208:
260:
24:
400:, Alain Saussol, through his work L'Héritage in 1979 which tackles the themes land spoliations, cantonment and studies the effects in this regard of settlement colonization, including criminal. Above all, from the same period, Louis-José Barbançon, a secondary school teacher and descendant of a convict, focused on historical research on the New Caledonian penal colony and penal colonization, fields hitherto neglected by historians, while multiplying the actions of popularization of this research and by carrying out in parallel political activities marked by the defense of a pluriethnic identity or even of a form of Caledonian nationalism. He obtained his doctorate in history from the
95:
417:
colonization has always been presented to them in its civilizing aspects: hygiene, health, education, technology ... Even today, out of stupidity or pride, when we speak of the first
Caledonians, we use the rewarding term of "pioneers", voluntarily forgetting that the majority of them were forced settlers". Another New Caledonian historian, Christiane Terrier, while qualifying the strong majority aspect of penal colonization compared to free colonization as defended by Barbançon, also recognizes this oversight: "Until the
429:
382:
358:
506:
520:
494:) in link with the Institute of Archeology of New Caledonia and the Pacific (IANCP) and the In Memoriam associations of historian Stéphane Pannoux. In 2020, an interpretation center dedicated to the penal colony in New Caledonia will be open to the public in the restored former bakery of Nouville (which can already be visited, by reservation) by the association "Testimony of a past".
172:. They obtained an amnesty in 1880 which authorized them to leave: fewer than 40 families decided to remain in the colony (the Armands, Bourdinat, Cacot, Courtot, Dolbeau; others, such as Adolphe Assi, Louis Boissier or Louis Roger, also remain but have no descendants). Also included in this category are the participants in the Mokrani revolt of 1871 in
145:. In all, 75 convoys will bring, between 1864 and 1897, around 21,630 registered in penal colony, according to Alain Saussol's estimates. Among the descendants of Transportés are Bouteille, Bouteiller, Chatenay, Colomina, DelathiÚre, Gervolino, Komornicki, Lafleur, Lucas, Mariotti, PagÚs, Papon, Péré and Robelin. There were 1822
416:
in 1991, he highlights the process of forgetting long installed in local collective memory, making penal colony one of the many "taboos" of New
Caledonian history and regretting: " Young Caledonians know nothing about real colonization, burnt down huts, despoiled land, forced labor, displaced Kanaks;
238:
After hard labor, the convicts had to "double" their sentence by being placed in penitentiary farms and, once released, obtain land in penal concession. To do this, the prison administration acquired a large land estate, largely taken from indigenous lands, which at its peak reached 260,000 hectares.
820:
The colonization of free settlement in New
Caledonia (1889-1909) or the consequences of the confrontation between metropolitan and island interests in the evolution of a French utopia in Oceania towards a specific colonial type. Doctoral thesis in Contemporary History presented at the University of
368:
The presence of the penal colony was gradually contested by the colonists who suffered from competition from the labor of convicts but also from the penitentiary administration which monopolized the best land. A new governor appointed in 1894, Paul
Feillet, declared himself against the "dirty water
341:
The
Directorate of the colonies needing women to colonize the island, the penitentiary authority toured the central metropolitan prisons to encourage volunteers to go to New Caledonia. The first transport convoy of condemned women landed from Isis on January 23, 1870. Many were single and condemned
222:
The penal colony was transformed, in fact, into a subcontracting company of labor to administrations (public worksites), then to private companies (SLN, etc.). The rental income (after a loan phase) was allocated to the general budget, one third of which was collected by the Public
Treasury, in the
443:
In connection with this long neglect by the historiography of colonial history in general and that of penal colonization in particular, the vestiges of the penal colony remained for a long time, for some until the 2010s, neglected by the public authorities or else reused without enhancing their
448:
camp). The association "Witness of a past" (ATUP) was thus created in 1975 with the aim of promoting the preservation of heritage inherited from the colonial period (colonial houses, former penitentiary centers, etc.) and allowing the creation of museums, including one for the penal colony at
124:
penitentiary and were used for the construction of the roads and buildings of the colony, first of all the construction of the penitentiary-depot of the island, just in front of the capital renamed Nouméa, New
Caledonia becoming a theater of experimentation of the social theory of the
303:, who obtained, during her deportation, a post of teacher in Nouméa, is one of the few to have taken an interest in Kanak culture and to oppose repression. While the Communards were granted an amnesty in 1880, most of the Algerians in the Pacific ended their lives in New Caledonia.
465:
is located in the former prison workshops. The convict past in
Nouville also remains present through the prison chapel built in 1882, the convict dormitories (dormitory huts about 20 meters long in which 80 convicts are piled up) aligned along an alley called ironically
408:, with a thesis on colonial representations of the prison entitled "Between chains and the earth. The evolution of the idea of deportation in the 19th century in France, to the origins of colonization in New Caledonia". It was published in 2003 under the title:
328:Ătienne Lantier, back in Paris after the Montsou strike, was later compromised in the insurrection of the Commune, whose ideas he had defended with passion, he had been condemned to death, then pardoned and deported, so that he was now in
188:(the Abdelkader, AĂŻfa, El Arbi, in particular). A small contingent of rebellious independence Tonkinese, guilty of a grenade attack at the Hanoi Hotel cafĂ© in 1913, was deported in 1914. Among them, Ca-LĂȘ Ngoc Lien, Phan Tuan Phong.
116:" (according to the French law of May 30, 1854 on colonial convictions): by far the most numerous, also called "slave" because sentenced to hard labor (8 years to life) for common law crimes (ranging from simple assault or
425:, minds have evolved in the direction of ever greater interest and openness, but the interpretation of history remains a fundamental issue insofar as it directly influences our understanding of the present".
369:
tap" that transportation constituted. It will be interrupted in 1897, but the prisoners of the penal colony will end their life there (in 1921, they were still 2,300). The last detainee was
Cheikou Cissé, a
195:" or repeat offenders, were also sentenced to penal colony from 1885 (Waldeck-Rousseau Law of May 27, 1885). There were a total of more than 3,300 men and 457 women relegated to "the News", especially to
137:
who wants rehabilitate the convict through work and give him a second life after his sentence by offering him land grants. The first 250 "Transportation workers" arrived in Port-de-France on
342:
to forced labor for infanticides, then, in insufficient number (192 from 1870 to 1887), women condemned to imprisonment (80 ) or imprisonment for simple offenses (250). They are lodged in
633:"LIST OF "ARABS" TRANSPORTED, DEPORTED AND RELEGGATED TO NEW CALEDONIA (1864-1921) Publication by the City of Bourail of a research document by Louis-José Barbançon, doctor of history"
346:
in a convent run by the
Sisters of Saint-Joseph de Cluny until their marriage to a freed land holder or a convict, their meetings being organized under the watchful eye of the nuns.
461:
bought and rehabilitated the former food store in Nouville penal colony to make it the ThĂ©Ăątre de l'Ăle. Not far away, the department of law, economics and management of the
349:
Only four marriages saw prisoners released from the penal colony marrying free women. The others married convicts who had been released or were still serving their sentence.
230:
rose to 11,110 in 1877, i.e. 2/3 of the Europeans present in the colony, and in 1897, date of the cessation of the transported and relegated convoys, they were still 8,230.
868:
176:
as well as the condemned of the successive insurrections of 1864 (south-Oran), 1876 (El Amri), 1879 (the AurĂšs), 1880-1882 (south Oran): there are several hundred "
632:
454:
251:
in 1883 The last penitentiary centers were closed in 1922 and 1931, but many descendants of "freed" remained settled on the concessions of their ancestors.
169:
239:
In all, the concessions definitively awarded to those released are estimated at around 1,300. The centers for the establishment of penal settlers were
740:
Often domestic workers pregnant by their master, they are "recruited" first because they are supposed to lack maternity and want to re-found a family.
710:
937:
401:
660:
The chain of insurrections 1864-1882) Algeria: The past, French Algeria, The revolution (1954-1958) By Jacques Simon Editions l'Harmattan
594:
The Saint-Simonians and the colonial temptation. African explorations and the New Caledonian government of Charles Guillain (1808-1875)
899:
803:
711:"C. DEBIEN-VANMAĂ, "The role of convicts in colonization in New Caledonia (1854-1931)", site of the Vice-Rectorate of New Caledonia"
658:
207:
608:"Populations, ASTER du Caillou, according to the figures put forward by J.C. ROUX in the bulletin of the SEHNC n ° 11, year 1976"
243:
from 1867 (with some 460 concessions), La Foa-Farino (with the centers of Fonwhary, Focola, Ouraï, Farino and Tendéa) from 1876,
986:
960:
278:
were deported to New Caledonia in the penal colony, on the island of Nou for the convicts, on the peninsula of Ducos for the
164:
penitentiaries, or to the Ducos Peninsula (for those considered the most dangerous), with among them "celebrities" such as
156:" (according to the French political deportation law of June 8, 1850): political convicts, mainly from participants in the
1105:
571:
685:
332: ; it was even said that he was immediately married there and that he had a child, without knowing exactly the sex
86:
Divided into three categories, these convicts could hope to be released without obtaining a return to mainland France.
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transportees between 1864 and 1897 (out of a total of 2166 condemned to transportation, deportation or relegation.).
259:
767:
The people of the Pacific and New Caledonia in the 19th century. Condemned, settlers, convias, coolies, ChĂąn Dang
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heritage aspect. Many were subsequently taken over by vegetation (the most notable example being that of the old
79:
which was in operation from 1864 to 1924. Many French prisoners from mainland France (approximately 21,000) were
23:
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362:
161:
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During the revolt of 1878, the deportees were used by the colonial administration in the repression of the
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of 1871, which means that the deportees are often called "Communards". 4,250 were sent from 1872 to the
422:
418:
219:
Supervision was carried out by a large prison staff, up to 660 people, assisted by the native police.
126:
911:
New Caledonia, island of exile, land of asylum, 2004, Museum of the City of Nouméa, (French version)
785:"Information sheet on Louis-José Barbançon, scientific hypermedia publishing platform Criminocorpus"
453:
set up guided tour services by Alain Fort coupled with hikes, mainly in Nouville and the village of
392:
The question of the historical legacies of the colonial period began to be raised in the 1970s by a
555:
177:
869:"Nouville will soon have its center in the history of the penal colony, in New Caledonia the 1st"
1068:
Sanchez, Jean-Lucien (2019). Boucheron, Patrick; Delalande, Nicolas; Mazel Florian; Potin Yann;
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1100:
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180:" most of whom, despite an amnesty in 1895, founded Caledonian lineages mainly installed in
882:
560:
549:
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8:
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421:(1988), history, located at the heart of political issues, had bad press ... Since the
478:, the "Marguerite" Association, in connection with the communities, has rehabilitated
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130:
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1028:(in French). Villeneuve-d'Ascq: University Press of the Septentrion. p. 447.
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264:
321:
181:
428:
904:
883:"B. N., "The penal colony saved from oblivion",The New Caledonians, 02/16/2013"
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LâArchipel des convats. History of the New Caledonian penal colony (1863-1931)
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686:""The native police and military guards in the history of the penal colony""
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80:
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The convict archipelago: history of the New Caledonian prison, 1863-1931
752:
The convict archipelago. History of the New Caledonian prison, 1863-1931
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where reconstructions and sounds and lights are organized. In 2013, the
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sentenced in 1919 to deportation for life, and died in Nouméa in 1933.
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in 1880, evokes the penal colony. The same author also mentions it in
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launched a program to rescue, protect and enhance the remains of the
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286:, some of whom were allowed to stay in Nouméa. The insurgents of the
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490:(invaded by vegetation), from the capture of Anse N'Du to Ducos (
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Le Bagne en Nouvelle-Calédonie... l'enfer au Paradis (1872-1880)
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New Caledonia in 2000, under the supervision of Paul De Deckker
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76:
320:(1893), when Pascal Rougon had his niece Clotilde detail the
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From 1872 and until the amnesties of 1880, the insurgents of
138:
932:. A virtual exhibition produced by the Balaguier Museum of
1007:
The ledger of the penal colony in Guyana and New Caledonia
548:
Other establishments in the New Caledonian penal colony Ë
977:
Grousset, Paschal; Francis Jourde; Henri Brissac (2009).
754:. University Press of the Septentrion. pp. 330â360.
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and higher up the barracks of military guards. Between
98:
Original postcard representing the penal colony of the
925:
Records of the registers: death on Ăle Nou (1865-1939)
376:
215:, for the leveling of the Butte Conneau, around 1900.
953:
The Last Exile: History of penal colony and convicts
903:, radio documentary by La Fabrique de l'histoire on
501:
290:
revolt of 1871 were also sent to the Isle of Pines.
1009:(in French). Sainte-Clotilde: Orphie. p. 256.
849:Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2012).
402:University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
1042:
848:
1082:
836:"History of the association "Witness of a past""
1045:New Caledonia: In the days of the penal colony
352:
1043:LacourrĂšge, GĂ©rard; Alibert, Pierre (1998).
120:to murder), most of them were placed in the
930:New Caledonia. The forgotten penal colony.
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396:from the "Montpellier school", a pupil of
22:
1023:
918:Sugar cane in the Caledonian penal colony
797:
749:
591:
457:in the Great South. In 1998, the city of
1047:(in French). Paris: Atlas. p. 208.
824:(These de doctorat). Nouvelle Calédonie.
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380:
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206:
93:
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995:
971:The time of the penal colony, 1748-1953
816:
1083:
1061:Among the deportees, Maxime Lisbonne (
1000:. Kiwanis Club of Nouméa. p. 169.
950:
568:(among 165,000 between 1788 and 1868)
324:genealogy, concerning Ătienne Lantier:
267:) 1881 143 Ă 114 cm. Kunsthaus,
199:, Prony or the Camp de la Ouaménie in
656:
596:. University of Provence. p. 33.
89:
981:. Footprint Pacifique. p. 179.
817:TERRIER, Christiane (January 2000).
233:
106:There were three types of convicts:
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377:Historiography, heritage and memory
226:The number of criminals present in
211:Convicts on a construction site in
13:
336:
14:
1117:
892:
361:Ruins of the penal colony of the
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518:
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996:Daufelt, Jean-Baptiste (1974).
955:(in French). Paris: Gallimard.
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875:
861:
842:
828:
810:
800:The Land of the Unsaid: Reissue
791:
777:
385:Remains of the penal colony in
280:deported in enclosure fortified
1024:Barbançon, Louis-José (2003).
798:BARBANĂON, Louis-JosĂ© (2009).
758:
750:Barbançon, Louis-José (2003).
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542:Deportation under French law,
449:Nouville. From the 1990s, the
282:, or on the Isle of Pines for
1:
657:Simon, Jacques (April 2007).
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73:penal colony of New Caledonia
17:Penal colony of New Caledonia
556:Algerians from New Caledonia
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900:Nouville, story of a prison
572:Convicts of the First Fleet
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463:University of New Caledonia
404:, under the supervision of
353:The end of the penal colony
263:The Escape from Rochefort (
28:A prison warden, circa 1906
10:
1122:
1106:French conquest of Algeria
1063:The penal colony tavernââ)
592:Reuillard, Michel (1995).
77:penitentiary establishment
998:The Damned of the Pacific
765:de Deckker, Paul (1994).
127:governor of New Caledonia
61:
53:
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33:
21:
1096:History of New Caledonia
1076:. New York: Other Press.
1074:1852. Penal Colonization
663:. Editions L'Harmattan.
178:Algerians of the Pacific
951:Pierre, Michel (1989).
306:A short story entitled
129:Charles Guillain, more
1005:FougĂšre, Ăric (2002).
921:(Alain Saussol, 2002).
468:the Boulevard du crime
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54:Inauguration date
566:Convicts in Australia
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1070:Singaravélou, Pierre
871:. 26 September 2019.
561:Penal transportation
62:Dismantled date
973:, Tallandier, 2017.
885:. 16 February 2013.
684:Poisson, Philippe.
423:Matignon agreements
419:Matignon agreements
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851:New Caledonia 2013
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414:Le Pays du non-dit
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223:event of profits.
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90:The penal settlers
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988:978-2-908186-30-7
962:978-2-07-053089-2
936:and available on
484:Southern Province
451:Southern Province
406:Jean-Yves Mollier
398:François Doumenge
317:Le Docteur Pascal
276:the Paris Commune
234:After hard labour
197:the Isle of Pines
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78:
74:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
39:
38:New Caledonia
36:
32:
25:
20:
1101:Penal labour
1073:
1062:
1044:
1025:
1006:
997:
978:
970:
952:
945:Bibliography
917:
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863:
850:
844:
830:
819:
812:
799:
793:
779:
766:
760:
751:
745:
736:
725:. Retrieved
718:the original
705:
694:. Retrieved
690:the original
679:
659:
652:
641:. Retrieved
637:the original
627:
616:. Retrieved
612:the original
602:
593:
587:
538:Forced labor
534:Penal colony
480:Fort Teremba
467:
442:
433:Fort Teremba
413:
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391:
367:
348:
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327:
315:
307:
305:
299:
297:(see AtaĂŻ).
292:
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225:
221:
218:
192:
162:Ăle des Pins
153:
142:
112:
105:
85:
72:
70:
48:Penal colony
771:L'Harmattan
552:, Camp Brun
544:DĂ©portation
201:Boulouparis
143:L'Iphigénie
113:Transported
57:May 9, 1864
1085:Categories
855:Petit Futé
802:. Nouméa:
727:2021-03-17
696:2021-03-17
643:2021-03-17
618:2021-03-17
580:References
394:geographer
371:tirailleur
312:Ămile Zola
147:Maghrebian
135:Fourierist
249:Pouembout
193:Relegated
182:Nessadiou
154:Deportees
1072:(eds.).
498:See also
102:in Ouro.
81:deported
34:Location
804:Humanis
476:Moindou
437:Moindou
344:Bourail
241:Bourail
186:Bourail
174:Algeria
139:May 9th
122:Ăle Nou
83:there.
1051:
1032:
1013:
985:
959:
667:
492:Nouméa
472:La Foa
459:Nouméa
330:Nouméa
295:Kanaks
288:Kabyle
269:Zurich
245:Ouégoa
213:Nouméa
75:was a
721:(PDF)
714:(PDF)
455:Prony
446:Prony
435:near
387:Prony
191:the "
152:the "
133:than
110:the "
1049:ISBN
1030:ISBN
1011:ISBN
983:ISBN
957:ISBN
665:ISBN
474:and
184:and
71:The
65:1924
44:Type
168:or
1087::
853:.
769:.
536:,
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838:.
730:.
699:.
673:.
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203:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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