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979:, but not multiple factors, are called partial productivities. In practice, measurement in production means measures of partial productivity. Interpreted correctly, these components are indicative of productivity development, and approximate the efficiency with which inputs are used in an economy to produce goods and services. However, productivity is only measured partially â or approximately. In a way, the measurements are defective because they do not measure everything, but it is possible to interpret correctly the results of partial productivity and to benefit from them in practical situations. At the company level, typical partial productivity measures are such things as worker hours, materials or energy used per unit of production.
1507:. Although from an individual management perspective, employees may be doing their jobs well and with high levels of individual productivity, from an organizational perspective their productivity may in fact be zero or effectively negative if they are dedicated to redundant or value destroying activities. In office buildings and service-centred companies, productivity is largely influenced and affected by operational byproductsâmeetings. The past few years have seen a positive uptick in the number of software solutions focused on improving office productivity. In truth, proper planning and procedures are more likely to help than anything else.
1166:. Thus slowdowns, speed ups, improvements in the education of the labor force and all sorts of things will appear as 'technical change' ." The original MFP model involves several assumptions: that there is a stable functional relation between inputs and output at the economy-wide level of aggregation, that this function has neoclassical smoothness and curvature properties, that inputs are paid the value of their marginal product, that the function exhibits constant returns to scale, and that technical change has the Hicksân neutral form. In practice, TFP is "a measure of our ignorance", as
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suggested that the UK's 'productivity puzzle' is an urgent issue for policy makers and businesses to address in order to sustain growth. Over long periods of time, small differences in rates of productivity growth compound, like interest in a bank account, and can make an enormous difference to a society's prosperity. Nothing contributes more to reduction of poverty, to increases in leisure, and to the country's ability to finance education, public health, environment and the artsâ.
1044:, and living standards within an economy. It is the measure of labour productivity (and all that this measure takes into account) which helps explain the principal economic foundations that are necessary for both economic growth and social development. In general labour productivity is equal to the ratio between a measure of output volume (gross domestic product or gross value added) and a measure of input use (the total number of hours worked or total employment).
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of all persons employed or total employment (head count). There are both advantages and disadvantages associated with the different input measures that are used in the calculation of labour productivity. It is generally accepted that the total number of hours worked is the most appropriate measure of labour input because a simple headcount of employed persons can hide changes in average hours worked and has difficulties accounting for variations in work such as a
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the income earned per unit of input (unless there are increasing returns to scale). In fact, it is likely to mean lower average wages and lower rates of profit. But, when there is productivity growth, even the existing commitment of resources generates more output and income. Income generated per unit of input increases. Additional resources are also attracted into production and can be profitably employed.
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systematically biased in favour of capital intensive production at the expense of knowledge and labour-intensive production. The use of capital in the GDP-measure is considered to be as valuable as the production's ability to pay taxes, profits and labor compensation. The bias of the GDP is actually the difference between the GDP and the producer income.
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productivity of the company and also the distribution of the âfruits of productionâ among all parties at interestâ. According to Davis, the price system is a mechanism through which productivity gains are distributed, and besides the business enterprise, receiving parties may consist of its customers, staff and the suppliers of production inputs.
1339:, which saw the highest productivity gains in the early decades after introduction. Many other industries show similar patterns. The pattern was again followed by the computer, information and communications industries in the late 1990s when much of the national productivity gains occurred in these industries.
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Overall productivity growth was relatively slow from the 1970s through the early 1990s, and again from the 2000s to 2020s. Although several possible causes for the slowdown have been proposed there is no consensus. The matter is subject to a continuing debate that has grown beyond questioning whether
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play a significant role in work productivity and received wage. Drivers of productivity growth for creative and knowledge workers include improved or intensified exchange with peers or co-workers, as more productive peers have a stimulating effect on one's own productivity. Productivity is influenced
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Productivity growth is important to the firm because it means that it can meet its (perhaps growing) obligations to workers, shareholders, and governments (taxes and regulation), and still remain competitive or even improve its competitiveness in the market place. Adding more inputs will not increase
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by the process under consideration, i.e. the value of outputs minus the value of intermediate inputs. This is done in order to avoid double-counting when an output of one firm is used as an input by another in the same measurement. In macroeconomics the most well-known and used measure of value-added
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Productivity is considered basic statistical information for many international comparisons and country performance assessments and there is strong interest in comparing them internationally. The OECD publishes an annual
Compendium of Productivity Indicators that includes both labor and multi-factor
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At the national level, productivity growth raises living standards because more real income improves people's ability to purchase goods and services (whether they are necessities or luxuries), enjoy leisure, improve housing and education and contribute to social and environmental programs. Some have
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has been removed in favor of an egalitarian, team-based setup, the employees are often happier, and individual productivity is improved (as they themselves are better placed to increase the efficiency of the workfloor). Companies that have these hierarchies removed and have their employees work more
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The measure of input use reflects the time, effort and skills of the workforce. The denominator of the ratio of labour productivity, the input measure is the most important factor that influences the measure of labour productivity. Labour input is measured either by the total number of hours worked
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method) has an easier time motivating their employees to produce more in quantity and quality. An employee who has an effective supervisor, motivating them to be more productive is likely to experience a new level of job satisfaction thereby becoming a driver of productivity itself. There is also
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program. Whether they have a formal program or not, companies are constantly looking for ways to improve quality, reduce downtime and inputs of labor, materials, energy and purchased services. Often simple changes to operating methods or processes increase productivity, but the biggest gains are
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When all outputs and inputs are included in the productivity measure it is called total productivity. A valid measurement of total productivity necessitates considering all production inputs. If we omit an input in productivity (or income accounting) this means that the omitted input can be used
1115:, or shifts in normal hours. However, the quality of hours-worked estimates is not always clear. In particular, statistical establishment and household surveys are difficult to use because of their varying quality of hours-worked estimates and their varying degree of international comparability.
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Davis has considered the phenomenon of productivity, measurement of productivity, distribution of productivity gains, and how to measure such gains. He refers to an article suggesting that the measurement of productivity shall be developed so that it âwill indicate increases or decreases in the
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Another labour productivity measure, output per worker, is often seen as a proper measure of labour productivity, as here: "Productivity isn't everything, but in the long run it is almost everything. A country's ability to improve its standard of living over time depends almost entirely on its
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per worker. There are many different definitions of productivity (including those that are not defined as ratios of output to input) and the choice among them depends on the purpose of the productivity measurement and data availability. The key source of difference between various productivity
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In the main article is presented the role of total productivity as a variable when explaining how income formation of production is always a balance between income generation and income distribution. The income change created by production function is always distributed to the stakeholders as
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put it, precisely because it is a residual. This ignorance covers many components, some wanted (like the effects of technical and organizational innovation), others unwanted (measurement error, omitted variables, aggregation bias, model misspecification) Hence the relationship between TFP and
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intermediate outputs, the measure is called total factor productivity (TFP]. TFP measures the residual growth that cannot be explained by the rate of change in the services of labour and capital. MFP replaced the term TFP used in the earlier literature, and both terms continue in use (usually
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GDP per capita is a rough measure of average living standards or economic well-being and is one of the core indicators of economic performance. GDP is, for this purpose, only a very rough measure. Maximizing GDP, in principle, also allows maximizing capital usage. For this reason, GDP is
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ability to raise its output per worker." This measure (output per worker) is, however, more problematic than the GDP or even invalid because this measure allows maximizing all supplied inputs, i.e. materials, services, energy and capital at the expense of producer income.
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and scope. A nation's average productivity level can also be affected by the movement of resources from low-productivity to high-productivity industries and activities. Over time, other factors such as research and development and innovative effort, the development of
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the same concept of productivity as in a production unit or a company, yet, the object of modelling is substantially wider and the information more aggregate. The calculations of productivity of a nation or an industry are based on the time series of the SNA,
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Technology has enabled massive personal productivity gainsâcomputers, spreadsheets, email, and other advances have made it possible for a knowledge worker to seemingly produce more in a day than was previously possible in a year. Environmental factors such as
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In the most immediate sense, productivity is determined by the available technology or know-how for converting resources into outputs, and the way in which resources are organized to produce goods and services. Historically, productivity has improved through
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through education, and incentives from stronger competition promote the search for productivity improvements and the ability to achieve them. Ultimately, many policy, institutional and cultural factors determine a nation's success in improving productivity.
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considerable evidence to support improved productivity through operant conditioning reinforcement, successful gamification engagement, and research-based recommendations on principles and implementation guidelines for using monetary rewards effectively.
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for data processing began being widely used in the 1920s and 1930s and remained in use until mainframe computers became widespread in the late 1960s through the 1970s. By the late 1970s inexpensive computers allowed industrial operations to perform
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improves productivity by creating incentives to innovate and ensures that resources are allocated to the most efficient firms. It also forces existing firms to organise work more effectively through imitations of organisational structures and
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Mass production dramatically reduced the labor in producing parts for and assembling the automobile, but after its widespread adoption productivity gains in automobile production were much lower. A similar pattern was observed with
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unlimitedly in production without any impact on accounting results. Because total productivity includes all production inputs, it is used as an integrated variable when we want to explain income formation of the production process.
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TFP is often interpreted as a rough average measure of productivity, more specifically the contribution to economic growth made by factors such as technical and organisational innovation. The most famous description is that of
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improves people's ability to purchase goods and services, enjoy leisure, improve housing, and education and contribute to social and environmental programs. Productivity growth can also help businesses to be more profitable.
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or GDP. Increases in it are widely used as a measure of the economic growth of nations and industries. GDP is the income available for paying capital costs, labor compensation, taxes and profits. Some economists instead use
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are defined as the quantity and quality of labour of different types available in an economy. Skills complement physical capital, and are needed to take advantage of investment in new technologies and organisational
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normally from adopting new technologies, which may require capital expenditures for new equipment, computers or software. Modern productivity science owes much to formal investigations that are associated with
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is in physical capital â machinery, equipment and buildings. The more capital workers have at their disposal, generally the better they are able to do their jobs, producing more and better quality
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is defined as the seizing of new business opportunities by both start-ups and existing firms. New enterprises compete with existing firms by new ideas and technologies increasing competition.
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Productivity growth is a crucial source of growth in living standards. Productivity growth means more value is added in production and this means more income is available to be distributed.
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Helge H, Sheehan MJ, Cooper CL, Einarsen S "Organisational
Effects of Workplace Bullying" in Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice (2010)
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Caves, Douglas W & Christensen, Laurits R & Diewert, W Erwin, November 1982. "The
Economic Theory of Index Numbers and the Measurement of Input, Output, and Productivity",
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Caves, Douglas W & Christensen, Laurits R & Diewert, W Erwin, March 1982. "Multilateral
Comparisons of Output, Input, and Productivity Using Superlative Index Numbers",
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1403:(R&D) tends to increase productivity growth, with public R&D showing larger spillovers and smaller firms experiencing larger productivity gains from public R&D.
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and track productivity. Today data collection is largely computerized and almost any variable can be viewed graphically in real time or retrieved for selected time periods.
1323:(e.g. core functions and supplier relationships), management systems, work arrangements, manufacturing techniques, and changing market structure. A famous example is the
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2030:"Economic growth, technological progress and energy use in the U.S. over the last century: Identifying common trends and structural change in macroeconomic time series"
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Productivity is one of the main concerns of business management and engineering. Many companies have formal programs for continuously improving productivity, such as a
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or an aggregate input used in a production process, i.e. output per unit of input, typically over a specific period of time. The most common example is the (aggregate)
1539:. National accounting is a system based on the recommendations of the UN (SNA 93) to measure the total production and total income of a nation and how they are used.
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Robson, Karen; Plangger, Kirk; Kietzmann, Jan H.; McCarthy, Ian; Pitt, Leyland (January 2016). "Game on: Engaging customers and employees through gamification".
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measures is also usually related (directly or indirectly) to how the outputs and the inputs are aggregated to obtain such a ratio-type measure of productivity.
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There is a general understanding of the main determinants or drivers of productivity growth. Certain factors are critical for determining productivity growth.
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Productivity is a crucial factor in the production performance of firms and nations. Increasing national productivity can raise living standards because
2055:
Guellec, Dominique; van
Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, Bruno (7 May 2003). "R&D and Productivity Growth: Panel Data Analysis of 16 OECD Countries".
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When multiple inputs are considered, the measure is called multi-factor productivity or MFP. Multi-factor productivity is typically estimated using
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member states. Productivity is measured as GDP per hour worked. Blue bars = higher than OECD-average productivity. Yellow bars = lower than average.
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by this, they cannot devote time and attention to the achievement of business goals. When toxic employees leave the workplace, it can improve the
2717:"Testing Significance of Contributions in Growth Accounting, with Application to Testing ICT Impact on Labor Productivity of Developed Countries"
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1447:. Over time, targets of bullying will spend more time protecting themselves against harassment by bullies and less time fulfilling their duties.
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International or national productivity growth stems from a complex interaction of factors. Some of the most important immediate factors include
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Aguinis, Herman; Joo, Harry; Gottfredson, Ryan K. (March 2013). "What monetary rewards can and cannot do: How to show employees the money".
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1346:(UK) identifies five drivers that interact to underlie long-term productivity performance: investment, innovation, skills, enterprise and
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A Multiple Case Study
Research to Determine and respond to Management Information Need Using Total-Factor Productivity Measurement (TFPM)
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is a workplace that is marked by significant drama and infighting, where personal battles often harm productivity. While employees are
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system of bottom-up, continuous improvement was first practiced by
Japanese manufacturers after World War II, most notably as part of
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Gollop, F. M. (1979). "Accounting for
Intermediate Input: The Link Between Sectoral and Aggregate Measures of Productivity Growth".
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1368:. New ideas can take the form of new technologies, new products or new corporate structures and ways of working. Speeding up the
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just computers can significantly increase productivity to whether the potential to increase productivity is becoming exhausted.
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by effective supervision and job satisfaction. An effective or knowledgeable supervisor (for example a supervisor who uses the
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as processes with poor productivity performance are abandoned and newer forms are exploited. Process improvements may include
2004:
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Before the widespread use of computer networks, partial productivity was tracked in tabular form and with hand-drawn graphs.
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Benoit, Suzanne (2011) "Toxic
Employees: great companies resolve this problem, you can too!" Falmouth, Maine: BCSPublishing
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Alan
Blinder and William Baumol 1993, Economics: Principles and Policy, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, p. 778.
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Alexandra Daskovska & LĂ©opold Simar & SĂ©bastien Bellegem, 2010. "Forecasting the Malmquist productivity index",
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At a firm or industry level, the benefits of productivity growth can be distributed in a number of different ways:
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are able to combine factors of production and new technologies forcing existing firms to adapt or exit the market.
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Total Productivity Management (TPmgt): A Systemic and Quantitative Approach to Compete in Quality, Price and Time
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1036:. Labour productivity is a revealing indicator of several economic indicators as it offers a dynamic measure of
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to governments through increases in tax payments (which can be used to fund social and environmental programs).
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1162:'s (1957): "I am using the phrase 'technical change' as a shorthand expression for any kind of shift in the
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Genesca, G. E.; Grifell, T. E. (1992). "Profits and Total Factor Productivity: A Comparative Analysis".
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expressed by some measure. Measurements of productivity are often expressed as a ratio of an aggregate
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3267:. Sydney, Australia: EMG Workshop, University of New South Wales, November 21â23, 2012. Archived from
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1075:{\displaystyle {\text{labour productivity}}={\frac {\text{output volume}}{\text{labor input use}}}}
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Trends in U.S. productivity from labor, capital and multi-factor sources over the 1987â2014 period
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Boddy, C. R. (2010) âCorporate Psychopaths and Productivity', Management Services Spring, 26â30.
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2083:"Public R&D Spillovers and Productivity Growth, Arnaud Dyevre, Department of Economics, LSE"
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has also been associated with diminished productivity in terms of quality and quantity of work.
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to shareholders and superannuation funds through increased profits and dividend distributions;
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Labour productivity growth in Australia since 1978, measured by GDP per hour worked (indexed)
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Loggerenberg, B. van; Cucchiaro, S. (1982). "Productivity Measurement and the Bottom Line".
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Workplace bullying: Aggressive behavior and its effect on job satisfaction and productivity
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overall because the remaining staff become more engaged and productive. The presence of a
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Abramovitz, M. (May 1956). "Resource and Output Trends in the United States since 1870".
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3222:. Studies in Business Economics 89. New York: The National Industry Productivity Board.
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3371:"Aggregation of Malmquist productivity indexes allowing for reallocation of resources"
1546:, organizational change, industry restructuring and resource reallocation, as well as
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2238:"The Effects of MBO on Performance and Satisfaction in a Public Sector Organization"
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In order to measure the productivity of a nation or an industry, it is necessary to
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2752:"The UK productivity puzzle: Can manufacturing automation be one of the solutions?"
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2618:"Business and Productivity Apps Market Worth $ 58 Billion by 2016 [Report]"
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3455:: contains international comparisons of productivity rates, historical and present
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Craig, C.; Harris, R. (1973). "Total Productivity Measurement at the Firm Level".
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1996:
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that appeared in the decade following commercial introduction of the automobile.
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Productivity StatisticsâOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
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This article is about the economic and business concept. For other uses, see
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Kurosawa, K (1975). "An aggregate index for the analysis of productivity".
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may have a serious detrimental impact on productivity in an organisation.
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La methode des "Comptes de surplus" et ses applications macroeconomiques
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1149:. If the inputs specifically are labor and capital, and the outputs are
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Productivity. Theory and Measurement in Business. Productivity Handbook
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to the environment through more stringent environmental protection; and
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/employee-turnover-always-bad-11089.html
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Detrimental impact of bullying, incivility, toxicity and psychopathy
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1099:(GVA); there is normally a strong correlation between GDP and GVA.
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The output measure is typically net output, more specifically the
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Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice
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results in a loss of productivity, as measured by self-rated
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Comparison of average labour productivity levels between the
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Measuring Company Productivity: A handbook with Case Studies
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In macroeconomics, a common partial productivity measure is
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Bureau of Labor Statistics, Productivity Statistics (U.S.)
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Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management
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Productivity and Costs â Bureau of Labor Statistics
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Productivity measures that use one class of inputs or
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to the workforce through better wages and conditions;
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Jorgenson, D. W.; Ho, M. S.; Samuels, J. D. (2014).
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Production and Productivity as Sources of Well-being
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Long-term Estimates of U.S. Productivity and Growth
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1685:
16:Average measure of the efficiency of production
2882:"Total Factor Productivity: A Short Biography"
2873:Measurement and Interpretation of Productivity
2847:
2359:
1729:
1013:Labour productivity levels in 2012 in Europe.
2374:
2123:
1973:1947, Journal of Accountancy, Feb. p. 94
898:
3469:OECD estimates of labour productivity levels
2799:"OECD Compendium of Productivity Indicators"
2665:
2643:"Meeting Room Productivity / Blog / YArooms"
2188:"Agglomeration Economies in Classical Music"
1987:. In Rhode, Paul W; Toniolo, Gianni (eds.).
1880:
1126:
2388:
1874:
1271:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3111:, Springer, vol. 33(2), pp. 97â107, April.
2949:Compendium of Productivity Indicators 2008
2826:
2185:
2149:
1976:
1194:economic values within the review period.
1167:
905:
891:
2916:
2893:
2727:(2): 115â126 – via ideas.repec.org.
2683:
2104:
2102:
2028:Ayres, Robert U.; Warr, Benjamin (2006).
2027:
1759:
1757:
1693:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1291:Learn how and when to remove this message
3389:European Journal of Operational Research
3376:European Journal of Operational Research
3363:European Journal of Operational Research
3302:Improving Productivity and Effectiveness
2925:
2749:
2714:
1737:
1525:
1493:
1201:
1136:
1019:
1008:
1005:List of countries by labour productivity
2856:
2274:
2111:"The Paradox of Workplace Productivity"
1844:
1763:
1649:
1510:
964:
3527:
3396:"2020 Home Office Productivity Set Up"
3213:. Tokyo: Third World KLEMS Conference.
3017:The Review of Economics and Statistics
2973:
2902:
2879:
2870:
2715:Zelenyuk, Valentin (30 October 2018).
2566:
2560:
2108:
2099:
1952:
1940:
1916:
1754:
1741:
1733:
1652:Encyclopedia of busine$ $ and finance
994:
3379:, Elsevier, vol. 238(3), pp. 774â785.
3366:, Elsevier, vol. 115(3), pp. 459â471.
3007:
2993:
2982:
2737:
2236:Thompson, K. R.; et al. (1981).
1982:
1928:
1901:Total Factor Productivity: Estimation
1868:
1796:
1794:
1745:
1654:. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.
1174:
2946:
2075:
2048:
2032:. INSEAD Business in Society Centre.
2021:
1856:
1829:
1269:adding citations to reliable sources
1236:
3261:Productivity: National vs. Domestic
3072:The Productivity Management Process
1886:The Age of Diminishing Expectations
1802:"Multifactor ProductivityâOverview"
1310:Productivity-improving technologies
13:
3481:Measuring ProductivityâOECD Manual
3317:]. Weilin + Göös. p. 335.
3243:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
3218:Kendrick, J.; Creamer, D. (1965).
3053:
2069:10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art12-en
1791:
1600:Productive and unproductive labour
1364:is the successful exploitation of
1344:The Office for National Statistics
1223:to customers through lower prices;
14:
3556:
3453:United States Department of Labor
3420:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
3402:
3369:Mayer, A. and Zelenyuk, V. 2014.
3309:Riistama, K.; Jyrkkiö E. (1971).
2848:Courbois, R.; Temple, P. (1975).
2571:. University of Wisconsin Press.
948:measure, one example of which is
3512:
3500:
3425:Library of Economics and Liberty
3109:Journal of Productivity Analysis
2903:Hulten, C. R. (September 2009).
1764:Sumanth, David J. (1997-10-27).
1650:Kaliski, Burton S., ed. (2001).
1407:Individual and team productivity
1241:
872:
860:
45:
3074:. American Productivity Center.
2959:Productivity Theory and Drivers
2955:
2875:. National Academy of Sciences.
2791:
2777:
2768:
2750:Bordoloi, Tausif (2019-10-11).
2743:
2708:
2635:
2610:
2585:
2539:
2525:
2507:
2482:
2468:
2459:
2447:
2427:
2418:
2368:
2332:
2297:
2268:
2229:
2179:
2143:
2117:
2042:
1989:The Global Economy in the 1990s
1967:
1958:
1892:
1615:Productionâpossibility frontier
1585:Counterproductive work behavior
1198:Benefits of productivity growth
147:Concepts, theory and techniques
3423:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis:
3239:Improving Company Productivity
3168:The Review of Economic Studies
2967:Office for National Statistics
2880:Hulten, C. R. (January 2000).
2860:Labour productivity indicators
2109:Fuller, Ryan (19 April 2016).
1748:, Hitt and Brynjolfsson 1996,
1723:
1643:
1304:Drivers of productivity growth
1171:productivity remains unclear.
1:
3392:, vol. 174(2), pp. 1076â1086.
3342:. Tokyo: OECD. Archived from
3119:. University of Pennsylvania.
2384:(PhD). University of Phoenix.
2375:Fisher-Blando, J. L. (2008).
2186:Borowiecki, Karol J. (2015).
2150:Borowiecki, Karol J. (2013).
1689:; Zelenyuk, Valentin (2019).
1631:
958:increase in income per capita
21:Productivity (disambiguation)
3474:
3409:Field, Alexander J. (2008).
3281:National Productivity Review
3151:10.1016/0305-0483(92)90002-O
3093:, vol. 50(6), pp. 1393â1414.
3066:. Edited by Alistair Dieppe.
2940:10.1016/0305-0483(75)90115-2
2909:NBER Working Paper No. 15341
2353:10.1016/j.bushor.2012.11.007
2318:10.1016/j.bushor.2015.08.002
1997:10.1017/CBO9780511616464.006
1983:Field, Alexander J. (2006).
1636:
1625:Second Industrial Revolution
1580:Computer-aided manufacturing
7:
3311:Operatiivinen laskentatoimi
3100:MIT Sloan Management Review
2886:NBER Working Paper No. 7471
2666:Brynjolfsson, Erik (1993).
1750:Sickles & Zelenyuk 2019
1567:
1537:System of National Accounts
10:
3561:
2819:
2593:"Stop the Meeting Madness"
2254:10.1177/014920638100700105
2195:Papers in Regional Science
2160:Journal of Urban Economics
1808:. U.S. Department of Labor
1806:Bureau of Labor Statistics
1730:Courbois & Temple 1975
1564:measures of productivity.
1514:
1410:
1307:
1178:
1130:
998:
968:
18:
2672:Communications of the ACM
2444:. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
2173:10.1016/j.jue.2012.07.004
1482:or "Freedom Inc.'s". The
1321:organizational structures
1133:Total factor productivity
1127:Multi-factor productivity
3235:Kendrick, J. W. (1984).
3130:American Economic Review
2829:American Economic Review
2478:. Innovation Excellence.
1770:. CRC Press. p. 5.
1429:Management by objectives
1413:Programming productivity
1401:Research and development
1370:diffusion of innovations
135:JEL classification codes
3117:Productivity Accounting
3070:Bechler, J. G. (1984).
2597:Harvard Business Review
2567:Nelson, Daniel (1980).
1620:Return on time invested
1473:In companies where the
1372:can boost productivity.
321:Industrial organization
178:Computational economics
3336:Measuring Productivity
3328:(in Finnish). MIDO OY.
3300:Mundel, M. E. (1983).
3293:10.1002/npr.4040010111
2989:. MIDO OY. p. 25.
2490:"L'entreprise liberée"
2275:Skinner, B.F. (1974).
1207:
1181:Production (economics)
1142:
1092:gross domestic product
1076:
1029:
1017:
1001:Workforce productivity
173:Experimental economics
3333:Schreyer, P. (2005).
3115:Davis, H. S. (1955).
3103:(Spring 1973): 13â28.
2803:www.oecd-ilibrary.org
2685:10.1145/163298.163309
2242:Journal of Management
2057:OECD Economic Studies
1699:10.1017/9781139565981
1595:Industrial Revolution
1526:National productivity
1505:scientific management
1494:Business productivity
1475:traditional hierarchy
1205:
1140:
1077:
1023:
1012:
3535:Production economics
3315:Operative accounting
3081:The Economic Journal
2857:Freeman, R. (2008).
1544:technological change
1517:Productivity paradox
1511:Productivity paradox
1500:production assurance
1478:in teams are called
1468:workplace psychopath
1449:Workplace incivility
1265:improve this section
1051:
971:Partial productivity
965:Partial productivity
400:Social choice theory
3382:Zelenyuk, V. 2006.
3322:Saari, S. (2006a).
2974:Pineda, A. (1990).
2905:"Growth Accounting"
2515:"What is Holacracy"
2207:2015PRegS..94..443B
1991:. pp. 89â117.
1480:liberated companies
1327:and the process of
1164:production function
1056:labour productivity
1034:labour productivity
995:Labour productivity
984:Tabulating machines
946:labour productivity
867:Business portal
188:Operations research
168:National accounting
3415:David R. Henderson
3258:Kohli, U. (2012).
3060:World Bank, 2020.
2994:Saari, S. (2006).
2983:Saari, S. (2011).
2440:2011-08-13 at the
2215:10.1111/pirs.12078
1610:Productivity model
1590:Division of labour
1575:Agile construction
1548:economies of scale
1441:Workplace bullying
1208:
1175:Total productivity
1154:interchangeably).
1143:
1105:part-time contract
1072:
1030:
1018:
198:Industrial complex
193:Middle income trap
2521:. 2 January 2023.
2341:Business Horizons
2306:Business Horizons
2279:About Behaviorism
2006:978-0-511-61646-4
1605:Productive forces
1301:
1300:
1293:
1168:Abramovitz (1956)
1147:growth accounting
1097:gross value added
1070:
1069:
1066:
1057:
915:
914:
3552:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3464:Greenspan Speech
3446:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3341:
3329:
3318:
3305:
3304:. Prentice-Hall.
3296:
3275:
3273:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3231:
3214:
3212:
3200:
3159:Jorgenson, D. W.
3154:
3145:(5/6): 553â568.
3120:
3104:
3075:
3048:
3004:
3002:
2990:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2952:
2943:
2922:
2920:
2899:
2897:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2853:
2844:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2687:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2492:. Archived from
2486:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2402:. Archived from
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1761:
1752:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1647:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1245:
1237:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1055:
907:
900:
893:
879:Money portal
877:
876:
875:
865:
864:
361:Natural resource
153:Economic systems
49:
26:
25:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3545:Economic growth
3525:
3524:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3491:
3477:
3435:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3321:
3308:
3299:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3251:
3234:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3181:10.2307/2296675
3175:(99): 249â283.
3157:
3136:
3114:
3096:
3069:
3056:
3054:Further reading
3051:
3029:10.2307/1926047
3011:(August 1957).
3000:
2962:
2863:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2713:
2709:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2647:www.yarooms.com
2641:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2565:
2561:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2535:. Groupe Poult.
2531:
2530:
2526:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2442:Wayback Machine
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2337:
2333:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2273:
2269:
2234:
2230:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2122:
2118:
2107:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2053:
2049:
2045:, ch. 3, p. 20.
2041:
2037:
2026:
2022:
2007:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1762:
1755:
1728:
1724:
1709:
1684:
1677:
1662:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1570:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1496:
1456:toxic workplace
1445:job performance
1438:
1415:
1409:
1337:electrification
1329:mass production
1312:
1306:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1262:
1246:
1200:
1183:
1177:
1135:
1129:
1068:labor input use
1062:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1042:competitiveness
1038:economic growth
1007:
997:
989:process control
973:
967:
911:
873:
871:
859:
852:
851:
822:
812:
811:
810:
809:
573:von Böhm-Bawerk
461:
450:
449:
211:
203:
202:
158:Economic growth
148:
140:
139:
81:
79:classifications
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3558:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3522:
3521:
3509:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3447:
3434:978-0865976658
3433:
3411:"Productivity"
3404:
3403:External links
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3380:
3367:
3358:
3330:
3319:
3306:
3297:
3276:
3274:on 2013-05-23.
3255:
3249:
3232:
3215:
3201:
3155:
3134:
3133:84, pp. 66â83.
3121:
3112:
3105:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3023:(3): 312â320.
3005:
2991:
2980:
2971:
2953:
2944:
2934:(2): 157â168.
2923:
2918:10.3386/w15341
2900:
2877:
2868:
2854:
2845:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2790:
2776:
2767:
2742:
2730:
2707:
2658:
2634:
2609:
2584:
2578:978-0299081607
2577:
2559:
2538:
2524:
2506:
2481:
2467:
2458:
2446:
2426:
2417:
2406:on 9 June 2015
2387:
2367:
2358:
2347:(2): 241â249.
2331:
2296:
2289:
2267:
2228:
2178:
2142:
2116:
2098:
2074:
2063:(2): 103â126.
2047:
2035:
2020:
2005:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1891:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1834:
1819:
1790:
1776:
1753:
1722:
1707:
1687:Sickles, Robin
1675:
1660:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1532:operationalize
1527:
1524:
1515:Main article:
1512:
1509:
1495:
1492:
1488:The Toyota Way
1437:
1434:
1408:
1405:
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1373:
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1249:
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1240:
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1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1199:
1196:
1179:Main article:
1176:
1173:
1131:Main article:
1128:
1125:
1083:
1082:
1061:
996:
993:
969:Main article:
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963:
913:
912:
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393:
388:
383:
378:
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366:Organizational
363:
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42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3557:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Manufacturing
3538:
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3364:
3359:
3349:on 2020-03-31
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3163:Griliches, Z.
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3132:
3131:
3126:
3125:Grosskopf, S.
3122:
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2947:OECD (2008).
2945:
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2895:10.3386/w7471
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2678:(12): 66â77.
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2520:
2519:holacracy.org
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2496:on 2016-08-20
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2208:
2204:
2201:(3): 443â68.
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2182:
2174:
2170:
2167:(1): 94â110.
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2084:
2078:
2070:
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2044:
2039:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1954:
1949:
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1937:
1930:
1925:
1918:
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1777:9781574440577
1773:
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1743:
1739:
1738:Kurosawa 1975
1735:
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1708:9781139565981
1704:
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1553:human capital
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1098:
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1088:
1065:output volume
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468:de Mandeville
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371:Participation
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331:Institutional
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101:International
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77:Branches and
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68:
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44:
43:
40:
37:
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28:
27:
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3374:
3361:
3351:. Retrieved
3344:the original
3335:
3324:
3314:
3310:
3301:
3287:(1): 87â99.
3284:
3280:
3269:the original
3260:
3238:
3219:
3206:
3172:
3166:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3116:
3108:
3098:
3090:Econometrica
3088:
3079:
3071:
3062:
3020:
3016:
3009:Solow, R. M.
2996:
2985:
2975:
2958:
2948:
2931:
2927:
2908:
2885:
2872:
2859:
2849:
2832:
2828:
2806:. Retrieved
2802:
2793:
2779:
2770:
2759:. Retrieved
2755:
2745:
2733:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2650:. Retrieved
2646:
2637:
2626:. Retrieved
2624:. 2014-05-12
2621:
2612:
2601:. Retrieved
2599:. 2017-07-01
2596:
2587:
2568:
2562:
2554:semco.com.br
2553:
2541:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:the original
2484:
2470:
2461:
2449:
2429:
2420:
2410:25 September
2408:. Retrieved
2404:the original
2399:
2390:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2312:(1): 29â36.
2309:
2305:
2299:
2278:
2270:
2248:(1): 53â68.
2245:
2241:
2231:
2223:10419/246978
2198:
2194:
2181:
2164:
2158:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2130:EScholarship
2129:
2119:
2089:. Retrieved
2077:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2038:
2023:
1988:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1894:
1888:. MIT Press.
1885:
1882:Paul Krugman
1876:
1864:
1852:
1845:Freeman 2008
1810:. Retrieved
1805:
1781:. Retrieved
1766:
1725:
1690:
1651:
1645:
1562:
1558:
1541:
1529:
1520:
1497:
1472:
1453:
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1416:
1399:
1392:
1382:
1375:
1361:
1354:
1341:
1333:
1313:
1287:
1278:
1263:Please help
1251:
1232:
1212:
1209:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1160:Robert Solow
1156:
1144:
1121:
1117:
1101:
1084:
1031:
981:
974:
955:
940:to a single
918:Productivity
917:
916:
837:Publications
802:
425:Sociological
398: /
296:Geographical
276:Evolutionary
251:Digitization
216:Agricultural
120:Mathematical
91:Econometrics
2835:(2): 5â23.
2400:TechJournal
1964:Davis, 1955
1953:Hulten 2000
1941:Hulten 2009
1917:Hulten 2009
1742:Pineda 1990
1734:Gollop 1979
1396:technology.
1393:Competition
1379:structures.
1348:competition
1151:value added
1087:value added
673:von Neumann
326:Information
266:Engineering
246:Development
241:Demographic
183:Game theory
125:Methodology
3529:Categories
3519:Technology
3353:2012-01-21
3123:FĂ€re, R.,
2808:2022-09-17
2761:2019-12-03
2738:Saari 2006
2652:2018-06-27
2628:2018-06-27
2603:2018-06-27
2500:2016-07-15
1929:Solow 1957
1898:Ivan Png:
1869:Saari 2011
1746:Saari 2006
1661:0028650654
1632:References
1460:distracted
1411:See also:
1383:Enterprise
1362:Innovation
1355:Investment
1308:See also:
1109:paid leave
999:See also:
926:production
922:efficiency
832:Economists
703:Schumacher
608:Schumpeter
578:von Wieser
498:von ThĂŒnen
459:economists
435:Statistics
430:Solidarity
351:Managerial
316:Humanistic
311:Historical
256:Ecological
221:Behavioral
115:Mainstream
3475:Handbooks
3443:237794267
3228:249374150
3197:154527429
3045:153438644
2694:0001-0782
2283:. Knopf.
2015:155395606
1871:, 10, 16.
1857:OECD 2008
1830:OECD 2008
1717:155765388
1637:Citations
1366:new ideas
1317:evolution
1281:July 2023
1252:does not
748:Greenspan
713:Samuelson
693:Galbraith
663:Tinbergen
603:von Mises
598:Heckscher
558:Edgeworth
376:Personnel
336:Knowledge
301:Happiness
291:Financial
261:Education
236:Democracy
130:Political
96:Heterodox
39:Economics
3507:Business
2702:15074120
2622:Dazeinfo
2438:Archived
2326:32203003
2262:18992717
2135:11 March
1884:(1994).
1812:11 March
1783:11 March
1670:45403115
1568:See also
1113:overtime
934:services
841:journals
827:Glossary
778:Stiglitz
743:Rothbard
723:Buchanan
708:Friedman
698:Koopmans
688:Leontief
668:Robinson
553:Marshall
457:Notable
405:Regional
381:Planning
356:Monetary
286:Feminist
231:Cultural
226:Business
31:a series
29:Part of
3493:Portals
3417:(ed.).
3189:2296675
3037:1926047
2951:. OECD.
2866:. OECD.
2841:1910656
2820:Sources
2547:"SEMCO"
2203:Bibcode
2091:26 July
1906:YouTube
1464:culture
1424:leisure
1358:output.
1273:removed
1258:sources
1090:is the
977:factors
920:is the
847:Schools
839: (
798:Piketty
793:Krugman
658:Kuznets
648:Kalecki
623:Polanyi
513:Cournot
508:Bastiat
493:Ricardo
483:Malthus
473:Quesnay
445:Welfare
415:Service
86:Applied
62:Outline
57:History
3441:
3431:
3247:
3226:
3195:
3187:
3043:
3035:
2839:
2756:Medium
2700:
2692:
2575:
2324:
2287:
2260:
2013:
2003:
1774:
1715:
1705:
1668:
1658:
1484:Kaizen
1376:Skills
938:output
783:Thaler
763:Ostrom
758:Becker
753:Sowell
733:Baumol
638:Myrdal
633:Sraffa
628:Frisch
618:Knight
613:Keynes
588:Fisher
583:Veblen
568:Pareto
548:Menger
543:George
538:Jevons
533:Walras
523:Gossen
391:Public
386:Policy
341:Labour
306:Health
163:Market
3413:. In
3347:(PDF)
3340:(PDF)
3313:[
3272:(PDF)
3265:(PDF)
3211:(PDF)
3193:S2CID
3185:JSTOR
3041:S2CID
3033:JSTOR
3001:(PDF)
2969:, UK.
2963:(PDF)
2956:ONS.
2928:Omega
2864:(PDF)
2837:JSTOR
2698:S2CID
2550:(PDF)
2382:(PDF)
2322:S2CID
2258:S2CID
2191:(PDF)
2155:(PDF)
2086:(PDF)
2011:S2CID
1955:, 11.
1859:, 14.
1832:, 11.
1713:S2CID
1420:sleep
942:input
930:goods
820:Lists
788:Hoppe
773:Lucas
738:Solow
728:Arrow
718:Simon
683:Lange
678:Hicks
653:Röpke
643:Hayek
593:Pigou
563:Clark
478:Smith
440:Urban
420:Socio
410:Rural
110:Macro
106:Micro
67:Index
3439:OCLC
3429:ISBN
3245:ISBN
3224:OCLC
2740:, 9.
2690:ISSN
2573:ISBN
2412:2014
2285:ISBN
2137:2017
2093:2024
2061:2001
2001:ISBN
1943:, 5.
1919:, 7.
1847:, 5.
1814:2017
1785:2017
1772:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1666:OCLC
1656:ISBN
1422:and
1256:any
1254:cite
1026:OECD
1015:OECD
1003:and
804:more
528:Marx
518:Mill
503:List
3289:doi
3177:doi
3147:doi
3025:doi
2936:doi
2913:doi
2890:doi
2680:doi
2349:doi
2314:doi
2250:doi
2219:hdl
2211:doi
2169:doi
2065:doi
2043:ONS
1993:doi
1904:on
1695:doi
1267:by
950:GDP
932:or
928:of
924:of
768:Sen
488:Say
346:Law
3531::
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3283:.
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2552:.
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2308:.
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2240:.
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2193:.
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2009:.
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