural creature called
3181:
3715:
3643:
2145:
2110:
1892:
1807:
827:
744:
687:
530:
295:
50:
2075:
1230:
966:
3590:
3384:
3306:
3136:
2672:
2403:
1444:
1428:
1412:
1365:
1342:
1332:
1292:
1288:
1234:
1185:
1164:
1120:
970:
924:
894:
88:
60:
3630:
3884:
3596:
3487:
3352:
3151:
2702:
2697:
2586:
2281:
2276:
2221:
2170:
2120:
1947:
1897:
1520:
1284:
819:
434:
2105:
1329:
Health and religious rituals in South Asia : disease, possession, and healing
3830:
3762:
3272:
2962:
2927:
2896:
2423:
2321:
2241:
2216:
1802:
1624:
1582:
849:
839:
534:
124:
3393:
3161:
2180:
3768:
3342:
3247:
3222:
2845:
2778:
2478:
2266:
2085:
2070:
2040:
1922:
1639:
1592:
1504:
1479:
823:
554:. They ruled the world until it was given to a tribe of angels called al-jinn (
163:
2793:
921:
The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History
135:
are also feared because they are said to abduct people and take them to their
3878:
3362:
3171:
3166:
3050:
2657:
2473:
2226:
2175:
2160:
1634:
1346:
944:
747:
tells in his travel report about his 'three years in Asia' a story involving
581:
577:
567:
1952:
1852:
1099:
3612:
3389:
3326:
2990:
2942:
2865:
2850:
2768:
2712:
2388:
2251:
2190:
2125:
2090:
2050:
1847:
1767:
1737:
1727:
1644:
1629:
1597:
799:
791:
571:
543:
487:, sometimes used by a spiritual master referred to as "Master of Faries".
391:
74:
1942:
570:, they are still present during the time of Keyumar. It is only after the
3697:
3553:
3539:
3414:
2932:
2443:
2428:
2418:
2306:
2256:
2130:
2015:
1975:
1757:
1712:
1619:
831:
807:
522:
lack of sufficient self-esteem to join the rebellion against perversion.
472:
430:
are morally ambivalent creatures, and can be either Muslims or infidels.
383:
172:
106:
was subject to change and reconsideration. In early Persian beliefs, the
3075:
3055:
3005:
1857:
1842:
3624:
3600:
3146:
3070:
2773:
2677:
2637:
2438:
2383:
2346:
2301:
2286:
2261:
2185:
2080:
2030:
1985:
1980:
1912:
1872:
1862:
1752:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1602:
1587:
1572:
484:
476:
456:
64:
2351:
2331:
2100:
1512:
566:
lose their rank as representatives of the earth after the creation of
3842:
3426:
3291:
3085:
2830:
2783:
2727:
2707:
2611:
2591:
2571:
2561:
2463:
2140:
2095:
2035:
2010:
1990:
1882:
1832:
1665:
756:
422:
is more frequently used in supernatural tales. According to the book
315:
122:-tale tradition. They are often contrasted by their nemesis the ugly
3020:
1722:
810:, a peri gains entrance to heaven after three attempts at giving an
621:
362:. The tale is a combination of originally two separate stories; the
178:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3649:
3636:
3456:
3357:
3227:
3217:
3207:
3197:
3101:
3080:
3065:
3060:
3010:
2957:
2922:
2881:
2835:
2825:
2763:
2662:
2652:
2647:
2518:
2509:
2398:
2378:
2271:
2231:
2165:
2055:
2045:
2025:
2020:
2000:
1902:
1867:
1837:
1747:
1614:
866:
410:
when entering the Turkic beliefs through Islamic sources. Although
379:
328:
310:
294:
feature as a template for the exquisite beauty of "the beloved" in
136:
3284:
2891:
2886:
1762:
778:
woke up again, he found that there was that not only there was no
759:
and had hold high respect for experts in the supernatural such as
755:. Shah Qajar is said to have had a strong inclination towards the
3577:
3451:
3379:
3316:
3301:
3252:
3202:
3131:
3126:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
2995:
2947:
2798:
2722:
2642:
2616:
2596:
2533:
2528:
2514:
2341:
2150:
2065:
1995:
1937:
1932:
1827:
1822:
1797:
1787:
1772:
1742:
1577:
761:
464:
455:
are usually considered benevolent in Turkish sources. Shamans in
340:
280:
16:
A fairy-like spirit in Middle Eastern Folk-lore of Persian origin
3654:
2316:
588:
in his explanation of angels, jinn, and devils. He asserts that
3661:
3584:
3571:
3436:
3347:
3321:
3311:
3267:
3237:
3121:
3106:
2985:
2912:
2877:
2872:
2803:
2788:
2737:
2556:
2538:
2433:
2393:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2336:
2296:
2291:
2236:
2200:
2155:
2135:
1970:
1907:
1782:
1707:
1702:
1477:
1261:
861:
787:
395:
336:
320:
298:
folklore and poetry, echoing an identification with the Arabic
232:
3508:
996:
https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315108407-4
3441:
3431:
3296:
3279:
3262:
3212:
3176:
3156:
3141:
3025:
3015:
2952:
2937:
2860:
2815:
2810:
2758:
2692:
2606:
2601:
2581:
2576:
2453:
2413:
2408:
2311:
2195:
2005:
1887:
1877:
1792:
1732:
1543:
994:. Routledge, 2019. pp. 46, 52, 53. Accessed on: 16 Dec 2021.
988:
The Middle Eastern World’s Contribution to Fairy-Tale History
835:
815:
811:
559:
375:
299:
245:
119:
111:
2326:
219:(enchant). However, there is no consensus on either theory.
166:
3781:
The Beautiful Palace East of the Sun and North of the Earth
3606:
3232:
3111:
3000:
2855:
2820:
2632:
2468:
387:
332:
259:
183:. The word may stem from the same root as the Persian word
92:
818:
from a young soldier killed for an attempt on the life of
99:
usually feature in tales involving supernatural elements.
3369:
2060:
1917:
769:
warned him that the prince needs precautions to meet the
584:(1004 – between 1072–1088) elaborates on the concept of
525:
502:, and sometimes even report their words and appearance.
302:. However, the term has also been used as a synonym for
235:, riding camels. From a 15th-century Persian manuscript.
1233:> First published online: 2012 First print edition:
969:> First published online: 2012 First print edition:
891:
Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore
604:
would be both a potential angel and a potential devil (
600:
are divided into two categories: angel and devil. Each
3867:
where the swan maiden (or other type of bird) appears.
3863:"Tale types" refer to narratives of the international
1291:. First published online: 2012. First print edition:
574:
that they became hidden from the sight of humankind.
184:
157:
189:'wing', although other proposed etymologies exist.
1360:Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills
1231:http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0191
967:http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0886
271:, do not have connotations of beauty however. In
3876:
1113:Hughes, Patrick; Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1995).
199:, flying, with cup and wine flask. Miniature by
3810:Go I Know Not Whither and Fetch I Know Not What
2496:
1508:by Ferdowsi, translated by Helen Zimmern (1883)
1398:Nelson's New Dictionary of the English Language
1385:Oxford University 1819 digitalized 2006 sec. 17
475:, and protect from evil jinn. According to the
143:) or punish people for social transgressions.
3524:
1528:
286:In popular literature of the Islamic period,
152:
1112:
29:
650:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
608:), depending on obedience or disobedience.
3531:
3517:
3493:
1535:
1521:
1478:Ferdowsi; Zimmern, Helen (trans.) (1883).
842:set Moore's tale to music as an oratorio,
611:
87:is a supernatural entity originating from
714:Learn how and when to remove this message
508:were the target of a lower level of evil
451:occurs during the latter's bathtime. The
418:are sometimes used as synonyms, the term
1401:. Thomas Nelson & Sons. p. 234.
725:
339:of the threats posed by the destructive
226:
191:
1542:
1326:
3877:
3793:The Heavenly Maiden and the Woodcutter
3775:The Nine Peahens and the Golden Apples
3710:The Prince Who Wanted to See the World
1394:
1262:"Osmanische Volksmärchen I. (Schluss)"
3512:
3498:List of beings referred to as fairies
2495:
1688:
1516:
1259:
526:Islamic scripture and interpretations
222:
1689:
960:
958:
939:
937:
648:adding citations to reliable sources
615:
319:, "The Book of Kings", the divinity
215:(enchant) and the Persian term from
41:, 19th century, Rajput Bhopal museum
275:, comets have been identified with
153:
13:
3692:The Sea Tsar and Vasilisa the Wise
1388:
1100:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
14:
3941:
1498:
1184:University of Chicago Press 1993
980:
955:
934:
539:History of the Prophets and Kings
3492:
3483:
3482:
1289:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0886
986:Marzolph, Ulrich (08 Apr 2019)."
620:
550:at some point after the vicious
331:(the mythological first man and
243:have been considered a class of
3739:Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy
3733:The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl
3538:
1462:
1453:
1437:
1421:
1405:
1375:
1354:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1276:
1253:
1244:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1174:
1163:Columbia University Press 2012
1153:
1143:
1133:
1106:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
826:in the Mountains of the Moon (
257:features similar to the Arabic
1119:. Asian Educational Services.
1019:
1010:
1001:
913:
904:
883:
463:for aid in spiritual rituals.
1:
1327:Ferrari, Fabrizio M. (2011).
923:. BRILL, 28.10.2014. p. 118.
876:
731:Peri at the Gates of Paradise
596:. Then, he proceeds that the
358:appears only in the story of
3910:Armenian legendary creatures
1484:Internet Sacred Text Archive
893:. Sharpe Reference. p. 361.
179:
167:
146:
102:Over time, the depiction of
61:Pre-Islamic Persian folklore
7:
3900:Persian legendary creatures
3627:(Transcarpathian Ukrainian)
2497:Fairy-like beings worldwide
1364:Taylor & Francis, 2003
855:
369:
352:One Thousand and One Nights
185:
158:
10:
3946:
3865:Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index
3704:The Green Man of Knowledge
1554:Classifications of fairies
990:". In: Teverseon, Andrew.
335:of the world) and his son
131:Despite their beauty, the
3905:Persian words and phrases
3858:
3837:The King of Ireland's Son
3823:
3802:
3725:
3684:
3677:
3562:
3546:
3473:
3402:
3335:
3190:
3094:
2978:
2971:
2905:
2751:
2625:
2549:
2502:
2491:
2209:
1963:
1695:
1684:
1653:
1560:
1551:
1381:Olinthus Gilbert Gregory
889:Sherman, Josepha (2008).
533:'s interpretation of the
433:According to Turkologist
323:appears in the form of a
273:Middle Persian literature
70:
56:
46:
28:
592:is the Persian term for
3849:The Tale of Tsar Saltan
1928:Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar
1395:Nelson, Thomas (1922).
739:Corcoran Gallery of Art
612:Western representations
3410:Christmas gift-bringer
1813:Brown Man of the Muirs
741:
236:
207:
34:
3895:Azerbaijani mythology
2272:Nicnevin/Gyre-Carling
1778:Blue men of the Minch
1654:Abodes and structures
1331:. London: Routledge.
1260:Kúnos, Ignác (1888).
871:The Peer and the Peri
845:Paradise and the Peri
804:Paradise and the Peri
729:
230:
195:
33:
2683:Hopkinsville Goblins
992:The Fairy Tale World
848:, using an abridged
644:improve this section
558:), those leader was
205:Freer Gallery of Art
2404:Sprite/Water sprite
1568:Celtic sacred trees
1480:"The Epic of Kings"
1159:Frederick M. Smith
1116:Dictionary of Islam
773:. The affection of
749:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
471:to heal women from
360:Ahmad and Pari Bānu
25:
3716:Lady Featherflight
3664:(Norse and Celtic)
1723:Aos Sí (Aes Sídhe)
782:but also that the
745:Arthur de Gobineau
742:
518:perceived it, the
459:sometimes consult
378:, across Northern
350:In the stories of
237:
223:Persian literature
208:
35:
21:
3925:Kurdish mythology
3915:Islamic mythology
3890:Persian mythology
3872:
3871:
3819:
3818:
3506:
3505:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3137:Headless Horseman
2673:Fearsome critters
2487:
2486:
1449:978-1-5013-5420-5
1433:978-1-5013-5420-5
1417:978-1-5013-5420-5
1370:978-0-415-93919-5
1338:978-0-203-83386-5
1297:978-90-04-16121-4
1239:978-90-04-16121-4
1190:978-0-226-06456-7
1182:Asian Mythologies
1169:978-0-231-51065-3
975:978-90-04-16121-4
949:Iranicaonline.org
899:978-0-7656-8047-1
832:Temple of the Sun
724:
723:
716:
698:
483:are able to cast
424:People of the Air
281:Avestan languages
151:The Persian word
80:
79:
51:Mythical creature
3937:
3920:Turkish folklore
3759:(Southeast Asia)
3682:
3681:
3597:Peacock Princess
3533:
3526:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3496:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3182:Tuatha Dé Danann
3152:Jimmy Squarefoot
2976:
2975:
2698:Little green men
2493:
2492:
2459:Will-o'-the-wisp
2222:Margot the fairy
2171:Lady of the Lake
2121:Jenny Greenteeth
2116:Jack o' the bowl
1948:Queen of Elphame
1690:Attested fairies
1686:
1685:
1561:Related articles
1537:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1441:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1266:Ungarische Revue
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1178:
1172:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:
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1062:
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1050:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
984:
978:
962:
953:
952:
941:
932:
917:
911:
908:
902:
887:
820:Mahmud of Ghazni
719:
712:
708:
705:
699:
697:
656:
624:
616:
535:Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ
309:At the start of
239:Originally, the
188:
182:
170:
161:
156:
155:
65:Islamic folklore
26:
20:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3930:Avian humanoids
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3854:
3815:
3798:
3763:Hassan of Basra
3721:
3718:(North America)
3673:
3564:
3558:
3542:
3537:
3507:
3502:
3477:
3461:
3398:
3331:
3273:Enchanted Moura
3186:
3090:
2967:
2963:Yara-ma-yha-who
2901:
2897:Zashiki warashi
2747:
2621:
2545:
2498:
2483:
2242:Mooinjer veggey
2205:
2111:Jack-o'-lantern
2076:Heinzelmännchen
1959:
1691:
1680:
1649:
1625:Household deity
1583:Fairy godmother
1556:
1547:
1541:
1501:
1488:
1486:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1442:
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1359:
1355:
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1002:
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981:
963:
956:
943:
942:
935:
919:Aigle, Denise.
918:
914:
909:
905:
888:
884:
879:
858:
840:Robert Schumann
737:(after Moore),
735:Thomas Crawford
720:
709:
703:
700:
657:
655:
641:
625:
614:
562:. Although the
531:Abu Ali Bal'ami
528:
467:use the aid of
372:
225:
149:
42:
37:Depiction of a
17:
12:
11:
5:
3943:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3856:
3855:
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3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3769:The Swan Queen
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3688:
3686:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3668:The Goose Wife
3665:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3621:(South Slavic)
3616:
3610:
3604:
3594:
3591:The Crane Wife
3588:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
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3535:
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3503:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3480:
3474:
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3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3406:
3404:
3403:Cross-regional
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3345:
3343:Dames blanches
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3248:Kallikantzaros
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:Doñas de fuera
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
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3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
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2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Mrenh kongveal
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
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2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
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2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2479:Yan-gant-y-tan
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
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2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Nelly Longarms
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:The Hedley Kow
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Gwragedd Annwn
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
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2003:
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1651:
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1647:
1642:
1640:Tutelary deity
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1595:
1593:Fairy painting
1590:
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1557:
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1499:External links
1497:
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1374:
1353:
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1180:Yves Bonnefoy
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806:, part of his
722:
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613:
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527:
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490:Sometimes the
465:Uyghur shamans
371:
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224:
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171:, itself from
164:Middle Persian
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112:Islamic period
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3644:Völundarkviða
3641:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
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3623:
3620:
3617:
3615:(East Slavic)
3614:
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3420:Companions of
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3363:King Goldemar
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3172:Pictish Beast
3170:
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3167:Morgan Le Fay
3165:
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2743:Yunwi Tsunsdi
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2658:Christmas elf
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2524:Little people
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2176:Lazy Laurence
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2161:Klabautermann
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2106:Iannic-ann-ôd
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1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Nature spirit
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1509:
1507:
1506:Epic of Kings
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1268:(in German).
1267:
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1126:9788120606722
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929:9789004280649
926:
922:
916:
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900:
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886:
882:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
853:
852:translation.
851:
847:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
793:
790:at orders of
789:
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764:
763:
758:
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736:
732:
728:
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707:
704:February 2020
696:
693:
689:
686:
682:
679:
675:
672:
668:
665: –
664:
660:
659:Find sources:
653:
649:
645:
639:
638:
634:
629:This section
627:
623:
618:
617:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:Nasir Khusraw
579:
575:
573:
569:
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561:
557:
553:
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545:
541:
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536:
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421:
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413:
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405:
401:
397:
393:
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367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
313:'s epic poem
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:, unlike the
266:
262:
261:
256:
252:
249:and the term
248:
247:
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234:
229:
220:
218:
214:
206:
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190:
187:
181:
177:
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160:
144:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
89:Persian tales
86:
85:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
40:
32:
27:
24:
19:
3860:
3642:
3563:Supernatural
3547:Main article
3394:Weiße Frauen
3390:Witte Wieven
3162:Menninkäinen
2943:Patupaiarehe
2866:Hungry ghost
2851:Orang bunian
2769:Fallen angel
2713:Nordic alien
2449:Wicked fairy
2389:Sleih beggey
2191:Lubber fiend
2181:Leanan sídhe
2126:Joan the Wad
2091:Hobbididance
2051:Gwyn ap Nudd
1768:Bloody Bones
1738:Baobhan sith
1728:Arkan Sonney
1645:Water spirit
1630:Hungry grass
1598:Fairy riding
1505:
1487:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1439:
1423:
1407:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1361:
1356:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1246:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1181:
1176:
1160:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
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1021:
1012:
1003:
991:
982:
948:
920:
915:
906:
890:
885:
870:
843:
803:
800:Thomas Moore
797:
792:Napoleon III
783:
779:
774:
770:
766:
765:. One day a
760:
752:
743:
730:
710:
701:
691:
684:
677:
670:
658:
642:Please help
630:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
576:
563:
555:
551:
547:
537:
529:
519:
515:
509:
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491:
489:
480:
468:
460:
452:
448:
443:
438:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:Central Asia
373:
363:
359:
355:
349:
344:
324:
314:
308:
303:
291:
287:
285:
276:
268:
264:
258:
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196:
175:
150:
140:
132:
130:
123:
115:
107:
103:
101:
96:
83:
82:
81:
75:Muslim world
38:
22:
18:
3824:Adaptations
3771:(Lithuania)
3698:King Kojata
3639:(Germanic)
3554:Swan maiden
3540:Swan maiden
3415:Santa Claus
3243:Hippocampus
2933:Muldjewangk
2794:Inari Ōkami
2444:Water horse
2429:Tylwyth Teg
2419:Tooth fairy
2307:Pillywiggin
2257:Moss people
2227:Meg Mullach
2131:Joint-eater
2016:Ghillie Dhu
1976:Fairy Queen
1758:Billy Blind
1713:Alp Luachra
1620:Genius loci
1546:in folklore
1489:October 18,
1299:, 1960-2007
1241:, 1960-2007
977:, 1960-2007
834:at Balbec,
808:Lalla-Rookh
485:love spells
473:miscarriage
435:Ignác Kúnos
402:. The term
384:Afghanistan
173:Old Persian
162:comes from
3879:Categories
3833:(Noh play)
3712:(Portugal)
3706:(Scotland)
3678:Tale types
3625:Povitrulya
3601:Dai people
3447:Salamander
3147:Jack Frost
2779:Hồ ly tinh
2774:Fox spirit
2678:Grey alien
2638:Anchimayen
2439:Water bull
2384:Shellycoat
2302:Peg Powler
2287:Nuckelavee
2262:Nain Rouge
2186:Leprechaun
2081:Hinzelmann
1986:Fear gorta
1981:Fear dearg
1953:Svartálfar
1913:Each-uisge
1873:Colt pixie
1863:Clurichaun
1853:Ceffyl Dŵr
1753:Bean nighe
1676:Fairy ring
1671:Fairy path
1661:Fairy fort
1603:Fairy tale
1588:Fairy-lock
1573:Changeling
877:References
674:newspapers
578:Isma'ilite
556:fereštegan
457:Kazakhstan
296:Persianate
231:Houris in
141:Pariyestân
137:home-world
3843:Swan Lake
3839:(fantasy)
3789:(Denmark)
3787:Maid Lena
3427:Elemental
3117:Black dog
2831:Korpokkur
2784:Huli jing
2728:Pukwudgie
2708:Nimerigar
2668:Encantado
2612:Tikoloshe
2592:Mami Wata
2572:Bultungin
2562:Asanbosam
2503:Worldwide
2464:Wirry-cow
2317:Púca/Pwca
2252:Morvarc'h
2141:Kilmoulis
2096:Hobgoblin
2036:Grindylow
2011:Gancanagh
1991:Fenodyree
1943:Huldufólk
1883:Cyhyraeth
1833:Bugul Noz
1666:Fairyland
1347:739388185
945:"PAIRIKĀ"
828:Ruwenzori
762:darvīshes
631:does not
316:Shahnameh
147:Etymology
3845:(ballet)
3831:Hagoromo
3812:(Russia)
3783:(Sweden)
3777:(Serbia)
3765:(Arabic)
3757:Manohara
3751:Chilseok
3745:Tanabata
3700:(Slavic)
3694:(Russia)
3650:Brunhild
3637:Valkyrie
3633:(Greece)
3619:Samodiva
3609:(Persia)
3574:(India)
3488:Category
3478:See also
3457:Wild man
3358:Alberich
3228:Farfadet
3218:Dionysus
3208:Cercopes
3198:Basajaun
3191:Southern
3102:Aitvaras
3095:Northern
3081:Vodyanoy
3076:Vântoase
3066:Vadleany
3061:Ursitory
3056:Spiriduș
3051:Sânziană
3011:Kikimora
3006:Karzełek
2958:Wandjina
2923:Menehune
2882:Yakshini
2836:Mazzikin
2826:Kijimuna
2764:Dokkaebi
2718:Nûñnë'hï
2663:Curupira
2653:Chaneque
2648:Canotila
2626:Americas
2519:Succubus
2510:Bogeyman
2399:Spriggan
2379:Seonaidh
2232:Melusine
2166:Korrigan
2056:Habetrot
2046:Gwyllion
2026:Glashtyn
2021:Glaistig
2001:Finvarra
1903:Dullahan
1868:Coblynau
1858:Clíodhna
1843:Cat sìth
1838:Caoineag
1748:Barghest
1615:Familiar
1372:page 463
1351:p. 35-38
1171:page 570
867:Iolanthe
856:See also
802:'s poem
580:scholar
546:creates
380:Pakistan
370:Folklore
329:Keyumars
327:to warn
311:Ferdowsi
233:paradise
57:Folklore
47:Grouping
3885:Fairies
3803:ATU 465
3795:(Korea)
3753:(Korea)
3747:(Japan)
3741:(China)
3735:(China)
3726:ATU 400
3685:ATU 313
3670:(Inuit)
3631:Neraida
3593:(Japan)
3587:(Japan)
3578:Urvashi
3452:Sandman
3380:Perchta
3375:Lorelei
3336:Western
3317:Thiasus
3302:Silenus
3253:Kobalos
3203:Centaur
3132:Haltija
3127:Gremlin
3046:Rusalka
3041:Psotnik
3036:Polevik
3031:Ovinnik
2996:Domovoy
2991:Căpcăun
2979:Eastern
2948:Taniwha
2906:Oceania
2799:Kitsune
2723:Pombero
2688:Ishigaq
2643:Caipora
2617:Yumboes
2597:Obayifo
2534:Mermaid
2529:Merfolk
2515:Incubus
2352:Skogsrå
2342:Radande
2332:Bergsrå
2151:Knucker
2146:Knocker
2101:Hödekin
2066:Haltija
2031:Groac'h
1996:Finfolk
1938:Erlking
1933:Elegast
1898:Duergar
1848:Cù Sìth
1828:Bugbear
1823:Buggane
1808:Brownie
1798:Boobrie
1788:Boggart
1773:Bluecap
1743:Banshee
1578:Elfshot
1544:Fairies
784:darvīsh
767:darvīsh
688:scholar
652:removed
637:sources
341:Ahriman
251:dīvānah
201:Şahkulu
180:parikā-
71:Country
3861:Notes:
3851:(poem)
3662:Selkie
3585:Tennin
3572:Apsara
3437:Goblin
3385:Vittra
3348:Dusios
3322:Trenti
3312:Squasc
3258:Lamina
3238:Hecate
3122:Gabija
3107:Ajatar
3021:Lidérc
2986:Bannik
2972:Europe
2918:Manaia
2913:Bunyip
2878:Yaksha
2873:Tennin
2841:Mogwai
2804:Kumiho
2789:Huxian
2759:Diwata
2738:Trauco
2557:Abatwa
2550:Africa
2539:Merman
2434:Undine
2394:Sluagh
2374:Selkie
2369:Sebile
2364:Schrat
2359:Redcap
2337:Hulder
2297:Oberon
2292:Nuggle
2247:Morgen
2237:Merrow
2201:Ly Erg
2156:Kobold
2136:Kelpie
1971:Fachan
1908:Dunnie
1893:Duende
1783:Bodach
1718:Anjana
1708:Aibell
1703:Adhene
1469:16-29.
1447:
1431:
1415:
1368:
1345:
1335:
1295:
1272:: 337.
1237:
1192:p. 322
1188:
1167:
1150:16-29.
1140:16-29.
1123:
1071:16-29.
973:
927:
897:
862:Dakini
850:German
824:plague
788:Tehran
757:Occult
690:
683:
676:
669:
663:"Parī"
661:
437:, the
426:, the
396:Turkey
394:, and
386:, and
337:Siamak
321:Sorush
263:. The
246:dēvatā
114:, the
95:, the
3565:women
3442:Gnome
3432:Fates
3353:Dwarf
3307:Siren
3297:Satyr
3280:Nymph
3268:Mouro
3263:Mairu
3213:Circe
3177:Troll
3157:Lauma
3142:Hiisi
3071:Vâlvă
3026:Likho
3016:Leshy
2953:Tipua
2938:Nawao
2928:Mimis
2892:Yōsei
2887:Yōkai
2861:Preta
2816:Irshi
2811:Hyang
2693:Jogah
2607:Simbi
2602:Rompo
2587:Kishi
2582:Jengu
2577:Eloko
2567:Aziza
2454:Wight
2414:Tomte
2409:Sylph
2347:Sjörå
2312:Pixie
2282:Nixie
2277:Nisse
2196:Lutin
2006:Fuath
1888:Drude
1878:Crone
1818:Bucca
1793:Bogle
1763:Biróg
1733:Asrai
836:Syria
816:blood
812:angel
733:, by
695:JSTOR
681:books
572:flood
560:Iblis
520:parī'
376:India
374:From
345:Parīs
300:Houri
168:parīg
120:houri
3655:Kára
3613:Vila
3607:Peri
3327:Vila
3285:List
3233:Faun
3112:Badb
3086:Zână
3001:Iele
2856:Peri
2821:Jinn
2752:Asia
2733:Saci
2703:Muki
2633:Alux
2469:Xana
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1803:Brag
1608:List
1491:2011
1445:ISBN
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1366:ISBN
1343:OCLC
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564:parī
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