97:
soon realised that often they might themselves be at fault should cargo be lost or damaged at sea, and they sought to take out third-party indemnity insurance in respect of cargo liability. Underwriters showed an unwillingness to take on such open-ended risks, so shipowners responded by forming their own mutual P&I clubs, acting as a shipowner's co-operative. An advantage was that a club worked for the shipowners, thereby eliminating the underwriters' profit margins and making P&I Insurance significantly cheaper.
333:: Criminal liabilities used not to be covered as a matter of course. Criminal liability was imposed only for intentional misconduct, and the requirement of fortuity generally included the coverage of criminal liabilities. Today, statutes in many countries impose criminal liability for negligent conduct that damages the environment, under circumstances that do not rise to the level of "willful misconduct" under the law of marine insurance.
394:
all, the mutual model based on common-pool sharing of liability is not necessarily ideal. Some non-mutual "charterers P&I clubs" have arisen whereby a private company may act as broker to provide third-party cover via underwriters, on payment of a conventional premium, rather than a P&I call. In addition to brokerage services, such a company may offer conventional "our man on the spot" P&I services.
204:
revealed that the convention had been poorly drafted, thereby limiting the amount that environmental salvors could be paid to mere "out-of-pocket expenses", with no allowance for any profit margin. As an antidote to this, the marine insurance industry and P&I clubs jointly developed the "SCOPIC
96:
However, a novel type of insurance that one would recognise as modern emerged in the London "coffee shops" in the 19th century. Shipowners and charterers would seek underwriters to insure their ships, and cargo owners (whether shippers, importers or consignees) would insure their cargoes. Carriers
393:
Conventional P&I cover has been taken up primarily by shipowners and demise charterers, but a new development is P&I cover for time- and voyage-charterers. Since these charterers may have no long-term relationship with any vessel, and may well have periods when they are not chartering at
128:
Perhaps the first protection association, the
Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society, was formed in 1855. It was intended to compensate for loss of life, injuries and collisions that were excluded from marine insurance policies beyond the monetary limit of these policies. Similar associations were
347:
The
European Union Directive 2009/20/EC was implemented in all 27 member states by January 1, 2012. The directive requires compulsory P&I to cover for EU and foreign ships in EU waters and ports. Foreign vessels that do not comply to the directive may be expelled or refused entry into any EU
256:
Thus, marine cargo is generally covered twice by insurance standards. The shipper or cargo-owner will be covered by a marine insurer likely with 'all risks' cover. The carrier or shipowner will be covered by the P&I club but will typically limit their liability to goods owners to a small
218:
Marine insurers offer insurance on measurable risks: hull and machinery insurance for shipowners, and cargo insurance for cargo owners. P&I clubs provide insurance for broader, indeterminate risks that marine insurers usually do not cover, such as third party risks. These risks include: a
112:
had determined that, when evaluating insurance claims, the value of ships should be no less than ÂŁ15 per ton, many ships had an actual lower market value and existing insurance policies did not cover this gap in liability. The compensation for collision damages also excluded a quarter of such
34:
company provides "hull and machinery" cover for shipowners, and cargo cover for cargo owners, a P&I club provides cover for open-ended risks that traditional insurers are reluctant to insure. Typical P&I cover includes: a carrier's third-party risks for damage caused to cargo during
70:, a kind of "kitty". If, at the end of the year, there are still funds in the pool, each member will pay a reduced call the following year; but if the club has made a major payout (say, after an oil spillage) club members will immediately have to pay a further call to replenish the pool.
261:
grant exemption from liability. In that case, the cargo-owner will claim against its own insurance company. If the cargo-owner fails to claim first against the shipowner, but claims instead against its own insurance company, the insurer, having reimbursed its client, will through
384:
carriage with a sea leg. Thereafter, land carriers, warehouses, and freight forwarders would also need P&I cover. This would inevitably lead to an increase in the scope and importance of P&I cover, and might diminish the prevalence of standard cargo insurance.
65:
Whereas the assured pays a premium to an underwriter for cover which lasts for a particular time (say, a year, or a voyage), a P&I club member instead pays a "call". This is a sum of money that is put into the club's
257:
fraction of the retail value of goods. If the cargo is lost or damaged, the cargo-owner needs to first make a claim against the shipowner. However, the shipowner may avoid liability if it did not cause the loss or if the
205:
clause", which is a codicil that may be appended to an LOF and invoked should the statutory payment provisions prove inadequate. The first SCOPIC clause was in 2000, and there have been several iterations since.
50:, information and representation for its members. Unlike a marine insurance company, which reports to its shareholders, a P&I club reports only to its members. Originally, P&I club members were typically
156:
class to respond to these new claims. This class was later merged with the marine insurance class reserved for the original protection risks and the distinction between the two classes virtually disappeared.
570:
The
International Group of P&I Clubs (based on Leadenhall Street, London) comprises twelve clubs, which provide P&I liability cover for approximately 90% of the world's ocean-going tonnage.
152:, encouraged by UK courts, filed more claims to recover their losses from shipowners. These claims were not covered by the current marine insurance class. After 1874, many clubs added a marine
285:
should have obtained, such as war risks insurance or hull insurance, which pays collision liabilities and, in some cases, liabilities for damages to fixed and floating objects ("FFO").
249:, the club members will be asked to pay a further call. If the pool has a surplus, the club will ask for a lower call the following year or make a refund to members. Only
35:
carriage; war risks; and risks of environmental damage such as oil spills and pollution. In the UK, both traditional underwriters and P&I clubs are subject to the
253:
with acceptable reputations are allowed to join a P&I club and any P&I club member who incurs reckless or avoidable losses to the club may be asked to leave.
194:
who acted to limit damage to the coastal environment after oil spills. Articles 13 & 14 of the
Convention made provision for "Special Compensation", but the UK
516:
was formed by the merger of the North P&I Club and
Standard Steamship Owners Protection & Indemnity Association (abbreviated to The Standard Club) in 2023
148:
In 1874, the risk of liability for cargo carried by the insured ship was added to the insurance cover provided by a P&I club. Cargo value had risen and cargo
796:"Directive 2009/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the Insurance of Shipowners for Maritime Claims ("Insurance Directive")"
77:
is based on
Leadenhall Street in London. These clubs cooperate to provide funds in the event of huge claims using a complex system to determine liability.
299:
to ensure that the text within bills of lading and passenger tickets minimises the shipowner's liability faults (within the scope of section 2 of the
1810:
113:
damages. Existing hull insurance policies included damages to the insured ship and liability for the damages it had caused, while the maximum amount
187:
1825:
1090:
1070:
242:
117:
could recover after collisions was the ship's insured value, injured crew members might seek compensation from their employers. Later, the
281:: A P&I insurance claim may be rejected if club managers think the risk should have been covered by other types of insurance that the
1820:
730:
1196:
904:
195:
108:
became aware of their insurers' compensation limits, especially when it came to damages caused by ship collisions. While the UK
1830:
991:
380:). Should the Rotterdam Rules come into effect, they would cover not merely the sea voyage, but all parts of any contract of
1815:
1004:
697:
1085:
313:: Liabilities due to the fraudulent non-delivery of cargo, especially deliveries of cargo that do not require an original
1031:
996:
183:
795:
1155:
717:
644:
377:
1221:
818:
513:
348:
port, although ships may be allowed time to comply before expulsion. As EU competence does not generally extend to
234:
to fully cover ships and cargo in the time period when the policy applies. In contrast, a P&I club is run as a
241:
and the insurance is financed by “calls”. Club members contribute to the club’s common risk pool according to the
1800:
1191:
1181:
836:
317:, are usually not covered by P&I insurance. This view is reflected in the decision of the English courts in
1805:
660:
628:
300:
1963:
1211:
1112:
2028:
1780:
1477:
1423:
1262:
1097:
762:"Sze Hai Tong Bank Limited v Rambler Cycle Co. Limited (Singapore) [1959] UKPC 14 (22 June 1959)"
327:: Losses intended by the insured, or to which it "turned a blind eye" knowing they were likely to happen.
1428:
1292:
1186:
109:
2033:
1507:
1396:
1206:
1107:
459:
36:
1880:
1632:
1537:
1502:
1482:
1150:
1102:
454:
356:(CJEU) 1979), the directive requires the member states themselves to set penalties for any breach.
118:
2001:
1683:
1472:
1340:
1287:
1145:
1135:
1024:
550:
American
Steamship Owners Mutual Protection & Indemnity Association, Inc. (The American Club)
1775:
1408:
1236:
738:
295:
took insufficient steps to limit its liability in order to protect the club. The club requires
235:
2023:
1790:
1676:
1605:
1460:
1345:
1307:
837:"The role and composition of the European Court of Justice, including Article 234 references"
373:
258:
104:
greatly increased due to the number of passengers emigrating to North
America and Australia.
93:
island, and ancient Romans could be said to have had a rudimentary form of marine insurance.
1899:
1842:
1465:
1445:
1272:
1160:
1080:
381:
55:
8:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1933:
1795:
1755:
1517:
1487:
1355:
1216:
1140:
1130:
584:
199:
1413:
761:
1994:
1906:
1785:
1710:
1527:
1492:
1403:
1360:
1330:
1302:
1297:
1267:
1241:
1065:
1017:
501:
224:
62:, but more recently freight forwarders and warehouse operators have been able to join.
850:
1855:
1725:
1617:
1581:
1571:
1532:
1522:
1450:
1440:
1370:
1000:
713:
693:
656:
640:
624:
1968:
1923:
1868:
1860:
1850:
1627:
1551:
1391:
1365:
1350:
1257:
1075:
1057:
623:
The
Mariner's Guide to Marine Insurance - P Anderson - 1999 - Nautical Institute -
507:
The
Britannia P&I Club, founded in 1855; the club is managed by Tindall Riley.
179:
59:
43:
31:
1980:
1943:
1919:
1720:
1715:
1695:
1654:
1649:
1596:
1591:
1455:
1435:
1312:
1277:
687:
579:
365:
86:
926:
1886:
1735:
1418:
1282:
1176:
1122:
536:
314:
191:
130:
2017:
1689:
1610:
1558:
1497:
1335:
1201:
689:
The Origin and Early History of Insurance: Including the Contract of Bottomry
369:
162:
142:
882:
246:
122:
101:
1938:
1750:
1745:
1705:
1666:
238:
149:
1973:
1928:
1601:
1386:
263:
230:
Marine insurers are usually for-profit companies that charge customers a
134:
992:
An Introduction to P&I Insurance and Loss Prevention, Second Edition
1872:
1864:
1740:
1661:
1622:
1566:
471:
Standard Steamship Owners Protection & Indemnity Association (Asia)
304:
167:
712:
Law of Marine Insurance - Susan Hodges -Cavendish Publishing - 2001 -
1914:
1730:
1700:
1671:
1040:
376:(both of which are international conventions to impose duties upon a
296:
292:
282:
250:
231:
220:
153:
114:
105:
67:
51:
47:
819:"Court of Justice of the European Communities: English Legal System"
223:’s liability after a collision, environmental pollution and P&I
1638:
349:
307:
requirements concerning marine safety and environmental protection.
166:
grounding in 1967, covering the liabilities, costs and expenses of
672:
1576:
1512:
561:
The Korea Shipowners' Mutual Protection and Indemnity Association
549:
529:
973:
1231:
868:
90:
603:
SCOPIC - an acronym for "Special Compensation - P&I Clubs"
170:
became an increasingly important aspect of P&I insurance.
1891:
138:
1009:
274:
The following are the major exceptions to P&I coverage:
227:, or legal liability due to acts of war affecting the ship.
219:
carrier’s liability to a cargo-owner for damage to cargo, a
1586:
528:
The Liverpool & London P&I Club (which insured the
402:
The following is a list of P&I clubs around the world.
948:
266:
pursue the claim in its own right against the shipowner.
121:
made it easier for passengers or their survivors to file
539:, founded in 1869; the club is managed by Thomas Miller.
481:
Sveriges Angfartygs Assurans Forening (The Swedish Club)
851:"CHARTERERS MUTUAL ASSURANCE ASSOCIATION LIMITED (THE)"
565:
444:
Noord Nederlandsche P&I Club (NNPC) founded on 1937
26:, is a form of mutual maritime insurance provided by a
655:
Marine War Risks - Michael D Miller - 1994 - Lloyds -
639:
Marine Cargo Insurance - John Dunt - 2009 - Informa -
532:) is no longer operating and merged with North in 1999
342:
100:
In the second half of the 19th century, the number of
213:
875:
291:: A claim may be rejected in part or full if the
2015:
303:). The club expects shipowners comply with all
1025:
919:
504:aka London Steam-Ship Owners Mutual Insurance
424:China Shipowners Mutual Assurance Association
411:Steamship Mutual Management (Bermuda) Limited
519:West of England Shipowners Insurance Service
679:
388:
368:are a set of rules designed to replace the
85:The ancient Greeks created the practice of
1032:
1018:
397:
941:
905:"P&I clubs prepare for renewal round"
525:Steamship Mutual Underwriting Association
178:Following on from the innovations of the
685:
245:. If the risk pool cannot cover current
208:
80:
869:"NNPC - North Netherlands P&I Club"
485:
2016:
949:"International Group of P&I Clubs"
897:
359:
337:
319:Sze Hai Tong Bank v. Rambler Cycle Co.
1013:
184:1989 International Salvage Convention
997:North of England P&I Association
953:International Group of P&I Clubs
566:International Group of P&I Clubs
434:Japan Shipowners P&I Association
75:International Group of P&I Clubs
343:European Union Directive 2009/20/EC
13:
1071:Accidental death and dismemberment
984:
214:Relationship with marine insurance
20:Protection and indemnity insurance
14:
2045:
999:, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 2012,
686:Trenerry, Charles Farley (1926).
673:"Contact the International Group"
514:NorthStandard P&I Association
495:
16:Form of mutual maritime insurance
1197:Directors and officers liability
785:AC 576; 2 Lloyd's Rep. 114 (PC)
543:
974:"About the International Group"
966:
861:
843:
829:
811:
802:
788:
779:
754:
745:
723:
706:
665:
649:
633:
617:
597:
555:
522:Shipowners P&I Association
438:
414:Gard P. & I. (Bermuda) Ltd
301:Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
1:
1039:
692:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.
610:
269:
1964:Savings and loan association
465:
7:
1397:Insurance-linked securities
808:Re Tachographs 1979 ECR 419
573:
10:
2050:
1086:Total permanent disability
405:
110:Merchant Shipping Act 1854
46:association that provides
1989:
1841:
1826:Health insurance coverage
1766:
1550:
1379:
1321:
1250:
1169:
1121:
1091:Business overhead expense
1056:
1047:
475:
460:Assuranceforeningen Skuld
448:
243:Pooling Agreement's rules
173:
37:Marine Insurance Act 1906
22:, more commonly known as
1227:Protection and indemnity
885:. Britannia P&I Club
590:
455:Assuranceforeningen Gard
428:
418:
389:Non-mutual P&I cover
129:later formed within the
119:Fatal Accidents Act 1846
1684:Explanation of benefits
1156:Variable universal life
398:P&I clubs worldwide
378:carrier of goods by sea
1821:Health insurance costs
1222:Professional liability
190:rewards to be made to
1677:Out-of-pocket expense
1538:Workers' compensation
1192:Collateral protection
1182:Business interruption
510:Michael Else & Co
209:P & I clubs today
81:Historical background
1900:Corpus Juris Civilis
491:Islamic P&I Club
486:United Arab Emirates
42:A P&I club is a
1959:Rochdale Principles
1954:Mutual savings bank
1949:Mutual organization
1934:Cooperative banking
1851:Mesopotamian banker
1131:Longevity insurance
585:Seaworthiness (law)
502:London P&I Club
360:The Rotterdam Rules
338:Modern developments
2029:Types of insurance
1711:Insurable interest
1212:Payment protection
1113:Payment protection
325:Willful misconduct
225:war risk insurance
2011:
2010:
1856:Code of Hammurabi
1831:Vehicle insurance
1726:Replacement value
1618:Actual cash value
1582:Adverse selection
1572:Actuarial science
1546:
1545:
1478:Kidnap and ransom
1451:Extended warranty
1098:Income protection
1005:978-0-9558257-8-1
929:. UK P&I Club
699:978-1-58477-932-2
374:Hague–Visby Rules
372:and the outdated
259:Hague–Visby Rules
60:demise charterers
24:P&I insurance
2041:
2034:Marine insurance
1969:Social insurance
1924:Friendly society
1816:Health insurance
1644:Short rate table
1392:Catastrophe bond
1293:Lenders mortgage
1054:
1053:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1011:
1010:
978:
977:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
901:
895:
894:
892:
890:
879:
873:
872:
865:
859:
858:
847:
841:
840:
833:
827:
826:
815:
809:
806:
800:
799:
792:
786:
783:
777:
776:
774:
772:
758:
752:
749:
743:
742:
737:. Archived from
735:Britania P&I
727:
721:
710:
704:
703:
683:
677:
676:
669:
663:
653:
647:
637:
631:
621:
604:
601:
44:mutual insurance
32:marine insurance
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1985:
1981:Insurance cycle
1944:Fraternal order
1837:
1768:
1762:
1721:Proximate cause
1716:Insurance fraud
1696:General average
1655:Claims adjuster
1597:Risk management
1592:Risk assessment
1556:
1553:
1542:
1508:Prize indemnity
1375:
1323:
1317:
1246:
1207:Over-redemption
1165:
1117:
1108:National health
1049:
1043:
1038:
987:
985:Further reading
982:
981:
972:
971:
967:
957:
955:
947:
946:
942:
932:
930:
925:
924:
920:
910:
908:
903:
902:
898:
888:
886:
881:
880:
876:
867:
866:
862:
855:Companies House
849:
848:
844:
835:
834:
830:
817:
816:
812:
807:
803:
794:
793:
789:
784:
780:
770:
768:
760:
759:
755:
750:
746:
729:
728:
724:
711:
707:
700:
684:
680:
671:
670:
666:
654:
650:
638:
634:
622:
618:
613:
608:
607:
602:
598:
593:
580:Deviation (law)
576:
568:
558:
546:
537:UK P&I Club
498:
488:
478:
468:
451:
441:
431:
421:
408:
400:
391:
366:Rotterdam Rules
362:
345:
340:
279:Other insurance
272:
216:
211:
201:Nagasaki Spirit
176:
87:general average
83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2002:List of topics
1998:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1887:Burial society
1877:
1876:
1875:
1869:§235–238; §240
1861:§100–105; §126
1853:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1811:Climate change
1803:
1801:United Kingdom
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1746:Underinsurance
1743:
1738:
1736:Self-insurance
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1503:Political risk
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:Legal expenses
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:Builder's risk
1260:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1187:Business owner
1184:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1151:Universal life
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:Long-term care
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1008:
1007:
986:
983:
980:
979:
965:
940:
918:
907:. Lloyd’s List
896:
874:
860:
842:
828:
810:
801:
787:
778:
753:
744:
741:on 2014-06-06.
722:
705:
698:
678:
664:
648:
632:
615:
614:
612:
609:
606:
605:
595:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
582:
575:
572:
567:
564:
563:
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871:. 6 May 2024.
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25:
21:
2000:
1993:
1939:Credit union
1905:
1898:
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1751:Underwriting
1706:Insurability
1688:
1667:Co-insurance
1637:
1633:Cancellation
1424:Catastrophic
1409:Climate risk
1237:Trade credit
1226:
990:
968:
956:. Retrieved
952:
943:
931:. Retrieved
921:
909:. Retrieved
899:
887:. Retrieved
877:
863:
854:
845:
831:
822:
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804:
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769:. Retrieved
765:
756:
747:
739:the original
734:
725:
720:- pp 323-326
708:
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635:
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177:
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150:underwriters
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127:
99:
95:
84:
74:
72:
64:
48:risk pooling
41:
30:. Whereas a
28:P&I club
27:
23:
19:
18:
1974:Trade union
1929:Cooperative
1602:Uncertainty
1461:Index-based
1429:Multi-peril
1387:Reinsurance
1346:Public auto
1251:Residential
958:2 September
823:Law Teacher
771:14 December
556:South Korea
439:Netherlands
264:subrogation
135:Scandinavia
2018:Categories
1769:by country
1767:Insurance
1741:Total loss
1662:Deductible
1623:Cash value
1567:Act of God
1552:Insurance
1466:Parametric
1446:Expatriate
1322:Transport/
1288:Landlords'
1273:Earthquake
1161:Whole life
1081:Disability
911:10 January
766:bailii.org
661:1850445168
629:1870077539
611:References
382:multimodal
305:flag state
297:shipowners
270:Exceptions
251:shipowners
236:non-profit
186:permitted
168:oil spills
160:After the
115:shipowners
106:Shipowners
52:shipowners
1915:Syndicate
1881:Collegium
1776:Australia
1731:Risk pool
1701:Indemnity
1672:Copayment
1606:Knightian
1518:Terrorism
1488:Liability
1356:Satellite
1217:Pollution
1141:Term life
1050:insurance
1048:Types of
1041:Insurance
927:"History"
883:"History"
731:"History"
466:Singapore
293:shipowner
289:Mutuality
283:shipowner
221:shipowner
154:indemnity
1995:Category
1873:§275–277
1791:Pakistan
1639:Pro rata
1528:War risk
1493:No-fault
1404:Casualty
1361:Shipping
1331:Aviation
1308:Renters'
1303:Property
1298:Mortgage
1268:Contents
1242:Umbrella
1202:Fidelity
1170:Business
1066:Accident
751:LLR 323]
574:See also
352:, (see
350:penology
321:UKPC 14;
180:LOF 1980
141:and the
1920:Benefit
1907:Digesta
1843:History
1577:Actuary
1533:Weather
1523:Tuition
1513:Takaful
1441:Deposit
1371:Vehicle
933:10 July
889:10 July
798:. 2009.
530:Titanic
406:Bermuda
232:premium
192:salvors
188:salvage
1796:Serbia
1756:Profit
1628:Broker
1554:policy
1366:Travel
1351:Marine
1258:Boiler
1232:Surety
1076:Dental
1058:Health
1003:
716:
696:
659:
643:
627:
476:Sweden
449:Norway
247:claims
182:, the
174:SCOPIC
123:claims
102:claims
91:Rhodos
1892:Guild
1786:India
1781:China
1650:Claim
1456:Group
1436:Cyber
1414:Crime
1380:Other
1313:Title
1278:Flood
591:Notes
429:Japan
419:China
139:Japan
133:, in
1865:§234
1587:Risk
1557:and
1419:Crop
1283:Home
1177:Bond
1123:Life
1001:ISBN
960:2015
935:2021
913:2023
891:2021
773:2014
714:ISBN
694:ISBN
657:ISBN
641:ISBN
625:ISBN
535:The
364:The
73:The
68:pool
1559:law
1498:Pet
89:in
58:or
2020::
1871:;
1867:;
1863:;
995:,
951:.
853:.
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137:,
125:.
54:,
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1922:/
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1033:e
1026:t
1019:v
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702:.
675:.
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