175:, although none of the North American colonies were solely penal colonies. British merchants would be in charge of transporting the convicts across the Atlantic to the colonies where they would be auctioned off to planters. Many of the indentured servants were sentenced to seven year terms, which gave rise to the colloquial term "His Majesty's Seven-Year Passengers". It is estimated that between 1718 and 1776 about 30,000 convicts were transported to at least nine of the continental colonies, whereas between 1700 and 1775 about 250,000 to 300,000 white immigrants came to the mainland of North America as a whole. More than two-thirds of these felons were transported to
379:
1618:, were first established in North Korea after liberation from Japan to imprison enemies of the revolution, landowners, collaborators, and religious leaders. After the war, these places housed un-repatriated South Korean prisoners of war. There are six such camps in existence today, according to a May 2011 Amnesty International report, 'huge areas of land and located in vast wilderness sites in South Pyong'an, South Hamyong and North Hamyong Provinces.' ... Perhaps the most notorious penal colony is
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29:
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593:. With a small population (fewer than 1,200), the colony is governed by a state official who is both the governor of the islands and chief judge. The military command is independent of the government and is exercised by an officer of the Mexican Navy. The other islands are uninhabited. Mexico announced on 18 February 2019 that it will close the Islas Marías Federal Prison, replacing it with a new cultural center.
402:
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1131:"Writing of the early Virginians, he said: 'Some of them were even convicts; but it must be remembered the crimes of which they were convicted were chiefly political. The number transported to Virginia for social crimes was never considerable.' Most other writers have held that, among transports shipped to America, political offenders formed a large majority."
567:
in
Colombia housed a state high-security prison from the 1950s. Convicts were dissuaded from escaping by the venomous snakes in the interior of the island and by the sharks patrolling the 30 km to the mainland. The penal colony closed in 1984 and the last prisoners were transferred to the
199:
and other social criminals. Oglethorpe referred to them as "the worthy poor" in a philanthropic effort to create a rehabilitative colony where prisoners could earn a second chance at life, learning trades and working off their debts. The success of
Oglethorpe's vision is debated.
1762:
Mun Cheong Yong, V. V. Bhanoji Rao, "Singapore-India
Relations: A Primer", Study Group on Singapore-India Relations, National University of Singapore Centre for Advanced Studies Contributor Mun Cheong Yong, V. V. Bhanoji Rao, Yong Mun Cheong, Published by NUS Press, 1995.
1303:
899:, where opponents of this right-wing regime were sent. At least 32 anarchists, communists and other opponents of Salazar's regime died in this camp. The camp closed in 1954 but re-opened in the 1970s to jail African leaders fighting
187:, not those guilty of social crimes such as theft; for example, it was noted of Virginia that "the crimes of which they were convicted were chiefly political, and the number transported for social crimes was never considerable." The
183:; in Maryland, during the thirty years before 1776, convicts composed more than one-quarter of all immigrants. However, it is commonly maintained that the vast majority of felons taken to America were
769:) for criminals and dissidents. Though geographically contiguous with heartland Russia, Siberia provided both remoteness and a harsh climate. In 1857 a penal colony was established on the island of
1293:
278:, and to government projects such as roadbuilding, colonisation of Australia may not have been possible, especially considering the considerable drain on non-convict labor caused by several
1170:
2544:
1257:
1184:
1228:
Journey to Guantánamo: A Week in
America's Notorious Penal Colony: A journalist heads to the US naval base and detention center, seeking out truths we're not meant to see.
1416:"La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los Césares"
2392:
1418:[John Narborough expedition to Chile, 1670: Defense of Valdivia, indian rumours, information on prisoners, and the belief in the City of the Césares].
640:
in 1813, where mostly petty criminals were sent. It was abandoned in 1823, but re-established in 1843 as San
Salvador. It was evacuated towards the end of the
1415:
1381:
59:
located in a remote location, it is more commonly used to refer to communities of prisoners overseen by wardens or governors having absolute authority.
1236:
274:) sometimes received sentences of deportation to the Australian colonies. Without the allocation of the available convict labour to farmers, to
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that took place in the second half of the 19th century after the flow of convicts had dwindled and (in 1868) ceased. A proposal to make the
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2524:
2566:
51:
used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant
219:, becoming the first colonies in the British Empire founded solely to house convicts. Leaving Portsmouth, England on 13 May 1787, the
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system, provided penal labor to develop forestry, logging, and mining industries, construction enterprises, as well as highways and
545:
378:
1247:
2716:
1816:
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2841:
1768:
1742:
1737:
Dupont, Jerry, "The Common Law Abroad: Constitutional and Legal Legacy of the
British Empire", Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 2001.
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was the recipient of Indian convicts, who were tasked with clearing the jungles for settlement and early public works.
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in an economically underdeveloped part of a state's (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a
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mainland. As of 2015 most of the former jail buildings are covered by dense vegetation, but some remain visible.
2820:
882:
849:
The
Netherlands had a penal colony from the late 19th century. The Department of Justice took over the town of
105:
1029:
Bound with an Iron Chain – The Untold Story of how the
British Transported 50,000 Convicts to Colonial America
896:
590:
308:(1899–1902), Boer prisoners-of-war were sent to the archipelago and imprisoned on one of the smaller islands.
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573:
348:
301:
101:
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624:
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1337:
1282:
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504:
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1809:
970:
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transported the first ~800 convicts and ~250 marines to Botany Bay. Between 1788 and 1868, about 162,000
853:(originally set up by a private company to "re-educate" vagrants from the large cities in the west like
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2785:
2413:
2300:
1868:
857:) to turn it into a collection of prison buildings. The town stands in the least populated province of
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911:
786:
720:
564:
408:
244:
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2096:
1902:
850:
364:
263:
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in
Vietnam was used as a penal colony both by the French colonists (from 1861 onwards) and by the
315:, the colonial government established various penal colonies. Two of the largest ones were on the
296:, off the North American continent, was also used during the Victorian period. Convicts housed in
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2587:
2399:
1971:
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served as the female penal colony. The law making the island a penal colony was repealed in 1853.
160:
94:
620:
424:
2827:
2517:
2225:
2198:
2071:
1923:
1802:
1086:"The Organization of the Convict Trade to Maryland: Stevenson, Randolph and Cheston, 1768-1775"
875:
709:
279:
1327:
1054:
2984:
2813:
2764:
2615:
2385:
1748:
Johnsen, Thomas C., "Vita: Howard
Belding Gill: Brief Life of a Prison Reformer: 1890–1989",
1659:
From 1879 the Spanish basically used Fernando Po as a penal colony for captured Cuban rebels.
1043:
1039:
1028:
930:
833:
683:
488:
212:
211:. Since immediate stopgap measures proved themselves ineffective, in 1785 Britain decided to
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1004:
926:
811:
275:
248:
224:
168:
164:
1755:
Serrill, M. S., "Norfolk – A Retrospective – New Debate Over a Famous Prison Experiment,"
8:
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in the north of the country, isolated in the middle of a vast area of peat and marshland.
679:
556:
440:
208:
188:
176:
20:
919:
582:
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2778:
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2673:
2436:
1985:
1978:
1916:
1526:
1302:. Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. 26 Dec 2013. Accessed 11 November 2022.
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as a penal colony, because it was the most remote province from the then capital city,
892:
607:
196:
184:
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1854:
1764:
1738:
1727:
1702:
1675:
1641:
1596:
1552:
1516:
1123:
Butler, James Davie (October 1896), "British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies",
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819:
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708:
Following Alexander the Great's conquest of modern day Afghanistan and Pakistan, the
392:
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2020:
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2459:
2149:
2117:
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1930:
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as a penal colony in 1890. The prison later turned into an ordinary jail in 1894.
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32:
Inscribed stone honouring an Irish prisoner in the Australian penal colony of
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2006:
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63:
1281:. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. 13 February 2002. Accessed 11 November 2022.
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1992:
1840:
1571:
1512:
1127:, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, p. 13
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922:(1808) were left on their own for years; less than half of them survived.
815:
739:
312:
297:
283:
267:
220:
145:
67:
1574:
an order exists, dated 15 November 1941, establishing that penal colony.
1056:
The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science
914:
was also a short-lived penal colony in which approximately 7,000 French
2263:
2191:
2027:
2013:
1999:
1964:
1861:
1420:
1388:(in Spanish). Servicio Nacional del Patrimonio Cultural. Archived from
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991:
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became a men's penal colony sometime around 1830, while Kaena Point on
360:
286:
a penal colony was deeply unpopular with local residents, sparking the
108: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
33:
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854:
839:
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across Siberia and in other areas. In the modern Russian Federation,
662:
352:
336:
1476:
1295:
John LaForge: Over 150 still suffer at Guantanamo, our penal colony.
1101:
985:
83:
1879:
1847:
1256:. Sacramento, California. 12 June 2013. Accessed 11 November 2022.
999:
959:
782:
770:
751:
747:
732:
728:
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671:
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in French Guiana, 1852–1939, received forgers and other criminals.
252:
136:
28:
1249:
The Imperialist and Racist Origins of the Guantánamo Penal Colony.
1937:
1909:
1888:
1724:
Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management
1235:. New York. 25 July 25/1 August 2022. Accessed 11 November 2022.
858:
778:
766:
758:
691:
654:
536:
293:
232:
1794:
1551:(reissue ed.). Holmes & Meier Publishers. p. 296.
690:, became later soldier-settlers. Close contacts with indigenous
1948:
1783:
955:
800:(reigned 1825–1854) replaced the death penalty with exile, and
637:
472:
52:
2545:
Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
933:
of 1949–1987. As of 2015, the island is a tourist destination.
2862:
1895:
907:
805:
774:
743:
320:
712:
was used as a penal colony. Today, 18% of the population of
895:, set up in 1936 by the head of the Portuguese government,
825:
367:
as well as convicted criminals between the 1860s and 1897.
335:
France sent criminals to tropical penal colonies including
1504:
Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758–1820
694:
meant many soldiers spoke Spanish and had some command of
239:. Australian penal colonies in late 18th century included
203:
When routes to the Americas closed after the outbreak of
576:
in Cuba is used by the United States as a penal colony.
62:
Historically, penal colonies have often been used for
1640:(3rd ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 96.
1477:"Greek genes and the numismatic expert from Peshawar"
910:
in present-day Equatorial Guinea. The tiny island of
981:
965:
There are penal colonies in the Philippines, namely
885:
including prison labor camps and re-education camps.
1122:
549:
Selection of former penal colonies in South America
1759:, Volume 8, Issue 4 (August 1982), pp. 25–32.
1672:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War
1367:(in Spanish). Santiago: Andrés Bello. p. 140.
1474:
1451:"Bactria: The Ancient Greek State in Afghanistan"
2966:
2885:United Kingdom and British overseas territories
1185:"Convicts and the British colonies in Australia"
822:authorities as penal colony for revolutionaries.
1592:Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea
846:as a penal colony for anti-apartheid activists.
213:use parts of what is now known as Australia as
1376:
1374:
55:. Although the term can be used to refer to a
1810:
891:operated as a Portuguese penal colony in the
619:archipelago as penal colonies: the Island of
1448:
1171:"Establishing the Georgia Colony, 1732–1750"
665:region. It was active between 1902 and 1947.
632:Paraguay's first ruler and supreme dictator
417:
1548:Hitler's Death Camps: The Sanity of Madness
1371:
1270:Guantanamo Could be Terrorist Penal Colony.
678:authorities had convicts from all-over the
433:
359:) received transported dissidents like the
207:in 1776, British prisons started to become
2567:International Network of Prison Ministries
1817:
1803:
1404:
1040:Preliminaries of the Revolution, 1763–1775
742:of 1636–1912 used general-ruled provinces
1475:Dr Gul Rahim Khan, ed. (19 August 2018).
1433:
1410:
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
2393:Mentally ill people in the United States
1570:a forced-labor camp named Arbeitslager
1357:
1328:"Colonización de Magallanes (1843–1943)"
777:system and its tsarist predecessor, the
135:
27:
1633:
1449:Chrysopoulos, Philip (16 August 2021).
163:, the British government initiated the
2967:
2646:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)
1145:. United States National Park Service.
1083:
832:was used as a penal colony during the
754:in north-west China as penal colonies.
401:
1798:
1752:, September–October 1999, p. 54.
1696:
1585:
1500:
555:Brazil had a prison on the island of
513:
385:
2948:
1544:
1173:. United States Library of Congress.
615:Ecuador has used two islands in the
106:adding citations to reliable sources
77:
1364:Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes
906:Spain maintained a penal colony on
598:During the 19th century Chile used
497:
323:. In the early days of settlement,
13:
686:. The convicts, many of whom were
173:Britain's colonies in the Americas
16:Remote settlement housing convicts
14:
3001:
1824:
1776:
1386:Museo de Sitio Castillo de Niebla
247:, and in early 19th century also
73:
2947:
2936:
2935:
1782:
1507:. Yale Historical Publications.
984:
836:era to hold political prisoners.
653:Argentina had a penal colony in
634:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
528:
512:
496:
481:
480:
464:
448:
432:
416:
400:
384:
377:
82:
2717:Countries by incarceration rate
2630:Prison Fellowship International
1664:
1627:
1579:
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1494:
1468:
1442:
1435:10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011
1351:
1320:
1308:
1287:
1277:. Washington, DC. Reprinted by
1262:
1241:
1220:
1207:
1177:
529:
449:
93:needs additional citations for
1595:. Profile Books. p. 458.
1163:
1149:
1135:
1116:
1090:The William and Mary Quarterly
1077:
1061:
1048:
1033:
1022:
644:of 1864–1870; soon afterwards
610:as a penal colony (1844–1852).
465:
191:, by contrast, was planned by
1:
1010:
925:Taiwan had a penal colony at
574:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
149:
2609:Prison Advice and Care Trust
1726:, Simon and Schuster, 1990.
1501:Cohen, Joanna Waley (1991).
1338:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1125:American Historical Review 2
1072:The Shaping of Black America
1015:
967:Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm
789:are a common type of prison.
702:
7:
1701:, Barnsley: Pen and Sword,
977:
971:Davao Prison and Penal Farm
636:opened the penal colony of
370:
339:in the early 18th century.
237:penal colonies in Australia
10:
3006:
2980:Imprisonment and detention
2941:Imprisonment and detention
1869:Stanford prison experiment
1689:
1545:Feig, Konnilyn G. (1981).
1317:, 19 February 2019, p. A-2
1279:South Florida Sun-Sentinel
943:(from 1954 and during the
750:) in north-east China and
716:has Greek genetic markers.
581:Mexico uses the island of
205:American Revolutionary War
18:
2930:
2740:
2708:
2683:
2602:Prison abolition movement
2560:Florida Justice Institute
2536:
2340:
2255:
2215:
2134:
2081:
1956:
1947:
1878:
1832:
1699:Worcestershire under arms
1637:African States and Rulers
1217:. Penguin: London (2001).
1157:"James Edward Oglethorpe"
1143:"James Edward Oglethorpe"
929:during Chiang Kai-shek's
787:corrective labor colonies
670:Once Spanish presence in
330:
225:convicts were transported
2653:The Prison Phoenix Trust
2097:Administrative detention
1084:Morgan, Kenneth (1985).
195:specifically to take in
159:With the passage of the
2731:Films featuring prisons
2588:Mount Tamalpais College
2242:Prisoner-of-war escapes
1972:Corrective labor colony
1697:Atkin, Malcolm (2004),
1674:. W W Norton & Co.
1614:Prison labor camps, or
1412:Urbina C., María Ximena
1315:San Francisco Chronicle
1189:Government of Australia
881:North Korea operates a
796:under the rule of King
300:were used to build the
161:Transportation Act 1717
2365:Contemplative programs
2072:Youth detention center
1924:Prisoner of conscience
1634:Stewart, John (2006).
901:Portuguese colonialism
876:German-occupied Europe
864:Some sources refer to
710:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
304:there, and during the
156:
36:
2616:Prison-Ashram Project
1670:Gates, David (1986).
1587:Jager, Sheila Miyoshi
1044:George Elliott Howard
757:Imperial Russia used
684:Valdivian Fort System
676:reestablished in 1645
139:
57:correctional facility
31:
2800:Ireland, Republic of
2490:Solitary confinement
2051:Prisoner-of-war camp
1791:at Wikimedia Commons
1757:Corrections Magazine
1513:10.2307/j.ctt2250vjs
1005:History of Australia
868:forced-labor camps (
765:for penal colonies (
648:troops destroyed it.
546:class=notpageimage|
425:San Cristóbal Island
302:Royal Naval Dockyard
165:penal transportation
140:Penal colony in the
102:improve this article
2667:Prison Reform Trust
1275:The Washington Post
941:Republic of Vietnam
680:Viceroyalty of Peru
557:Fernando de Noronha
441:Fernando de Noronha
185:political criminals
181:Southern landowners
169:indentured servants
21:Penal Colony (band)
2990:Settlement schemes
2674:WriteAPrisoner.com
2437:Protective custody
1986:Extermination camp
1917:Political prisoner
1722:Diiulio, John J.,
1622:no. 15. or Yodok .
1231:Moustafa Bayoumi.
1068:Lerone Bennett Jr.
893:Cape Verde Islands
878:as penal colonies.
842:South Africa used
608:Strait of Magellan
559:from 1938 to 1945.
276:pastoral squatters
157:
53:colonial territory
37:
19:For the band, see
2962:
2961:
2898:England and Wales
2638:Prison Legal News
2623:Prison Fellowship
2581:Justice Defenders
2251:
2250:
1855:Prison healthcare
1787:Media related to
1769:978-9971-69-195-0
1743:978-0-8377-3125-4
1215:American Colonies
1195:on 1 January 2016
820:Dutch East Indies
818:was once used by
794:Kingdom of Hawaii
272:Tolpuddle Martyrs
249:Van Diemen's Land
217:penal settlements
189:colony of Georgia
134:
133:
126:
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2905:Northern Ireland
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2111:Maximum security
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2009:
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1750:Harvard Magazine
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1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1392:on 4 August 2020
1378:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1266:
1260:
1245:
1239:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1191:. Archived from
1181:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1081:
1075:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1026:
994:
989:
988:
969:in Palawan, and
920:Battle of Bailén
916:prisoners of war
763:Russian Far East
721:Meiji Government
659:Tierra del Fuego
623:(1869–1904) and
583:Isla María Madre
532:
531:
516:
515:
500:
499:
484:
483:
468:
467:
452:
451:
436:
435:
420:
419:
404:
403:
388:
387:
381:
325:Singapore Island
193:James Oglethorpe
154:
151:
129:
122:
118:
115:
109:
86:
78:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2926:
2919:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2532:
2523:
2518:Women in prison
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2458:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2426:
2421:Private prisons
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2354:
2347:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2247:
2240:
2231:
2224:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2082:Security levels
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1943:
1936:
1931:Prisoner of war
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1828:
1823:
1779:
1774:
1709:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1669:
1665:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1632:
1628:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1584:
1580:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1542:
1538:
1523:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1447:
1443:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1359:Martinic, Mateo
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1333:Memoria Chilena
1326:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1292:
1288:
1267:
1263:
1246:
1242:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1102:10.2307/1920428
1082:
1078:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1013:
990:
983:
980:
725:Abashiri Prison
705:
552:
551:
550:
548:
542:
541:
540:
539:
533:
525:
524:
523:
517:
509:
508:
507:
501:
493:
492:
491:
485:
477:
476:
475:
469:
461:
460:
459:
453:
445:
444:
443:
437:
429:
428:
427:
421:
413:
412:
411:
405:
397:
396:
395:
389:
373:
333:
317:Andaman Islands
306:Second Boer War
264:Irish Home Rule
245:New South Wales
152:
142:Andaman Islands
130:
119:
113:
110:
99:
87:
76:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2975:Penal colonies
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2944:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2692:Rehabilitation
2687:
2685:
2684:Leaving prison
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2574:Justice Action
2570:
2563:
2556:
2553:Black and Pink
2549:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2440:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2226:Prison escapes
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1789:Penal colonies
1778:
1777:External links
1775:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1735:
1720:
1707:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1663:
1647:978-0786425624
1646:
1626:
1602:978-1847652027
1601:
1578:
1558:978-0841906761
1557:
1536:
1522:978-0300048278
1521:
1493:
1467:
1455:Greek Reporter
1441:
1403:
1370:
1350:
1319:
1307:
1298:John Laforge.
1286:
1261:
1240:
1219:
1213:Taylor, Alan.
1206:
1176:
1162:
1148:
1134:
1115:
1096:(2): 201–227.
1076:
1060:
1047:
1032:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
996:
995:
979:
976:
975:
974:
963:
952:Ottoman Empire
948:
947:of 1955–1975).
937:Côn Đảo Island
934:
923:
904:
886:
879:
862:
847:
837:
823:
809:
798:Kamehameha III
790:
755:
736:
723:of Japan used
717:
704:
701:
700:
699:
688:Afro-Peruvians
682:construct the
667:
666:
650:
649:
642:Paraguayan War
629:
628:
625:Isabela Island
612:
611:
595:
594:
587:Marías Islands
578:
577:
570:
569:
565:Gorgona Island
561:
560:
544:
543:
535:
534:
527:
526:
519:
518:
511:
510:
503:
502:
495:
494:
487:
486:
479:
478:
471:
470:
463:
462:
455:
454:
447:
446:
439:
438:
431:
430:
423:
422:
415:
414:
409:Gorgona Island
407:
406:
399:
398:
391:
390:
383:
382:
376:
375:
374:
372:
369:
365:Kabyles rebels
341:Devil's Island
332:
329:
288:Convict crisis
268:trade unionism
259:(Queensland).
241:Norfolk Island
177:the Chesapeake
132:
131:
90:
88:
81:
75:
74:British Empire
72:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3002:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2954:
2945:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2922:
2921:United States
2918:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:Organizations
2535:
2526:
2525:United States
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2467:United States
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2451:United States
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2428:United States
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2400:Mobile phones
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2356:United States
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:Social issues
2339:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2285:United States
2282:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:Trusty system
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:Incarceration
1820:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:0-02-907883-0
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1708:1-84415-072-0
1704:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1681:
1680:0-393-02281-1
1677:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1543:For example:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1252:Adam Hudson.
1251:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1159:. Oglethorpe.
1158:
1152:
1144:
1138:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
987:
982:
972:
968:
964:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:
942:
938:
935:
932:
928:
924:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
884:
880:
877:
873:
872:
867:
863:
860:
856:
852:
848:
845:
844:Robben Island
841:
838:
835:
831:
827:
824:
821:
817:
813:
810:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:. The Soviet
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
706:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:
626:
622:
621:San Cristóbal
618:
614:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:Fuerte Bulnes
597:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:
575:
572:
571:
566:
563:
562:
558:
554:
553:
547:
538:
522:
521:Fuerte Bulnes
506:
490:
474:
458:
442:
426:
410:
394:
393:Île du Diable
380:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Isle of Pines
346:
345:New Caledonia
342:
338:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:British India
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:Advocates of
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:Great Britain
226:
222:
218:
216:
210:
206:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
147:
143:
138:
128:
125:
117:
114:December 2023
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This section
89:
85:
80:
79:
71:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2985:Penal labour
2856:Soviet Union
2699:Work release
2660:Prison Radio
2636:
2407:Overcrowding
2090:House arrest
2044:Penal colony
2043:
1756:
1723:
1698:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1651:. Retrieved
1636:
1629:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1606:. Retrieved
1591:
1581:
1569:
1562:. Retrieved
1547:
1539:
1531:j.ctt2250vjs
1503:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:
1444:
1428:(2): 11–36.
1425:
1419:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1390:the original
1385:
1363:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1331:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1273:John Mintz.
1269:
1264:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1232:
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1193:the original
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931:White Terror
927:Green Island
883:penal system
871:Arbeitslager
869:
812:Boven Digoel
627:(1945–1959).
604:Punta Arenas
591:penal colony
334:
310:
292:
261:
214:
202:
179:to work for
158:
153: 1890s
120:
111:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
64:penal labour
61:
45:exile colony
44:
41:penal colony
40:
38:
25:
2828:North Korea
2821:New Zealand
2414:Pay-to-stay
1841:Criminology
1572:Treblinka I
945:Vietnam War
908:Fernando Po
826:Buru Island
740:Qing Empire
505:Puerto Luis
284:Cape Colony
280:gold rushes
257:Moreton Bay
235:to various
221:First Fleet
209:overcrowded
146:British Raj
68:prison farm
2969:Categories
2742:By country
2379:Informants
2294:Literature
2233:Helicopter
2192:Sally port
2157:Commissary
2135:Components
2028:Chain gang
2014:Labor camp
2000:Internment
1965:Black site
1862:Punishment
1421:Magallania
1382:"Historia"
1233:The Nation
1011:References
992:Law portal
851:Veenhuizen
696:Mapudungun
361:Communards
49:settlement
34:Botany Bay
2751:Australia
2483:Sexuality
2372:Education
2331:Tattooing
2125:Death row
2021:Battalion
1880:Prisoners
1717:11908594M
1304:Archived.
1283:Archived.
1258:Archived.
1237:Archived.
1110:0043-5597
1016:Citations
973:in Davao.
918:from the
855:Amsterdam
840:Apartheid
834:New Order
830:Indonesia
802:Kahoolawe
783:railroads
703:Elsewhere
663:Patagonia
661:, in the
646:Brazilian
617:Galápagos
357:South Sea
353:Melanesia
337:Louisiana
290:of 1849.
2912:Scotland
2547:(Brazil)
2511:Violence
2460:Religion
2301:American
2150:Cemetery
2118:Supermax
2037:Military
1979:Debtors'
1903:Detainee
1896:Criminal
1848:Penology
1620:kwalliso
1616:kwalliso
1589:(2013).
1486:12 April
1460:12 April
1414:(2017).
1361:(1977).
1300:Captimes
1254:Truthout
1000:Alcatraz
978:See also
960:Istanbul
889:Tarrafal
866:Nazi-era
771:Sakhalin
752:Xinjiang
748:Ningguta
733:Hokkaido
729:Abashiri
714:Peshawar
672:Valdivia
585:(in the
489:Valdivia
371:Americas
355:(in the
347:and its
253:Tasmania
2953:Commons
2891:Bermuda
2879:Ukraine
2807:Jamaica
2786:Iceland
2779:Germany
2772:Estonia
2724:Prisons
2504:Suicide
2497:Strikes
2256:Culture
2185:Officer
2178:Nursery
2171:Library
2058:Private
1949:Prisons
1910:Hostage
1889:Convict
1833:Science
1690:Sources
1653:29 June
1608:29 June
1564:29 June
1396:7 April
1343:5 April
1074:, p. 48
912:Cabrera
897:Salazar
859:Drenthe
779:katorga
767:katorga
759:Siberia
692:Mapuche
655:Ushuaia
606:on the
589:) as a
537:Ushuaia
457:El Sepa
294:Bermuda
233:Ireland
215:de jure
197:debtors
2872:Turkey
2849:Russia
2835:Norway
2217:Escape
2206:Warden
2007:Island
1767:
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1108:
956:Fezzan
638:Tevego
473:Tevego
331:France
255:) and
2863:Gulag
2814:Japan
2793:India
2765:China
2758:Chile
2709:Lists
2476:Riots
2349:Abuse
2324:Slang
2308:Blogs
1957:Types
1938:Slave
1527:JSTOR
1199:8 May
954:used
874:) in
816:Papua
806:Lanai
775:Gulag
744:Jilin
321:Hijli
298:hulks
270:(the
227:from
47:is a
2842:Peru
2444:Rape
2386:LGBT
2317:Ring
2278:Gang
2271:Film
2164:Food
2143:Cell
2104:Open
2065:Ship
1993:Farm
1765:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1655:2015
1642:ISBN
1610:2015
1597:ISBN
1566:2015
1553:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1488:2022
1481:Dawn
1462:2022
1398:2020
1345:2020
1201:2015
1106:ISSN
950:The
792:The
761:and
738:The
719:The
674:was
602:and
319:and
243:and
231:and
2595:POA
2264:Art
1509:doi
1430:doi
1098:doi
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43:or
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