558:, but these may be less common and less severe than with bromocriptine. However, people with low blood pressure should use caution when starting cabergoline treatment, as the long half-life of the drug (4–7 days) may inadvertently affect their ability to keep their blood pressure within normal limits, creating intense discomfort, dizziness, and even fainting upon standing and walking until the single first dose clears from their system. As with bromocriptine therapy, side effects may be avoided or minimized if treatment is started slowly. If a patient's prolactin level remains normal for 6 months, a doctor may consider stopping treatment. Cabergoline should not be interrupted without consulting a qualified endocrinologist.
660:
fields. As soon as a patient is pregnant, her doctor will usually advise that she stop taking bromocriptine or cabergoline, the common treatments for prolactinoma. Most endocrinologists see patients every two months throughout the pregnancy. The patient should consult her endocrinologist promptly if she develops symptoms — in particular, headaches, visual changes, nausea, vomiting, excessive thirst or urination, or extreme lethargy. Bromocriptine or cabergoline treatment may be renewed and additional treatment may be required if the patient develops symptoms from growth of the tumor during pregnancy.
70:
656:
prolactin-secreting tumors may experience further pituitary enlargement and must be closely monitored during pregnancy. However, damage to the pituitary or eye nerves occurs in less than one percent of pregnant women with prolactinoma. In women with large tumors, the risk of damage to the pituitary or eye nerves is greater, and some doctors consider it as high as 25%. If a woman has completed a successful pregnancy, the chances of her completing further successful pregnancies are extremely high.
39:
547:. Prolactin levels often rise again in most people when the drug is discontinued. In some, however, prolactin levels remain normal, so the doctor may suggest reducing or discontinuing treatment every two years on a trial basis. Recent studies have shown increased success in remission of prolactin levels after discontinuation, in patients having been treated for at least 2 years prior to cessation of bromocriptine treatment.
492:
The goal of treatment is to return prolactin secretion to normal, reduce tumor size, correct any visual abnormalities, and restore normal pituitary function. The impact of stress should be ruled out before the diagnosis of prolactinoma is given. Exercise can significantly reduce stress and, thereby,
609:
prolactin. In the best medical centers, surgery corrects prolactin levels in 80% of patients with a serum prolactin less than 250 ng/ml. Even in patients with large tumors that cannot be completely removed, drug therapy may be able to return serum prolactin to the normal range after surgery.
597:
Surgery should be considered if medical therapy cannot be tolerated or if it fails to reduce prolactin levels, restore normal reproduction and pituitary function, and reduce tumor size. If medical therapy is only partially successful, this therapy should continue, possibly combined with surgery or
454:
All patients with hyperprolactinemia should receive MRI imaging to determine the size and characteristics of the tumor. Prolactinomas have somewhat variable appearance on MRI, most commonly appearing hypointense on T1 weighted MRI, and heterogenous or hyperintense on T2 weighted MRI. If MRI is not
663:
At one time, oral contraceptives were thought to contribute to the development of prolactinomas. However, this is no longer thought to be true. Patients with prolactinoma treated with bromocriptine or cabergoline may also take oral contraceptives. Likewise, post-menopausal estrogen replacement is
659:
A woman with a prolactinoma should discuss her plans to conceive with her physician, so she can be carefully evaluated prior to becoming pregnant. This evaluation will include a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to assess the size of the tumor and an eye examination with measurement of visual
675:
studies indicate that 6-25% of the U. S. population have small pituitary tumors. Forty percent of these pituitary tumors produce prolactin, but most are not considered clinically significant. Clinically significant pituitary tumors affect the health of approximately 14 out of 100,000 people. In
317:, even if it causes symptoms due to excess prolactin. However, it is still recommended that patients with known microprolactinomas should receive an MRI and visual field assessment every 6 to 12 months, to detect unexpected progression and expansion of the tumor before it becomes an emergency.
479:
to suppress prolactin production are not able to rule out other diagnoses. As a result, biochemical testing is used only in a supplementary role, and MRI is the only definitive diagnostic tool available. Dopamine agonist testing can, however, be used to determine the effectiveness of DAs like
249:
tumor, occurring in people without any concrete risk factors or family members with similar conditions. In a minority of cases, genetics predispose the patient to having one or more pituitary gland tumors during their lifetime. Most cases of prolactinoma have no known causes or risk factors.
621:
Macroprolactinomas often require more aggressive treatment otherwise they may continue to grow. There is no way to reliably predict the rate of growth, as it is different for every individual. Regular monitoring by a specialist to detect any major changes in the tumor is recommended.
646:
intake through diet or supplementation, and by avoiding smoking. Patients may want to have bone density measurements to assess the effect of estrogen/testosterone deficiency on bone density. They may also want to discuss testosterone/estrogen replacement therapy with their physician.
655:
If a woman has one or more small prolactinoma, there is no reason that she cannot conceive and have a normal pregnancy after successful medical therapy. The pituitary enlarges and prolactin production increases during normal pregnancy in women without pituitary disorders. Women with
641:
production in men. Although estrogen/testosterone production may be restored after treatment for hyperprolactinemia, even a year or two without estrogen/testosterone can compromise bone strength, and patients should protect themselves from osteoporosis by increasing exercise and
465:
can make them much easier to detect. Thus, evaluation of a suspected prolactinoma usually uses this form of contrast enhancement. Notably, this contrast can also visualize a pituitary gland with no disease at all, so precise measurement of the gland's size and shape is essential.
676:
non-selective surgical series, this tumor accounts for approximately 25-30% of all pituitary adenomas. Some growth hormone (GH)–producing tumors also co-secrete prolactin. More than 90% of prolactinoma is microprolactinomas, which are much more common than macroprolactinomas.
392:
The majority of moderately raised prolactin levels (up to 5000 mIU/L) are not due to microprolactinomas but other causes. The effects of some prescription drugs are the most common. Other causes are other pituitary tumours and normal pregnancy and breastfeeding.
455:
available, other imaging techniques may be used if they can examine the region around the sella turcica in sufficient detail. Identification of pituitary tumor on MRI, with accompanying symptoms, is considered a definitive diagnosis of prolactinoma.
474:
Elevated prolactin levels in the patient's serum are indicative of hyperprolactinemia, but are not specific to prolactinoma, meaning that other diseases causing similar symptoms could produce the same test results. Similarly, tests that use
237:. It represents a smaller proportion of male infertility. However, among people who have prolactinomas, males are more likely to experience infertility, as their tumors are often more aggressive and more frequently cause hypogonadism.
1489:
1474:
233:, temporary or permanent, in both male and female patients. It is one of the most common causes of infertility in women, with some sources estimating as much as 20% of female infertility being caused by
267:
147:
The symptoms due to a prolactinoma are broadly divided into those that are caused by increased prolactin levels or mass effect. Those that are caused by increased prolactin levels are:
384:. As such, smaller tumors which may produce excess prolactin or other hormones may not cause any vision problems, while still having major symptomatic effects on the body.
442:
to assess the size and extent of the tumor. MRI is also useful in patients with smaller tumors, as it can be used to monitor the tumor for signs of growth, allowing a
520:. These drugs shrink the tumor and return prolactin levels to normal in approximately 80% of patients. Both bromocriptine and cabergoline have been approved by the
220:
is a medical emergency because of spontaneous hemorrhage into the pituitary tumor and presents with severe headaches, vision changes, and acute panhypopituitarism.
944:"Clinicopathologic study of 123 cases of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas with special reference to multihormone production and clonality of the adenomas"
618:
People with microprolactinoma generally have an excellent prognosis. In 95% of cases, the tumor will not show any signs of growth after a 4 to 6-year period.
1504:
144:, but are also more likely to show signs of the tumor compressing their brain tissue, such as headaches, vision changes, and other symptoms outlined below.
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458:
Unlike macroprolactinomas which compress the optic nerves, microprolactinomas are usually not large enough to be seen on MRI. However, the addition of
136:
The most common symptoms at the time of diagnosis often differ between males and females. Women tend to experience more symptoms related directly to
605:
The results of surgery depend a great deal on tumor size and prolactin level. The higher the prolactin level the lower the chance of normalizing
540:
in patients with already low blood pressure readings. To avoid these side-effects, it is important for bromocriptine treatment to start slowly.
1633:
140:
levels, such as amenorrhea and galactorrhea. By contrast, men frequently exhibit fertility issues and hormonal disruptions, such as a loss of
685:
1435:
2372:
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symptoms such as seizures or coma, aggressive prolactinoma is highly likely. A patient with these symptoms should immediately undergo
610:
Depending on the size of the tumor and how much of it is removed, studies show that 20 to 50% will recur, usually within five years.
1254:
Bronstein MD (March 2006). "Potential for long-term remission of microprolactinoma after withdrawal of dopamine-agonist therapy".
345:
a wide variety of RNA products inside the cell, and a mutation of it can thus cause the creation of numerous abnormal proteins as
2262:
885:
Auriemma, Renata S.; Pirchio, Rosa; Pivonello, Claudia; Garifalos, Francesco; Colao, Annamaria; Pivonello, Rosario (2023-08-18).
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is the chemical that normally inhibits prolactin secretion, so clinicians may treat prolactinoma with drugs that act like
258:
Though most pituitary tumors are sporadic, some genetic syndromes include increased risk for pituitary adenomas including
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prolactin levels. In the case of very large tumors, only partial reduction of the prolactin levels may be possible.
407:
Prolactinoma is often one of the first diagnoses considered by a physician when a patient presents with symptoms of
2158:
411:. Specifically, the presence of several of these symptoms in the same person are indicative of elevated prolactin:
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If these symptoms occur with the simultaneous presence of mass effects, particularly vision problems or severe
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1619:
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521:
372:, vision problems are especially frequent in pituitary adenomas because the pituitary gland rests over the
360:
and prolactinoma. This is theorized to be related to why prolactinomas are more common in women than men.
341:, occurring later in life in someone who was not born with the mutated gene. This gene is responsible for
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related to a mutation of SF3B1 remain poorly understood. However, many studies show a link between
69:
337:, has also been identified in some familial cases of prolactinoma. However, it is more commonly a
325:
Among cases of sporadic prolactinoma, in patients with no family history of pituitary tumors, the
2405:
1687:
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1834:
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that cause multiple cancers in affected body tissues, the large majority of prolactinomas are
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2232:
1956:
1380:
1322:
McDowell BD, Wallace RB, Carnahan RM, Chrischilles EA, Lynch CF, Schlechte JA (March 2011).
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1672:
1407:
178:
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Mancini T, Casanueva FF, Giustina A (March 2008). "Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas".
8:
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Other dopamine agonists that have been used less commonly to suppress prolactin include
106:. Symptoms of prolactinoma are due to abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood (
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2029:
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1702:
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1348:
1323:
1279:
1211:
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Bankowski BJ, Zacur HA (June 2003). "Dopamine agonist therapy for hyperprolactinemia".
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1007:
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525:
217:
107:
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329:(SF3B1) has been found as a common causative mutation. This mutation, most commonly a
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330:
46:
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Melmed, Shlomo; Jameson, J. Larry (2022). "Chapter 380: Pituitary Tumor
Syndromes".
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Bromocriptine treatment should not be interrupted without consulting a qualified
212:
103:
92:
1903:
1107:
Wildemberg, Luiz
Eduardo; Fialho, Christhiane; Gadelha, Monica R. (2021-12-01).
195:
Cranial nerve palsies-especially with invasive tumors or with pituitary apoplexy
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2400:
1829:
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1372:
462:
275:
20:
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202:
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Vision
Changes-visual field deficits, blurred vision, decreased visual acuity
55:
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safe in patients with prolactinoma treated with medical therapy or surgery.
19:"Macroprolactinoma" redirects here. For the inactive form of prolactin, see
2557:
2423:
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1983:
1357:
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63:
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110:), or due to pressure of the tumor on surrounding brain tissue and/or the
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2025:
1800:
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1434:. U. S. National Institutes of Health Publication No. 02-3924 June 2002.
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111:
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Fukuhara, Noriaki; Nishiyama, Mitsuru; Iwasaki, Yasumasa (2022-07-24).
959:
459:
380:, depending on the size and direction of growth. This is an example of
334:
310:
151:
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1988:
1924:
1664:
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1583:
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599:
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137:
99:
59:
294:), even in cases where the tumor begins producing multiple distinct
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1302:
National
Institute Of Diabetes And Digestive And Kidney Diseases
1234:
National
Institute Of Diabetes And Digestive And Kidney Diseases
1161:
National
Institute Of Diabetes And Digestive And Kidney Diseases
1008:"Update in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy of Prolactinoma"
2340:
2331:
2223:
2016:
1810:
1643:
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1451:
942:
Ma, Wenbin; Ikeda, Hidetoshi; Yoshimoto, Takashi (2002-07-15).
551:
529:
141:
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in origin (originating from a single cell developing a random
1744:
368:
While headaches are a symptom common to any tumor within the
326:
84:
1324:"Demographic differences in incidence for pituitary adenoma"
263:
114:. Based on its size, a prolactinoma may be classified as a
16:
Pituitary gland tumor which secretes the hormone prolactin
550:
Cabergoline is also associated with side effects such as
1408:"Macroprolactinoma: a diagnostic and therapeutic update"
1064:
1005:
528:. Bromocriptine is associated with side-effects such as
376:. As the tumor grows, it begins to compress one or both
282:(FIPA). Despite their frequent association with genetic
1752:
1106:
446:
to be performed before it becomes a medical emergency.
1067:
Endocrinology and
Metabolism Clinics of North America
387:
1456:
891:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1641:
650:
1371:Gandhi, Chirag D.; Post, Kalmon D. (2003-01-01).
2616:
941:
710:Glezer A, Bronstein MD (2015). "Prolactinomas".
363:
305:-prolactinoma usually does not grow to become a
2277:
1181:
1179:
1177:
851:Yatavelli RK, Bhusal K (2020). "Prolactinoma".
850:
709:
1185:
484:as a potential non-surgical treatment option.
309:-prolactinoma, and also does not often become
2263:
1627:
769:
1315:
1253:
1174:
102:. It is the most common type of functioning
887:"Approach to the Patient With Prolactinoma"
2270:
2256:
1634:
1620:
1370:
772:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
185:Those that are caused by mass effect are:
68:
37:
1347:
1124:
1041:
1023:
918:
352:Sporadic cases of prolactinoma which are
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
774:(21st ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
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469:
320:
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1615:
1102:
1100:
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1096:
835:
765:
763:
761:
686:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
125:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
880:
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821:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
759:
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743:
741:
625:
349:are produced in unpredictable ways.
160:(Milk production; infrequent in men)
154:(disappearance of ovulation periods)
2109:Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma
280:Familial isolated pituitary adenoma
268:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4
260:Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
13:
1678:Combined small-cell lung carcinoma
1373:"PrL-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas"
1093:
388:Other causes of elevated prolactin
245:Prolactinoma is most frequently a
14:
2641:
1441:
982:
867:
738:
175:(an increase in male breast size)
169:(Reduced function of the gonads.)
2368:ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
1200:10.1097/00003081-200306000-00013
651:Pregnancy and oral birth control
637:production in women and reduced
516:. This type of drug is called a
2300:Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
1996:Syringocystadenoma papilliferum
1400:
1364:
1290:
1256:Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab
1247:
1222:
1149:
667:
253:
163:Loss of axillary and pubic hair
2373:GH-secreting pituitary adenoma
1784:Familial adenomatous polyposis
1058:
935:
809:
796:"Prolactinoma - PubMed Health"
788:
712:Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am
703:
496:
313:. As such, it is considered a
224:
1:
2159:Paget's disease of the breast
2101:Pancreatic serous cystadenoma
1414:. 2013-01-16. p. 495-504
696:
487:
421:Erectile dysfunction (in men)
364:Vision problems and headaches
262:(caused by a mutation in the
2163:Extramammary Paget's disease
1890:Multiple endocrine neoplasia
613:
522:Food and Drug Administration
402:
7:
2279:Tumours of endocrine glands
2148:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma
2065:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
1698:Transitional cell carcinoma
679:
10:
2646:
2205:Medullary breast carcinoma
2187:Invasive lobular carcinoma
2097:Ovarian serous cystadenoma
2048:Signet ring cell carcinoma
592:
449:
395:
129:
18:
2584:
2556:
2528:
2476:
2391:
2349:
2285:
2222:
2195:
2182:Lobular carcinoma in situ
2172:
2133:
2122:
2105:Serous cystadenocarcinoma
2086:
2038:
2015:
2004:
1969:
1942:Clear-cell adenocarcinoma
1912:
1875:
1847:
1766:
1743:
1731:Bartholin gland carcinoma
1711:
1659:
1650:
1642:Glandular and epithelial
1563:
1460:
1340:10.1007/s11102-010-0253-4
1126:10.1016/j.lpm.2021.104080
1079:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.10.013
724:10.1016/j.ecl.2014.11.003
240:
229:A prolactinoma can cause
118:(<10mm diameter) or a
45:
36:
31:
2496:Adrenocortical carcinoma
2210:Medullary thyroid cancer
2143:Mammary ductal carcinoma
2078:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
1932:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
1899:Adrenocortical carcinoma
1839:Hepatocellular carcinoma
327:splicing factor 3B1 gene
2453:Squamous-cell carcinoma
1688:Squamous-cell carcinoma
1115:. Pituitary disorders.
1025:10.3390/cancers14153604
2491:Adrenocortical adenoma
2071:Pseudomyxoma peritonei
1895:Adrenocortical adenoma
1835:Hepatocellular adenoma
1388:Cite journal requires
903:10.1210/clinem/dgad174
298:aside from prolactin.
209:are rare presentations
2233:Acinic cell carcinoma
1957:Papillary hidradenoma
1268:10.1038/ncpendmet0135
524:for the treatment of
444:surgical intervention
418:Amenorrhea (in women)
396:Further information:
122:(>10mm diameter).
2538:Parathyroid neoplasm
2061:Mucinous cystadenoma
1920:Neuroendocrine tumor
1857:Renal cell carcinoma
1693:Basal-cell carcinoma
1673:Small-cell carcinoma
1436:Public Domain Source
463:contrast enhancement
179:Erectile dysfunction
2625:Endocrine neoplasia
2431:Parafollicular cell
2197:Medullary carcinoma
1683:Verrucous carcinoma
1188:Clin Obstet Gynecol
691:Hyperprolactinaemia
563:dihydroergocryptine
470:Biochemical testing
398:Hyperprolactinaemia
333:replacing a single
321:Splicing factor 3B1
132:Hyperprolactinaemia
2030:Cystadenocarcinoma
1862:Endometrioid tumor
1825:Cholangiocarcinoma
1713:Complex epithelial
1703:Inverted papilloma
1564:External resources
1113:La Presse MĂ©dicale
1073:(1): 67–99, viii.
960:10.1002/cncr.10676
798:. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
633:can cause reduced
631:Hyperprolactinemia
526:hyperprolactinemia
409:hyperprolactinemia
235:hyperprolactinemia
218:Pituitary apoplexy
126:Signs and symptoms
108:hyperprolactinemia
95:that produces the
2612:
2611:
2378:Craniopharyngioma
2359:Pituitary adenoma
2295:Pancreatic cancer
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2218:
2217:
2174:Lobular carcinoma
2118:
2117:
1965:
1964:
1739:
1738:
1609:
1608:
626:Osteoporosis risk
477:dopamine agonists
427:Diminished libido
331:missense mutation
120:macroprolactinoma
116:microprolactinoma
77:
76:
26:Medical condition
2637:
2508:Pheochromocytoma
2272:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2165:
2135:Ductal carcinoma
2131:
2130:
2111:
2067:
2053:Krukenberg tumor
2013:
2012:
1867:Renal oncocytoma
1779:Linitis plastica
1768:Gastrointestinal
1764:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1657:
1656:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1612:
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1457:
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1422:
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1419:
1412:academic.oup.com
1404:
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922:
897:(9): 2400–2423.
882:
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864:
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833:
832:
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823:. September 2020
813:
807:
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736:
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518:dopamine agonist
339:somatic mutation
73:
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41:
29:
28:
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2580:
2571:Pinealoblastoma
2552:
2524:
2472:
2461:Thyroid adenoma
2406:epithelial-cell
2387:
2345:
2327:Somatostatinoma
2281:
2276:
2246:
2237:
2214:
2191:
2168:
2157:
2153:Comedocarcinoma
2126:
2124:
2114:
2095:
2082:
2059:
2034:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1971:
1961:
1908:
1871:
1843:
1816:Somatostatinoma
1759:adenocarcinomas
1757:
1735:
1721:Warthin's tumor
1707:
1646:
1640:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1559:
1558:
1469:
1444:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1184:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1109:"Prolactinomas"
1105:
1094:
1063:
1059:
1004:
983:
940:
936:
883:
868:
849:
836:
826:
824:
815:
814:
810:
801:
799:
794:
793:
789:
782:
768:
739:
708:
704:
699:
682:
670:
653:
628:
616:
595:
545:endocrinologist
499:
490:
472:
452:
405:
400:
390:
366:
323:
256:
243:
227:
213:Hypopituitarism
134:
128:
104:pituitary tumor
93:pituitary gland
67:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2417:
2401:Thyroid cancer
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1975:
1973:
1972:skin appendage
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1913:Other/multiple
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1830:Klatskin tumor
1827:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1591:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1534:
1523:
1512:
1501:
1486:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:Classification
1455:
1454:
1443:
1442:External links
1440:
1439:
1438:
1425:
1424:
1399:
1390:|journal=
1363:
1314:
1298:"Prolactinoma"
1289:
1246:
1230:"Prolactinoma"
1221:
1173:
1157:"Prolactinoma"
1148:
1092:
1057:
981:
954:(2): 258–266.
934:
866:
834:
817:"Gynecomastia"
808:
787:
781:978-1264268504
780:
737:
701:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
688:
681:
678:
669:
666:
652:
649:
627:
624:
615:
612:
594:
591:
498:
495:
489:
486:
471:
468:
451:
448:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
404:
401:
389:
386:
365:
362:
322:
319:
276:Carney complex
255:
252:
242:
239:
226:
223:
222:
221:
215:
210:
196:
193:
190:
183:
182:
176:
170:
164:
161:
155:
127:
124:
75:
74:
49:
43:
42:
34:
33:
25:
21:Macroprolactin
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2642:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2520:Paraganglioma
2518:
2514:
2513:Neuroblastoma
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2478:Adrenal tumor
2475:
2467:
2466:Struma ovarii
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:(malignant):
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:and medullary
2121:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1430:Adapted from
1429:
1428:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:(2): 349–62.
1193:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1119:(4): 104080.
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
930:
926:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
862:
858:
854:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
822:
818:
812:
797:
791:
783:
777:
773:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
702:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
677:
674:
665:
661:
657:
648:
645:
640:
636:
632:
623:
619:
611:
608:
603:
601:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:bromocriptine
507:
503:
494:
485:
483:
482:bromocriptine
478:
467:
464:
461:
456:
447:
445:
441:
437:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
413:
412:
410:
399:
394:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
361:
359:
355:
350:
348:
347:RNA templates
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
251:
248:
238:
236:
232:
219:
216:
214:
211:
208:
205:, Unilateral
204:
203:Hydrocephalus
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
186:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
143:
139:
133:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
71:
65:
61:
57:
56:endocrinology
53:
50:
48:
44:
40:
35:
30:
22:
2558:Pineal gland
2424:Hurthle cell
2409:
2404:
2363:Prolactinoma
2362:
1984:Hidrocystoma
1978:
1904:HĂĽrthle cell
1885:Prolactinoma
1884:
1790:
1775:
1593:
1582:
1571:
1547:
1536:
1525:
1514:
1503:
1488:
1473:
1448:Prolactinoma
1432:Prolactinoma
1431:
1416:. Retrieved
1411:
1402:
1381:cite journal
1375:. BC Decker.
1366:
1334:(1): 23–30.
1331:
1327:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1262:(3): 130–1.
1259:
1255:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:
1224:
1191:
1187:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:
1151:
1116:
1112:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1018:(15): 3604.
1015:
1011:
951:
947:
937:
894:
890:
852:
825:. Retrieved
820:
811:
800:. Retrieved
790:
771:
718:(1): 71–78.
715:
711:
705:
671:
668:Epidemiology
662:
658:
654:
639:testosterone
629:
620:
617:
604:
596:
560:
549:
542:
500:
491:
473:
457:
453:
436:neurological
433:
415:Galactorrhea
406:
391:
378:optic nerves
374:optic chiasm
367:
353:
351:
324:
315:benign tumor
306:
302:
300:
257:
254:Pathogenesis
244:
228:
207:exophthalmos
184:
173:Gynecomastia
167:Hypogonadism
158:Galactorrhea
146:
135:
119:
115:
112:optic nerves
81:prolactinoma
80:
78:
64:neurosurgery
32:Prolactinoma
2630:Amyloidosis
2576:Pineocytoma
2530:Parathyroid
2383:Pituicytoma
2309:Glucagonoma
2026:Cystadenoma
1979:sweat gland
1970:Adnexal and
1801:Glucagonoma
1573:MedlinePlus
602:treatment.
583:quinagolide
575:metergoline
538:hypotension
514:cabergoline
497:Medications
430:Weight gain
424:Infertility
382:mass effect
231:infertility
225:Infertility
2619:Categories
2443:Anaplastic
2420:Follicular
2336:Gastrinoma
2318:Insulinoma
2009:and serous
1952:Cylindroma
1937:Oncocytoma
1849:Urogenital
1806:Gastrinoma
1796:Insulinoma
1652:Epithelium
1538:DiseasesDB
1418:2022-11-04
853:StatPearls
802:2012-05-28
697:References
488:Treatments
460:gadolinium
335:amino acid
311:metastatic
288:monoclonal
181:(in males)
152:Amenorrhea
130:See also:
2566:Pinealoma
2548:Carcinoma
2436:Medullary
2415:Papillary
2410:carcinoma
2351:Pituitary
2007:mucinous,
1989:Syringoma
1925:Carcinoid
1877:Endocrine
1665:carcinoma
1661:Papilloma
1584:eMedicine
1549:SNOMED CT
1328:Pituitary
1135:0755-4982
1034:2072-6694
968:0008-543X
911:1945-7197
614:Prognosis
600:radiation
587:terguride
579:pergolide
556:dizziness
534:dizziness
403:Diagnosis
284:syndromes
264:MEN1 gene
189:Headaches
138:prolactin
100:prolactin
91:) of the
60:neurology
47:Specialty
2448:Lymphoma
2287:Pancreas
2125:lobular,
2040:Mucinous
1791:pancreas
1754:Adenomas
1595:Orphanet
1589:med/1915
1554:34337008
1358:20809113
1284:10873443
1276:16932269
1216:29368668
1208:12808385
1143:34687915
1087:18226731
1052:35892862
976:12124824
929:36974474
920:10438891
861:29083585
732:25732643
680:See also
635:estrogen
571:lisuride
567:ergoloid
508:such as
506:dopamine
502:Dopamine
358:estrogen
343:splicing
296:hormones
292:mutation
247:sporadic
199:Seizures
52:Oncology
2543:Adenoma
2503:Medulla
2457:Benign
2393:Thyroid
2123:Ductal,
2019:general
2005:Cystic,
1947:Apudoma
1726:Thymoma
1532:D015175
1510:M8271/0
1349:3652258
1307:24 July
1239:24 July
1166:24 July
1043:9331865
1012:Cancers
827:24 July
673:Autopsy
644:calcium
593:Surgery
450:Imaging
370:cranium
274:gene),
97:hormone
89:adenoma
2486:Cortex
2341:VIPoma
2224:Acinar
2088:Serous
2017:Cystic
1811:VIPoma
1776:tract:
1745:Glands
1644:cancer
1578:000336
1521:600634
1452:Curlie
1356:
1346:
1282:
1274:
1214:
1206:
1141:
1133:
1085:
1050:
1040:
1032:
974:
966:
948:Cancer
927:
917:
909:
859:
778:
730:
585:, and
552:nausea
530:nausea
278:, and
241:Causes
142:libido
66:
1543:10735
1505:ICD-O
1499:253.1
1484:D35.2
1280:S2CID
1212:S2CID
607:serum
307:macro
303:micro
85:tumor
83:is a
2226:cell
1600:2965
1527:MeSH
1516:OMIM
1494:9-CM
1394:help
1354:PMID
1309:2021
1272:PMID
1241:2021
1204:PMID
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