4651:
from the Soviet definition to the WHO one seems to have ranged from 13 per cent in
Moldova to 40 per cent in Latvia. In Poland, which has a much larger population than the two previously mentioned countries, it was about 21 per cent. Secondly, there seems to have been significant under-registration of deaths, particularly in certain regions, such as Central Asia and Azerbaijan. Estimates of 'true' infant mortality in 1987â2000 show very high increases over the official figures in Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Albania, Romania, and Bulgaria. In Russia â which was supposed to have adopted the WHO definition of 'birth' by 1993 and where under-registration is much less than in Central Asia or Azerbaijan â in 1987â2000 the estimated increase of the official figures to measure 'true' infant mortality is 26.5 percent.
2345:
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planned fashion. A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man, woman, and child. The education of the individual, in addition to promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow-men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society.
2801:
4427:"Measures to overcome the shortcomings in the development, production and introduction of computers in the Armed Forces and national economy". Today this project is known among the specialists as the 'Red Book' project. It was the first project in the USSR, which proposed to combine all the computers in the country into a unified network of compter centers. In peacetime this network must have fulfilled both national economic and defense tasks .
899:
835:
2357:
2328:
3027:, the latter argued that the only way to satisfy individuals who have a constantly changing hierarchy of needs and are the only ones to possess their particular individual's circumstances is by allowing those with the most knowledge of their needs to have it in their power to use their resources in a competing marketplace to meet the needs of the most consumers most efficiently. This phenomenon is recognized as
3159:
unable to effectively coordinate all economic activity. However, proponents of command economies argue that those at the local level can give feedback to those at the national level and union level and that communication between the local, regional, national and union levels and between different sectors of the economy can resolve this issue.
2953:
The state can begin building massive heavy industries at once in an underdeveloped economy without waiting years for capital to accumulate through the expansion of light industry and without reliance on external financing. This is what happened in the Soviet Union during the 1930s when the government
2680:
I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate these grave evils, namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilized in a
3865:
Traditional socialism strives to plan all economic activities comprehensively, both within and between enterprises. As such, it seeks to integrate the economic activities of society (the coordination of socially owned property) into a single coherent plan, rather than to rely upon the spontaneous or
3158:
believed that those at the top of the chain of command, regardless of their intellectual capacity, operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and who understand/respond to local conditions and changes in the economy. Therefore, they would be
3095:
decentralized planned economy, notes that even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation, it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are concepts that are more intellectually coherent, consistent and
4650:
For the USSR, the official Soviet statistics of infant mortality give too favourable a picture. There are two reasons for this. First, the USSR used a definition of 'birth' different from the WHO one (Chapter 8, pp. 321â322). The percentage increase in the infant mortality rate caused by switching
4071:
In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population
3153:
Most of a "command" economy is organized by a central authority, where decisions regarding investment and production output requirements are decided upon by the state, the workers and the cooperatives. Advocates of economic planning have sometimes been staunch critics of these "command" economies.
2750:
to install a telex machine in every corporation and organization in the economy for the communication of economic data between firms and the government. The data was also fed into a computer-simulated economy for forecasting. A control room was built for real-time observation and management of the
3213:
is a form of economic planning in market economies that directs the economy through incentive-based methods. Economic planning can be practiced in a decentralized manner through different government authorities. In some predominantly market-oriented and
Western mixed economies, the state utilizes
2830:
had proposed to the
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a detailed plan for the re-organization of the control of the Soviet armed forces and of the Soviet economy on the basis of a network of computing centers in 1959. Kitov's proposal was rejected, as later was the 1962
2941:
to serve the economic objectives of society. Consumer demand can be restrained in favor of greater capital investment for economic development in a desired pattern. In international comparisons, socialist nations have compared favorably with capitalist nations in health indicators such as infant
3105:
grew. Under central planning neither planners, managers, nor workers had incentives to promote the social economic interest. Nor did impeding markets for final goods to the planning system enfranchise consumers in meaningful ways. But central planning would have been incompatible with economic
3100:
Combined with a more democratic political system, and redone to closer approximate a best case version, centrally planned economies no doubt would have performed better. But they could never have delivered economic self-management, they would always have been slow to innovate as apathy and
2470:
economic enterprises that make up the economy. More recent approaches to socialist planning and allocation have come from some economists and computer scientists proposing planning mechanisms based on advances in computer science and information technology. An example of this is
4381:
We have presented the view that planning and market mechanisms are instruments that can be used both in socialist and non-socialist societies. It was important to explode the primitive identification of central planning and socialism and to stress the instrumental character of
3266:
is explicated accordingly to an economy-wide plan built and operatively coordinated through a distributed network of disparate economic agents or even production units itself. Decentralized planning is usually held in contrast to centralized planning, in particular the
3031:. Additionally, misallocation of resources would naturally ensue by redirecting capital away from individuals with direct knowledge and circumventing it into markets where a coercive monopoly influences behavior, ignoring market signals. According to
2958:
dedicated to private consumption down from 80% to 50%. As a result of this development, the Soviet Union experienced massive growth in heavy industry, with a concurrent massive contraction of its agricultural sector due to the labor shortage.
2823:(1904â1965) argued that the computer is more efficient than the market process at solving the multitude of simultaneous equations required for allocating economic inputs efficiently (either in terms of physical quantities or monetary prices).
3170:. Since the 1980s, it has been contested that the Soviet Union's economic model did not actually constitute a planned economy in the post Stalin era in that a comprehensive and binding plan did not guide production and investment after
3275:'s command economy, where economic information is aggregated and used to formulate a plan for production, investment and resource allocation by a single central authority. Decentralized planning can take shape both in the context of a
3999:
Almost all industry in the Soviet Union is government owned and all production is directed, in theory, by a central plan (though in practice much is left for local discretion and much happens that is unplanned or not under government
2791:
claim to demonstrate how a democratically planned economy built on modern computer technology is possible and drives the thesis that it would be both economically more stable than the free-market economies and also morally desirable.
2689:
is not equivalent to economic planning or to the concept of a planned economy, an influential conception of socialism involves the replacement of capital markets with some form of economic planning in order to achieve
3479:. Local level planning agencies assess the needs of people who are able to give their direct input through the Gram Sabhas (village-based institutions) and the planners subsequently seek to plan accordingly.
4725:
3035:, "ithout a market in which allocations can be made in obedience to the law of supply and demand, it is difficult or impossible to funnel resources with respect to actual human preferences and goals".
2724:
2510:. Modern day examples of this include China, Vietnam and Laos. Administration and public ownership of production lay a central role in guiding the allocation of resources in these economic systems.
2988:
Critics of planned economies argue that planners cannot detect consumer preferences, shortages and surpluses with sufficient accuracy and therefore cannot efficiently co-ordinate production (in a
5185:
3436:
The planning structure of a decentralized planned economy is generally based on a consumers council and producer council (or jointly, a distributive cooperative) which is sometimes called a
4137:
1108:
3938:'ocialist planning', in the original sense of a national economy which replaced market relationships by direct calculation and direct product exchange, has nowhere been established .
4179:
3115:
Planned economies contrast with "command" economies in that "command" economies are centralised. In "command" economies, important allocation decisions are made by the government.
3178:
liberalised the economy. The further distinction of a "command" economy emerged as a new designation in some academic circles for the economic system that existed in the former
3069:. Stalin's formulations of national plans in terms of physical quantity of output was also attributed by Daniels as a source for the stagnant levels of efficiency and quality.
4217:
3283:
economic system. This form of economic planning implies some process of democratic and participatory decision-making within the economy and within firms itself in the form of
2696:
coordination of the economy. The goal of such an economic system would be to achieve conscious control over the economy by the population, specifically so that the use of the
4886:
2616:
3186:, highlighting the role of centralized decision-making. The possibility of a digital planned economy was explored in Chile between 1971 and 1973 with the development of
2894:
depicts a fictional planned economy in a United States around the year 2000 which has become a socialist utopia. Other literary portrayals of planned economies include
3902:
Planning is not equivalent to 'perfect' allocation of resources, nor 'scientific' allocation, nor even 'more humane' allocation. It simply means 'direct' allocation,
4638:
4394:
Kitov, Vladimir A.; Shilov, Valery V.; Silantiev, Sergey A. (5 October 2016). "Trente ans ou la Vie d'un scientifique". In
Gadducci, Fabio; Tavosanis, Mirko (eds.).
2976:
in the 1950s and 1960s by both
American and Eastern European economists found that contrary to the expectations of both groups they showed greater fluctuations in
4809:
2638:, implemented from 1965 to 1974. Some decentralized participation in economic planning occurred across Revolutionary Spain, most notably in Catalonia, during the
4738:
5238:
Kaplan, Robert â see reference to his work on
International Economics and Foreign Relations, where he addresses nature of "command economy", a Weberian term.
4485:
3101:
frustration took their inevitable toll, and they would always have been susceptible to growing inequities and inefficiencies as the effects of differential
2751:
overall economy. The prototype-stage of the project showed promise when it was used to redirect supplies around a trucker's strike, but after CIA-backed
5038:
3894:
865:
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People's
Participation in Urban Governance: A Comparative Study of the Working of Wards Committees in Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and West Bengal
4782:"From Red Spirit to Underperforming Pyramids and Coercive Institutions: Michael Polanyi Against Economic Planning," History of European Ideas, 2022"
5177:
4012:
5126:
3440:. Producers and consumers, or their representatives, negotiate the quality and quantity of what is to be produced. This structure is central to
2565:
of 1917â1923. These policies began their formal consolidation under an official organ of government in 1921, when the Soviet government founded
4587:
2760:
2156:
3418:
made through a participatory form of decision-making by those at the most localized level of production. Moreover, organizations that utilize
3499:
Some decentralized participation in economic planning has been implemented across
Revolutionary Spain, most notably in Catalonia, during the
3960:
4296:
4516:
5300:
4397:
History and
Philosophy of Computing: Third International Conference, HaPoC 2015, Pisa, Italy, October 8â11, 2015, Revised Selected Papers
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2387:
4998:
3287:. Computer-based forms of democratic economic planning and coordination between economic enterprises have also been proposed by various
3526:
has developed local projects that promote participatory planning on a community level. Members of communities make decisions regarding
4400:. Volume 487 of IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Cham, Switzerland: Springer (published 2016). p. 191.
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4201:
4163:
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2455:
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4852:
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Ellman, Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of
Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul; KoĆodko, Grzegorz W.; UvaliÄ, Milica (eds.).
3358:
was extensive, particularly rural regions, were run on the basis of decentralized planning resembling the principles laid out by
1054:
704:
2700:
is controlled by the producers. The specific forms of planning proposed for socialism and their feasibility are subjects of the
1265:
858:
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socialists who advocate a non-market form of socialism, in total rejection of centrally planned like those adopted in the
5426:
3691:
3209:
critics argue that "command" economies under modern-day socialism is highly undemocratic and "totalitarian" in practice.
3191:
2588:
2550:
economy was a flexible type of planned economy, centered around the movement and utilization of labor instead of goods.
5268:
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period to represent an abrupt break with Lenin's government in terms of economic planning in which an deliberated,
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based on the Soviet (worker council) model have used central planning, although a minority such as the former
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3879:
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3167:
2433:
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1225:
1171:
1014:
989:
839:
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454:
444:
17:
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Some decentralized participation in economic planning has been implemented in various regions and states in
3398:
has created a model of decentralized economic planning called "negotiated coordination" which is based upon
5411:
5401:
5228:
3746:
3005:
2946:, the reality of this, at least regarding infant mortality, varies depending on whether official Soviet or
2701:
2522:
and post-Hellenistic world, "compulsory state planning was the most characteristic trade condition for the
2259:
2229:
2204:
1285:
1089:
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2106:
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economic planning in strategic industries such as the aerospace industry. Mixed economies usually employ
3147:
2409:
1508:
1188:
1118:
1034:
1004:
4442:
Eden Medina (2006). "Designing Freedom, Regulating a Nation: Socialist Cybernetics in Allende's Chile".
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takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may use
2254:
1926:
1069:
1049:
687:
615:
36:
2815:
The use of computers to coordinate production in an optimal fashion has been variously proposed for
3984:
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223:
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in decision-making and participation depends on the specific type of planning mechanism employed.
4019:
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3315:
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had been replaced with a hasty version of planning with unrealistic targets, bureaucratic waste,
3020:
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make decisions about production, distribution, pricing and investment. Market economies that use
2429:
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1205:
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348:
218:
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198:
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Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy".
3527:
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3246:
A decentralized-planned economy, occasionally called horizontally planned economy due to its
3143:
3024:
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2934:
2784:
2056:
1818:
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1450:
1380:
1355:
794:
439:
129:
99:
84:
3295:. Proponents present decentralized and participatory economic planning as an alternative to
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is intended to serve this purpose). This difficulty was notably written about by economists
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1961:
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507:
404:
368:
213:
146:
94:
8:
5375:"The Stalin Model for the Control and Coordination of Enterprises in a Socialist Economy"
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designers and practice knowledge of workers to produce 150 alternative product designs.
3610:
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2006:
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1335:
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936:
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399:
186:
179:
174:
5135:
Halduskultuur: The Estonian Journal of Administrative Culture and Digital Governance
4463:
3659:
which presented a critique of modern capitalism and advocated for a planned economy.
3012:, respectively. These distinct aspects were also present in the economic thought of
5431:
5332:
Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia
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4721:
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245:
208:
5124:"How to Reap the Benefits of the 'Digital Revolution'? Modularity and the Commons"
4797:
3422:
in their production processes may distribute problem solving and decision making.
3197:
While both economic planning and a planned economy can be either authoritarian or
2131:
1793:
1523:
5381:
5130:
4608:
4395:
4346:
4300:
3964:
3681:
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3651:
3600:
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3175:
3019:
Whereas the former stressed the theoretical underpinnings of a market economy to
3013:
3001:
2840:
2763:
under his rule the program was abolished and Pinochet moved Chile towards a more
2697:
2673:
2669:
2655:
2654:
Albert Einstein advocated for a socialist planned economy with his 1949 article "
2612:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2503:
2466:
with direct calculation as the means to coordinate the activities of the various
2405:
2269:
2264:
2209:
2016:
1976:
1808:
1778:
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1713:
1683:
1618:
1558:
1518:
1440:
1430:
1330:
1074:
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744:
709:
605:
565:
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373:
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333:
318:
298:
233:
119:
44:
5315:(2nd ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
5274:
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4339:
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planning while micro-economic affairs are left to the market and price system.
3102:
2989:
2943:
2891:
2848:
2780:
2767:
2664:
2631:
2630:. The Swedish government planned public-housing models in a similar fashion as
2467:
2441:
2224:
2116:
2086:
2076:
2001:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1843:
1823:
1783:
1753:
1693:
1633:
1608:
1548:
1235:
1044:
769:
585:
479:
323:
4952:
4455:
4041:
3096:
just than mainstream notions of economic freedom. Furthermore, Hahnel states:
2868:
of computed organisational structure of autonomous operative units through an
2121:
5390:
4960:
4415:
4130:"The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy: Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand"
3590:
3415:
3350:, some areas where anarchist and libertarian socialist influence through the
3276:
3263:
3247:
3215:
2905:
2836:
2827:
2719:
2558:
2463:
2249:
2244:
2111:
2061:
2041:
2036:
2011:
1986:
1883:
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1708:
1628:
1603:
1528:
1465:
1300:
1099:
819:
804:
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328:
250:
161:
124:
114:
104:
5242:
4564:
How not to network a nation : the uneasy history of the Soviet internet
3106:
democracy even if it had overcome its information and incentive liabilities.
2735:) with a focus on the management of the Soviet economy. Opposition from the
1533:
4367:
Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth: Essays Presented to Maurice Dobb
3272:
3183:
3179:
3155:
3084:
3032:
2973:
2623:
2592:
2417:
1991:
1941:
1936:
1921:
1878:
1863:
1833:
1758:
1743:
1718:
1678:
1638:
1613:
1578:
1493:
694:
570:
434:
429:
424:
409:
363:
338:
313:
308:
255:
109:
3705:, a project for a computer network controlling the economy of Chile under
3381:
period to counter structural inefficiency and the problem of bureaucracy.
1981:
3635:
3343:
3226:
3139:
2909:
2843:
argued that his OGAS information network would have delivered a fivefold
2820:
2608:
2554:
2547:
2214:
2096:
1931:
1893:
1873:
1813:
1773:
1738:
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1513:
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1340:
1183:
1113:
979:
759:
714:
677:
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650:
263:
238:
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4936:
4103:(2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 1970). p.
3851:
Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism
3699:, a plan for creating a computer network to supervise the Soviet economy
3072:
4839:
Liberty and Research and Development: Science Funding in a Free Society
3419:
3395:
3319:
3127:
3054:
2899:
2864:
in an attempt to move towards a decentralized planned economy with the
2650:
2184:
2091:
1828:
1658:
1360:
1315:
89:
57:
4539:
How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet
2800:
5348:
3780:
3760:
3759:, an industrial plan which combined the theoretical understanding of
3725:
3540:
3449:
3239:
3123:
3092:
3066:
3051:
3043:
2686:
2179:
2021:
1853:
1563:
1400:
1385:
1275:
1255:
1245:
890:
779:
303:
268:
203:
67:
62:
4689:
4267:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
3977:
Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart (1988).
2872:
setting and bottom-up participative decision-making in the form of
2595:
was one of the earliest proponents of economic planning during the
156:
4129:
3230:
Leon Trotsky was among the earliest Soviet figures that supported
5091:
3119:
3058:
2844:
2692:
2566:
2553:
The planned economy in the Soviet Union evolved in the wake of a
1911:
1390:
1370:
512:
288:
3004:, who referred to subtly distinct aspects of the problem as the
5253:
3374:
3194:, head of the Department of Technical Physics in Kiev in 1962.
2857:'s socialist government pioneered the 1970 Chilean distributed
2539:
1916:
834:
640:
3406:
by those affected by the use of the assets involved, with the
2356:
2327:
5243:"The Economic Calculation Controversy: Unravelling of a Myth"
3906:. As such, it is the opposite of market allocation, which is
3472:
3318:
have been promoted by various political groups, most notably
2722:
proposed a distributed computing system (Project "Red Book",
1728:
3976:
2607:
and the use of planning could "raise in the near future the
4509:"Kitov Anatoliy Ivanovich. Russian Virtual Computer Museum"
3967:. (Nottingham, England: Spokesman. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
3866:
anarchic ordering of the market system to coordinate plans.
3696:
2832:
1161:
3122:. Decentralized planning has been proposed as a basis for
2530:, and to a lesser degree the more barbaric regions of the
3980:
Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach
5092:"Participatory Planning Through Negotiated Coordination"
4832:"Some Skeptical Reflections on Research and Development"
5041:. Membres.multimania.fr. 7 January 1936. Archived from
5155:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 140.
5116:
3826:
Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century
4905:
4903:
4057:
Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti
3073:
Suppression of economic democracy and self-management
2942:
mortality and life expectancy. However, according to
4393:
2983:
4203:
Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation
4127:
3511:
2615:not only two, but even three times higher than the
4900:
4727:Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth
4664:
3162:Historians have associated planned economies with
2707:
2587:) intervened before the planned system of regular
5388:
5329:
5150:
3110:
1146:
3506:
3310:. Variations of decentralized planning such as
2626:(1939â1945) France and Great Britain practiced
2561:(1918â1921), shaped to the requirements of the
2980:than market economies during the same period.
2645:
5298:Grossman, Gregory (1987): "Command economy".
5067:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
4165:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
3823:
3302:Decentralized planning has been a feature of
2381:
859:
4059:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 22.
4011:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3954:Cottrell, Allin; Cockshott, W. Paul (1993).
3828:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 23â24.
3824:Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003).
3250:, is a type of planned economy in which the
5353:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
5301:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
4627:. Cambridge University Press. p. 372.
4450:(38). Cambridge University Press: 571â606.
4441:
4369:. Cambridge University Press. p. 174.
4206:. Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
4083:
3926:. Cambridge University Press. p. 327.
3786:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
2835:economy management network project. Soviet
1151:
5175:
4937:"Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment"
4586:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4311:
4309:
4294:"Workers Power and the Spanish Revolution"
3482:
3389:
2388:
2374:
866:
852:
4823:
4756:
4720:
4695:
4566:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 114.
4364:
4288:
4286:
4237:
3672:Analysis of Soviet-type economic planning
3425:
3221:
27:Type of economic system based on planning
5370:"The Myth of the Permanent Arms Economy"
5330:Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010),
4992:"What Economic Structure for Socialism?"
4244:. New York, Vintage Books. p. 468.
4157:
4155:
3848:
3225:
2879:
2851:over the first fifteen-year investment.
2799:
2649:
2546:empires". Scholars have argued that the
2456:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
4934:
4868:
4662:
4321:(1st ed.). Free Life Editions. p. 114.
4306:
4264:
4241:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921â1929
4025:
3853:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 72.
2967:
14:
5389:
4909:
4829:
4620:
4561:
4536:
4283:
4054:
3921:
3877:
3798:
2787:and the economist Allin Cottrell from
2490:, where autonomous firms operating in
5063:
4714:
4700:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4667:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
4479:
4475:
4473:
4437:
4435:
4161:
4152:
3714:Case studies (mixed-market economies)
3448:and the economic theories related to
2157:International socialist organizations
1105:To each according to his contribution
5313:Theory of National Economic Planning
5176:Crittenden, Ann (18 December 1977).
4989:
4914:. London: Pluto Press. p. 262.
4779:
4140:from the original on 19 October 2020
3950:
3948:
3946:
3665:Case studies (Soviet-type economies)
3126:and has been variously advocated by
2972:Studies of planned economies of the
2557:as well as other policies, known as
5022:
4872:The End of the Communist Revolution
4698:Economic Reforms in Polish Industry
4671:. New York: Random House. pp.
4515:. Translated by Alexander Nitusov.
4269:. Mehring Books. pp. 404â405.
4265:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
4199:
3692:Five-year plans of the Soviet Union
3192:Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Kharkevich
2919:
2807:was an early form of computational
24:
5203:
5016:
4537:Peters, Benjamin (25 March 2016).
4506:
4488:from the original on 17 April 2021
4470:
4432:
3880:"In Defence of Socialist Planning"
2619:of 6% and, perhaps, even higher".
25:
5468:
5363:
5188:from the original on 29 June 2018
5178:"The Cuban Economy: How It Works"
4134:Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange
3943:
3900:from the original on 2008-05-16.
3871:
3546:Commanding heights of the economy
3377:regions and factories during the
3050:of planning that featured former
2984:Inefficient resource distribution
840:Business and economics portal
5320:In Defence of Socialist Planning
4941:Studies in East European Thought
4858:from the original on 2006-10-31.
3983:. Harcourt College Pub. p.
3512:Community participatory planning
2962:
2916:also depict planned economies.
2866:experimental viable system model
2482:Planned economies contrast with
2355:
2343:
2326:
897:
833:
5261:Democracy and Economic Planning
5169:
5151:Sivaramakrishnan, K.C. (2006).
5144:
5104:from the original on 2011-08-17
5084:
5064:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
5057:
5031:
5004:from the original on 2011-01-02
4983:
4928:
4889:from the original on 2023-11-07
4862:
4812:from the original on 2022-08-16
4773:
4656:
4641:from the original on 2024-02-07
4614:
4594:
4555:
4530:
4519:from the original on 2023-02-04
4500:
4387:
4358:
4332:
4258:
4231:
4220:from the original on 2023-07-26
4193:
4182:from the original on 2023-07-26
4121:
4101:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
4077:
4048:
3801:Democracy and Economic Planning
3728:(indicative planning in France)
3299:for a post-capitalist society.
2779:(1993), the computer scientist
2708:Computational economic planning
4912:The ABC's of Political Economy
3970:
3915:
3842:
3817:
3792:
3774:
3752:Five-year plans of South Korea
2795:
13:
1:
4875:. Routledge. pp. 90â92.
4798:10.1080/01916599.2021.2009359
4762:Hayek, Friedrich A. (1945). "
4482:"The Computer and the Market"
4338:Einstein, Albert (May 1949).
4085:Heichelheim, Friedrich Moritz
3768:
3626:Social peer-to-peer processes
3561:Critique of political economy
3369:. Trotsky had urged economic
3269:Soviet-type economic planning
3168:Soviet Union's economic model
2924:
2662:In the May 1949 issue of the
2581:
2574:
2569:. However, the period of the
2498:are variously referred to as
990:Critique of political economy
735:Commons-based peer production
455:Socialism of the 21st century
5229:Resources in other libraries
4128:La Lone, Darrell E. (1982).
3747:Five-year plans of Argentina
3507:Similar concepts in practice
3006:economic calculation problem
2876:by the Cyberfolk component.
2702:socialist calculation debate
2599:period. Trotsky argued that
2458:have adopted some degree of
2260:Socialist calculation debate
2230:List of socialist economists
2205:Economic calculation problem
1090:Socialist mode of production
947:Socialist calculation debate
7:
5442:Schools of economic thought
5351:(1987). "Planned economy".
5070:. BRILL. pp. 105â106.
4869:Daniels, Robert V. (2002).
4089:"Commerce, Greek and Roman"
3849:Prychito, David L. (2002).
3783:(1987). "Planned Economy".
3533:
3467:People's Planning in Kerala
3455:
3314:, industrial democracy and
3148:economy of the Soviet Union
2646:Relationship with socialism
2513:
10:
5473:
5427:Former communist economies
5285:Cambridge University Press
5122:Kostakis, Vasilis (2019).
4735:Ludwig von Mises Institute
4611:. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
4315:Dolgoff, Sam, ed. (1974).
4168:. Brill. pp. 88â113.
3515:
3501:Spanish Revolution of 1936
3492:
3486:
3464:
3429:
3340:revolutionary syndicalists
3118:This is contested by some
3076:
2711:
2640:Spanish Revolution of 1936
5224:Resources in your library
4786:History of European Ideas
4696:Zielinski, J. G. (1973).
4562:Peters, Benjamin (2016).
4456:10.1017/S0022216X06001179
4365:Feinstein, C. H. (1975).
4318:The Anarchist Collectives
4238:Deutscher, Isaac (1965).
4162:Twiss, Thomas M. (2014).
4042:10.1080/09668138508411571
3596:Material balance planning
3460:
3384:
2732:
2255:Socialism and LGBT rights
1199:Socialist-oriented market
1147:Socialist planned economy
1050:Material balance planning
229:Socialist-oriented market
5254:"The Economy of Freedom"
4768:American Economic Review
4621:Ellman, Michael (2014).
4200:Day, Richard B. (1973).
3922:Ellman, Michael (1989).
3721:Five-year plans of China
3655:â an article written by
3641:Workers' self-management
3576:Economic interventionism
2500:planned market economies
2475:, which was embraced by
1194:Socialist market economy
1119:Workers' self-management
1085:Socialism in one country
932:Age of the Enlightenment
5318:Mandel, Ernest (1986).
5311:Landauer, Carl (1947).
4953:10.1023/A:1008651325136
4770:. XXXV: 4. pp. 519â530.
4093:Hammond, Nicholas G. L.
3957:Towards a New Socialism
3878:Mandel, Ernest (1986).
3495:Revolutionary Catalonia
3483:Revolutionary Catalonia
3446:participatory economics
3432:Participatory economics
3390:Negotiated coordination
3363:Diego Abad de Santillan
3316:participatory economics
3164:MarxistâLeninist states
3089:participatory economics
3021:subjective value theory
3010:local knowledge problem
2874:participative democracy
2859:decision support system
2819:. The Polish economist
2776:Towards a New Socialism
2714:Government by algorithm
2603:, the concentration of
2195:Criticism of capitalism
1206:Participatory economics
1040:Labour-time calculation
5252:Damier, Vadim (2012).
5039:"After the Revolution"
4935:Van Ree, Erik (1998).
4910:Hahnel, Robin (2002).
4830:Machan, Tibor (2002).
4663:Kennedy, Paul (1987).
3687:Economy of North Korea
3677:Eastern Bloc economies
3621:Resource-based economy
3518:Participatory planning
3489:Collectivist anarchism
3438:consumers' cooperative
3426:Participatory planning
3336:libertarian socialists
3243:
3222:Decentralized planning
3108:
3040:Robert Vincent Daniels
2950:definitions are used.
2929:The state can harness
2812:
2789:Wake Forest University
2744:Allende administration
2742:In 1971 the socialist
2683:
2659:
2508:mixed market economies
2416:and the allocation of
2200:Criticism of socialism
1152:Decentralized planning
1055:Peerâtoâpeer economics
5452:Socialist calculation
4480:Lange, Oskar (1979).
3528:community development
3324:democratic socialists
3229:
3098:
3025:labor theory of value
2956:gross national income
2880:Portrayals in Fiction
2826:In the Soviet Union,
2803:
2785:University of Glasgow
2761:military dictatorship
2739:killed Kitov's plan.
2712:Further information:
2678:
2653:
2462:. Socialism replaces
5259:Devine, Pat (2010).
4990:Kotz, David (2008).
4780:Biro, Gabor (2022).
4764:The Use of Knowledge
4603:. Project Cybersyn.
3799:Devine, Pat (2010).
3737:Economy of Singapore
3631:Steady-state economy
3606:Peer-to-peer economy
3571:Economic equilibrium
3556:Creative destruction
3367:After the Revolution
3332:libertarian Marxists
3285:industrial democracy
3207:democratic socialist
3136:libertarian Marxists
3023:while attacking the
2968:Economic instability
2954:forced the share of
2914:Nineteen Eighty-Four
2634:in a project called
2350:Communism portal
2333:Socialism portal
1025:Industrial democracy
975:Collective ownership
765:Newly industrialized
508:Collective ownership
369:Vertical archipelago
5412:Economic ideologies
5402:Anarcho-syndicalism
5359:. pp. 879â885.
5334:, Wiley-Blackwell,
5308:. pp. 494â495.
5241:Cox, Robin (2005).
4744:on 16 December 2014
4607:12 May 2011 at the
3742:First Malaysia Plan
3581:Inclusive democracy
3566:Distributed economy
3404:means of production
3373:between the state,
3360:anarcho-syndicalist
3308:socialist economics
3289:computer scientists
3211:Indicative planning
3111:"Command" Economies
3079:Socialist democracy
2817:socialist economies
2759:that established a
2628:Keynesian economics
2571:New Economic Policy
2496:indicative planning
2484:unplanned economies
2235:Market abolitionism
2220:Left-libertarianism
1157:Inclusive Democracy
1124:Workplace democracy
970:Calculation in kind
952:Socialist economics
942:Revolutions of 1848
750:Inclusive Democracy
5380:2021-01-26 at the
5280:Socialist Planning
5182:The New York Times
5129:2023-06-19 at the
4624:Socialist Planning
4513:computer-museum.ru
4484:. Calculemus.org.
4345:2011-03-17 at the
4299:2020-11-07 at the
3963:2018-06-27 at the
3924:Socialist Planning
3611:Production for use
3586:Inputâoutput model
3475:, most notably in
3348:Spanish Revolution
3312:economic democracy
3293:radical economists
3244:
3132:council communists
2870:algedonic feedback
2813:
2746:of Chile launched
2660:
2240:Marxist philosophy
1060:Production for use
1030:Inputâoutput model
995:Economic democracy
688:Material balancing
170:Buddhist economics
5417:Economic planning
5397:Anarcho-communism
5341:978-0-470-59619-7
5210:Library resources
5077:978-90-04-26953-8
5045:on 29 August 2012
4882:978-1-134-92607-7
4722:Von Mises, Ludwig
4276:978-1-893638-97-6
4251:978-0-394-70747-1
4213:978-0-521-52436-0
4175:978-90-04-26953-8
4066:978-0-230-54697-4
3994:978-0-15-512403-5
3835:978-0-618-26181-9
3789:. vol. 3. p. 879.
3646:The Venus Project
3232:economic planning
3048:scientific system
3029:spontaneous order
2994:free price system
2809:economic planning
2636:Million Programme
2613:industrial growth
2591:started in 1928.
2563:Russian Civil War
2528:Hellenistic India
2526:countryside, for
2438:economic planning
2398:
2397:
2190:Communist society
2162:Socialist parties
1421:Saint-Simonianism
1010:Equal opportunity
1000:Economic planning
937:French Revolution
876:
875:
386:By regional model
180:Sabbath economics
16:(Redirected from
5464:
5437:MarxismâLeninism
5422:Economic systems
5344:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5148:
5142:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5097:. 1 March 2002.
5096:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5025:Writings 1932â33
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5003:
4996:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4907:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4841:. Hoover Press.
4836:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4777:
4771:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4743:
4737:. Archived from
4732:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4670:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4618:
4612:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4585:
4577:
4559:
4553:
4552:
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4527:
4525:
4524:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4444:J. Lat. Am. Stud
4439:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4422:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4362:
4356:
4340:"Why Socialism?"
4336:
4330:
4313:
4304:
4290:
4281:
4280:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4235:
4229:
4228:
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4225:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
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4125:
4119:
4118:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4010:
4002:
3974:
3968:
3952:
3941:
3940:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3899:
3884:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3796:
3790:
3778:
3732:Economy of India
3707:Salvador Allende
3703:Project Cybersyn
3616:Public ownership
3400:social ownership
3371:decentralisation
3328:guild socialists
3297:market socialism
3279:as well as in a
3238:but opposed the
3236:decentralization
3188:Project Cybersyn
2998:Ludwig von Mises
2920:Central planning
2896:Yevgeny Zamyatin
2887:Looking Backward
2862:Project Cybersyn
2855:Salvador Allende
2805:Project Cybersyn
2753:Augusto Pinochet
2748:Project Cybersyn
2737:Defence Ministry
2734:
2727:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2488:market economies
2477:Salvador Allende
2473:Project Cybersyn
2460:market socialism
2452:Socialist states
2446:decentralization
2390:
2383:
2376:
2362:Organized Labour
2360:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2331:
2330:
2275:Workers' council
1912:Gracchi Brothers
1436:Social democracy
1179:Market socialism
1167:Project Cybersyn
1095:Soviet democracy
1080:Social ownership
1035:Internationalism
1015:Free association
985:Common ownership
901:
878:
877:
868:
861:
854:
838:
837:
596:Municipalization
581:Financialization
551:Collectivization
533:Social ownership
523:Private property
517:Common ownership
475:Common ownership
289:Closed (autarky)
246:State capitalism
224:Socialist market
209:Market socialist
45:Economic systems
32:
31:
21:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5387:
5386:
5382:Wayback Machine
5366:
5342:
5324:New Left Review
5275:Ellman, Michael
5235:
5234:
5233:
5218:
5217:
5215:Planned economy
5213:
5206:
5204:Further reading
5201:
5191:
5189:
5174:
5170:
5163:
5149:
5145:
5131:Wayback Machine
5121:
5117:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5023:Trotsky, Leon.
5021:
5017:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4988:
4984:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4908:
4901:
4892:
4890:
4883:
4867:
4863:
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4761:
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4747:
4745:
4741:
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4715:
4708:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4661:
4657:
4644:
4642:
4635:
4619:
4615:
4609:Wayback Machine
4599:
4595:
4579:
4578:
4574:
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4388:
4377:
4363:
4359:
4347:Wayback Machine
4337:
4333:
4314:
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4301:Wayback Machine
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4284:
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4176:
4160:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4097:Scullard, H. H.
4082:
4078:
4067:
4053:
4049:
4024:
4020:
4004:
4003:
3995:
3975:
3971:
3965:Wayback Machine
3953:
3944:
3934:
3920:
3916:
3897:
3887:New Left Review
3882:
3876:
3872:
3861:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3797:
3793:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3711:
3682:Economy of Cuba
3662:
3657:Albert Einstein
3601:Nationalization
3551:Communist state
3536:
3520:
3514:
3509:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3469:
3463:
3458:
3442:guild socialism
3434:
3428:
3392:
3387:
3281:post-capitalist
3224:
3113:
3087:, who supports
3081:
3075:
3014:Michael Polanyi
3002:Friedrich Hayek
2986:
2970:
2965:
2927:
2922:
2884:The 1888 novel
2882:
2841:Viktor Glushkov
2798:
2723:
2716:
2710:
2698:surplus product
2674:Albert Einstein
2648:
2589:five-year plans
2584:
2577:
2538:, the southern
2516:
2504:mixed economies
2486:, specifically
2440:. The level of
2406:economic system
2402:planned economy
2394:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2270:Socialist state
2265:Socialist Party
2210:Economic system
2175:
2167:
2166:
2152:
2142:
2141:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1286:Democratic road
1221:
1211:
1210:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1075:Social dividend
1065:Sharing economy
965:
957:
956:
927:
919:
872:
832:
825:
824:
790:Post-industrial
785:Post-capitalist
745:Hunter-gatherer
730:
722:
721:
636:
628:
627:
606:Nationalization
566:Demutualization
561:Corporatization
546:
538:
537:
528:State ownership
503:
495:
494:
470:
462:
461:
387:
379:
378:
349:Robinson Crusoe
284:
283:By coordination
276:
275:
260:Traditionalist
120:Neomercantilist
80:
72:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5470:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5385:
5384:
5372:
5365:
5364:External links
5362:
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5269:978-0745634791
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4792:(6): 811â847.
4772:
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4706:
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4634:978-1107427327
4633:
4613:
4593:
4573:978-0262034180
4572:
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4548:978-0262034180
4547:
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4407:978-3319472867
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4352:Monthly Review
4331:
4327:978-0914156024
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4192:
4174:
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4120:
4113:
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4065:
4047:
4036:(1): 118â130.
4029:Soviet Studies
4018:
3993:
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3942:
3933:978-0521358668
3932:
3914:
3870:
3860:978-1840645194
3859:
3841:
3834:
3816:
3810:978-0745634791
3809:
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3767:
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3764:
3757:The Lucas Plan
3754:
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3700:
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3668:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3652:Why Socialism?
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
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3524:United Nations
3516:Main article:
3513:
3510:
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3487:Main article:
3484:
3481:
3465:Main article:
3462:
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3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3223:
3220:
3112:
3109:
3103:economic power
3077:Main article:
3074:
3071:
2990:market economy
2985:
2982:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2944:Michael Ellman
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2892:Edward Bellamy
2881:
2878:
2849:Soviet economy
2845:savings return
2797:
2794:
2781:Paul Cockshott
2773:In their book
2768:market economy
2709:
2706:
2670:Why Socialism?
2665:Monthly Review
2656:Why Socialism?
2647:
2644:
2632:urban planning
2601:specialization
2515:
2512:
2468:socially owned
2442:centralization
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2225:Libertarianism
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:Related topics
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
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2164:
2159:
2153:
2148:
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2143:
2140:
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2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
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1969:
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1954:
1949:
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1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1045:Labour voucher
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
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912:
906:
903:
902:
894:
893:
887:
886:
874:
873:
871:
870:
863:
856:
848:
845:
844:
843:
842:
827:
826:
823:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
800:Resource-based
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
731:
728:
727:
724:
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720:
719:
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712:
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692:
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690:
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665:
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637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
624:
623:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
586:Liberalization
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
510:
504:
502:Property types
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
458:
457:
451:Latin America
449:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
388:
385:
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366:
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346:
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331:
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321:
316:
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172:
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159:
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144:
139:
138:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
87:
81:
78:
77:
74:
73:
71:
70:
65:
60:
54:
51:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5469:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5172:
5164:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5119:
5100:
5093:
5087:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5060:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5027:. p. 96.
5026:
5019:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4947:(2): 77â117.
4946:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4921:0-7453-1858-4
4917:
4913:
4906:
4904:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4854:
4850:
4848:0-8179-2942-8
4844:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4709:
4707:0-19-215323-4
4703:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4682:0-394-54674-1
4678:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4659:
4652:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4589:
4583:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4550:
4544:
4541:. MIT Press.
4540:
4533:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4474:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4436:
4428:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4383:
4378:
4376:0-521-29007-4
4372:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4335:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4292:Wetzel, Tom.
4289:
4287:
4278:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4234:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4158:
4156:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Laissez-faire
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:capital goods
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3346:. During the
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:mixed economy
3274:
3270:
3265:
3264:capital goods
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:horizontalism
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3219:
3217:
3216:macroeconomic
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:participatory
3200:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3107:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3042:regarded the
3041:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2963:Disadvantages
2960:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:George Orwell
2903:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:cybernetician
2834:
2829:
2828:Anatoly Kitov
2824:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2733:ĐŃĐ°ŃĐœĐ°Ń ĐșĐœĐžĐłĐ°
2730:
2726:
2721:
2720:Anatoly Kitov
2715:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2657:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:war communism
2556:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2430:participatory
2427:
2426:decentralized
2423:
2419:
2418:capital goods
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:is a type of
2403:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Related lists
2291:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:Progressivism
2248:
2246:
2245:Nanosocialism
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:Organizations
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:Ocasio-Cortez
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:van der Lubbe
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Chernyshevsky
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:Intellectuals
1475:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Revolutionary
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:Laissez-faire
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:Authoritarian
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Strike action
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:Equal liberty
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
961:
960:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
923:
922:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
904:
900:
896:
895:
892:
889:
888:
884:
880:
879:
869:
864:
862:
857:
855:
850:
849:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
830:
829:
828:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
795:Post-scarcity
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
740:Expeditionary
738:
736:
733:
732:
726:
725:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
698:
696:
693:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
632:
631:
622:
619:
618:
617:
616:Socialization
614:
612:
611:Privatization
609:
607:
604:
602:
601:Mutualization
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Marketization
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:Expropriation
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:Communization
554:
552:
549:
548:
542:
541:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
518:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
499:
498:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
466:
465:
456:
453:
452:
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
415:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
390:
389:
383:
382:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
294:Decentralized
292:
290:
287:
286:
280:
279:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:Social credit
249:
247:
244:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
219:Participatory
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
136:
133:
131:
130:Social market
128:
126:
125:Protectionist
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
105:Laissez-faire
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
76:
75:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
55:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Planification
5356:
5352:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5299:
5279:
5260:
5247:Common Voice
5246:
5214:
5190:. Retrieved
5181:
5171:
5152:
5146:
5138:
5134:
5118:
5106:. Retrieved
5086:
5066:
5059:
5049:12 September
5047:. Retrieved
5043:the original
5033:
5024:
5018:
5008:12 September
5006:. Retrieved
4985:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4911:
4891:. Retrieved
4871:
4864:
4838:
4825:
4814:. Retrieved
4789:
4785:
4775:
4767:
4758:
4746:. Retrieved
4739:the original
4726:
4716:
4697:
4691:
4666:
4658:
4649:
4643:. Retrieved
4623:
4616:
4596:
4563:
4557:
4538:
4532:
4521:. Retrieved
4512:
4502:
4492:12 September
4490:. Retrieved
4447:
4443:
4426:
4421:12 September
4419:. Retrieved
4396:
4389:
4380:
4366:
4360:
4350:
4334:
4316:
4266:
4260:
4240:
4233:
4222:. Retrieved
4202:
4195:
4184:. Retrieved
4164:
4142:. Retrieved
4133:
4123:
4100:
4079:
4070:
4056:
4050:
4033:
4027:
4021:
3998:
3979:
3972:
3956:
3937:
3923:
3917:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3890:
3886:
3873:
3864:
3850:
3844:
3825:
3819:
3800:
3794:
3784:
3776:
3650:
3521:
3498:
3470:
3435:
3393:
3366:
3365:in the book
3301:
3273:Soviet Union
3245:
3196:
3184:Eastern Bloc
3180:Soviet Union
3161:
3156:Leon Trotsky
3152:
3140:syndicalists
3117:
3114:
3099:
3091:, a form of
3085:Robin Hahnel
3082:
3037:
3033:Tibor Machan
3018:
2987:
2974:Eastern Bloc
2971:
2952:
2928:
2900:
2885:
2883:
2853:
2825:
2814:
2774:
2772:
2757:coup in 1973
2741:
2717:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2663:
2661:
2624:World War II
2621:
2617:pre-war rate
2593:Leon Trotsky
2552:
2517:
2481:
2450:
2401:
2399:
1306:Evolutionary
1226:21st-century
1020:Freed market
705:Peer-to-peer
700:Self-managed
635:Coordination
571:Deregulation
343:
256:Distributist
110:Mercantilist
29:
5457:Syndicalism
5283:(3rd ed.).
4748:8 September
4601:"Cyberfolk"
4507:Kitova, O.
4144:17 December
3636:Technocracy
3344:Trotskyists
3144:libertarian
3063:bottlenecks
2910:Animal Farm
2821:Oskar Lange
2796:Cybernetics
2765:liberalized
2609:coefficient
2585: 1928
2578: 1921
2555:war-economy
2536:Pergamenian
2520:Hellenistic
2434:Soviet-type
2422:centralized
2337:WikiProject
2215:French Left
2007:Spiridonova
1906:Politicians
1819:Castoriadis
1499:Saint-Simon
1451:Third World
1446:Syndicalism
1381:Nationalist
1356:Libertarian
1321:Free-market
1184:Lange model
1172:Soviet-type
1142:Communalism
1114:Vanguardism
1070:Spontaneism
980:Cooperative
926:Development
810:Traditional
760:Manorialism
755:Information
729:Other types
715:Open access
678:Cybernetics
420:Anglo-Saxon
405:Singaporean
364:Underground
359:Subsistence
264:Corporatist
239:Syndicalist
199:Communalist
85:Associative
79:By ideology
52:Major types
5391:Categories
5349:Nove, Alec
5293:1107427320
5263:. Polity.
5162:8180693260
5141:(1): 4â19.
5108:30 October
4893:2023-10-30
4816:2022-08-16
4645:2020-11-02
4523:2021-10-11
4224:2023-10-27
4186:2023-10-27
4114:0198691173
3803:. Polity.
3769:References
3530:directly.
3493:See also:
3430:See also:
3420:modularity
3408:allocation
3396:Pat Devine
3394:Economist
3320:anarchists
3256:allocation
3252:investment
3199:democratic
3172:Khrushchev
3142:and other
3128:anarchists
3083:Economist
3055:economists
3038:Historian
2925:Advantages
2605:production
2542:, and the
2414:production
2410:investment
2308:Socialists
2303:By country
2185:Capitalism
2067:Mitterrand
2032:Gerhardsen
1977:Liebknecht
1962:Markievicz
1889:Varoufakis
1839:Fotopoulos
1509:Saint-Just
1504:Buonarroti
1489:Campanella
1426:Scientific
1361:Marhaenism
1316:Fourierism
1301:Ecological
1281:Democratic
815:Transition
775:Plantation
683:Indicative
545:Transition
395:East Asian
166:Religious
142:Democratic
115:Neoliberal
100:Democratic
90:Capitalist
58:Capitalism
5447:Socialism
5407:Communism
4977:146375012
4961:0925-9392
4806:225260656
4582:cite book
4416:1868-4238
4382:planning.
4007:cite book
4000:control).
3781:Alec Nove
3761:aerospace
3726:Dirigisme
3541:Adhocracy
3450:anarchism
3304:anarchist
3240:Stalinist
3124:socialism
3093:socialist
3067:shortages
3052:Menshevik
3044:Stalinist
2783:from the
2725:âčSee Tfdâș
2687:socialism
2436:forms of
2180:Anarchism
2102:Gorbachev
1952:Malatesta
1947:Bernstein
1724:Pankhurst
1704:Pannekoek
1694:Luxemburg
1649:Plekhanov
1624:Carpenter
1619:Kropotkin
1416:Ricardian
1406:Religious
1401:Reformism
1386:Nkrumaism
1376:Municipal
1276:Communism
1271:Christian
1256:Blanquism
1246:Anarchism
1189:Mutualism
891:Socialism
780:Plutonomy
661:Regulated
490:Voluntary
416:European
269:Feudalism
214:Mutualist
204:Communist
194:Socialist
175:Christian
95:Corporate
68:Communism
63:Socialism
5378:Archived
5277:(2014).
5186:Archived
5127:Archived
5099:Archived
4999:Archived
4969:20099669
4887:Archived
4853:Archived
4810:Archived
4724:(1990).
4639:Archived
4605:Archived
4517:Archived
4486:Archived
4464:26484124
4343:Archived
4297:Archived
4218:Archived
4180:Archived
4138:Archived
4099:(eds.).
4087:(1949).
3961:Archived
3895:Archived
3893:: 5â37.
3534:See also
3456:Practice
3412:consumer
3260:consumer
3176:Brezhnev
3166:and the
3120:Marxists
2904:(1924).
2847:for the
2718:In 1959
2668:titled "
2544:Parthian
2532:Seleucid
2524:Egyptian
2514:Overview
2298:Category
2037:Erlander
1997:Kerensky
1967:Connolly
1824:Thompson
1809:Bookchin
1799:Montseny
1749:Vanzetti
1714:Einstein
1684:Landauer
1589:Saltykov
1584:Lassalle
1544:Proudhon
1326:Gandhian
1311:Feminist
1261:Buddhist
1241:Agrarian
1219:Variants
883:a series
881:Part of
668:Planning
319:Informal
304:Dirigist
157:Georgist
152:Feminist
37:a series
35:Part of
5432:Marxism
5192:29 June
4673:322â323
4136:: 292.
3908:ex post
3904:ex ante
3402:of the
3271:of the
3190:and by
3059:Gosplan
2939:capital
2729:Russian
2693:ex-ante
2676:wrote:
2567:Gosplan
2540:Arabian
2518:In the
2492:markets
2464:markets
2132:SĂĄnchez
2117:Sankara
2077:Mandela
2062:Kreisky
2052:Allende
2047:Senghor
2042:Douglas
2027:Durruti
1992:Trotsky
1884:Graeber
1864:Hampton
1834:Chomsky
1779:Marcuse
1764:Gramsci
1754:Bordiga
1744:Polanyi
1699:Russell
1689:Berkman
1679:Goldman
1669:Du Bois
1639:Kautsky
1634:Bellamy
1599:Tolstoy
1574:Wallace
1559:Bakunin
1549:Greeley
1539:Blanqui
1519:Fourier
1466:Zionist
1456:Utopian
1396:Popular
1391:Owenism
1371:Marxism
1351:Liberal
1336:Islamic
1296:Ethical
1291:Digital
1266:Chinese
1231:African
915:Outline
910:History
710:Sharing
673:In kind
621:Marxist
513:Commons
480:Private
469:Sectors
440:Rhenish
410:Keralan
400:Chinese
374:Virtual
354:Sharing
344:Planned
334:Natural
299:Digital
187:Islamic
147:Fascist
135:Welfare
5338:
5326:(159).
5291:
5267:
5212:about
5159:
5074:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4918:
4879:
4845:
4804:
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