Paul E. Meehl - Knowledge

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legitimacy of psychological research about unobservable processes. Cronbach and Meehl introduced the concept of "construct" validity for cases in which there was no "gold standard" criterion for validating a test of a hypothetical construct. Hence, any construct had "surplus meaning". Construct validity was distinguished from predictive validity, concurrent validity, and content validity. They also introduced the concept of the "nomological net"—the network of associations among constructs and measures. Cronbach and Meehl argued that the meaning of a hypothetical construct is given by its relations to other variables in a nomological network. One tests a theory of relations among hypothetical constructs by showing that putative measures of these constructs relate to each other as implied by one's theory, as captured in the

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from mechanically derived conclusions. To illustrate this, Meehl described a "broken leg" scenario in which mechanical prediction indicated that an individual has a 90% chance of attending the movies. However, the "clinician" is aware that the individual recently broke his leg, and this was not factored into the mechanical prediction. Therefore, the clinician can confidently conclude the mechanical prediction will be incorrect. The broken leg is objective evidence determined with high accuracy and highly correlated with staying home from the movies. Meehl argued, however, that mental health professionals rarely have access to such clear countervailing information as a broken leg, and therefore rarely if ever can appropriately disregard valid mechanical predictions.

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MMPI-2 profile interpretation. Meehl and Hathaway continued to conduct research using MMPI validity indicators and noticed K scales elevations were associated with greater denial of symptoms on some clinical scales more than others. To compensate for this, they developed a K scale correction factor aimed at offsetting effects of defensive responding on other scales measuring psychopathology. Substantial subsequent research conducted on the original MMPI clinical scales used these "K-corrected" scores, although research on the usefulness of the corrections has produced mixed results. The most recent iteration of the K scale, developed for the MMPI-2-RF, is still used for psychological assessments in clinical, neuropsychological, and forensic contexts.

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predictions. With increased precision, one is better able to detect small deviations from the model's predictions and harder to claim support for the model. In contrast, softer social sciences make only directional predictions, not point predictions. Softer social sciences claim support when the direction of the observed effect matches predictions, rejecting only the null hypothesis of zero effect. Meehl argued that no treatment in the real world has zero effect. With sufficient sample size, therefore, one should almost always be able to reject the null hypothesis of zero effect. Researchers who guessed randomly at the sign of any small effect would have a 50–50 chance of finding confirmation with sufficiently large sample size.

1015:: "It's not real to us, but it's 'real' to him". "So what if he thinks he's Napoleon?" There is a distinction between reality and delusion that is important to make when assessing a patient and so the consideration of comparative realities can mislead and distract from the importance of a patient's delusion to a diagnostic decision. "If I think the moon is made of green cheese and you think it's a piece of rock, one of us must be wrong". For this, pointing out that the deviated cognitions of a delusional patient "seem real to him" is a waste of time. So, the statement "It is reality to him", which is philosophically either trivial or false, is also clinically misleading. 485:

which do not involve such hypothesization." An intervening variable is simply a mathematical combination of operations. If one speaks of the "expected value" of a gamble (probability of winning × payoff for winning), this is not hypothesizing any unobservable psychological process. Expected value is simply a mathematical combination of observables. On the other hand, if one attempts to make statements about "attractiveness" of a gamble, if this is not observable or perfectly captured by some single operational measure, this is a "hypothetical construct"—a theoretical term that is not itself observable or a direct function of observables. They used as examples

758: 877: 980:. In other words, case conferences outside mental health disciplines were benefiting from including objective evidence against which clinical expertise could be compared and contrasted. Meehl argued for creating a psychiatric analogue to the pathologist's report. Additionally, he outlined a proposed format for case conferences beginning with initial discussion of clinical observations, and ending with a revealing of a subset of patient data (e.g., psychological testing results) to compare with attendees' clinical inferences and proposed diagnoses. 716:

by overconfidence or anecdotal observations unsupported by empirical research. In contrast, mechanical prediction tools can be configured to use important clinical information and are not influenced by psychological biases. In support of this conclusion, Meehl and his colleagues found that clinicians still make less accurate decisions than mechanical formulas even when given the same mechanical formulas to help with their decision-making. Human biases have become central to research in diverse fields including

1053:: Those who seek psychological services have characteristics associated with being a patient/care-seeker, but also characteristics of being human. Meehl argues that it is problematic to view a patient's normative life dysfunction to their psychopathology. For example, no individual is maximally effective in all aspects of their life. This will be true of non-patients and patients alike, and must be distinguished by the clinician from those aspects of the patient's life which are pathological and dysfunctional. 299:, to Otto and Blanche Swedal. His family name "Meehl" was his stepfather's. When he was age 16, his mother died as the result of poor medical care which, according to Meehl, greatly affected his faith in the expertise of medical practitioners and diagnostic accuracy of clinicians. After his mother's death, Meehl lived briefly with his stepfather, then with a neighborhood family for one year so he could finish high school. He then lived with his maternal grandparents, who lived near the 873:, or indoctrination into a highly homogenous religious sect. Meehl envisioned applying taxometric approaches when the precise underlying latent causes are currently unknown and only observable "indicators" are available (e.g., psychiatric conditions). By mathematically examining patterns across these manifested indicators, Meehl proposed that converging evidence could be used to assess the plausibility of a true latent taxon while also estimating the base rate of that taxon. 739:(2009) reported that expert intuition is learned from frequent, rapid, high quality feedback. Few professions have such feedback and can be beaten by mechanical rules, as Meehl and others have documented. Kahneman et al. (2021) noted that professionals without such feedback can be beaten by rules averaging several known predictors. With some data, linear regression models work better. With lots of data artificial intelligence models can work better still. 504:'s "needs". "These constructs involve terms which are not wholly reducible to empirical terms; they refer to processes or entities that are not directly observed (although they need not be in principle unobservable)." Such constructs had "surplus meaning". Thus, good behaviorists and operationists should be comfortable with statements about intervening variables, but should have greater wariness of hypothetical constructs. 891:

Then, several metrics can be applied to assess if the candidate cut points can be explained by a latent taxon. "Coherent" refers to the process of using multiple indicators and metrics together to make a case for convergence about the categorical or dimensional nature of the phenomenon being studied. Meehl played a role in developing the following taxometric procedures: MAMBAC, MAXCOV, MAXSLOPE, MAXEIG, and L-Mode.

31: 812:. Cells exhibiting hypokrisia should contribute to a characteristic pattern of impaired integrative signal processing across multiple neural circuits in the brain, which Meehl termed "schizotaxia". In response to typical rearing environments and social reinforcement schedules, this neural aberration should invariably lead to a collection of observable behavioral tendencies called " 857:. Although many DSM-defined psychiatric syndromes can be reliability identified in clinical settings, Meehl argued that the categorical nature of mental illnesses assumed by these diagnoses (i.e., a person is either sick or well) should be tested empirically rather than accepted at face value. Meehl advocated for a data-driven approach that could, in the words of 781:. This conflicted with the prevailing notion that schizophrenia was primarily the result of a person's childhood rearing environment. Meehl argued schizophrenia should be considered a genetically based neurological disorder manifesting via complex interactions with personal and environmental factors. His reasoning was shaped by the writings of psychoanalyst 1021:: Decisions based on factors that we do not own up to or challenge. An example is the placement of middle- and upper-class patients in therapy while lower-class patients are given medication. Meehl identified these decisions as related to an implicit ideal patient who is young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful ( 696:

tool created to combine clinical data and arrive at predictions. Within his view, mechanical prediction approaches need not exclude any type of data from being combined and could incorporate coded clinical impressions. Once the clinical information is quantified, Meehl proposed mechanical approaches would make 100%

1073:: Going about a task in a more difficult manner when an equivalent easier option exists; for example, in clinical psychology, using an unnecessary instrument or procedure that can be difficult and time-consuming while the same information can be ascertained through interviewing or interacting with the client. 516:

and Meehl legitimized theory tests about unobservable, hypothetical constructs. Constructs are unobservables, and they can be stable traits of individuals (e.g., "Need for Cognition") or temporary states (e.g., nonconscious goal activation). Previously, good behaviorists had deep skepticism about the

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In his writings, Meehl advocated for the creation of a field called "taxometrics" to test for categorical groupings across diverse scientific disciplines. Based on this approach, latent "taxons" would be conceptualized as causal factors leading to true differences in kind within a population. Taxons

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With the help of several colleagues, Meehl developed multiple statistical methods for identifying the presence of categorical groupings within biological or psychological variables. Meehl was a critic of the checklist ("polythetic") structure used to categorize mental illnesses in diagnostic manuals

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phenomenon and schizotypy as a genetically based risk factor for schizophrenia have been supported. However, researchers have not uncovered strong evidence for a single schizogene, and instead believe the genetic risk for schizophrenia is better explained by polygenic combinations of common variants

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Meehl argued that humans introduce biases when making decisions during clinical practice. For example, clinicians may seek out information to support their presuppositions, or miss and ignore information challenging their views. Additionally, Meehl described how clinical judgment could be influenced

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The K scale is used as a complement validity indicator to the L (for "lie") scale, whose items were selected based on item content face validity and are more obviously focused on impression management. The K scale has been popular among clinical psychologists, and has been a useful tool for MMPI and

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Meehl also elaborated upon the issue of clinical versus statistical prediction and the known weakness of unstructured clinical decision-making during typical case conferences. He encouraged clinicians to be humble when collaborating about patient care and pushed for a higher scientific standard for

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Coherent Cut Kinetics is the suite of statistical tools developed by Meehl and his colleagues to perform taxometric analysis. "Cut Kinetics" refers to the mathematical operation of moving potential cut points across distributions of indicator variables to create subsamples using dichotomous splits.

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was published in English in 1959, Meehl counted himself a "Popperian" for a short time, later as "a 'neo-Popperian' philosophical eclectic", still using the Popperian approach of conjectures and refutations, but without endorsing all of Popper's philosophy. Influenced by and in respect of Popper's

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Taxometric analyses have contributed to a shift away from the use of diagnostic categories among mental health researchers. In line with Meehl's theorizing, studies using taxometric methods have demonstrated how most psychiatric conditions are better conceptualized as being dimensional rather than

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comparing clinical and mechanical prediction efficiency have supported Meehl's (1954) conclusion that mechanical methods outperform clinical methods. In response to objections, Meehl continued to defend algorithmic prediction throughout his career and proposed that clinicians should rarely deviate

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Historically, mental health professionals commonly make decisions based on their professional clinical judgment (i.e., combining clinical information "in their head" and arriving at a prediction about a patient). Meehl theorized that clinicians would make more mistakes than a mechanical prediction

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of the item content. As a result, items on the resulting scale, termed the K (for "correction") scale would be difficult to avoid for individuals attempting to present as well-adjusted when taking the MMPI. Individuals who endorsed the K scale items were thought to be demonstrating a sophisticated

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significance testing (NHST), he also noted, “When I was a rat psychologist, I unabashedly employed significance testing in latent-learning experiments; looking back I see no reason to fault myself for having done so in the light of my present methodological views”. He mainly promoted a switch to

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and Meehl introduced the distinction between "hypothetical construct" and "intervening variable". "Naively, it would seem that there is a difference in logical status between constructs which involve the hypothesization of an entity, process, or event which is not itself observed, and constructs

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metatheory', where meta-theory is defined as the empirical theory of scientific theorizing. He published several articles criticizing the weak use of hypothesis tests. Together with Lykken he coined the term 'crud factor' which expresses the idea that "everything is more or less correlated with

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and were deeply skeptical of "unscientific" explanations in terms of unobservable psychological processes. Behaviorists and operationists would have rejected as unscientific any notion that there was some general thing called "intelligence" that existed inside a person's head and that might be

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is that in the hard sciences more sophisticated and precise methods make it harder to claim support for one's theory. The opposite is true in soft sciences like the social sciences. Hard sciences like physics make exact point predictions and work by testing whether observed data falsify those

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and presenting as asymptomatic and well-adjusted. Meehl and Hathaway employed a technique called "empirical criterion keying" to compare the responses of these defensive individuals with other individuals who were not suspected of experiencing mental illness and who also produced normal MMPI

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in mental health clinics, where individual patients, or "cases", are discussed at length by a team, often as a training exercise. Meehl found such case conferences boring and lacking intellectual rigor. In contrast, he recalled numerous interesting illuminating case conferences within

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at age 38, and president of that association at age 42. He was promoted to Regents' professor, the highest academic position at the University of Minnesota, in 1968. He received the Bruno Klopfer Distinguished Contributor Award in personality assessment in 1979, and was elected to the

820:"), and effects on personality and emotion. Meehl believed many people in society exhibit signs of schizotypy as a result of the schizogene without showing signs of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia would only occur when individuals are carrying other non-specific genetic risk factors (" 1031:: The belief that the human organism is so fragile that minor negative events, such as criticism, rejection, or failure, are bound to cause major trauma—essentially not giving humans, and sometimes patients, enough credit for their resilience and ability to recover. 828:, ambivalence, and social fear. These additional traits would be more likely expressed under stress (e.g., trauma) and inconsistent social schedules from parents. Given these combinations of conditions, decompensation from schizotypy to schizophrenia would result. 449:

Arguably Meehl's most important contributions to psychological research methodology were in legitimizing scientific claims about unobservable psychological processes. In the first half of the 20th century, psychology was dominated by operationism and

688:) methods of data combination would outperform clinical (i.e., subjective, informal) methods to predict behavior. Meehl argued that mechanical methods of prediction, when used correctly, make more efficient and reliable decisions about patient 1079:: Meehl argued that social scientists like psychologists, sociologists, and psychiatrists have a tendency to react negatively to biological contributors to abnormal behavior, and therefore tending to be anti-drug, anti-genetic, and anti- 362:

Meehl rose quickly to academic positions of prominence. He was chairman of the University of Minnesota Psychology Department at age 31, president of the Midwestern Psychological Association at age 34, recipient of the

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clinical reasoning in mental health treatment settings. Meehl directly identified several common deficiencies in reasoning that he had observed among his clinical colleagues, and to which he applied memorable names:

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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell III, John L.; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002).

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everything in the social sciences", which makes null hypothesis tests for correlational effects uninteresting. He also discussed better approaches to tests of theories in psychological science based on the work by

1005:: The opposite of sick-sick. Imagining that "everyone does this" and thereby minimizing a symptom without assessing the probability of whether a mentally healthy person would actually do it. A variation of this is 4068:Ægisdóttir, Stefanía; White, Michael J.; Spengler, Paul M.; Maugherman, Alan S.; Anderson, Linda A.; Cook, Robert S.; Nichols, Cassandra N.; Lampropoulos, Georgios K.; Walker, Blain S.; Cohen, Genna (May 2006). 3849:

McCrae, Robert R.; Costa, Paul T.; Dahlstrom, W. Grant; Barefoot, John C.; Siegler, Ilene C.; Williams, Redford B. (1989). "A caution on the use of the MMPI K-correction in research on psychosomatic medicine".

1037:: This fallacy refers to how psychologists explain away the technical aspects of tests, using inappropriate and 'crummy' criterion that is observational instead of scientific, rather than incorporating the 464:, they had different concepts. There was no "surplus meaning". If, for example, two researchers had different measures of "anomia" or "intelligence", they had different concepts. Behaviorists focussed on 880:

Depiction of Coherent Cut Kinetics procedures for identifying a latent "taxon" with a 30% base rate. The "hitmax" interval distinguishing between the two categorical groups is shown with vertical dotted

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theology, psychological science, and how Christians (Lutherans, in particular) could responsibly function as both Christians and psychologists without betraying orthodoxy or sound science and practice.

347:. Upon taking his doctorate, Meehl immediately accepted a faculty position at the university, which he held throughout his career. In addition, he had appointments in psychology, law, psychiatry, 804:

widespread throughout the population, which would function as a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for schizophrenia. The schizogene would manifest on the cellular level throughout the

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created the item pool), he contributed widely to the literature on interpreting patterns of responses to MMPI questions. In particular, Meehl argued that the MMPI could be used to understand

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Waller, Niels G.; Ross, Colin A. (November 1997). "The prevalence and biometric structure of pathological dissociation in the general population: Taxometric and behavior genetic findings".

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Paul Meehl's dominant schizogene theory of schizophrenia: Proposed effects across the human organism and the environment are displayed. CNS = central nervous system. (Adapted from

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profiles. The empirical criterion keying approach selected items based on their ability to maximally discriminate between these groups. They were not selected based on theory or

6100: 1059:: The belief that those who have sincere concern for the suffering (the softhearted) are the same as those who tend to be wrong in logical and empirical decisions (softheaded). 777:

Meehl was elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1962. In his address to the annual convention, he presented his comprehensive theory about the genetic

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of individuals at risk for psychosis and family members of people with schizophrenia who may be carrying the schizogene. Meehl's descriptions of schizophrenia as largely a

999:: The tendency to generalize from personal experiences of health and ways of being, to the identification of others who are different from ourselves as being "sick". 2735:"Comparative efficiency of informal (subjective, impressionistic) and formal (mechanical, algorithmic) prediction procedures: the clinical–statistical controversy" 6054: 2780:"Taxometric analysis: II. Detecting taxonicity using covariance of two quantitative indicators in successive intervals of a third indicator (MAXCOV procedure)" 939:

while Bellow was an instructor at the University of Minnesota. He identified as "strongly psychodynamic in theoretical orientation", and used a combination of

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including full list of publications and complete videos of Meehl teaching his course in Philosophical Psychology in 1989 at the Psychology Department of the

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states. Since Meehl's death, factor mixture modeling has been proposed as an alternative to address the statistical weaknesses of his taxometric methods.

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testing for the evaluation of scientific theory. He believed that null hypothesis testing was partly responsible for the lack of progress in many of the "

6066: 3248: 742: 1047:: The act of normalizing or excusing a behavior just because one understands the cause or function of it, regardless of its normalcy or appropriateness. 1025:). He argued that YAVIS patients are preferred by psychotherapists because they can pay for long-term treatment and are more enjoyable to interact with. 133: 2836:"The problem is epistemology, not statistics: replace significance tests by confidence intervals and quantify accuracy of risky numerical predictions" 1098:

According to Faust "One of most important, but less widely known potential contributions is the co-development, and the extension and elaboration of

6060: 861:, "carve nature at its joints", and determine when it is most appropriate to conceptualize something as being categorical or continuous/dimensional. 258:. Throughout his nearly 60-year career, Meehl made seminal contributions to psychology, including empirical studies and theoretical accounts of 3984: 645:

still produced normal personality profiles on the various clinical scales. It was suspected that these individuals were demonstrating clinical

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and set the stage for the cognitive revolution in psychology that focusses on the study of mental processes that are not directly observable.

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and treatment. His conclusions were controversial and have long conflicted with the prevailing consensus about psychiatric decision-making.

6140: 3693: 993:: Making a statement that is trivial and true of nearly all patients, but which is made as though it is important for the current patient. 1331: 655:

attempt to conceal information about their mental health history from test administrators. The K scale is an early example of a putative

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Meehl, Paul E. (April 1990). "Appraising and Amending Theories: The Strategy of Lakatosian Defense and Two Principles that Warrant It".

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Faust, David (October 2005). "Why Paul Meehl will revolutionize the philosophy of science and why it should matter to psychologists".

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Vrieze, Scott I.; Grove, William M. (2009). "Survey on the use of clinical and mechanical prediction methods in clinical psychology".

1009:. This minimizes a symptom through reference to a friend/relative who exhibited a similar symptom, thereby implying that it is normal. 6145: 4985:"Latent class detection and class assignment: a comparison of the MAXEIG taxometric procedure and factor mixture modeling approaches" 925: 912:). However, some possible exceptions have been identified such as a latent taxon representing the tendency to experience maladaptive 831:

Meehl's dominant schizogene theory had a substantial influence on subsequent research efforts. His theorizing increased interest in

6150: 6105: 5213: 4070:"The meta-analysis of clinical judgment project: fifty-six years of accumulated research on clinical versus statistical prediction" 3412: 446:, the Minnesota Center for the Philosophy of Science, and was a leading figure in philosophy of science as applied to psychology. 4563:

Grove, William M. (2004). "The MAXSLOPE taxometric procedure: mathematical derivation, parameter estimation, consistency tests".

3130: 2071:"Consistency tests in estimating the completeness of the fossil record: a neo-Popperian approach to statistical paleontology" 700:

predictions for exactly the same data every time. Clinical prediction, on the other hand, would not provide this guarantee.

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Meehl was not particularly religious during his upbringing, but in adulthood during the 1950s collaborated with a group of

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could include many types of biological and psychosocial phenomena such as expression of an autosomal dominant gene (e.g.,

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Ruscio, John; Ruscio, Ayelet Meron (2000). "Informing the continuity controversy: A taxometric analysis of depression".

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Hsu, Louis M. (1986). "Implications of differences in elevations of K-corrected and non-K-corrected MMPI T scores".

2161: 1818: 1402: 1067:: Creating explanations after we have been presented with evidence that is consistent with what has now been proven. 3852: 2431: 1654: 1204: 749:

have developed methods to help people improve their judgements, citing Meehl's work as a foundation for their own.

4818:"The latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A taxometric investigation of reactions to extreme stress" 2734: 2665: 2423: 2370: 5143:

Meehl, Paul E. (February 1990). "Why Summaries of Research on Psychological Theories are Often Uninterpretable".

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theory about schizophrenia could be meaningfully integrated into his neurobiological framework for the disorder.

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survey, published in 2002, ranked Meehl as the 74th most cited psychologist of the 20th century, in a tie with

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for the MMPI. During initial clinical testing of the MMPI, a subset of individuals exhibiting clear signs of

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Meehl, Paul E. (1973b). "Some methodological reflections on the difficulties of psychoanalytic research".

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Meehl, Paul E.; Klann, Richard; Schmieding, Alfred; Breimeier, Kenneth; Schroeder-Slomann, Sophie (1958).

30: 4074: 3073: 3034: 2905: 2886: 2507: 2371:"Appraising and amending theories: the strategy of Lakatosian defense and two principles that warrant it" 2032:"Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology" 456: 3068:

Waller, Niels G.; Yonce, Leslie J.; Grove, William M.; Faust, David; Lenzenweger, Mark F., eds. (2006).

2673: 2070: 1559: 1089:: When one is making an argument and requires less evidence for him or herself than does so for another. 5191: 2900:. In Waller, Niels G.; Yonce, Leslie J.; Grove, William M.; Faust, David; Lenzenweger, Mark F. (eds.). 2235: 1748: 816:". Schizotypy indicators would include neurological soft signs, subtle differences in language usage (" 605:(MMPI). While Meehl did not directly develop the original MMPI items (he was a high school junior when 2779: 5827: 2285: 1080: 913: 909: 4891: 3866: 3455: 3338: 2993: 2801: 2695: 2608: 2475: 2392: 2191: 1945:

Meehl, Paul E. (March 1972). "Specific genetic etiology, psychodynamics, and therapeutic nihilism".

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Lenzenweger, Mark F. (1993). "Explorations in schizotypy and the psychometric high-risk paradigm".

2756: 1765: 697: 351:, philosophy, and served as a fellow of the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, founded by 267: 6012: 5624: 5469: 5356: 5261: 5199: 5185: 3772: 3567: 866: 778: 320: 312: 300: 241: 83: 4712:"Psychopathic, not psychopath: Taxometric evidence for the dimensional structure of psychopathy" 3456:"Mainstream science on intelligence: an editorial with 52 signatories, history and bibliography" 2854: 2093: 5732: 5422: 5338: 4886: 4831: 4659: 4469: 4290: 3861: 3463: 3333: 3253: 2988: 2796: 2751: 2690: 2603: 2594: 2470: 2387: 2186: 1782: 1520: 1410: 805: 565: 470: 461: 328: 292: 55: 4710:

Edens, John F.; Marcus, David K.; Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Poythress, Norman G. (February 2006).

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aspects into the interview, history, and other material being presented at case conferences.

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Clinical versus statistical prediction: a theoretical analysis and a review of the evidence

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at the University of Minnesota in March 1938. He earned his bachelor's degree in 1941 with

5043: 1205:"The K factor as a suppressor variable in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory" 757: 8: 6006: 5875: 5833: 5642: 5636: 5517: 5380: 5326: 4286:"The role of schizotypy in the study of the etiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders" 3670: 2345: 928: 876: 572:). At the same time, although Meehl harshly criticized the overreliance of psychology on 553: 518: 418: 237: 141: 106: 5273: 4362: 4019:

Grove, William M.; Zald, David H.; Lebow, Boyd S.; Snitz, Beth E.; Nelson, Chad (2000).

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Clinical vs. Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence

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Haslam, Nick; McGrath, Melanie J.; Viechtbauer, Wolfgang; Kuppens, Peter (2020-06-04).

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Meehl, Paul E. (1992). "Metatheory is the empirical theory of scientific theorizing".

4345:"Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder" 3476: 6036: 6018: 5946: 5929: 5899: 5857: 5851: 5803: 5797: 5696: 5577: 5410: 5106: 5024: 5006: 4965: 4957: 4912: 4904: 4857: 4849: 4817: 4798: 4790: 4741: 4733: 4696: 4684: 4676: 4635: 4625: 4590: 4582: 4451: 4433: 4392: 4374: 4325: 4307: 4266: 4258: 4231: 4223: 4103: 4091: 4069: 4042: 4001: 3932: 3922: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3831: 3823: 3786: 3776: 3451: 3355: 3243: 3194: 3186: 3136: 3126: 3122: 3095: 3085: 3056: 3046: 3014: 3006: 2958: 2948: 2944: 2927: 2917: 2876: 2866: 2826: 2814: 2716: 2708: 2573: 2555: 2529: 2519: 2357: 2349: 2307: 2297: 2257: 2247: 2204: 2169: 2145: 2107: 2097: 2018: 2000: 1962: 1928: 1908: 1898: 1873: 1800: 1752: 1741: 1718: 1708: 1624: 1614: 1587:

Meehl, Paul E. (1956b). "Problems in the actuarial characterization of a person". In

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Meehl, Paul E. (March 2000). "The dynamics of 'structured' personality tests, 1945".

1151: 1141: 1137: 1063: 965: 618: 561: 413: 255: 193: 4924: 4768: 4753: 4054: 4020: 3293: 2625: 1855: 6072: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5881: 5863: 5809: 5791: 5744: 5654: 5630: 5529: 5487: 5374: 5368: 5164: 5152: 5098: 5014: 4998: 4949: 4896: 4841: 4782: 4725: 4711: 4668: 4617: 4574: 4441: 4425: 4382: 4366: 4349: 4315: 4299: 4213: 4083: 4034: 3993: 3871: 3815: 3698: 3631: 3472: 3343: 3319: 3265: 3232: 3202: 3178: 3144: 3077: 3038: 2998: 2909: 2858: 2806: 2761: 2700: 2613: 2587:"Factors and taxa, traits and types, differences of degree and differences in kind" 2511: 2492: 2480: 2440: 2397: 2341: 2289: 2239: 2216: 2196: 2137: 2048: 1958: 1954: 1888: 1835: 1792: 1698: 1671: 1663: 1604: 1576: 1529: 1470: 1447: 1427: 1419: 1347: 1270: 1221: 1179: 785:

as well as the behavioral genetics findings at the time. He proposed that existing

336: 178: 87: 3899: 2569: 2014: 5952: 5917: 5887: 5720: 5648: 5553: 5440: 5237: 5002: 3257: 3214: 3156: 2499: 2277: 2227: 2223: 1686: 1592: 1458: 977: 732: 721: 703: 573: 545: 513: 474: 443: 356: 197: 4953: 4900: 4845: 4786: 4729: 3031:

Twelve years of correspondence with Paul Meehl: tough notes from a gentle genius

2810: 1866:"Some methodological reflections on the difficulties of psychoanalytic research" 6042: 6030: 5988: 5976: 5905: 5839: 5815: 5762: 5756: 5726: 5714: 5684: 5678: 5607: 5601: 5571: 5541: 5463: 5386: 5308: 5285: 5048: 3819: 3635: 3218: 3002: 2704: 2674:"Bootstraps taxometrics: solving the classification problem in psychopathology" 2454:"Why summaries of research on psychological theories are often uninterpretable" 2401: 2141: 2052: 940: 932: 786: 642: 638: 610: 497: 340: 5156: 4672: 4429: 4038: 3347: 2765: 2484: 894: 6094: 6024: 5994: 5923: 5911: 5893: 5750: 5708: 5702: 5535: 5523: 5428: 5398: 5392: 5362: 5320: 5249: 5010: 4961: 4908: 4853: 4794: 4737: 4680: 4586: 4578: 4437: 4378: 4311: 4262: 4227: 4095: 4087: 4005: 3936: 3883: 3827: 3790: 3222: 3190: 3160: 3119:

The Failure of Risk Management: Why it's broken and how to fix it, 2nd ed

3010: 2880: 2818: 2712: 2353: 2243: 2088:. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. 10. Minneapolis: 1966: 1804: 1682: 1588: 1454: 1375: 1233: 989: 736: 708: 651: 486: 439: 352: 263: 110: 4654: 4639: 4303: 3261: 3236: 3148: 3099: 3060: 2962: 2931: 2577: 2533: 2515: 2444: 2261: 2200: 1879:. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. 4. Minneapolis: 1756: 1693:. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. 2. Minneapolis: 1597:

The foundations of science and the concepts of psychology and psychoanalysis

1463:

The foundations of science and the concepts of psychology and psychoanalysis

1254:"On a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables" 6078: 5982: 5845: 5738: 5666: 5660: 5481: 5475: 5434: 5302: 5110: 5028: 4916: 4861: 4802: 4745: 4688: 4594: 4455: 4396: 4329: 4235: 4046: 3198: 3018: 2424:"Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia" 2111: 1912: 1722: 1541: 1439: 1398: 1282: 1241: 1191: 1108: 1099: 1038: 836: 634: 501: 4969: 4342: 4270: 3891: 3835: 3269: 3213: 3206: 3081: 3042: 2913: 2862: 2720: 2361: 2311: 2208: 2149: 2022: 1932: 1628: 1494: 1369: 1325: 1184:

10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(200003)56:3<367::aid-jclp12>3.0.co;2-u

1155: 5589: 2504:

Improving inquiry in social science: a volume in honor of Lee J. Cronbach

2157: 2077: 1051:

Assumptions that content and dynamics explain why this person is abnormal

973: 936: 901: 782: 614: 534: 451: 271: 5221: 4370: 3432: 2841:. In Harlow, Lisa Lavoie; Mulaik, Stanley A.; Steiger, James H. (eds.). 1974: 1893: 1743:

What, then, is man?: a symposium of theology, psychology, and psychiatry

1703: 1675: 1609: 1475: 1431: 5279: 5102: 4218: 4199: 2409: 1103: 813: 159: 4621: 2941:

Multivariate taxometric procedures: distinguishing types from continua

2546:

Meehl, Paul E. (1991). Anderson, C. Anthony; Gunderson, Keith (eds.).

2293: 1847: 1351: 959:"Why I Do Not Attend Case Conferences". He discussed his avoidance of 544:

asymmetry principle, Meehl was a strident critic of using statistical

3997: 3182: 2850: 1796: 1667: 1580: 1533: 1423: 1274: 1225: 969: 841: 825: 689: 685: 681: 396: 348: 296: 4655:"Dimensions over categories: a meta-analysis of taxometric research" 3603: 3070:

A Paul Meehl reader: essays on the practice of scientific psychology

2902:

A Paul Meehl reader: essays on the practice of scientific psychology

1819:"Theory-testing in psychology and physics: a methodological paradox" 430:, a student of Meehl's, published a volume of their correspondence. 4251:

Progress in Experimental Personality & Psychopathology Research

1839: 950: 821: 380: 3507: 3140: 240:. He was the Hathaway and Regents' Professor of Psychology at the 4284:

Barrantes-Vidal, Neus; Grant, Phillip; Kwapil, Thomas R. (2015).

4067: 3519: 956: 808:

and should be observed as a functional control aberration called

637:, Meehl worked with Hathaway to develop the K scale indicator of 408:

In 1995, Meehl was a signatory of a collective statement titled "

4652: 4610:

Taxometrics: toward a new diagnostic scheme for psychopathology

1599:. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Minneapolis: 1465:. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Minneapolis: 4816:

Ruscio, Ayelet Meron; Ruscio, John; Keane, Terence M. (2002).

4709: 4410:

Sebat, Jonathan; Levy, Deborah L.; McCarthy, Shane E. (2009).

704:

Later research comparing clinical versus mechanical prediction

592: 507: 422:. He died on February 14, 2003, at his home in Minneapolis of 369:

Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology

3495: 3438: 1738: 1022: 858: 4608:

Schmidt, Norman B.; Kotov, Roman; Joiner, Thomas E. (2004).

3848: 3745: 3743: 3316: 3242: 3155: 2232:

Heuristics and biases: the psychology of intuitive judgement

628: 3694:"Paul E. Meehl: smartest psychologist of the 20th century?" 3165:"Conditions for intuitive expertise: a failure to disagree" 895:

Application, influence, and criticism of taxometric methods

4522: 4520: 4518: 4283: 1875:

Analyses of theories and methods of physics and psychology

1128:. In Goodstein, Leonard David; Lanyon, Richard I. (eds.). 6121:

Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

4470:"Taxometrics using Coherent Cut Kinetics | Paul E. Meehl" 3740: 3713: 3531: 3413:"Paul Meehl, 83, an Example For Leaders of Psychotherapy" 870: 666: 91: 5181: 4767:

Marcus, David K.; John, Siji L.; Edens, John F. (2004).

4021:"Clinical versus mechanical prediction: a meta-analysis" 3555: 3320:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century" 597:

Meehl was considered an authority on the development of

220: 4515: 2222: 528: 6101:

University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni

4544: 4532: 4181: 4179: 3730: 3728: 3609: 3573: 3067: 2771: 2726: 2631: 2539: 2415: 2062: 1984: 1732: 1647:"When shall we use our heads instead of the formula?" 1638: 1551: 1504: 1330:

A case history handbook for professional uses of the

1102:, or the science of science." Meehl coined the term ' 6126:

Presidents of the American Psychological Association

4493: 4491: 4489: 4142: 4140: 3965: 3963: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3579: 3543: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 236:(3 January 1920 – 14 February 2003) was an American 4769:"A taxometric analysis of psychopathic personality" 4343:The International Schizophrenia Consortium (2009). 4018: 3483: 3249:

Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction

1681: 885: 4607: 4176: 4164: 3725: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3113: 2842: 2081: 1872: 1740: 1299: 1248: 1129: 919: 680:analyzed the claim that mechanical (i.e., formal, 319:as his advisor, and took his PhD in psychology at 134:APA Award for Lifetime Contributions to Psychology 4815: 4503: 4486: 4409: 4152: 4137: 4110: 3960: 3943: 3769:MMPI-2: assessing personality and psychopathology 3642: 3591: 3362: 2121:"Causes and effects of my disturbing little book" 6092: 4197: 3659: 3657: 2548:Selected philosophical and methodological papers 1123:"The dynamics of 'structured' personality tests" 931:throughout his career. In 1958, Meehl performed 306: 4766: 4198:Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Waller, Niels G. (2006). 4131: 3975: 2733:Grove, William M.; Meehl, Paul E. (June 1996). 2319:that was not included in the published version. 2156: 1871:. In Radner, Michael; Winokur, Stephen (eds.). 1386:) and in 2013 by Echo Point Books & Media ( 1057:Identifying the softhearted with the softheaded 3985:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 477:. Meehl changed that via two landmark papers. 5207: 4983:Lubke, Gitta; Tueller, Stephen (2010-10-06). 3807:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 3762: 3760: 3758: 3749: 3719: 3654: 3537: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 2040:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1397: 1294: 1198: 792: 6156:James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award recipients 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 4982: 4874: 3576:, pp. 119–120, 155, 159, 419, 431, 439. 1860:Reprinted in a couple of edited collections. 1691:Concepts, theories and the mind-body problem 1453: 4526: 4248: 3981: 3685: 3450: 2938: 1403:"Construct validity in psychological tests" 1332:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 976:reports and objective data about patients' 824:potentiators") relevant for traits such as 603:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 593:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 508:Construct validity and nomological networks 103:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 5214: 5200: 4937: 4550: 4538: 3912: 3755: 3444: 3393: 2777: 2732: 2645: 1511:Meehl, Paul E.; Rosen, Albert (May 1955). 1510: 29: 5063: 5018: 4890: 4835: 4445: 4386: 4319: 4217: 3865: 3663: 3337: 3288: 3286: 2992: 2939:Waller, Niels G.; Meehl, Paul E. (1998). 2845:What if there were no significance tests? 2800: 2778:Meehl, Paul E.; Yonce, Leslie J. (1996). 2755: 2694: 2646:Meehl, Paul E.; Yonce, Leslie J. (1994). 2607: 2498: 2474: 2391: 2190: 1892: 1786: 1702: 1608: 1474: 1302:An atlas for the clinical use of the MMPI 972:departments, which often centered around 629:Interactions and suppressors: the K scale 4127: 4125: 3489: 3025: 2849:. Routledge classic editions. New York: 2282:A history of psychology in autobiography 1766:"Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia" 875: 756: 617:profiles systematically associated with 433: 291:Paul Meehl was born January 3, 1920, in 3691: 2160:; Faust, David; Meehl, Paul E. (1989). 797:Meehl hypothesized the existence of an 403: 387:. This project was commissioned by the 383:theologians and psychologists to write 6093: 5076: 5041: 4185: 4170: 3766: 3734: 3387: 3283: 2451: 2421: 2368: 2322: 2268: 1990: 1980: 1947:International Journal of Mental Health 1918: 1810: 1728: 1634: 1586: 1557: 1547: 1500: 1374:Reprinted with new preface in 1996 by 951:"Why I Do Not Attend Case Conferences" 770: 766: 667:Clinical versus statistical prediction 117:, clinical v. statistical prediction, 5195: 5142: 5123: 5088: 4562: 4509: 4497: 4158: 4146: 4122: 4116: 4012: 3969: 3954: 3692:Johnson, John A. (February 8, 2014). 3648: 3621: 3597: 3585: 3561: 3549: 3410: 2969: 2892: 2833: 2671: 2584: 2545: 2118: 2068: 2058: 2029: 1944: 1938: 1863: 1816: 1763: 1644: 1337: 1288: 1167: 1120: 762: 6131:American people of Norwegian descent 2895:"The power of quantitative thinking" 2346:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810100077015 2162:"Clinical versus actuarial judgment" 1087:Double standard of evidential morals 1077:Social scientists' anti-biology bias 529:Criticism of null hypothesis testing 6141:20th-century American psychologists 3803: 2317:Version including initial dictation 1166:, 1, 296–303. Also republished as: 671: 460:, if two researchers had different 13: 5224:American Psychological Association 4614:American Psychological Association 3771:(5th ed.). Oxford; New York: 3666:"The perils of hindsight judgment" 3294:"Curriculum Vitae | Paul E. Meehl" 2743:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2618:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00269.x 1132:Readings in personality assessment 955:In 1973, Paul Meehl published the 924:Meehl practiced as a licensed and 580: 410:Mainstream Science on Intelligence 365:American Psychological Association 246:American Psychological Association 14: 6167: 5175: 3411:Goode, Erica (19 February 2003). 2452:Meehl, Paul E. (February 1990c). 2129:Journal of Personality Assessment 1114: 1029:The spun-glass theory of the mind 625:approach to predicting behavior. 623:statistical (versus a "clinical") 540:The Logic of Scientific Discovery 469:reflected almost-equivalently in 138:James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award 16:American psychologist (1920–2003) 6146:20th-century American zoologists 3876:10.1097/00006842-198901000-00006 3664:Konnikova, Maria (May 1, 2013). 3228:Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgement 2502:; Wiley, David E., eds. (1991). 2432:Journal of Personality Disorders 2323:Meehl, Paul E. (October 1989b). 1993:Psychodiagnosis: selected papers 1689:; Maxwell, Grover, eds. (1958). 1655:Journal of Counseling Psychology 1045:Understanding it makes it normal 886:Coherent Cut Kinetics and L-Mode 752: 521:. This set the stage for modern 496:(anticipatory goal response) or 6151:American clinical psychologists 6106:University of Minnesota faculty 5136: 5117: 5082: 5035: 4976: 4931: 4868: 4809: 4760: 4703: 4646: 4601: 4556: 4462: 4403: 4336: 4277: 4242: 4191: 4061: 3906: 3842: 3797: 3615: 2634:, pp. 331–370. Additional 1252:; Meehl, Paul E. (March 1948). 920:Applied clinical views and work 424:chronic myelomonocytic leukemia 5091:Journal of Clinical Psychology 5042:Menand, Louis (May 11, 2015). 4941:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 4878:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 4823:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 4774:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 4717:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 4205:Journal of Clinical Psychology 3913:Ben-Porath, Yossef S. (2012). 3526:MacCorquodale & Meehl 1948 3514:MacCorquodale & Meehl 1948 3502:MacCorquodale & Meehl 1948 3310: 2980:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2369:Meehl, Paul E. (April 1990a). 2333:Archives of General Psychiatry 1959:10.1080/00207411.1972.11448562 1171:Journal of Clinical Psychology 1163:Journal of Clinical Psychology 1093: 1007:Uncle George's pancake fallacy 997:Sick-sick ("pathological set") 847: 389:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod 1: 4132:Dawes, Faust & Meehl 1989 3919:University of Minnesota Press 3477:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90011-8 3107: 2585:Meehl, Paul E. (March 1992). 2552:University of Minnesota Press 2284:. Vol. 8. Stanford, CA: 2090:University of Minnesota Press 1997:University of Minnesota Press 1881:University of Minnesota Press 1695:University of Minnesota Press 1601:University of Minnesota Press 1467:University of Minnesota Press 1344:University of Minnesota Press 1308:University of Minnesota Press 1213:Journal of Applied Psychology 906:posttraumatic stress disorder 727: 577:interval hypothesis testing. 307:Education and academic career 5003:10.1080/10705511.2010.510050 4990:Structural Equation Modeling 3325:Review of General Psychology 552:" areas of psychology (e.g. 500:'s "biophysical traits", or 454:. As outlined in Bridgman's 395:. The project explored both 374:National Academy of Sciences 331:cohort at the time included 286: 281: 251:Review of General Psychology 244:, and past president of the 130:National Academy of Sciences 74:Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S. 7: 4954:10.1037/0021-843x.106.4.499 4901:10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.473 4846:10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.290 4787:10.1037/0021-843x.113.4.626 4730:10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.131 4075:The Counseling Psychologist 3074:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 3035:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2906:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2887:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2811:10.2466/pr0.1996.78.3c.1091 2508:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2234:. Cambridge, UK; New York: 2084:Testing scientific theories 457:The Logic of Modern Physics 10: 6172: 3915:Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF 3820:10.1037/0022-006x.54.4.552 3636:10.1207/s15327965pli0102_1 3003:10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.39 2705:10.1037/0003-066x.50.4.266 2402:10.1207/s15327965pli0102_1 2236:Cambridge University Press 2142:10.1207/s15327752jpa5003_6 2053:10.1037/0022-006x.46.4.806 1749:Concordia Publishing House 1013:Multiple Napoleons fallacy 793:Dominant schizogene theory 743:Tetlock and Gardner (2015) 466:stimulus–response theories 438:Meehl founded, along with 5939: 5778: 5617: 5456: 5295: 5230: 5157:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.1.195 4673:10.1017/S003329172000183X 4430:10.1016/j.tig.2009.10.004 4039:10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.19 3750:Meehl & Hathaway 1946 3720:Hathaway & Meehl 1951 3538:Cronbach & Meehl 1955 3348:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 2766:10.1037/1076-8971.2.2.293 2485:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.1.195 2286:Stanford University Press 1560:"Wanted—a good cook-book" 1401:; Meehl, Paul E. (1955). 1298:; Meehl, Paul E. (1951). 599:psychological assessments 343:, William Schofield, and 270:, behavioral prediction, 215: 211: 189: 177: 169: 155: 148: 125: 98: 79: 63: 37: 28: 21: 6049:Jessica Henderson Daniel 4579:10.2466/pr0.95.2.517-550 4088:10.1177/0011000005285875 4026:Psychological Assessment 3767:Graham, John R. (2012). 3276: 2893:Meehl, Paul E. (2006) . 2885:Originally published by 2834:Meehl, Paul E. (2016) . 2640:memo from L. R. Goldberg 2422:Meehl, Paul E. (1990b). 2269:Meehl, Paul E. (1989a). 2244:10.1017/CBO9780511808098 1991:Meehl, Paul E. (1973a). 1558:Meehl, Paul E. (1956a). 1160:Originally published in 1121:Meehl, Paul E. (1971) . 1035:Crummy criterion fallacy 945:rational emotive therapy 633:As part of his doctoral 621:, something he termed a 268:psychological assessment 6013:Suzanne Bennett Johnson 5625:Robert Richardson Sears 5470:Harry Levi Hollingworth 5357:Walter Bowers Pillsbury 5262:George Stuart Fullerton 5186:University of Minnesota 4527:Waller & Meehl 1998 3773:Oxford University Press 2970:Meehl, Paul E. (2004). 2795:(3 Part 2): 1091–1227. 2672:Meehl, Paul E. (1995). 2663:(3, Part 2): 1059–1274. 2516:10.4324/9780203052341-6 2445:10.1521/pedi.1990.4.1.1 2325:"Schizotaxia revisited" 2201:10.1126/science.2648573 2119:Meehl, Paul E. (1986). 2069:Meehl, Paul E. (1983). 2030:Meehl, Paul E. (1978). 1983:, pp. 182–199 and 1864:Meehl, Paul E. (1970). 1817:Meehl, Paul E. (1967). 1764:Meehl, Paul E. (1962). 1645:Meehl, Paul E. (1957). 1338:Meehl, Paul E. (1954). 779:causes of schizophrenia 471:Stanford-Binet IQ tests 462:operational definitions 301:University of Minnesota 242:University of Minnesota 173:University of Minnesota 84:University of Minnesota 5733:George Armitage Miller 5423:Margaret Floy Washburn 5339:Henry Rutgers Marshall 4660:Psychological Medicine 4551:Meehl & Yonce 1996 4539:Meehl & Yonce 1994 4291:Schizophrenia Bulletin 3853:Psychosomatic Medicine 3254:Crown Publishing Group 3246:; Dan Gardner (2015), 2595:Journal of Personality 1521:Psychological Bulletin 1411:Psychological Bulletin 1250:MacCorquodale, Kenneth 882: 806:central nervous system 774: 56:Minneapolis, Minnesota 5182:Paul E. Meehl website 5145:Psychological Reports 5126:Psychological Reports 4566:Psychological Reports 4304:10.1093/schbul/sbu191 4298:(Suppl 2): S408–416. 3624:Psychological Inquiry 3452:Gottfredson, Linda S. 3170:American Psychologist 3082:10.4324/9780203759554 3043:10.4324/9781315084510 2914:10.4324/9780203759554 2863:10.4324/9781315629049 2788:Psychological Reports 2682:American Psychologist 2656:Psychological Reports 2462:Psychological Reports 2379:Psychological Inquiry 1827:Philosophy of Science 1774:American Psychologist 1731:, pp. 81–89 and 1637:, pp. 63–80 and 1568:American Psychologist 1550:, pp. 32–62 and 1071:Doing it the hard way 929:clinical psychologist 879: 760: 482:Kenneth MacCorquodale 434:Philosophy of science 416:and published in the 345:Kenneth MacCorquodale 333:Marian Breland Bailey 276:philosophy of science 238:clinical psychologist 206:George Schlager Welsh 164:philosophy of science 119:philosophy of science 6136:Behavior geneticists 6055:Rosie Phillips Davis 5786:Wilbert J. McKeachie 5566:John Edward Anderson 5506:Louis Leon Thurstone 5500:Walter Richard Miles 5494:Walter Samuel Hunter 5417:Shepherd Ivory Franz 5351:Charles Hubbard Judd 5333:James Rowland Angell 5256:James McKeen Cattell 5244:George Trumbull Ladd 3163:(1 September 2009). 2972:"What's in a taxon?" 2908:. pp. 433–444. 2288:. pp. 337–389. 2238:. pp. 716–729. 2226:; Griffin, Dale W.; 2061:, pp. 1–43 and 1921:Psychological Issues 1603:. pp. 205–222. 1503:, pp. 3–31 and 1469:. pp. 174–204. 1262:Psychological Review 1140:. pp. 245–253. 867:Huntington's disease 718:behavioral economics 404:Later life and death 311:Meehl started as an 6007:Melba J. T. Vasquez 5876:Charles Spielberger 5834:Janet Taylor Spence 5643:Orval Hobart Mowrer 5637:Laurance F. Shaffer 5518:Albert Poffenberger 5381:Robert S. Woodworth 5327:Mary Whiton Calkins 5079:, pp. 225–302. 4371:10.1038/nature08185 4363:2009Natur.460..748P 3671:Scientific American 3564:, pp. 357–361. 3027:Peterson, Donald R. 2774:, pp. 291–320. 2729:, pp. 371–387. 2542:, pp. 445–486. 2183:1989Sci...243.1668D 2177:(4899): 1668–1674. 1987:, pp. 193–206. 1941:, pp. 272–283. 1813:, pp. 135–155. 1735:, pp. 263–269. 1641:, pp. 249–262. 1554:, pp. 213–236. 1296:Hathaway, Starke R. 1291:, pp. 249–264. 1201:Hathaway, Starke R. 900:categorical (e.g., 657:suppressor variable 550:scientifically soft 519:nomological network 419:Wall Street Journal 385:What, Then, Is Man? 142:Bruno Klopfer Award 42:Paul Everett Swedal 6001:Carol D. Goodheart 5769:Donald T. Campbell 5560:Calvin Perry Stone 5548:Leonard Carmichael 5447:I. Madison Bentley 5405:John Wallace Baird 5345:George M. Stratton 5315:William Lowe Bryan 5268:James Mark Baldwin 5222:Presidents of the 5103:10.1002/jclp.20185 4612:. Washington, DC: 4417:Trends in Genetics 4219:10.1002/jclp.20253 3610:Waller et al. 2006 3574:Waller et al. 2006 3418:The New York Times 3115:Douglas W. Hubbard 2772:Waller et al. 2006 2727:Waller et al. 2006 2632:Waller et al. 2006 2570:10.5749/j.ctttt4fs 2540:Waller et al. 2006 2538:Also reprinted in 2510:. pp. 13–59. 2418:, pp. 91–167. 2416:Waller et al. 2006 2063:Waller et al. 2006 2015:10.5749/j.cttttb7k 1985:Waller et al. 2006 1937:Also reprinted in 1733:Waller et al. 2006 1727:Also reprinted in 1639:Waller et al. 2006 1633:Also reprinted in 1552:Waller et al. 2006 1505:Waller et al. 2006 1499:Also reprinted in 883: 833:longitudinal study 818:cognitive slippage 799:autosomal dominant 775: 676:Meehl's 1954 book 523:psychological test 428:Donald R. Peterson 393:Concordia Seminary 325:Starke R. Hathaway 317:Donald G. Paterson 260:construct validity 234:Paul Everett Meehl 202:Donald R. Peterson 184:Starke R. Hathaway 115:construct validity 6088: 6087: 6067:Jennifer F. Kelly 6037:Susan H. McDaniel 6019:Donald N. Bersoff 5947:Norine G. Johnson 5930:Patrick H. DeLeon 5900:Robert J. Resnick 5858:Raymond D. Fowler 5852:Bonnie Strickland 5804:Nicholas Cummings 5798:M. Brewster Smith 5697:Charles E. Osgood 5578:Edwin Ray Guthrie 5411:Walter Dill Scott 5097:(10): 1355–1366. 4622:10.1037/10810-000 4357:(7256): 748–752. 3516:, pp. 95–96. 3439:Meehl et al. 1958 3244:Philip E. Tetlock 3132:978-1-119-52203-4 2945:SAGE Publications 2506:. Hillsdale, NJ: 2294:10.1037/11347-010 2065:, pp. 57–90. 1747:. St. Louis, MO: 1352:10.1037/11281-000 966:internal medicine 840:and rare genetic 619:clinical outcomes 414:Linda Gottfredson 327:in 1945. Meehl's 256:Eleanor J. Gibson 231: 230: 194:Harrison G. Gough 190:Doctoral students 150:Scientific career 6163: 6073:Frank C. Worrell 5971:Ronald F. Levant 5965:Diane F. Halpern 5959:Robert Sternberg 5882:Jack Wiggins Jr. 5864:Joseph Matarazzo 5810:Florence Denmark 5792:Theodore H. Blau 5745:Kenneth B. Clark 5655:Theodore Newcomb 5631:J. McVicker Hunt 5530:Edward C. Tolman 5488:Herbert Langfeld 5375:Howard C. Warren 5369:Edward Thorndike 5274:Hugo Münsterberg 5216: 5209: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5169: 5168: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5022: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4894: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4839: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4667:(9): 1418–1432. 4650: 4644: 4643: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4449: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4390: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4323: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4221: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4135: 4129: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3998:10.1037/a0014693 3979: 3973: 3967: 3958: 3952: 3941: 3940: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3869: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3764: 3753: 3747: 3738: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3699:Psychology Today 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3661: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3460: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3408: 3391: 3385: 3360: 3359: 3341: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3290: 3272: 3239: 3210: 3183:10.1037/A0016755 3152: 3103: 3064: 3022: 2996: 2976: 2966: 2935: 2899: 2884: 2848: 2840: 2830: 2804: 2784: 2769: 2759: 2739: 2724: 2698: 2678: 2664: 2652: 2636:remarks by Meehl 2629: 2611: 2591: 2581: 2537: 2500:Snow, Richard E. 2496: 2478: 2458: 2448: 2428: 2413: 2395: 2375: 2365: 2329: 2315: 2278:Lindzey, Gardner 2275: 2265: 2228:Kahneman, Daniel 2224:Gilovich, Thomas 2220: 2194: 2166: 2153: 2125: 2115: 2087: 2075: 2056: 2036: 2026: 1978: 1936: 1916: 1896: 1878: 1870: 1859: 1823: 1808: 1797:10.1037/h0041029 1790: 1770: 1760: 1746: 1726: 1706: 1687:Scriven, Michael 1679: 1668:10.1037/h0047554 1651: 1632: 1612: 1593:Scriven, Michael 1584: 1581:10.1037/h0044164 1564: 1545: 1534:10.1037/h0048070 1517: 1507:, pp. 9–30. 1498: 1478: 1459:Scriven, Michael 1451: 1424:10.1037/h0040957 1407: 1399:Cronbach, Lee J. 1373: 1329: 1305: 1286: 1275:10.1037/h0056029 1258: 1245: 1226:10.1037/h0053634 1209: 1199:Meehl, Paul E.; 1195: 1159: 1135: 1127: 1019:Hidden decisions 961:case conferences 672:Meehl's proposal 639:valid responding 337:William K. Estes 329:graduate student 227: 224: 222: 179:Doctoral advisor 70: 67:14 February 2003 51: 49: 33: 19: 18: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6061:Sandra Shullman 5953:Philip Zimbardo 5935: 5918:Martin Seligman 5888:Frank H. Farley 5774: 5721:Gardner Lindzey 5673:Wolfgang Köhler 5649:E. Lowell Kelly 5613: 5554:Herbert Woodrow 5512:Joseph Peterson 5452: 5441:G. Stanley Hall 5291: 5238:G. Stanley Hall 5226: 5220: 5178: 5173: 5172: 5141: 5137: 5122: 5118: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5040: 5036: 4981: 4977: 4936: 4932: 4892:10.1.1.718.9936 4873: 4869: 4814: 4810: 4765: 4761: 4708: 4704: 4651: 4647: 4632: 4606: 4602: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4424:(12): 528–535. 4408: 4404: 4341: 4337: 4282: 4278: 4247: 4243: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4066: 4062: 4017: 4013: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3961: 3953: 3944: 3929: 3911: 3907: 3867:10.1.1.551.6918 3847: 3843: 3802: 3798: 3783: 3765: 3756: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3705: 3703: 3690: 3686: 3677: 3675: 3662: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3620: 3616: 3612:, pp. 5–7. 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3458: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3409: 3394: 3386: 3363: 3339:10.1.1.586.1913 3315: 3311: 3302: 3300: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3215:Daniel Kahneman 3157:Daniel Kahneman 3133: 3110: 3092: 3053: 2994:10.1.1.693.5277 2974: 2955: 2924: 2897: 2873: 2838: 2802:10.1.1.693.4816 2782: 2737: 2696:10.1.1.693.5492 2676: 2650: 2609:10.1.1.555.6702 2589: 2562: 2550:. Minneapolis: 2526: 2476:10.1.1.392.6447 2456: 2426: 2393:10.1.1.135.6444 2373: 2340:(10): 935–944. 2327: 2304: 2273: 2271:"Autobiography" 2254: 2230:, eds. (2002). 2192:10.1.1.459.7990 2164: 2158:Dawes, Robyn M. 2123: 2104: 2073: 2034: 2007: 1995:. Minneapolis: 1905: 1868: 1821: 1788:10.1.1.462.2509 1781:(12): 827–838. 1768: 1715: 1649: 1621: 1562: 1515: 1487: 1461:, eds. (1956). 1405: 1362: 1342:. Minneapolis: 1318: 1306:. Minneapolis: 1256: 1207: 1148: 1125: 1117: 1096: 978:pathophysiology 953: 926:board-certified 922: 908:, and clinical 897: 888: 850: 795: 755: 730: 722:decision-making 706: 674: 669: 631: 595: 586:Meehl's paradox 583: 581:Meehl's paradox 574:null hypothesis 546:null hypothesis 531: 514:Lee J. Cronbach 510: 494: 475:Wechsler scales 444:Wilfrid Sellars 436: 406: 357:Wilfrid Sellars 309: 289: 284: 219: 198:Dante Cicchetti 80:Alma mater 75: 72: 68: 59: 53: 47: 45: 44: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6169: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6043:Antonio Puente 6040: 6034: 6031:Barry S. Anton 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5989:Alan E. Kazdin 5986: 5980: 5977:Gerald Koocher 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5906:Dorothy Cantor 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5870:Stanley Graham 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5840:Robert Perloff 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5816:John J. Conger 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5766: 5763:Albert Bandura 5760: 5757:Leona E. Tyler 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5727:Abraham Maslow 5724: 5718: 5715:Nicholas Hobbs 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5685:Neal E. Miller 5682: 5679:Donald O. Hebb 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5608:J. P. Guilford 5605: 5602:Ernest Hilgard 5599: 5596:Donald Marquis 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5572:Gardner Murphy 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5542:Gordon Allport 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5464:Harvey A. Carr 5460: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5387:John B. Watson 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5309:Edmund Sanford 5306: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5286:Joseph Jastrow 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5219: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5177: 5176:External links 5174: 5171: 5170: 5151:(1): 195–244. 5135: 5116: 5081: 5062: 5049:The New Yorker 5034: 4997:(4): 605–628. 4975: 4948:(4): 499–510. 4930: 4885:(3): 473–487. 4867: 4837:10.1.1.462.153 4830:(2): 290–301. 4808: 4781:(4): 626–635. 4759: 4724:(1): 131–144. 4702: 4645: 4630: 4600: 4573:(6): 517–550. 4555: 4543: 4531: 4514: 4502: 4485: 4461: 4402: 4335: 4276: 4241: 4190: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4136: 4121: 4109: 4082:(3): 341–382. 4060: 4011: 3992:(5): 525–531. 3974: 3959: 3942: 3927: 3905: 3841: 3814:(4): 552–557. 3796: 3781: 3754: 3739: 3724: 3712: 3684: 3653: 3641: 3630:(2): 108–141. 3614: 3602: 3590: 3588:, p. 407. 3578: 3566: 3554: 3552:, p. 422. 3542: 3530: 3528:, p. 100. 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3443: 3431: 3392: 3361: 3332:(2): 139–152. 3309: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3240: 3219:Olivier Sibony 3211: 3177:(6): 515–526. 3153: 3131: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3091:978-0805852509 3090: 3072:. 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Mahwah, NJ: 2890: 2871: 2831: 2775: 2757:10.1.1.471.592 2750:(2): 293–323. 2730: 2689:(4): 266–275. 2669: 2643: 2638:replying to a 2602:(1): 117–174. 2582: 2560: 2543: 2524: 2469:(1): 195–244. 2449: 2419: 2386:(2): 108–141. 2366: 2320: 2302: 2266: 2252: 2154: 2136:(3): 370–375. 2116: 2102: 2066: 2047:(4): 806–834. 2027: 2006:978-0816606856 2005: 1988: 1953:(1–2): 10–27. 1942: 1927:(2): 104–117. 1903: 1861: 1840:10.1086/288135 1834:(2): 103–115. 1814: 1761: 1736: 1713: 1683:Feigl, Herbert 1662:(4): 268–273. 1642: 1619: 1589:Feigl, Herbert 1575:(6): 263–272. 1555: 1528:(3): 194–216. 1508: 1485: 1455:Feigl, Herbert 1418:(4): 281–302. 1395: 1392:978-0963878496 1384:978-0963878496 1360: 1335: 1316: 1292: 1246: 1220:(5): 525–564. 1196: 1178:(3): 367–373. 1146: 1116: 1115:Selected works 1113: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1074: 1068: 1064:Ad hoc fallacy 1060: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1032: 1026: 1016: 1010: 1000: 994: 952: 949: 941:psychoanalysis 933:psychoanalysis 921: 918: 896: 893: 887: 884: 871:biological sex 849: 846: 794: 791: 754: 751: 747:Hubbard (2020) 729: 726: 705: 702: 673: 670: 668: 665: 643:mental illness 630: 627: 594: 591: 582: 579: 530: 527: 509: 506: 495: 492: 435: 432: 412:", written by 405: 402: 341:Norman Guttman 308: 305: 288: 285: 283: 280: 229: 228: 217: 213: 212: 209: 208: 191: 187: 186: 181: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 157: 153: 152: 146: 145: 127: 123: 122: 100: 99:Known for 96: 95: 81: 77: 76: 73: 71:(aged 83) 65: 61: 60: 54: 52:3 January 1920 41: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6168: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6025:Nadine Kaslow 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5995:James H. Bray 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5924:Richard Suinn 5922: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5912:Norman Abeles 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5894:Ronald E. Fox 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5822:William Bevan 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5751:Anne Anastasi 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5709:Jerome Bruner 5707: 5704: 5703:Quinn McNemar 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5691:Paul E. Meehl 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5584:Henry Garrett 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5536:John Dashiell 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5524:Clark L. Hull 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5429:Knight Dunlap 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5399:Robert Yerkes 5397: 5394: 5393:Raymond Dodge 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5363:Carl Seashore 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5321:William James 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5250:William James 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5212: 5210: 5205: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4631:9781591471424 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4559: 4552: 4547: 4540: 4535: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4511: 4506: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4475: 4474:meehl.umn.edu 4471: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4212:(6): 1201–7. 4211: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3928:9780816669660 3924: 3920: 3917:. 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Klein 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3052:9780805854893 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2954:9780761902577 2950: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2872:9781138892460 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2770:Reprinted in 2767: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2725:Reprinted in 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2675: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630:Reprinted in 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2561:9780816618552 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2525:9780805805420 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497:Reprinted in 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2414:Reprinted in 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2303:9780804714921 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221:Reprinted in 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2103:9780816611584 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2057:Reprinted in 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1979:Reprinted in 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917:Reprinted in 1914: 1910: 1906: 1904:9780816605910 1900: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1809:Reprinted in 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1714:9780816601585 1710: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680:Reprinted in 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1620:9780816601226 1616: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585:Reprinted as 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1546:Reprinted in 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1486:9780816601226 1482: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452:Reprinted in 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376:Jason Aronson 1371: 1367: 1363: 1361:9780816600960 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1317:9780816600700 1313: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287:Reprinted in 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269:(2): 95–107. 1268: 1264: 1263: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1165: 1164: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1147:9780471315001 1143: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 991: 990:Barnum effect 987: 986: 985: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 962: 958: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 927: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 892: 878: 874: 872: 868: 862: 860: 856: 845: 843: 838: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 800: 790: 788: 787:psychodynamic 784: 780: 772: 768: 764: 759: 753:Schizophrenia 750: 748: 744: 740: 738: 734: 725: 723: 719: 713: 710: 709:Meta-analyses 701: 699: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 664: 660: 658: 653: 652:face validity 648: 647:defensiveness 644: 640: 636: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 590: 587: 578: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 541: 536: 526: 524: 520: 515: 505: 503: 499: 490: 488: 483: 478: 476: 472: 467: 463: 459: 458: 453: 447: 445: 441: 440:Herbert Feigl 431: 429: 425: 421: 420: 415: 411: 401: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 370: 366: 360: 358: 355:, Meehl, and 354: 353:Herbert Feigl 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 313:undergraduate 304: 302: 298: 294: 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 264:schizophrenia 261: 257: 253: 252: 247: 243: 239: 235: 226: 218: 214: 210: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192: 188: 185: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 161: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121:, taxometrics 120: 116: 112: 111:schizophrenia 108: 104: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 82: 78: 66: 62: 57: 40: 36: 32: 27: 23:Paul E. Meehl 20: 6079:Thema Bryant 5983:Sharon Brehm 5940:2001–present 5846:Logan Wright 5739:George Albee 5690: 5667:Harry Harlow 5661:Lee Cronbach 5482:Karl Lashley 5476:Edwin Boring 5435:Lewis Terman 5303:Josiah Royce 5148: 5144: 5138: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5053:. Retrieved 5047: 5044:"Young Saul" 5037: 4994: 4988: 4978: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4827: 4821: 4811: 4778: 4772: 4762: 4721: 4715: 4705: 4664: 4658: 4648: 4609: 4603: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4505: 4477:. Retrieved 4473: 4464: 4421: 4415: 4405: 4354: 4348: 4338: 4295: 4289: 4279: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4209: 4203: 4193: 4166: 4154: 4112: 4079: 4073: 4063: 4033:(1): 19–30. 4030: 4024: 4014: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3914: 3908: 3860:(1): 58–65. 3857: 3851: 3844: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3768: 3715: 3704:. Retrieved 3697: 3687: 3676:. Retrieved 3673:Blog Network 3669: 3644: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3605: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3521: 3509: 3497: 3485: 3471:(1): 13–23. 3468: 3464:Intelligence 3462: 3446: 3434: 3422:. 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In 2005, 293:Minneapolis 272:metascience 6095:Categories 5828:Max Siegel 5280:John Dewey 5132:: 339–467. 4510:Meehl 2004 4498:Meehl 1995 4479:2018-02-15 4257:: 66–116. 4159:Meehl 1972 4147:Meehl 1962 4117:Meehl 1957 3970:Meehl 1986 3955:Meehl 1954 3706:2018-02-14 3678:2018-02-15 3649:Meehl 1967 3598:Meehl 1978 3586:Meehl 2016 3562:Meehl 2016 3550:Meehl 1983 3303:2019-01-02 3237:Q107108766 3149:Q123514276 3141:2019051494 3108:References 2666:Appendices 2253:0521792606 2059:Meehl 1991 1939:Meehl 1991 1289:Meehl 1991 1104:cliometric 910:depression 814:schizotypy 810:hypokrisia 802:schizogene 763:Meehl 1962 728:Extensions 601:using the 558:counseling 266:etiology, 160:Psychology 48:1920-01-03 5779:1976–2000 5618:1951–1975 5457:1926–1950 5296:1901–1925 5231:1892–1900 5011:1070-5511 4962:1939-1846 4909:1939-1846 4887:CiteSeerX 4854:1939-1846 4832:CiteSeerX 4795:1939-1846 4738:1939-1846 4697:219316193 4681:1469-8978 4587:0033-2941 4438:0168-9525 4379:1476-4687 4312:1745-1701 4263:1056-7151 4228:0021-9762 4104:145150890 4096:0011-0000 4006:1939-1323 3937:745304242 3884:0033-3174 3862:CiteSeerX 3828:1939-2117 3791:683593538 3424:4 January 3356:145668721 3334:CiteSeerX 3270:Q21203378 3262:26682260M 3207:Q35001791 3191:0003-066X 3011:1939-1846 2989:CiteSeerX 2881:923017606 2851:Routledge 2827:146240707 2819:0033-2941 2797:CiteSeerX 2752:CiteSeerX 2713:1935-990X 2691:CiteSeerX 2604:CiteSeerX 2471:CiteSeerX 2388:CiteSeerX 2354:0003-990X 2187:CiteSeerX 1967:0020-7411 1805:0003-066X 1783:CiteSeerX 1234:1939-1854 970:neurology 842:mutations 826:anhedonia 822:polygenic 690:prognosis 686:actuarial 570:community 512:In 1955, 480:In 1948, 376:in 1987. 349:neurology 321:Minnesota 297:Minnesota 287:Childhood 282:Biography 5111:16041786 5029:24648712 4925:19166422 4917:11016117 4862:12003450 4803:15535794 4754:19223010 4746:16492104 4689:32493520 4640:54029315 4595:15587219 4456:19883952 4397:19571811 4330:25810055 4236:16041777 4055:11956010 4047:10752360 3454:(1997). 3266:Wikidata 3233:Wikidata 3225:(2021), 3203:Wikidata 3199:19739881 3145:Wikidata 3117:(2020). 3100:67229353 3061:57754047 3029:(2005). 3019:14992655 2963:37666366 2932:67229353 2626:53537836 2578:22208187 2534:22344893 2262:47364085 1975:41343901 1856:96422880 1757:14598254 1595:(eds.). 1542:14371890 1440:13245896 1283:18910284 1242:20282179 1203:(1946). 1192:10726672 733:Kahneman 698:reliable 611:McKinley 607:Hathaway 554:clinical 397:orthodox 391:through 381:Lutheran 140:(1998), 136:(1996), 132:(1987), 107:genetics 5165:2836704 5020:3955757 4970:9358680 4447:3351381 4388:3912837 4359:Bibcode 4321:4373635 4271:8293084 3892:2928461 3836:3745611 2855:353–382 2721:7733538 2493:2836704 2410:1448768 2362:2552952 2280:(ed.). 2217:7492482 2209:2648573 2179:Bibcode 2170:Science 2150:3806342 2112:9110477 2094:413–473 2080:(ed.). 1933:4730734 1913:5526779 1885:403–416 1723:2669746 1448:5312179 957:polemic 855:DSM-III 498:Allport 216:Website 6081:(2023) 6075:(2022) 6069:(2021) 6063:(2020) 6057:(2019) 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