2892:, 1844, the main forces of Kenesary hit the rear of the enemy, surrounding the Jantorin detachment. During fierce battles, this detachment was completely defeated: “-Kenesary's warriors! - from all shouted Boranbai and shot at one sarbaz, who was running headlong. He clutched his wounded arm and howled in pain. Hearing a shot and screams, the Cossacks began firing into the darkness. At that moment, there was a roar - a cannon shell exploded nearby. A moment later there was a second explosion. Sarbaz and Cossacks, throwing down their weapons, hurried to their horses. They jumped into the saddle and immediately fell to the ground. The straps that fastened the girths and the bridles were cut. The panic began. And at that moment, the rebels broke into the camp, surrounding it from two sides. Friendly fire from rifles mowed down opponents. The horsemen overtook the fleeing and dealt with it on the spot. 44 sultans were killed in the battle.
3333:
the main event of the conquest. Our sources do not say why an eastern approach was chosen, but an obvious guess is that irrigation made it possible to move armies without crossing steppe or desert. This was important when transport required grass-fed horses and camels. We are not told how Russia supplied an army this far east, or if this was a problem. It is not clear why a forward policy was now adopted. It seems that different officials had different opinions and much was decided by local commanders and the luck of the battlefield. All sources report
Russian victories over greatly superior forces with kill ratios approaching ten to one. Even if enemy numbers are exaggerated it seems clear that Russian weapons and tactics were now superior to the traditional Asian armies that they faced. All sources mention breechloading rifles without further explanation.
3580:
3928:
Tashkent and was joined by another army coming south from Aralsk. They met in the desert, ran short of water, abandoned part of their supplies and reached the Oxus in late May. Veryovkin left from
Orenburg, had little difficulty moving along the west side of the Aral Sea and reached the northwest corner of the delta in mid-May. He was joined by Lomakin who had a hard time crossing the desert from the Caspian. Markozov started from Chikishlyar, ran short of water and was forced to turn back. Kaufmann crossed the Oxus, fought a few easy battles and on June 4 the Khan sued for peace. Meanwhile, Veryovkin, who was out of contact with Kaufmann, crossed the delta and attacked the city walls of Khiva until he was called off by Kaufmann. The Khanate of Khiva became a Russian protectorate and remained so until the
3305:. To guarantee that there would be enough fodder to move this much from Orenburg to Fort Aralsk, the Kazakhs were forbidden to graze the lands north of the fort. Command was given to the same Perovsky who earlier had failed to reach Khiva. He left Aralsk in June and reached Ak-Mechet on July 2. The Kokandis had strengthened the fort and increased the garrison. A regular siege was begun. When the trenches neared the citadel, a mine was dug under the walls. At 3AM on 9 August 1853 the mine was exploded, creating a large breach. The breach was taken on the third try and by 4:30AM it was all over. 230 Kokandi bodies were counted out of the original 300-man garrison. The place was renamed Fort Perovsky.
3643:
3670:, the Russians defeated the main forces of the Bukhara Emir, losing less than 100 people, while the Bukhara army lost from 3.5 to 10,000. On 5 July 1868 a peace treaty was signed. The Khanate of Bokhara lost Samarkand and remained a semi-independent vassal until the revolution. The Khanate of Kokand had lost its western territory, was confined to the Ferghana valley and surrounding mountains and remained independent for about 10 years. According to the Bregel's Atlas, if nowhere else, in 1870 the now-vassal Khanate of Bokhara expanded east and annexed that part of Bactria enclosed by the Turkestan Range, the Pamir plateau and the Afghan border.
4261:. Merv had the great fortress of Kaushut Khan and was inhabited by Merv Tekes, who had also fought at Geok Tepe. As soon as the Russians were established in Askhabad, traders, and also spies, began moving between the Kopet Dag and Merv. Some elders from Merv went north to Petroalexandrovsk and offered a degree of submission to the Russians there. The Russians at Askhabad had to explain that both groups were part of the same empire. In February 1882 Alikhanov visited Merv and approached Makhdum Kuli Khan, who had been in command at Geok Tepe. In September Alikhanov persuaded Makhdum Kuli Khan to swear allegiance to the White Czar.
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486:
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179:
3944:
1367:
938:
927:
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1236:
363:
432:
2220:
1000:
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271:
3639:, thus closing the mouth of the Fergana Valley. The losses of the Kokand residents were more than 2.5 thousand killed, 130 Russians killed and wounded. Then he moved west and took Ura-Tepe and Jizzakh from Bukhara. During the capture of Jizzak, the Bukharians lost 6,000 killed and 3,000 prisoners, as well as all the artillery. In total, during the campaign of 1866, the Russian troops lost 500 people killed and wounded, while the natives lost more than 12,000 killed. Defeats forced Bukhara to start peace talks.
2873:
Dunikovsky. The task of
Kenesary was to prevent these detachments from connecting and getting out of the encirclement. Kenesary decided to send a small detachment to meet him and thus create a false impression among the enemy, suggesting to him that the Kenesary detachment was completely retreating towards Ulytau. The Siberian detachment was really deceived: having changed direction, it set off in pursuit of a small detachment of Kenesary. Meanwhile, Kenesary, with his main forces, appeared on the New Line on
447:
2071:
951:
389:
4214:. He died suddenly and Lomakin took command. Lomakin crossed the Kopet Dagh with too few men, made an incompetent attack on Geok Tepe and was forced to retreat. The warlike Teke put up resistance Russian observers assessed as "worthy of the best European armies," proof of that being the heavy losses, over 25 percent, the Russians suffered in combat. Russian officers additionally noted that the Turkmen position was "fortified in an exemplary manner, according to all the rules of modern fortification."
499:
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2087:(1,500 mi) wide in the north and 1,400 km (900 mi) wide in the south. Because the southeast corner (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) is mountainous the flat desert-steppe country is only about 1,100 km (700 mi) wide in the south. Using modern borders, the area was 4,003,400 km (1,545,730 sq mi), about half the size of the United States without Alaska. On the east side two mountain ranges project into the desert. Between them is the well-populated
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2079:
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77:
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739:
728:
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673:
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2502:
2488:
4265:
elders, one threatening and the other persuading. Having no wish to repeat the slaughter at Geok Tepe, 28 elders went to
Askhabad and on February 12 swore allegiance in the presence of General Komarov. A faction in Merv tried to resist but was too weak to accomplish anything. On March 16, 1884, Komarov occupied Merv. The subject Khanates of Khiva and Bukhara were now surrounded by Russian territory.
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3258:
2460:
4140:
3233:
2446:
2404:
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2523:
4025:
3804:
3706:
3441:
3149:
3776:
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3121:
2432:
2362:
4057:
3413:
3399:
2390:
3997:
3720:
3427:
3135:
2348:
2334:
3177:
4011:
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3309:
meet them had a hard day's fight, called for reinforcements but next morning found that the
Kokandis had retreated. In December a Kokandi force (said to be 12000 men) surrounded Fort Perovsky. A 500-man sortie was soon surrounded and in trouble. Major Shkupa, seeing the enemy camp weakly defended, broke out and burned the camp. Two more sorties drove the Kokandis off in disorder.
3284:. Both places were also called Fort Aralsk. Raiders from Khiva and Kokand attacked the local Kazakhs near the fort and were driven off by the Russians. Three sailing ships were built at Orenburg, disassembled, carried across to steppe and rebuilt. They were used to map the lake. In 1852/3 two steamers were carried in pieces from Sweden and launched on the Aral Sea. The local
2621:, Buchholz, then a lieutenant colonel, received the following Imperial decrees signed by Peter I on the St. Natalia galley: “On the capture of the city of Erket and on the search for golden sand along the Darya River” (Amu Darya), “On sand gold in Bukhara, about the departures made for this, and about the construction of fortresses along the Irtysh River, which are named:
3277:('White Mosque') further downriver, as well as smaller forts on both sides of Ak-Mechet. The area was ruled by the Beg of Ak Mechet who taxed the local Kazakhs who wintered along the river and had recently driven the Karakalpaks southward. In peacetime Ak-Mechet had a garrison of 50 and Julek 40. The Khan of Khiva had a weak fort on the lower part of the river.
3616:
position
Chernayev determined to risk a storm. At 3 a.m. on 27 June, Captain Abramov scaled the wall and opened the Kamelan Gate, advanced along the wall and opened a second gate while another party took the Kokand gate. That day and the next there was constant street fighting, but on the morning of the 29th a deputation of elders offered surrender.
4473:
northern Persia. Once in
Afghanistan, they would swell their armies with offers of loot and invade India. Alternatively, they might invade India and provoke a native rebellion. The goal would probably not be the conquest of India, but to apply pressure on the British while Russia shifted focus on more important tasks, like taking Constantinople.
1734:
2912:, began a correspondence with the Orenburg governorate about the exchange of prisoners of war. Experiencing exceptional difficulties in unaccustomed, waterless deserts and sands and having achieved nothing significant in the fight against Kenesary, the Russian detachments were forced to withdraw back towards Orenburg and
2664:
hunger and disease. The detachments and provisions sent to help were intercepted by the
Jungars, and Buchholz did not try to repel them, showing passivity. So a caravan of 700 people with a food convoy and 20,000 rubles of money for salaries, as well as 600 merchants from Tobolsk, Tara and Tomsk, was completely captured.
2791:
3535:). Russia placed a force at the Kastek pass to block a counterattack from Kokand. The Kokandis used a different pass, attacked an intermediate post, Kolpakovsky rushed from Kastek and completely defeated a much larger army. In 1864 Chernayev took command of the east, led 2500 men from Siberia, and captured Aulie-Ata (
4732:Историческое описание Российской коммерции при всех портах и границах от древних времён до ныне настоящего и всех преимущественных узаконений по оной государя императора Петра Великого и ныне благополучно царствующей государыни императрицы Екатерины Великой. — Том 3. — Книга 1. — М.: Универ. тип., 1785. — Ст. 447.
4362:. In June 1871 General Kolpakovsky crossed the border and occupied Kulja (4 July 1871). Some talked of permanent occupation but the Russian Foreign Office told the Chinese that the province would be returned as soon as the Emperor could send enough troops to maintain order. In 1877 China regained control of
3630:. Finding the task impossible, he withdrew to Tashkent followed by Bokharans who were soon joined by Kokandis. At this point Chernayev was recalled for insubordination and replaced by Romanovsky. Romanovsky prepared to attack Bohkara, the Amir moved first, the two forces met on the plain of Irjar. Note: Near
4264:
Skobelev had been replaced by
Rohrberg in the spring of 1881, who was followed General Komarov in the spring of 1883. Near the end of 1883, General Komarov led 1500 men to occupy the Tejen oasis. After Komarov's occupation of Tejen, Alikhanov and Makhdum Kuli Khan went to Merv and called a meeting of
4226:
Skobelev was put in command in March 1880. He spent most of the summer and fall moving men and supplies from
Chikishlyar to the north side of the Kopet Dag. In December he marched southwest, besieged Geok Tepe for a month and took it by detonating a mine to breach the wall. At least 14,000 Tekes were
3312:
Russia now held a 320 km (200 mi) line of forts along the west-flowing part of the Syr Darya. The area between the Aral and Caspian Seas was too thinly-populated to matter. The next question was whether Russia would extend the line east to the mountains (Fort Vernoye was founded in 1854) or
4284:
Russian military expense records indicate that between 1869 and 1879 the Transcaspian campaign cost 4.8 million rubles, the 1879–1880 expedition 5.525 million rubles, and the 1880–1881 expedition 11 million rubles. Railroad construction to that point cost 4,429,991 rubles, and construction materials
4197:
that could usually outrun anything the Cossacks had. Unlike the rather antiquated armies of the Khanates, the Turkomans were good raiders and horsemen, but they could do little against the Russians' modern weapons and explosive artillery. As usual, the main problem was moving men and supplies across
3332:
In 1847–1864 the Russians crossed the eastern Kazakh steppe and built a line of forts in the irrigated area along the northern Kyrgyz border. In 1864–68 they moved south, conquered Tashkent and Samarkand, confined the Khanate of Kokand to the Ferghana valley and made Bokhara a protectorate. This was
3308:
During the siege Padurov went 160 km (100 mi) upriver to Julek and found that its defenders had fled. He wrecked the fort as well as he could and returned with its abandoned guns. In September a large force from Kokand reoccupied Julek and advanced toward Fort Perovsky. The column sent to
2950:
disclosed their whereabouts to Russian troops. Gubaidullah, Sher Ghazi, and Kenesary were all captured and executed by Kyrgyz defectors who had been helping the Russians. By the end of 1847, the Russian army had captured the Kazakh capitals of Hazrat-e-Turkistan and Syghanaq, abolishing the Kazakh
2937:
In 1841, the three khans obtained the help of their younger cousin Aziz id-Din Bahadur, the son of Kazakh commander Nasrullah Nauryzbai Bahadur, and gathered a large troop of well-trained Kazakhs to resist the Russian army. The Kazakhs captured a number of Kokand fortresses in Kazakhstan, including
2933:
By 1837, tensions were rising in the Kazakh steppe once again. This time, the tensions were started by Kazakh co-rulers Ğubaidullah Khan, Sher Ghazi Khan, and Kenesary Khan, all of whom were sons of Qasim Sultan and grandsons of Abu'l-Mansur Khan. They launched a rebellion against Russia. The three
2165:
Russians first came into contact with Central Asia when, in 1582–1639, Cossack adventurers made themselves masters of the Siberian forests. They did not expand south because they were seeking furs. The Siberian Cossacks were skilled in forest travel and knew little of the steppe and since the forest
4315:
and most of the Tarim Basin. Kaufmann twice thought of attacking him. In 1872 forces were massed on the border but this was called off because of the impending war against Khiva. In 1875 more serious plans were made. A mission was sent to the Khan of Kokand to ask permission to move forces through
3927:
The decision to attack Khiva was made in December 1872. Khiva was an oasis surrounded by several hundred kilometres of desert. The Russians could easily defeat the Khivan army if they could move enough troops across the desert. The place was attacked from five directions. Kaufmann marched west from
3678:
In 1875 the Kokand Khanate rebelled against Russian rule. Kokand commanders Abdurakhman and Pulat bey seized power in the khanate and began military operations against the Russians. By July 1875 most of the Khan's army and much of his family had deserted to the rebels, so he fled to the Russians at
3610:
and retreated, but was able to take it in his next attack. On 15 October he suddenly appeared before Tashkent, failed to take it by sudden assault and retreated to Chimkent. Kokand then tried and failed to re-take Hazrat-i-Turkestan. In April 1865 Chernayev made a second attack on Tashkent. Unable
3295:
In 1852 a surveying party went upriver and was turned back before reaching Ak-Mechet. That summer Colonel Blaramberg and about 400 men were sent to raze Ak-Mechet on the pretext that Russia owned the north side of the river. The Kokandis responded by breaking the dykes and flooding the surrounding
2895:
During the summer of 1844, the advance of Kenesary continued at an unrelenting pace. On August 14, detachments led by the batyrs Nauryzbay and Agybay laid siege to the Ekaterininsky fortress, where about 100 soldiers and a huge number of trophies were taken prisoner, including 1847 pounds of bread:
2864:
to the Karakum. However, the Russian troops failed to carry out their plan. Giving separate battles, Kenesary safely retreated to the Karakum. He managed to send Lebedev's detachment along a false route and, along the way, mistakenly defeat the villages of Biy Baikadamov, subject to Russia. Lebedev
2732:
Seeing that the enemy was very numerous, Bekovich-Cherkassky understood that diplomacy had a better chance of success. The Russian officer, accompanied only by 500 of his men, rode into the enemy's camp to propose terms. The khan pretended to surrender to him, welcomed him warmly, persuading him to
2637:
to Yamysh Lake. There he had to stop for the winter, build a fortress, leave a garrison in it, and then continue on his way to the city of Erket (Yarkand), where there were supposedly placers of sand gold. The fact that there is a gold deposit in those places, Peter I was convinced by the Siberian
4472:
A Russian invasion of India seems improbable, but a number of British writers considered how it might be done. While not much was known about the geography, it was thought that they could reach Khiva and sail up the Oxus to Afghanistan. More realistically they might gain Persian support and cross
2839:
other unrest. Having aroused the crazy Kazakhs, he continues to carry them along. The great sovereign decided to suppress the rebellion of Kenesary by force. Taking advantage of the wide opportunity presented to you, leave Kenesary. Otherwise, remember, you will be subjected to merciless torture.
2838:
During this period, Kenesary became dangerous adversary. The Governor-General of Western Siberia was forced to appeal to the Kazakh population with the following appeal: “You know, Kenesary Kasymov has been causing disorder in the steppe for a number of years and increasing robberies, murders and
2825:
failed to give battle to Kenesary. Often maneuvering in the steppe expanses, he misled them. He exhausted the forces of the Russian detachments and partially exterminated their manpower. Exhausted soldiers, due to the early onset of a cold rainy autumn, stopped hostilities, and left the Steppe in
4277:
Between Merv and the current Afghan border lies about 230 km (140 mi) of semi-desert. South of that is the important border fort of Herat. In the summer of 1884 Britain and Russia agreed to demarcate the northwest Afghan border. The Russians did what they could to push the border south
2667:
April 28, 1716 Buchholz was forced to leave the Yamyshev fortress. The fortifications were razed to the ground, houses and barracks were destroyed, military supplies were loaded onto 18 planks. There were no more than 700 officers and privates left, most of whom were sick. The Dzungars after the
2663:
sent Buchholz a demand to leave, and when the latter did not obey, on the night of February 10, 1716, he attacked the Yamyshev fortress with his 10,000-strong army and recaptured a herd of horses. The winter blockade of the fortress began, in which a detachment of Russians lost 2,300 people from
3661:
with its headquarters at Tashkent. The Bokharan Amir did not fully control his subjects, there were random raids and rebellions, so Kaufmann decided to hasten matters by attacking Samarkand. After he dispersed a Bokharan force Samarkand closed its gates to the Bokharan army and surrendered (May
1722:
2929:
to resolve disputes among the Kazakhs, but it was ignored by the Kazakhs. Following Vali's death in 1817 and his rival Bukei's death in 1818, Russia abolished the Khanate of the Middle jüz. In 1822, Russia began to refer to the land until then occupied by the Middle jüz as the territory of the
2872:
By this time, Siberian detachments under the command of General Zhemchuzhnikov were sent to suppress the Kenesary uprising. Having sent out his scouts behind enemy lines in advance, Kenesary received from them information about the Siberian detachment heading to join the Orenburg detachment of
4249:
at the northwest end of the Kopet Dag in mid-September 1881. From October through December Lessar surveyed the north side of the Kopet Dag and reported that there would be no problem building a railway along it. From April 1882 he examined the country almost to Herat and reported that were no
3615:
arrived with 6,000 more troops and almost defeated the Russians, but was killed in the fight. The inhabitants now offered to submit to the Emir of Bokhara in return for assistance. About 21 June a party of Bokharans entered the town and more Bokharan troops were on the move. In this critical
2095:
Rainfall decreases from north to south. Dense population, and therefore cities and organized states, requires irrigation. Streams coming down from the eastern mountains support a fairly dense population, especially in the Ferghana Valley. There is a line of oases along the Persian border. The
2086:
The area was bounded on the west by the Caspian Sea, on the north by the Siberian forests and on the east by the mountains along the former Sino-Soviet border. The southern border was political rather than natural. It was about 2,100 km (1,300 mi) from north to south, 2,400 km
2787:
2904:, having penetrated into the stanitsa, quickly removed all guards and gave a prearranged signal. Kenesary's cavalry burst into its streets with a battle cry. Sleepy Cossacks jumped out of their houses and fell under the blows of the blades of the rebels. Few managed to leave the stanitsa”.
3826:
Russia now held an approximately triangular area bounded by the eastern mountains and the vassal Khanate of Bokhara along most of the Oxus. The southern point was about 1,600 km (1,000 mi) south of Siberia, 1,600 km (1,000 mi) southeast of Orenburg and 1,900 km
2907:
Fearing the further growth of the uprising, the Orenburg and Siberian governorships decided, in addition to the detachments of Dunikovsky, Zhemchuzhnikov and Jantorins, to send another detachment of Colonel Kovalevsky. By this time, Kenesary, having fortified with his army in the
2779:, with the attribution of expenses for the head of Kenesary to the account of the wagon collection. The detachment of the military foreman Lebedev, consisting of 1,500 people, was supposed to become an advanced force, later the number of his detachment reached 1,900 people.
2883:
On July 17, 1844, some of his detachments began to impose a battle on the Russian troops, who were under the command of Sultan Zhantorin and Colonel Dunikovsky. Avoiding a decisive clash with the Russian troops, they had to wear down the enemy forces. On the night of
2733:
divide the Russian army to dwell in five separate towns in order to facilitate foraging. The Khivans then attacked the five towns one by one, slaughtering most Russians, selling the others as slaves, and executing all Russian officers including Prince Cherkassky.
3300:
had commanded the fort at one time, but it is not clear if he was in command during this first battle. Next summer the Russians assembled a force of over 2000 men, over 2000 each of horses, camels and oxen, 777 wagons, bridging timber, pontoons and the steamer
2283:. Returning laden with loot they were surrounded by the Khivans and slaughtered. A second expedition lost its way in the snow, starved, and the few survivors were enslaved by the Khivans. There seems to have been a third expedition which is ill-documented.
4469:, the British did nothing serious to prevent the Russian conquest of Turkestan, with one exception. Whenever Russian agents approached Afghanistan, the British reacted strongly, seeing Afghanistan as a necessary buffer state for the defense of India.
3296:
area. Having brought no scaling ladders or heavy artillery, Blaramberg saw that he could not take the citadel with its 25-foot-high walls. He therefore captured the outworks, burnt everything in the area and retired to Fort Aralsk. The later-famous
1746:
3634:
about halfway between Jizzakh and Bokhara. The Bukharians scattered, losing most of their artillery, supplies and treasures and more than 1,000 killed, while the Russians lost 12 wounded. Instead of following him, Romanovsky turned east and took
2196:. Some time before 1714 Colonel Bukhholts and 1500 men went upriver to a ‘Lake Yamysh’ and returned. In 1715 Bukhholts with 3000 men and 1500 soldiers went to Lake Yamysh again and started to build a fort. Since this was on the fringe of the
4189:. The semi-sedentary population would drive their flocks out into the desert in spring and fall. The Turkomans had no organized state. Some served as mercenaries for Khiva. They habitually raided Persia and sold the resulting slaves in the
2091:
which is approximately the "notch" on the west side of Kyrgyzstan. North of this projection the mountain-steppe boundary extends along the north border of Kyrgyzstan about 640 km (400 mi) before the mountains turn north again.
3360:
mountains extend about 640 km (400 mi) to the west. Water coming down from the mountains provides irrigation for a line of towns and supports a natural caravan route. South of this mountain projection is the densely-populated
2924:
Following the rule of Abu'l-Mansur Khan's death in 1781, the Middle jüz was nominally ruled by his son Vali, but Vali never achieved control of the entire jüz. In an attempt to establish some order in 1798, Russia created a tribunal at
1437:
3560:) 80 km (50 mi) upriver was taken. In 1862 Chernyaev reconnoitered the river as far as Hazrat-i-Turkestan and captured the small oasis of Suzak about 105 km (65 mi) east of the river. In June 1864 Veryovkin took
3337:
are mentioned without giving numbers. MacGahan, in his account of the Khivan campaign, contrasts explosive artillery to traditional cannonballs. Artillery and rifles could often keep Russian soldiers out of reach of hand weapons.
1762:
3683:. Russian troops under the command of Skobelev and Kaufmann defeated the rebels at the Battle of Makhram. In 1876, the Russians freely entered Kokand, the leaders of the rebels were executed, and the khanate was abolished.
3827:(1,200 mi) southeast of the supply bases on the Volga. The next step was to turn this triangle into a rectangle by moving east across the Caspian Sea from the Caucasus. The Caucasus held many troops left over from the
2534:
By the late eighteenth century Russia held a line of forts roughly along the current Kazakhstan border, which is approximately the boundary between forest and steppe. For reference these forts (and foundation dates) were:
4576:
provided a trade and pilgrim route from the Tarim Basin to India. It was not clear whether this could be used by an army. At the time of Yakub Beg both Russian and British agents were active at his court. A number of
837:
534:
3097:
In 1839, Russia attempted to conquer Khiva. The Russians under Vasily Perovsky marched around 5,000 men south from Orenburg. The winter was unusually cold and most of his camels died, forcing him to turn back. See
2717:
returned and brought the appalling news of the catastrophe that befell the Khivan expedition. The newly built forts in Turkmenistan were at once evacuated, and that at considerable loss from inclement weather and
5215:
The Russians in Central Asia: Their Occupation of the Kirghiz Steppe and the line of the Syr-Daria: Their Political Relations with Khiva, Bokhara, and Kokan: Also Descriptions of Chinese Turkestan and Dzungaria
564:
3679:
Kojent along with a million British pounds of treasure. Kaufmann invaded the Khanate on September 1, fought several battles and entered the capital on September 10, 1875. In October he transferred command to
1698:
6031:
4424:
that he was on their territory and later escorted a Lieutenant Davidson out of the area ('Pamir Incident'). In 1892 a battalion of Russians under Mikhail Ionov entered the area and camped near the present
4620:'s 1825 map of Asia, Central Asia (marked in green) is shown as politically independent and outside the boundaries of Russia (marked in yellow) – a situation which would change in the following decades.
3564:
from Kokand. He hastened surrender by bombarding the famous mausoleum. Two Russian columns met in the 240 km (150 mi) gap between Hazrat and Aulie-Ata, thereby completing the Syr-Darya Line.
4350:). Although normally part of Dzungaria the valley opens out onto the Russian-controlled steppe. In 1866 the Dungans captured Kulja and massacred its inhabitants. They soon began fighting with the
1729:
3835:
had so far not been active in Turkestan. The Caucasus has a fairly dense population but the east side of the Caspian is desert with significant population only in the oases of Khiva and along the
4558:
occurred in 1857–58. This was about the time Russian was building forts east from the Aral Sea (1847–53). The Russian capture of Tashkent (1865) and Samarkand(1868) produced no British response.
1547:
1812:
3269:
eastward from the Aral Sea. This brought Russia into conflict with the Khan of Kokand. In the early 19th century Kokand began expanding northwest from the Ferghana Valley. About 1814 they took
1798:
1533:
1444:
4278:
before it became frozen. When they captured the Afghan fort of Panjdeh, Britain came close to threatening war. Both sides backed down and the border was delineated between 1885 and 1886.
1786:
1774:
2038:. In 1884, they took the Merv oasis and eastern Turkmenistan. In 1885, further expansion south toward Afghanistan was blocked by the British. In 1893–95, the Russians occupied the high
2725:
What exactly happened with Bekovich-Cherkassky remains a matter of some controversy. According to a few surviving members of his contingent, they advanced to within 120 km from
1755:
4366:
and requested the return of Kulja. In September 1879 the Chinese ambassador concluded a treaty at Livadia but his government rejected it. This was replaced by the more favorable
1615:
2713:
Back in Astrakhan by February 1717, Bekovich raised another army and started towards Khiva, together with some engineers and land surveyors. It was many months later that several
3034:
tomorrow. After a few days in the fortress, Muraviev realized he was trapped. After some time the guards realized he was taking notes, so they relayed this information to the
1526:
5128:
Morrison, Alexander. "Introduction: Killing the Cotton Canard and getting rid of the Great Game: rewriting the Russian conquest of Central Asia, 1814–1895." (2014): 131–142.
2934:
co-rulers wanted to restore the relative independence that was present under previous Kazakh rulers such as Abu'l-Mansur, and they sought to resist taxation by the Russians.
2896:“At a distance of four kilometers from the Catherine Stanitsa, about two thousand Sarbazes of Kenesary gathered. The attack began at five o'clock in the morning. The sentry
1793:
1691:
1540:
4316:
his domains. A revolt broke out and the Russian troops were used instead to annex Kokand (see below). In 1877 China re-conquered the Tarim Basin and Yakub Beg was killed.
3556:
Meanwhile, Russia was advancing southeast up the Syr Darya from Ak-Mechet. In 1859, Julek was taken from Kokand. In 1861 a Russian fort was built at Julek and Yani Kurgan (
6383:
2066:
The three northwest-tending lines are, from south to north, the Kopet Dagh mountains and the Oxus and Jaxartes Rivers flowing from the eastern mountains into the Aral Sea.
1570:
1519:
1468:
2022:. They now held a triangle whose southern point was 1,600 km (990 mi) south of Siberia and 1,920 km (1,190 mi) southeast of their supply bases on the
1807:
1514:
2676:
In 1719, another expedition was organized led by I. M. Likharev, which reached Lake Zaisan, but, having been attacked by the Dzungars, was forced to return to Tobolsk.
6026:
5043:
2685:
1741:
4480:
both British and French agents were active in Persia, their goals varying depending on which power was allied with Russia at the time. In 1810 Charles Christie and
3843:
in the south. The main events were the defeat of Khiva in 1873, the conquest of the Turkomans in 1881, the annexation of Merv in 1884 and the Panjdeh area in 1885.
2930:
Siberian Kirgiz and introduced a set of administrative reforms, some of them intended to encourage the Kazakhs to become farmers, but the Kazakhs remained nomadic.
1641:
869:
3550:
which approximately established the current Chinese-Kazakh border. The Chinese thereby renounced any claims to the Kazakh steppe, to the extent that they had any.
1563:
1622:
5388:
3280:
Given Perovsky's failure in 1839 Russia decided on a slow but sure approach. In 1847 Captain Schultz built Raimsk in the Syr delta. It was soon moved upriver to
1851:
1475:
5129:
2880:
Kenesary and now decided to send only a small detachment against the Russians as a barrier, and prepare the main forces for a decisive blow behind enemy lines.
4569:
of 1878–80. During the second battle of Geok Tepe Colonel Charles Stewart was on the south side of the mountain doing something that has never been clarified.
1769:
1480:
6080:
4412:
but his escort would not permit him to go south onto the Pamir plateau. In 1876 Skobelev chased a rebel south to the Alay Valley and Kostenko went over the
4250:
military obstacles between the Kopet Dag and Afghanistan. Nazirov or Nazir Beg went to Merv in disguise and then crossed the desert to Bukhara and Tashkent.
1610:
1492:
1430:
907:
2991:. Muraviev was also to survey the lands, composing skilled reports, acting as a recon. He also was told he was to find the position and record the Russian
2154:
based in the Ferghana Valley. Bokhara had borders with the other two and all three were surrounded by nomads which the Khanates tried to control and tax.
6129:
1781:
1648:
1487:
3527:) within sight of the mountains. Vernoye is about 800 km (500 mi) south of the Siberian Line. Eight years later, in 1862, Russia took Tokmak (
1627:
1653:
4873:"An Indian Officer". Note: The author puts this as two years before the foundation of Vernoye which he misdates to 1855, so 1852 is probably correct.
3698:
1634:
94:
49:
6095:
5425:
2786:
1843, a second group of 5,000 (25,000) people was equipped, led by Sultan Jantorin, Baimahambet Aichuvakov, colonels Gens and Bizyanov went to the
1672:
4370:. Russia finally evacuated Kulja in the spring of 1883. There were the usual border disputes and an additional protocol was signed at Chuguchak (
4293:
The natural eastern boundary of Russian Turkestan was the eastern mountains, but the exact line had to be settled. There were four main problems.
6214:
3943:
1717:
6292:
5959:
5651:
4752:
4374:?) on October 19, 1883. The re-occupation of Kulja was one of the few Chinese successes against a Western power during the nineteenth century.
3869:
Novo-Aleksandrovsky (1834–1846): a shallow port, overlooking Dead Kultuk Bay, that was soon abandoned as the local climate was too inhospitable
1677:
141:
5097:
Malikov, A.M. The Russian conquest of the Bukharan emirate: military and diplomatic aspects in Central Asian Survey, volume 33, issue 2, 2014.
4964:
4943:
6398:
6068:
3391:
3113:
2326:
2112:
rises in the Ferghana Valley and flows northwest and then west to meet the northeast corner of the Aral Sea. Between them is the less-famous
113:
17:
5240:
Williams, Beryl. "Approach to the Second Afghan War: Central Asia during the Great Eastern Crisis, 1875–1878." 'International History Review
6309:
4565:
rode from Orenburg to Khiva, an event that was only important because of his widely-read book. Kaufmann's intrigues in Kabul provoked the
2860:
The task of the Russian detachments was to take the detachments of Kenesary from both sides "in pincers", and cut off the retreat from the
4581:
mapped the area around the Pamirs. Russian expansion in the Pamirs provoked the British to move northward and gain control of places like
4181:
mountains in the southwest. East of the Kopet Dag two rivers, the Murghab and Tejen, flow north from Afghanistan, supporting the oases of
6373:
6021:
6016:
5276:
4519:
went to Khiva to negotiate the release of Russian slaves held there in order to remove a pretext for the invasion. He failed. Next year
3292:
and periodically stop to reload fuel. The Syr proved to be shallow, full of sand bars and difficult to navigate during the spring flood.
2900:
did not have time to detect and signal the movement of the Khan's troops towards the settlement. In the predawn hour, the most dexterous
1920:
3579:
1856:
888:
120:
6378:
5937:
5337:
2821:. As a result of the fighting, there were many casualties on both sides. Both sides ceased hostilities and withdrew. The rest of the
2592:. Orenburg was long the base from which Russia watched and tried to control the Kazakh steppe. The four eastern forts were along the
3288:
proving impractical, they had to be fueled with anthracite brought from the Don. At other times a steamer would tow a barge-load of
2995:. With these intentions in mind, a young Muraviev had a lot of charm attached to him. It was soon he was going to leave the port of
2842:
The Tsarist government decided to send three detachments to suppress the Kenesary uprising: from the side of the Orsk fortress, the
6388:
5563:
3817:
5254:
127:
5418:
5403:
1819:
2656:
with such a small number of troops, but the letter did not reach the sovereign on the Ingermanlandia ship until August 7, 1716.
6169:
6100:
5393:
5327:
2652:
On December 15, 1715, the lieutenant colonel did not dare to go further and wrote to Peter I that it was dangerous to meet the
6403:
6393:
5697:
5020:
4400:
of Tajikistan. The high plateaus on the east are used for summer pasture. On the west side difficult gorges run down to the
3030:, thus he was sent to a fortress, being told supposedly that he was going to have to wait in the fortress before meeting the
109:
55:
4531:, with British and Russian agents supporting the two sides. Britain ended the siege by occupying a Persian island. In 1838
2316:
The area remained quiet for about a hundred years. In 1819 Nikolai Muraviev traveled from the Caspian Sea and contacted the
6048:
6038:
5332:
3832:
3611:
to take such a large place (it was said to have a garrison of 30,000) he occupied the town's water supply at Niazbek. The
2857:
1844, a detachment led by Jantorin, Sultan Baimagambetov and Military foreman Lebedev headed south, towards the Karakums.
6073:
4126:
2649:, the detachment arrived at the Yamyshevsky salt lake. Here Buchholz started the construction of the Yamyshev fortress.
6287:
6119:
6006:
5485:
4516:
4420:
on the northeast part of the plateau. In the next 20 years most of the area was mapped. In 1891 the Russians informed
4397:
2729:, when the khan attacked them with a 24,000-strong army. After three days of bloody fighting, the Khivans were routed.
2585:
2302:
2290:
there was a major push southeast. In addition to the Irtysh expeditions above there was the disastrous 1717 attempt to
4546:
The British took Sindh in 1843 and Punjab in 1849, thereby gaining the Indus River and a border with Afghanistan. The
4496:
tried to reach Khiva from Persia but was turned back by bandits and continued on to Herat and British India. In 1832
6229:
5848:
5794:
5789:
5737:
5732:
5722:
5687:
5682:
5672:
5662:
5640:
5635:
5612:
5607:
5582:
5558:
5553:
5538:
5398:
4909:
4905:
4367:
3510:
3248:
2515:
2295:
240:
222:
200:
160:
63:
4253:
The irrigated area along the Kopet Dag ends east of Ashkebat. Farther east there is desert, then the small oasis of
193:
5767:
5592:
5505:
3828:
3523:
and met Kazakh resistance and next year destroyed the Kazakh fort of Tuchubek. In 1854 they founded Fort Vernoye (
2972:
2002:
river. In 1847–1864, they crossed the eastern Kazakh Steppe and built a line of forts along the northern border of
4702:
Mancall. Note: The dates for the first Bukhholts expedition on pages 211–212 are unfortunately self-contradictory.
4429:
in the northeast. Next year they built a proper fort there (Pamirskiy Post). In 1895 their base was moved west to
2184:(founded in 1587). It was thought possible to ascend this river and reach the riches of China and India. In 1654
6408:
6224:
5984:
5969:
5910:
5269:
4741:
4645:
about 32 km (20 mi) south of the middle 160 km (100 mi) the line between Jizzakh and Kozhent.
4477:
1880:
993:
658:
593:
262:
6124:
5107:
McKenzie, David. The Lion of Tashkent: The Career of General M. G. Cherniaev, University of Georgia Press, 1974.
4515:
The period from 1837 to 1842 was especially active. In 1839, at the time of Perovsky's failed attack on Khiva,
4465:. Although there was much talk of possible Russian invasion of India and a number of British agents penetrating
5692:
5656:
5202:
Sunderland, Willard. "The Ministry of Asiatic Russia: the colonial office that never was but might have been."
98:
134:
6107:
5858:
5587:
5413:
5408:
5363:
4385:
Left: part of Afghanistan, Hindu Kush, Bactria, Turkestan Range, Ferghana Valley, main range of the Tien Shan
4231:
40 km (25 mi) southeast, but could go no farther. In May 1881 the occupied area was annexed as the
2291:
545:
4484:
crossed western Afghanistan and eastern Persia. Christie was killed in 1812 supporting the Persians at the
4358:) who soon became dominant. In 1870 it appeared that Yakub Beg might move on Kulja so Kaufmann occupied the
3539:). Russia was now near the west end of the mountain range and about halfway between Vernoye and Ak-Mechet.
892:
6184:
6154:
6149:
6090:
5979:
5974:
5942:
5883:
5804:
5762:
5645:
4489:
6319:
6302:
6174:
6043:
6011:
5947:
5836:
5727:
5712:
5548:
5141:
Peyrouse, Sébastien. "Nationhood and the minority question in Central Asia. The Russians in Kazakhstan."
4304:
3574:
2877:
and attacked the Konstantinovsk. The speed and maneuverability of his troops stunned the Russian troops.
2554:
2237:
were nomads they could not be conquered in the normal sense. Instead Russian power slowly increased. See
2104:, forming a large delta which was ruled by the Khanate of Khiva and has a long history under the name of
1939:
1839:
1603:
4299:
East of the Feghana Valley and southeast of Fort Vernoye on the other side of the mountains is the oval
3642:
6219:
5757:
5747:
5717:
5707:
5322:
5262:
4593:
4562:
4405:
4202:
2976:
1998:. In 1847–1853, the Russians built a line of forts from the north side of the Aral Sea eastward up the
1844:
1591:
6058:
5952:
5752:
5177:
4330:
The Tien Shan mountains run along the northern border of Kyrgyzstan. They continue east and separate
3663:
2926:
2799:
1712:
1660:
1004:
3662:
1868). He left a garrison in Samarkand and left to deal with some outlying areas. The garrison was
2865:
was recalled to Orenburg and soon put on trial for stealing and ruining the auls of Biys devoted to
2135:
is southwest of the Oxus in Turkmenistan. Between the Aral and Caspian Seas is the thinly-populated
6199:
5905:
5480:
5284:
4555:
3077:, who during Muravievs visit showed respect to the man. However, this would never go full with the
3014:
who inhabited the region. Muraviev soon befriended these tribesmen along the way, moving along the
2960:
1863:
931:
187:
3594:
In 1864 Alimkul tried to raid the territory of the Russians and recapture the occupied lands, but
2668:
flight of Buchholz released the prisoners: the priest and the commissar who was at the execution.
6112:
5841:
5460:
4720:Энциклопедический лексикон. — Т. 7: Бра — Бял. — СПб.: Тип. А. Плюшара. 1836. — С. 622.
4566:
3910:
3631:
3099:
3086:
2964:
1706:
1585:
1578:
854:
765:
710:
87:
5050:
6314:
5989:
5510:
5445:
4540:
4524:
4308:
3658:
3297:
2790:
to destroy the detachment of the "rebellious" Sultan Kenesary. Other detachments formed by the
1928:
1407:
1058:
1024:
743:
699:
491:
204:
5702:
4285:
another 3.518 million rubles. Total expenses from 1869 to 1881 amounted to 29,274,991 rubles.
6244:
6204:
5964:
5893:
5342:
5197:
4601:
4528:
4242:
3889:
3078:
3058:
2822:
2817:, 1843, fierce battles broke out with the advance detachments of the Russians, who left from
2238:
2167:
1888:
721:
6413:
5777:
5450:
5347:
5317:
5182:
4617:
4476:
In 1801, there was some loose talk of a joint Franco-Russian invasion of India. During the
4421:
4417:
3547:
688:
4763:
4612:
4503:
8:
6352:
6282:
6139:
5667:
5602:
5373:
4520:
4426:
4232:
4218:
3915:
3885:
3667:
3341:
3011:
2983:. The main goal of this perilous expedition was to make a commercial trade deal with the
2050:
1943:
1834:
1666:
1596:
1499:
615:
3846:
For reference, these were the Russian bases on the north and east side of the Caspian:
6342:
6324:
6277:
6259:
6239:
5878:
5630:
5528:
5500:
5383:
5368:
5235:
5153:
4485:
4339:
4190:
4186:
3929:
3607:
2737:
2147:
2019:
1366:
937:
926:
754:
437:
332:
5057:
Securing the Indian frontier in Central Asia: Confrontation and negotiation, 1865–1895
4753:Оренбургские казаки в борьбе с национально-освободительным движением казахского народа
4488:. In 1819 Muraviev reached Khiva. A Russian mission reached Bokhara in 1820. In 1825
677:
6249:
6189:
5996:
5922:
5900:
5799:
5677:
5490:
5470:
5465:
5455:
5290:
5016:
4930:
4901:
4900:
Kersnovsky, A. A. History of the Russian army Т. 2. — М.: Голос, 1993.—336 с., ил. —
4578:
4573:
4551:
4323:
Ili River basin. Yining is Kulja, Almaty is Fort Vernoye. Tarim Basin at lower right.
4210:
Lazarev landed a large force at Chikishlyar and began moving men and supplies up the
3366:
3265:
Southward from the Siberian Line the obvious next step was a line of forts along the
2830:. It was decided to resume hostilities against Kenesary in the following year, 1844.
2707:
2248:
2216:, left them alone. Several other places were built on the Irtysh at about this time.
2151:
2127:
The deserts in the south have enough grass to support a thin nomadic population. The
2015:
1896:
1876:
1504:
1345:
1235:
1063:
467:
368:
340:
325:
2736:
Peter the Great did nothing to avenge the defeat since he was still occupied by the
6234:
6179:
6085:
5826:
5597:
5567:
5533:
5378:
4532:
4523:
went after him, was successful, and led 416 Russian slaves to the Caspian. In 1837
4497:
4269:
3680:
3623:
3561:
3270:
3082:
3070:
3027:
3023:
3000:
2988:
2980:
2968:
2939:
2603:
2542:
2280:
2219:
2143:
2031:
1991:
1967:
1824:
1422:
1038:
1029:
1016:
999:
988:
979:
970:
961:
916:
911:
899:
878:
841:
817:
802:
786:
662:
643:
627:
549:
452:
336:
5213:
Valikhanov, Chokan Chingisovich, Mikhail Ivanovich Venyukov, and Other Travelers.
2305:(1735–1740). Once Bashkiria was pacified, Russia's southeastern frontier was the
270:
6254:
6001:
5853:
5821:
5495:
5475:
5071:
4597:
4592:
The Great Game came to an end with the demarcation of the northern Afghan border
4481:
4438:
3872:
3543:
3370:
3362:
3053:
The following day he arrived in the Palace, and he started a discussion with the
2909:
2626:
2574:
2287:
2209:
2197:
2193:
2136:
2128:
2113:
2039:
1912:
1048:
861:
732:
523:
415:
4543:(1839–42) Britain invaded Afghanistan, was driven out, re-invaded and withdrew.
3666:
and in great difficulty until Kaufmann returned. On June 2, 1868, in a decisive
3622:
The Bokhara was now involved in the war. In February 1866 Chernayev crossed the
3546:
to regulate trade along what was becoming a new border. In 1864 they signed the
3519:
In 1847 Kopal was founded southeast of Lake Balkash. In 1852 Russia crossed the
3065:
agreed to Muravievs deal, and he was to arrive home safely. Muraviev argued the
2166:
tribes were few and weak while the steppe nomads were numerous and warlike. See
1903:" was used to refer to the area due to the fact that it was and is inhabited by
6337:
6164:
5927:
5917:
5294:
4536:
4493:
4166:
3684:
3598:
his army got in front of a hundred Cossacks and as a result he had to retreat.
3595:
3015:
3007:
2959:
In 1819, a young 24 year old officer Nikolai Muraviev (not to be confused with
2745:
2741:
2719:
2660:
2213:
2132:
2088:
1979:
1916:
1915:. Upon witnessing Russia's absorption of the various Central Asian realms, the
1904:
1884:
1829:
1509:
1214:
955:
950:
832:
823:
812:
796:
780:
771:
760:
749:
738:
727:
716:
705:
694:
683:
672:
653:
637:
621:
610:
604:
599:
588:
579:
570:
559:
540:
529:
518:
504:
474:
422:
393:
381:
6367:
6297:
6134:
5772:
4413:
4246:
3334:
3326:
2943:
2861:
2776:
2694:, where he was engaged in the surveying work, preparing the first map of the
2570:
2317:
2276:
2272:
2223:
2185:
1983:
944:
478:
4971:
Unification of Central Asia to the Russian Empire in the XVIII–XIX Centuries
4950:
Unification of Central Asia to the Russian Empire in the XVIII–XIX Centuries
4377:
2251:
on the north shore of the Caspian Sea. The surrounding area was held by the
6053:
5577:
5543:
5298:
4582:
4466:
4162:
3062:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3031:
2984:
2699:
2593:
2177:
2035:
2026:. The next step was to turn this triangle into a rectangle by crossing the
1987:
1963:
1892:
873:
300:
5814:
2702:. He left some of the Cossacks on his way in order to set up the forts in
6159:
5888:
5809:
5742:
5572:
4642:
4547:
4462:
4434:
4409:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4300:
4211:
3881:
3854:
3557:
2814:
2810:
2703:
2695:
2310:
2260:
2252:
2058:
2027:
2023:
1935:
5207:
4572:
On the Chinese side of the mountains a line of passes corresponding the
6194:
6144:
6063:
5932:
5122:
4654:
4458:
4401:
4319:
4194:
3935:
3864:
3321:
2947:
2116:
which dries up before reaching the Oxus. It waters the great cities of
2070:
2003:
1990:
took place over several decades. In 1839, Russia failed to conquer the
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1924:
1052:
865:
849:
5092:
Spying for empire: the great game in Central and South Asia, 1757–1947
4931:
New Alexander Fort: A Russian Empire Strategic Stronghold in Mangystau
4539:
went to secure his release and both were executed in 1842. During the
3657:
In July 1867 a new Province of Turkestan was created and placed under
2180:
rises in what is now China and flows northwest to the Russian base at
2078:
5782:
5248:
Strategies of British India. Britain, Iran and Afghanistan, 1798–1850
4343:
4331:
4178:
4174:
4154:
3897:
3850:
3836:
3647:
3520:
3382:
3357:
3281:
3274:
3266:
2827:
2803:
2691:
2642:
2600:
in 1759 both empires had a few border posts near the current border.
2558:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2011:
1999:
1900:
276:
5136:
Russian rule in Samarkand 1868–1910: A comparison with British India
4449:
3356:
by the Russians. South of this, along the modern Kyrgyz border, the
2698:. He was promoted captain and commanded a preliminary expedition in
2275:
had established themselves on the Ural River. In 1602 they captured
76:
6347:
6209:
4508:
4363:
4351:
4307:
China lost partial control of its western territories. A man named
4228:
4173:
desert nomads. Irrigation supported a settled population along the
4170:
3603:
3584:
3378:
3313:
continue southeast up the river to Kokand and the Ferghana Valley.
3066:
3043:
2996:
2897:
2818:
2653:
2597:
2581:
2566:
2546:
2306:
2268:
2201:
2105:
2101:
2007:
1995:
408:
4966:Присоединение Центральной Азии к Российской империи в XVIII–XIX вв
4945:Присоединение Центральной Азии к Российской империи в XVIII–XIX вв
3602:
About 80 km (50 mi) south of the new line was Chimkent (
2751:
4586:
4550:
occurred in 1853–56. A second Persian attack on Herat led to the
4371:
4312:
3636:
3627:
3612:
3532:
3374:
3074:
3019:
2992:
2901:
2889:
2885:
2874:
2772:
2630:
2256:
2234:
2181:
2117:
1970:
is still recognized in some capacity in many of these countries.
1012:
398:
4149:
Mountains run from beyond Geok Tepe northwest toward Krasnovodsk
2604:
1713–1716, 1719: Unsuccessful expeditions to the Dzungar Khanate
5286:
4453:
The Russian Turkestan (including Khiva and Bukhara) after 1900s
4430:
4408:
got the Khan's permission to explore southward. He reached the
4393:
4355:
3860:
3673:
3528:
3524:
3353:
3289:
3285:
2866:
2843:
2783:
2714:
2634:
2614:
2538:
2189:
1908:
1264:
1077:
4973:]. Historia Russica (in Russian). «ЦГИ Принт». p. 89.
4952:]. Historia Russica (in Russian). «ЦГИ Принт». p. 88.
4774:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 25–26
3606:) which belonged to Kokand. He failed to take Shymkent in his
3257:
2766:
2522:
4764:
Revolt of the 1837—1847 under the leadership of Khan Kenesary
4658:
4461:
refers to British attempts to block Russian expansion toward
4254:
4182:
4139:
4133:
3920:
3536:
3514:
Russian expansion along the mountains of Kyrgyzstan 1854–1864
3042:
and his officials had ensuing debates on what to do with the
3026:, but the intentions of Muraviev were well documented by the
2847:
2726:
2584:. Orenburg, Orsk and Troitsk were founded as a result of the
2264:
3900:(1837–?) a fort and naval station on land claimed by Persia.
3046:, with a final decision to be made to have him to visit the
4801:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 30
4792:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 29
4783:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 28
4681:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 27
4258:
3840:
2913:
2795:
2646:
2622:
2618:
2562:
2550:
2205:
2006:. In 1864–1868, they moved south from Kyrgyzstan, captured
5117:
Morris, Peter. "The Russians in Central Asia, 1870–1887."
4711:Мартынов Л. Крепость на Оми: . — Омск: Омскоблиздат, 1939.
3381:
and west of the southern range is Tamerlane's old capital
2298:
Russia briefly occupied the west side of the Caspian Sea.
5150:
Russian Central Asia, 1867–1917: a study in colonial rule
2854:
1883:. This effort continued until the 19th century under the
5192:
Spring, Derek W. "Russian imperialism in Asia in 1914."
3568:
3061:
wishes a commercial agreement. After some debating, the
2659:
Dissatisfied with the appearance of Russian troops, the
2301:
About 1734 another move was planned, which provoked the
2142:
When the Russians arrived the organized states were the
2100:
rises on the Afghan border and flows northwest into the
2096:
interior is watered by three great rivers. The Oxus or
5165:
Saray, Mehmet. "The Russian conquest of central Asia."
5064:
The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia
4854:(1st ed.). United Kingdom: Kodansha International.
4852:
The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia
4684:
4392:
The southeast corner of Russian Turkestan was the high
2942:. They decided to hide in the mountainous region near
4632:
The location is uncertain, possibly the modern Zhilek.
2946:, but were taken by surprise when a Kyrgyz khan named
6081:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
2987:, the same idea proposed upon the 1717 expedition to
2204:
drove them off. They retreated downriver and founded
5102:
Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728
4661:, Omar Bek of Chilek, Jura Bek, Baba Bek and others.
4235:. The eastern boundary of the oblast was undefined.
3936:
1879–1885: Turkmenistan: Geok Tepe, Merv and Panjdeh
3884:(1869–) the best port and later headquarters of the
3018:
for several days, for he was to arrive later in the
3010:
desert with little problems with the tribesmen, the
2919:
2761:
2748:
resumed its military expeditions into Central Asia.
1927:, which ended when both sides eventually designated
1452:
6384:
19th-century military history of the Russian Empire
4303:which had belonged to China since 1759. During the
4288:
4165:remained unconquered. The area corresponded to the
3377:. West of the northern range is the great city of
3316:
2869:. Lebedev's place was taken by Colonel Dunikovsky.
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4177:in the northeast and along the north slope of the
4158:Russian assault on the fortress of Geok Tepe, 1881
2212:. The Dzungars, having just been weakened by the
2208:. In 1720 Ivan Likharev went upriver and founded
2074:Administrative map of russian Central Asia in 1900
5069:
4999:
2679:
6365:
6096:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
5426:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
3894:Chikishlyar (1871–?): a beach rather than a port
3352:The eastern end of the Kazakh steppe was called
3105:
6215:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
6130:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
5160:The expansion of Russia in East Asia, 1857–1860
4835:Olcott, Martha (1995). "The Russian Conquest".
4820:Olcott, Martha (1995). "The Russian Conquest".
3092:
2752:1731–1873: Gaining control of the Kazakh Steppe
2625:, Zhelezenskaya, Yamyshevskaya, Semipalatnaya,
4441:between the Russian Pamirs and British India.
3904:
6069:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
5270:
4935:
4224:1881: Skobelev's bloody victory at Geok Tepe:
3875:(1846–): important at this time but not later
3821:Russian forts on the east side of the Caspian
2971:) was instructed by the great general of the
2690:Bekovich-Cherkassky received these orders in
2146:in the Oxus delta south of the Aral Sea, the
1934:Although the Russian Empire collapsed during
1438:
482:
5038:Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire
4257:, more desert, and the much larger oasis of
3674:1875–1876: Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate
3273:on the Syr Darya and around 1817 they built
2954:
2744:. It was more than a century later that the
2633:, gather a detachment there and move up the
1895:. The majority of this land became known as
6022:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
6017:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
5013:The history of the conquest of Central Asia
4962:
4956:
4941:
4742:РОССИЙСКО-КАЗАХСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ В XVI–XIX ВВ.
3863:(1645–): a small place at the mouth of the
2767:1843–1844: Failed attacks on Kazakh Khanate
2588:about 1740 and this section was called the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
27:Period in Russian and Central Asian history
5338:Military history of the Russian Federation
5277:
5263:
4561:In 1875, following the conquest of Khiva,
4535:went to Bokhara and was arrested. In 1841
2608:
2082:Contemporary political map of Central Asia
1445:
1431:
331:Protectorate status extended by Russia to
269:
5588:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
5232:The modern history of Soviet Central Asia
5094:(Greenhill Books/Lionel Leventhal, 2006).
5006:
4690:
4346:valley with its capital of Kulja (modern
4328:1871–1883: temporary occupation of Kulja:
2064:White areas are thinly-populated desert.
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
5072:"Russia's March Towards India: Volume 1"
4611:
4502:
4448:
4376:
4318:
4153:
3914:
3641:
3578:
3340:
3320:
3256:
2218:
2077:
2069:
2057:
2049:
186:This article includes a list of general
5549:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
5419:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
4849:
4839:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 60.
4824:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 44.
3350:Advance from the northeast (1847–1864):
3252:Syr-Darya Line and Battles of Ak Mechet
2459:
2309:line roughly between the Urals and the
1881:expand the Russian frontier to the east
14:
6366:
6170:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
6101:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
5960:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
5938:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
5652:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
5328:Military history of the Russian Empire
4834:
4819:
4810:Ж. Касымбаев «Кенесары Касымов», с. 54
4338:in the south. On the Chinese side the
3857:with connections to the rest of Russia
3373:and then the land the ancients called
3232:
3087:1839 failed winter expedition to Khiva
2131:is between the Oxus and Jaxartes. The
1946:until 1991. This region now comprises
1151:6,651 troops and 10,000 camels (Khiva)
6320:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
5698:Russian colonization of North America
5258:
3569:1864–1868: Kokand and Bukhara subdued
3345:Mountain-steppe boundary near Bishkek
2671:
2580:Uralsk was an old settlement of free
2445:
2403:
2255:. To the east of the Nogais were the
2150:along the Oxus and Zarafshan and the
1426:
6399:Russian colonisation in Central Asia
5333:Military history of the Soviet Union
5194:Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique
5078:. Sampson Low, Marston & Company
4208:1879: Lomakin's defeat at Geok Tepe:
3966:
3950:
3747:
3542:In 1851 Russia and China signed the
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
6074:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
5162:(University of Malaya Press, 1968).
5031:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia
4275:1885: Expansion stopped at Panjdeh:
4040:
3789:
3733:
3690:
2775:, Nicholas I allowed a trip to the
2756:
2740:, and also by the hostility of the
2192:. The main advance was made under
1982:gained increasing control over the
24:
6374:Central Asia in the Russian Empire
6120:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
5486:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
5110:Middleton, Robert and Huw Thomas.
4398:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
4130:Conquest of Turkmenistan 1879–1885
3878:Kenderli (?1873): a temporary base
2833:
2030:. In 1873, the Russians conquered
975:Abu al-Ghazi Muhammad Amin Bahadur
192:it lacks sufficient corresponding
110:"Russian conquest of Central Asia"
25:
6425:
6379:Wars involving the Russian Empire
5985:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
5119:Slavonic and East European Review
5104:, Harvard University press, 1971.
4444:
4368:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
4227:killed. A week later he occupied
4024:
3982:
3803:
3705:
3496:
3440:
3218:
3162:
3148:
2920:Fall of the Kazakh Khanate (1847)
2762:Abul Khair Khan's Russian clashes
2157:
1306:2,500 killed or died of diseases
45:This article has multiple issues.
6039:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
5832:Russian conquest of Central Asia
5768:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
5564:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
5506:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
4433:facing the Afghans. In 1893 the
4289:1872–1895: The Eastern Mountains
4138:
4132:
4111:
4098:
4097:
4083:
4069:
4055:
4039:
4023:
4009:
3995:
3981:
3965:
3949:
3942:
3829:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
3802:
3788:
3775:
3774:
3761:
3760:
3746:
3732:
3718:
3704:
3697:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3468:
3467:
3453:
3439:
3425:
3411:
3397:
3390:
3317:1847–1864: Down the eastern side
3231:
3217:
3203:
3189:
3175:
3161:
3147:
3133:
3120:
3119:
3112:
2661:Dzungar Khuntaiji Tsewang-Rabtan
2638:governor Prince Matvey Gagarin.
2521:
2500:
2486:
2472:
2458:
2444:
2431:
2430:
2416:
2402:
2388:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2346:
2332:
2325:
1456:Russian conquest of Central Asia
1406:
1403:~8,000 killed (incl. civilians)
1365:
1344:
1285:3,000 captured (Kazakh Khanate)
1263:
1234:
1076:
1057:
998:
987:
978:
969:
960:
949:
936:
925:
831:
822:
811:
795:
779:
770:
759:
748:
737:
726:
715:
704:
693:
682:
671:
652:
636:
626:Military foreman Vitoshnov
620:
609:
598:
587:
578:
569:
558:
539:
528:
517:
497:
484:
460:
445:
430:
387:
374:
361:
256:Russian conquest of Central Asia
177:
75:
34:
6389:Territorial evolution of Russia
6325:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
5970:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
5911:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
5009:История завоевания Средней Азии
4986:
4977:
4924:
4915:
4894:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4858:
4843:
4828:
4813:
4804:
4795:
4786:
4777:
4768:
4657:, Katti-Kurgan, Hussein Bek of
4648:
4635:
4626:
4527:reached Kabul. In 1838 Persia
4070:
4056:
3668:battle on the Zerabulak heights
3412:
3398:
2629:. Decrees ordered him to go to
2473:
2389:
2120:and Tamerlane's old capital of
2034:and in 1881, they took western
1978:In the nineteenth century, the
1891:succeeded in conquering all of
1225:~3,000-6,000 troops (1773–1775)
263:territorial evolution of Russia
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
6007:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
5657:War of the Austrian Succession
5250:(Oxford: Clarendon Press 1980)
5112:Tajikistan and the High Pamirs
5015:] (in Russian). Volume 1.
5000:References and further reading
4963:Бекмаханова, Наиля E. (2015).
4942:Бекмаханова, Наиля E. (2015).
4757:
4746:
4735:
4723:
4714:
4705:
4696:
4675:
4579:Indians in the British service
4342:branch off creating the upper
4112:
3996:
3719:
3454:
3426:
3204:
3134:
2792:West Siberian Governor-General
2680:1717: Failed conquest on Khiva
2501:
2347:
2333:
2259:and to the north, between the
2014:and dominated the Khanates of
1153:2,600 troops (Kazakh Khanate)
1109:200 shot and buckshot charges
984:Qutlugh Muhammad Murad Bahadur
275:Map of Russia's advances into
13:
1:
6230:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
6108:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
5859:Russian invasion of Manchuria
5849:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
5795:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
5790:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
5733:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
5723:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
5688:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
5683:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
5673:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
5663:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
5641:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
5636:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
5613:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
5608:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
5583:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
5559:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
5554:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
5539:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
5414:List of wars involving Russia
5409:Sino-Russian border conflicts
5227:. March 1956, 6#3 pp 172–180.
4239:1884: The annexation of Merv:
4084:
3853:(1556–): at the mouth of the
3554:Up the Syr Darya (1859–1864):
3190:
3176:
3106:1847–1853: The Syr Darya line
2487:
2296:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
2247:In 1556 Russia conquered the
546:Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky
18:Russian conquest of Turkestan
6404:Russian colonisation in Asia
6394:Russian military occupations
6185:Eritrean War of Independence
6155:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
6150:East German uprising of 1953
6091:Eastern Front (World War II)
5980:Red Army invasion of Georgia
5975:Red Army invasion of Armenia
5943:Estonian War of Independence
5884:Russian occupation of Tabriz
5805:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
5763:War of the Seventh Coalition
5646:War of the Polish Succession
5593:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
5222:The Russians in Central Asia
4668:
4010:
3093:1839: Failed attack on Khiva
2979:, to make the expedition to
2417:
2375:
2045:
7:
6225:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
6175:Sino-Soviet border conflict
6044:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
6012:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
5948:Latvian War of Independence
5837:Russian conquest of Bukhara
5728:War of the Fourth Coalition
5713:War of the Second Coalition
4478:Russo-Persian War (1804–13)
4416:and mapped the area around
3905:1873: The conquest of Khiva
3575:Russian conquest of Bukhara
3369:. South of Ferghana is the
2062:Ethnic map of Central Asia.
1940:Russian sphere of influence
1931:as a neutral buffer zone.
1604:Russian conquest of Bukhara
10:
6430:
6220:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
5758:War of the Sixth Coalition
5748:War of the Fifth Coalition
5718:War of the Third Coalition
5323:Military history of Russia
5285:Armed conflicts involving
5070:An Indian Officer (1894).
4563:Frederick Gustavus Burnaby
4492:reached Bukhara. In 1830
4406:Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko
4267:
4216:
4203:Battle of Geok Tepe (1879)
4200:
3908:
3687:was created in its place.
3572:
3261:Syr Darya (Jaxartes) Basin
2977:Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov
2683:
2245:Around the southern Urals:
1986:. The Russian conquest of
1973:
1879:embarked on a campaign to
1469:Russian conquest of Kokand
1283:About 4,000 killed (Khiva)
1231:~20,000 troops (1844–1845)
1227:~About 2,000 troops (1838)
942:Muzaffaruddin Bahadur Khan
6333:
6268:
6059:Soviet invasion of Poland
5869:
5753:French invasion of Russia
5621:
5519:
5438:
5364:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
5356:
5313:
5306:
4169:and was inhabited by the
2955:1819: Expedition to Khiva
2188:used this route to reach
2054:Present-day Central Asia.
1875:In the 16th century, the
1558:Russian conquest of Khiva
1464:
1256:
1069:
1005:Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II
510:
353:
283:
268:
260:
255:
6200:South African Border War
6125:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
6027:Chechen uprising of 1932
5708:Russo-Persian War (1796)
5217:, Edward Stanford, 1865.
5008:
4607:
3626:to the Bokharan fort of
3081:, before round 3 of the
2961:Nikolai Muraviev-Amursky
2938:their former capital of
2596:. After China conquered
2519:Siberian Line about 1800
2271:. Around this time some
2226:in skirmish with Kazakhs
1008:Muhammad Mallya Beg Khan
5842:Khivan campaign of 1873
5693:Russo-Polish War (1792)
5121:53.133 (1975): 521–538
5007:Terentyev, M. (2022).
4850:Hopkirk, Peter (1990).
4567:Second Anglo-Afghan War
4390:1893: Pamirs occupied:
4311:made himself master of
4305:Dungan Revolt (1862–77)
3911:Khivan campaign of 1873
3833:Viceroy of the Caucasus
3632:Kattakurgan, Uzbekistan
3613:Kokand Regent Alim Kuli
3100:Khivan campaign of 1839
3057:, telling him that the
2965:Nikolai Muraviev-Karsky
2686:Khivan campaign of 1717
2609:Expedition of 1713-1716
1313:500 killed and wounded
1160:30,000+ troops (Summer)
877:Azizuddin Bahadur
207:more precise citations.
6409:History of colonialism
6315:Western Libya campaign
5990:East Karelian uprising
5511:Wagner Group rebellion
5446:Uprising of Bolotnikov
5176:(London) 1876 2 Vols.
5114:, Odyssey Books, 2008.
5047:Russia in Central Asia
4621:
4541:First Anglo-Afghan War
4525:Jan Prosper Witkiewicz
4512:
4507:British army entering
4454:
4386:
4334:in the north from the
4324:
4159:
3924:
3651:
3646:Russian troops taking
3588:
3583:Russian troops taking
3346:
3329:
3262:
2227:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2055:
1966:in the southwest; the
1962:in the southeast, and
1417:~900 killed or wounded
1162:3,100 troops (Autumn)
1105:12 pounds of gunpowder
1028:Berdi Murad Khan
1025:Muhammad Khudayar Khan
898:Ğubaidullah Khan
801:Khorunzhiy Rybin
744:Konstantin von Kaufman
642:Ivan Krasnovskiy
511:Commanders and leaders
6310:Intervention in Syria
6245:Tajikistani Civil War
5953:Lithuanian–Soviet War
5894:Battle of Robat Karim
5343:Post-Soviet conflicts
5236:online free to borrow
5183:Skrine, Francis Henry
5154:online free to borrow
5145:59.3 (2007): 481–501.
5134:Morrison, Alexander.
4921:Malikov, pp. 180–198.
4615:
4602:Anglo-Russian Entente
4506:
4452:
4404:and Bactria. In 1871
4380:
4322:
4297:1867–1877: Yakub Beg:
4268:Further information:
4243:Trans-Caspian Railway
4217:Further information:
4201:Further information:
4195:desert-adapted horses
4157:
3918:
3890:Trans-Caspian railway
3645:
3582:
3344:
3325:A train crossing the
3324:
3260:
2239:History of Kazakhstan
2222:
2170:and linked articles.
2168:Siberian River Routes
2081:
2073:
2061:
2053:
1942:remained in what was
1889:Imperial Russian Army
1757:Taymanuly's rebellion
1333:645 died of diseases
1257:Casualties and losses
1219:~10,000 troops (1717)
915:Sher Ghazi Khan
6293:Annexation of Crimea
5997:Central Asian Revolt
5906:Ukrainian–Soviet War
5778:Russo-Circassian War
5461:Pugachev's Rebellion
5404:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
5348:Russian Armed Forces
5318:Early modern warfare
5242:2.2 (1980): 216–238.
5167:Central Asian Survey
5066:, John Murray, 1990.
4618:Sidney Edwards Morse
4422:Francis Younghusband
4163:The Turkoman country
4127:class=notpageimage|
3818:class=notpageimage|
3659:General von Kaufmann
3548:Treaty of Tarbagatai
3511:class=notpageimage|
3249:class=notpageimage|
2951:Khanate as a whole.
2516:class=notpageimage|
2174:Up the Irtysh River:
1919:sought to reinforce
1707:Kenesary's Rebellion
1340:11 killed or wounded
1229:~3,500 troops (1843)
1010:Muhammad Sultan Khan
855:Kenesary's Rebellion
95:improve this article
6353:Sphere of influence
6283:Russo-Ukrainian War
6140:First Indochina War
6113:Soviet–Japanese War
6049:Xinjiang War (1937)
5918:Kazakhstan Campaign
5703:Kościuszko Uprising
5603:Second Northern War
5481:Coup attempt (1991)
5374:Soviet-Finnish wars
5230:Wheeler, Geoffrey.
5220:Wheeler, Geoffrey.
5172:Schuyler, Eugene.
5169:1.2-3 (1982): 1–30.
5158:Quested, Rosemary.
5148:Pierce, Richard A.
5143:Europe–Asia Studies
4521:Richmond Shakespear
4427:Murghab, Tajikistan
4233:Transcaspian Oblast
4219:Battle of Geok Tepe
3886:Transcaspian Oblast
2910:Mugodzhar mountains
2823:Russian detachments
2526:=the three Khanates
2108:. The Jaxartes or
1944:Soviet Central Asia
616:Catherine the Great
6343:Russian Revolution
6278:Russo-Georgian War
6260:Second Chechen War
6240:Georgian Civil War
5879:Russo-Japanese War
5631:Great Northern War
5529:Russo-Crimean Wars
5501:Second Chechen War
5399:Russo-Turkish wars
5394:Russo-Swedish wars
5384:Russo-Persian Wars
5369:Russo-Crimean Wars
5138:(Oxford UP, 2008).
5059:(Routledge, 2010).
4622:
4513:
4486:Battle of Aslanduz
4455:
4387:
4383:Right: Tarim Basin
4340:Borohoro Mountains
4325:
4191:Khiva slave market
4160:
3930:Russian Revolution
3925:
3919:Russians entering
3652:
3589:
3562:Hazrat-i-Turkestan
3347:
3330:
3271:Hazrat-i-Turkestan
3263:
2940:Hazrat-e-Turkistan
2672:Expedition of 1719
2532:The Siberian line:
2231:The Kazakh steppe:
2228:
2148:Khanate of Bukhara
2084:
2076:
2068:
2056:
2042:in the southeast.
1840:Alexandrovsky fort
1730:Punitive campaigns
1693:Datuly's rebellion
1223:~300 troops (1721)
1221:~500 troops (1720)
966:Allah Quli Bahadur
886:Jar Muhammad Khan
785:Alexei Rytov
755:Mikhail Chernyayev
438:Emirate of Bukhara
405:Pro-Russian Tribes
6361:
6360:
6250:First Chechen War
6205:Soviet–Afghan War
6190:Angolan Civil War
5965:Polish–Soviet War
5923:Finnish Civil War
5901:Russian Civil War
5800:November Uprising
5738:Anglo-Russian War
5678:Bar Confederation
5491:First Chechen War
5471:Russian Civil War
5466:Decembrist revolt
5456:Bulavin Rebellion
5451:Razin's Rebellion
5434:
5433:
5389:Russo-Polish Wars
5357:Lists by opponent
5187:The Heart of Asia
5090:Johnson, Robert.
5036:Brower, Daniel.
5022:978-5-4481-1327-7
4574:Karakoram Highway
4552:Anglo-Persian War
4500:reached Bokhara.
4396:which is now the
4381:Pamirs from space
4364:Chinese Turkestan
4193:. They also bred
3888:and start of the
3655:Samarkand (1868):
3620:Campaign of 1866:
3367:Khanate of Kokand
3085:expeditions, the
2999:for his goals in
2294:. Following the
2249:Astrakhan Khanate
2152:Khanate of Kokand
1923:, triggering the
1913:Iranian ethnicity
1897:Russian Turkestan
1877:Tsardom of Russia
1872:
1871:
1421:
1420:
1064:Abdur Rahman Khan
1046:Makhdum Kuli Khan
1037:Kara Bateer
858:
828:Dmitry Romanovsky
468:Khanate of Kokand
369:Tsardom of Russia
349:
348:
326:Russian Turkestan
324:Establishment of
251:
250:
243:
233:
232:
225:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
6421:
6235:Transnistria War
6180:War of Attrition
6086:Continuation War
6035:
5827:January Uprising
5668:Seven Years' War
5568:Time of Troubles
5534:Russo-Kazan Wars
5379:Russo-Kazan Wars
5311:
5310:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5256:
5255:
5206:(2010): 120–150
5196:(1979): 305–322
5087:
5085:
5083:
5062:Hopkirk, Peter.
5026:
4993:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4939:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4913:
4912:. — 100 000 экз.
4898:
4892:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4662:
4652:
4646:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4554:of 1856–57. The
4533:Charles Stoddart
4498:Alexander Burnes
4437:established the
4270:Panjdeh incident
4142:
4136:
4115:
4114:
4101:
4100:
4087:
4086:
4073:
4072:
4059:
4058:
4043:
4042:
4027:
4026:
4013:
4012:
3999:
3998:
3985:
3984:
3969:
3968:
3953:
3952:
3946:
3806:
3805:
3792:
3791:
3778:
3777:
3764:
3763:
3750:
3749:
3736:
3735:
3722:
3721:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3691:The Caspian side
3681:Mikhail Skobelev
3600:Tashkent (1865):
3499:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3457:
3456:
3443:
3442:
3429:
3428:
3415:
3414:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3235:
3234:
3221:
3220:
3207:
3206:
3193:
3192:
3179:
3178:
3165:
3164:
3151:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3022:. He arrived in
2973:Russian Caucasus
2969:Nikolai Muraviev
2844:Ulytau mountains
2757:Initial contacts
2525:
2504:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2448:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2420:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2392:
2391:
2378:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2281:Khivan territory
2144:Khanate of Khiva
1992:Khanate of Khiva
1968:Russian language
1907:, excluding the
1860:
1835:Rukin detachment
1816:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1702:
1681:
1657:
1645:
1631:
1619:
1574:
1551:
1537:
1523:
1496:
1484:
1459:
1457:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1370:
1369:
1362:thousands killed
1349:
1348:
1268:
1267:
1239:
1238:
1081:
1080:
1062:
1061:
1043:
1034:
1021:
1003:
1002:
992:
991:
983:
982:
974:
973:
965:
964:
954:
953:
941:
940:
930:
929:
921:
908:Sarzhan Qasimuly
904:
883:
870:Sapura Matenqyzy
852:
846:
836:
835:
827:
826:
818:Mikhail Skobelev
816:
815:
807:
800:
799:
791:
784:
783:
775:
774:
764:
763:
753:
752:
742:
741:
731:
730:
720:
719:
709:
708:
698:
697:
687:
686:
676:
675:
667:
657:
656:
648:
641:
640:
632:
625:
624:
614:
613:
603:
602:
592:
591:
583:
582:
574:
573:
563:
562:
554:
544:
543:
533:
532:
522:
521:
503:
501:
500:
494:
490:
488:
487:
472:
466:
464:
463:
457:
453:Khanate of Khiva
451:
449:
448:
442:
436:
434:
433:
427:
420:
392:
391:
390:
380:
378:
377:
367:
365:
364:
285:
284:
273:
253:
252:
246:
239:
228:
221:
217:
214:
208:
203:this article by
194:inline citations
181:
180:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6329:
6270:
6264:
6255:War of Dagestan
6029:
6002:August Uprising
5871:
5865:
5854:Boxer Rebellion
5822:Amur Annexation
5623:
5617:
5521:
5515:
5496:War of Dagestan
5476:August Uprising
5430:
5352:
5302:
5283:
5253:
5100:Mancall, Mark.
5081:
5079:
5055:Ewans, Martin.
5023:
5010:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4961:
4957:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4916:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4848:
4844:
4833:
4829:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4653:
4649:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4610:
4482:Henry Pottinger
4447:
4439:Wakhan Corridor
4384:
4382:
4291:
4272:
4221:
4205:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4137:=Russian fort;
4131:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3938:
3913:
3907:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3693:
3676:
3577:
3571:
3544:Treaty of Kulja
3531:) and Pishpek (
3517:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3371:Turkestan Range
3363:Ferghana Valley
3319:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3108:
3095:
3006:He crossed the
2957:
2922:
2836:
2834:Second campaign
2788:Orenburg Steppe
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2738:war with Sweden
2688:
2682:
2674:
2627:Ust-Kamenogorsk
2611:
2606:
2575:Ust-Kamenogorsk
2529:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:Ust Kaminogorsk
2463:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2288:Peter the Great
2286:At the time of
2210:Ust-Kamenogorsk
2198:Dzungar Khanate
2194:Peter the Great
2160:
2137:Ustyurt Plateau
2129:Kyzylkum Desert
2114:Zarafshan River
2065:
2063:
2048:
2040:Pamir Mountains
1976:
1954:in the centre,
1873:
1868:
1854:
1820:Ural and Turgai
1810:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1696:
1675:
1651:
1639:
1625:
1613:
1568:
1545:
1531:
1517:
1490:
1478:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1416:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1396:2,000+ wounded
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:Turkmen tribes:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1331:254–669 wounded
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1292:5,000 captured
1291:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1276:1,300 captured
1275:
1273:
1262:
1251:
1246:
1245:~12,000 troops
1244:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:Kurmanjan Datka
1047:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1007:
997:
996:
994:Sayyid Muhammad
986:
985:
977:
976:
968:
967:
959:
958:
948:
947:
943:
935:
934:
924:
923:
917:
914:
910:
906:
900:
897:
895:
891:
887:
885:
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:Abul Khair Khan
848:
842:
830:
829:
821:
820:
810:
809:
803:
794:
793:
787:
778:
777:
776:Nikolai Lomakin
769:
768:
758:
757:
747:
746:
736:
735:
733:Vasily Perovsky
725:
724:
714:
713:
703:
702:
692:
691:
681:
680:
678:Iosif Igelström
670:
669:
663:
651:
650:
644:
635:
634:
628:
619:
618:
608:
607:
597:
596:
586:
585:
577:
576:
568:
567:
557:
556:
550:
538:
537:
527:
526:
524:Peter the Great
516:
498:
496:
495:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
470:
461:
459:
458:
455:
446:
444:
443:
440:
431:
429:
428:
425:
421:
418:
416:Dzungar Khanate
397:
388:
386:
385:
375:
373:
372:
362:
360:
345:
328:in Central Asia
317:
311:Russian victory
303:
274:
247:
236:
235:
234:
229:
218:
212:
209:
199:Please help to
198:
182:
178:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6427:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6338:Russian Winter
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6280:
6274:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6165:Vlora incident
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6066:
6061:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5935:
5930:
5928:Sochi conflict
5925:
5920:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5886:
5881:
5875:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5851:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5282:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5238:
5228:
5218:
5211:
5200:
5190:
5180:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5126:
5115:
5108:
5105:
5098:
5095:
5088:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5049:(London) 1889
5041:
5034:
5029:Bregel, Yuri.
5027:
5021:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4955:
4934:
4923:
4914:
4893:
4891:Bregel, p. 64.
4884:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4842:
4827:
4812:
4803:
4794:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4756:
4745:
4734:
4722:
4713:
4704:
4695:
4693:, p. 323.
4691:Terentyev 2022
4683:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4647:
4634:
4624:
4623:
4609:
4606:
4537:Arthur Conolly
4529:besieged Herat
4494:Arthur Conolly
4446:
4445:The Great Game
4443:
4290:
4287:
4167:Karakum Desert
4125:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4008:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3963:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3909:Main article:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3858:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3703:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3685:Fergana Oblast
3675:
3672:
3570:
3567:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3318:
3315:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3094:
3091:
3069:should invade
2956:
2953:
2921:
2918:
2835:
2832:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:Russian Empire
2742:Ottoman Empire
2684:Main article:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2159:
2158:Early contacts
2156:
2133:Karakum Desert
2089:Fergana Valley
2047:
2044:
1980:Russian Empire
1975:
1972:
1950:in the north,
1917:British Empire
1905:Turkic peoples
1885:Russian Empire
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1646:
1632:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1524:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1383:3 500+ killed
1376:12 000 killed
1341:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1252:~36,000 troops
1215:Kazakh Khanate
1212:
1190:13,000 troops
1176:2,000+ troops
1116:35,000 troops
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
956:William Brydon
932:Nasrullah Khan
859:
659:Andrey Borodin
605:Anna Ioannovna
594:Nikita Borodin
513:
512:
508:
507:
505:British Empire
475:Turkmen tribes
423:Kazakh Khanate
413:
412:
411:
406:
394:Kalmyk Khanate
382:Russian Empire
356:
355:
351:
350:
347:
346:
344:
343:
329:
321:
319:
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
299:
297:
293:
292:
289:
281:
280:
266:
265:
258:
257:
249:
248:
231:
230:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6426:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6303:2022 invasion
6301:
6299:
6298:War in Donbas
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6135:Ili Rebellion
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6033:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5868:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5773:Caucasian War
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5280:
5275:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5225:History Today
5223:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5204:Slavic Review
5201:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5189:, circa 1900.
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5040:(London) 2003
5039:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5014:
5005:
5004:
4989:
4980:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4938:
4932:
4927:
4918:
4911:
4910:5-7117-0059-6
4907:
4906:5-7117-0058-8
4903:
4897:
4888:
4879:
4870:
4861:
4853:
4846:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4771:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4717:
4708:
4699:
4692:
4687:
4678:
4674:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4638:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4614:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4557:
4556:Indian Mutiny
4553:
4549:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4463:British India
4460:
4451:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4414:Kyzylart Pass
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4141:
4135:
4128:
3945:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3819:
3700:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3624:Hungry Steppe
3621:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3365:ruled by the
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:Berdan rifles
3328:
3327:Kazakh steppe
3323:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3115:
3103:
3101:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:Lake Balkhash
2941:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:Petropavlovsk
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2846:and from the
2845:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:Petropavlovsk
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2777:Kazakh Steppe
2774:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:Orenburg line
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:Semipalatinsk
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:Petropavlovsk
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2524:
2517:
2452:Semipalatinsk
2410:Petropavlovsk
2328:
2321:
2319:
2318:Khan of Khiva
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:conquer Khiva
2289:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:Konye-Urgench
2274:
2273:free Cossacks
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2224:Ural Cossacks
2221:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:Fyodor Baykov
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2080:
2072:
2060:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:south of the
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:Kazakh Steppe
1981:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:in the east,
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:, who are an
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1794:Aqbulaq River
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1742:Lake Balkhash
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:2nd Geok Tepe
1595:
1593:
1592:1st Geok Tepe
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1414:
1409:
1400:
1394:2,000+ killed
1391:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1329:59–268 killed
1326:
1322:~250 wounded
1317:
1310:
1303:
1299:2,500 killed
1296:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:7,100 troops
1201:
1197:3,500 troops
1194:
1187:
1183:2,500 troops
1180:
1173:
1169:3,000 troops
1166:
1157:
1148:
1144:2,620 troops
1141:
1137:3,080 troops
1134:
1130:3,347 troops
1127:
1123:1,050 troops
1120:
1113:
1098:
1094:4,000 troops
1091:
1087:2,940 troops
1084:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1006:
1001:
995:
990:
981:
972:
963:
957:
952:
946:
945:Syzdyk Sultan
939:
933:
928:
922:
920:
913:
912:Kenesary Khan
909:
905:
903:
894:
890:
884:
882:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:
856:
851:
847:
845:
839:
838:Nikolai Rukin
834:
825:
819:
814:
808:
806:
798:
792:
790:
782:
773:
767:
762:
756:
751:
745:
740:
734:
729:
723:
718:
712:
711:Alexander III
707:
701:
696:
690:
685:
679:
674:
668:
666:
660:
655:
649:
647:
639:
633:
631:
623:
617:
612:
606:
601:
595:
590:
581:
575:Ivan Timofeev
572:
566:
565:Ivan Likharev
561:
555:
553:
547:
542:
536:
535:Ivan Buchholz
531:
525:
520:
515:
514:
509:
506:
493:
480:
479:Kyrgyz tribes
476:
469:
454:
439:
424:
417:
414:
410:
407:
404:
403:
402:
400:
395:
383:
370:
358:
357:
352:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
322:
320:
315:
314:
310:
307:
306:
302:
298:
295:
294:
290:
287:
286:
282:
278:
272:
267:
264:
259:
254:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
206:
202:
196:
195:
189:
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6054:World War II
5831:
5578:Smolensk War
5544:Livonian War
5247:
5246:Yapp, M. E.
5241:
5231:
5224:
5221:
5214:
5203:
5193:
5186:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5118:
5111:
5101:
5091:
5080:. Retrieved
5076:Google Books
5075:
5063:
5056:
5046:
5044:Curzon, G.N.
5037:
5030:
5012:
4988:
4979:
4970:
4965:
4958:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4926:
4917:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4869:
4860:
4851:
4845:
4836:
4830:
4821:
4815:
4806:
4797:
4788:
4779:
4770:
4759:
4748:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4716:
4707:
4698:
4686:
4677:
4650:
4637:
4628:
4591:
4571:
4560:
4545:
4514:
4475:
4471:
4467:Central Asia
4456:
4418:Karakul Lake
4389:
4388:
4327:
4326:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4281:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4252:
4238:
4237:
4223:
4222:
4207:
4206:
4198:the desert.
4161:
4146:
3926:
3873:Alexandrovsk
3845:
3825:
3754:Alexandrovsk
3677:
3654:
3653:
3619:
3618:
3608:first attack
3599:
3591:
3590:
3553:
3552:
3541:
3518:
3349:
3348:
3331:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3294:
3279:
3264:
3096:
3073:to free the
3052:
3005:
2958:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2879:
2871:
2859:
2852:
2841:
2837:
2808:
2804:Karkaralinsk
2794:headed from
2781:
2770:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2712:
2708:Alexandrovsk
2700:Turkmenistan
2689:
2675:
2666:
2658:
2651:
2640:
2612:
2594:Irtysh River
2589:
2579:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2315:
2300:
2285:
2244:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2178:Irtysh River
2173:
2172:
2162:
2161:
2141:
2126:
2094:
2085:
2036:Turkmenistan
1988:Central Asia
1977:
1964:Turkmenistan
1933:
1893:Central Asia
1874:
1756:
1705:
1692:
1665:
1635:
1584:
1577:
1564:
1541:
1527:
1454:
1412:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1357:
1355:2,000 killed
1350:
1335:
1324:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1295:In 1774–1776
1294:
1287:
1278:
1274:2,300 killed
1269:
1247:
1240:
1211:1,500 troops
1207:In 1883–1885
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1155:
1147:In 1839-1840
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1119:In 1832–1833
1118:
1112:In 1773–1775
1111:
1101:2,000 troops
1097:In 1715–1725
1096:
1089:
1083:In 1714–1716
1082:
1040:
1031:
1018:
918:
901:
889:Qasim Sultan
880:
874:Syrym Datuly
843:
804:
788:
766:Ivan Lazarev
700:Alexander II
664:
645:
629:
584:Ivan Loginov
551:
471:(until 1876)
456:(until 1873)
441:(until 1868)
426:(until 1848)
419:(until 1719)
401:(1773–1895)
359:
354:Belligerents
301:Central Asia
261:Part of the
237:
219:
213:October 2022
210:
191:
157:
151:October 2022
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
6414:Colonialism
6160:Vietnam War
6030: [
5889:World War I
5810:Crimean War
5743:Finnish War
5659:(1740–1748)
5648:(1733–1738)
5573:Ingrian War
5289:(including
5178:online free
5051:online free
4837:The Kazakhs
4822:The Kazakhs
4643:Istaravshan
4641:Apparently
4548:Crimean War
4435:Durand Line
4410:Alay Valley
4360:Muzart Pass
4348:Yining City
4336:Tarim Basin
4301:Tarim Basin
4247:Kyzyl Arbat
4212:Atrek River
3882:Krasnovodsk
3855:Volga River
3796:Chikishlyar
3740:Krasnovodsk
3592:Ican (1864)
3558:Zhanakorgan
2848:Tobol River
2811:September 1
2722:tribesmen.
2704:Krasnovodsk
2696:Caspian Sea
2586:Bashkir War
2311:Caspian Sea
2303:Bashkir War
2267:, were the
2253:Nogai Horde
2028:Caspian Sea
2024:Volga River
1936:World War I
1929:Afghanistan
1899:—the name "
1887:, when the
1855: [
1811: [
1797: [
1785: [
1773: [
1770:Khan Ordasy
1761: [
1745: [
1733: [
1721: [
1697: [
1676: [
1652: [
1640: [
1626: [
1623:Istaravshan
1614: [
1569: [
1546: [
1532: [
1518: [
1491: [
1479: [
1476:Itchan Kala
1320:200+ killed
896:Adil Sultan
893:Wali Sultan
722:Nicholas II
492:Afghanistan
396:(1721–1771)
384:(1721–1895)
371:(1713–1721)
316:Territorial
205:introducing
6368:Categories
6195:Ogaden War
6145:Korean War
6064:Winter War
5933:Heimosodat
5520:Tsardom of
4983:Middleton.
4882:MacKenzie.
4655:Shahrisabz
4459:Great Game
4402:Panj river
4147:Kopet Dagh
3865:Ural River
3573:See also:
3354:Semirechye
2948:Ormon Khan
2233:Since the
2004:Kyrgyzstan
1960:Tajikistan
1956:Kyrgyzstan
1952:Uzbekistan
1948:Kazakhstan
1925:Great Game
1830:Mangyshlak
1542:2nd Kokand
1528:1st Kokand
1053:Ormon Khan
866:Ablai Khan
850:Ormon Khan
689:Nicholas I
188:references
121:newspapers
50:improve it
5815:Åland War
5783:Murid War
5622:18th–19th
5174:Turkistan
4730:Чулков М.
4669:Citations
4604:of 1907.
4490:Moorcroft
4352:Taranchis
4344:Ili River
4332:Dzungaria
4309:Yakub Beg
4179:Kopet Dag
4175:Amu Darya
3989:PetroAlex
3898:Ashuradeh
3851:Astrakhan
3837:Kopet Dag
3810:Ashuradeh
3712:Astrakhan
3648:Samarkand
3521:Ili River
3503:Samarkand
3447:Aulie Ata
3383:Samarkand
3358:Tien Shan
3298:Yakub Beg
3282:Kazalinsk
3275:Ak-Mechet
3267:Syr Darya
3225:Turkestan
3169:Ak-Mechet
3155:Kazalinsk
3012:Turcomans
2828:September
2692:Astrakhan
2643:October 1
2122:Samarkand
2110:Syr Darya
2098:Amu Darya
2046:Geography
2012:Samarkand
2000:Syr Darya
1901:Turkestan
1713:Akmolinsk
1667:Zerabulak
1661:Samarkand
1611:Sarybulak
1586:3rd Khiva
1579:2nd Khiva
1565:1st Khiva
1500:Uzynagash
1107:300 cores
291:1713–1895
277:Turkestan
56:talk page
6348:Cold War
6210:Gulf War
5566:and the
5439:Internal
5295:Imperial
5234:(1964).
5082:11 April
4992:Hopkirk.
4600:and the
4509:Kandahar
4245:reached
4229:Ashgabat
4171:Turkoman
4143:=Khanate
4105:to Herat
3831:but the
3782:Kinderli
3768:NovoAlex
3664:besieged
3604:Shymkent
3585:Tashkent
3489:Tashkent
3475:Chimkent
3379:Tashkent
3303:Perovsky
3127:Orenburg
3067:Russians
3050:Palace.
2997:Lankaran
2898:Cossacks
2819:Orenburg
2654:Dzungars
2598:Xinjiang
2582:Cossacks
2577:(1720).
2569:(1720),
2567:Pavlodar
2565:(1716),
2561:(1753),
2557:(1743),
2553:(1735).
2549:(1743),
2547:Orenburg
2545:(1613),
2541:(1645),
2438:Pavlodar
2368:Orenburg
2307:Orenburg
2269:Bashkirs
2202:Dzungars
2163:Siberia:
2106:Khwarezm
2102:Aral Sea
2008:Tashkent
1996:Aral Sea
1808:Orenburg
1515:Tashkent
1505:Shymkent
1070:Strength
409:Bashkirs
296:Location
6288:Outline
6271:century
5872:century
5624:century
5307:Related
5291:Tsarist
5152:(1960)
5033:, 2003.
4864:Bregel.
4594:in 1886
4587:Chitral
4511:in 1839
4372:Tacheng
4313:Kashgar
4077:Bukhara
4063:Panjdeh
3923:in 1873
3839:and at
3650:in 1868
3637:Khujand
3628:Jizzakh
3596:at Ican
3587:in 1865
3533:Bishkek
3419:Pishpek
3405:Vernoye
3375:Bactria
3239:Vernoye
3044:Russian
3028:Khivans
3020:Khanate
3016:Karakum
3008:Karakum
2902:Kazakhs
2886:July 20
2875:June 23
2773:June 27
2720:Turkmen
2631:Tobolsk
2623:Omskaya
2573:(1718)
2555:Troitsk
2480:Bukhara
2396:Troitsk
2257:Kazakhs
2235:Kazakhs
2214:Chinese
2182:Tobolsk
2118:Bokhara
2020:Bokhara
1974:Outline
1864:Andijan
1845:Chagrai
1825:Panjdeh
1782:Tastobe
1649:Jizzakh
1488:Khujand
1413:In 1885
1399:In 1881
1390:In 1879
1379:In 1868
1372:In 1866
1358:In 1875
1351:In 1853
1336:In 1885
1325:In 1881
1316:In 1879
1309:In 1866
1302:In 1839
1288:In 1722
1279:In 1717
1270:In 1716
1248:In 1865
1241:In 1853
1200:In 1881
1193:In 1879
1186:In 1873
1179:In 1864
1172:In 1853
1165:In 1844
1156:In 1843
1140:In 1838
1133:In 1837
1126:In 1835
1090:In 1717
1041:†
1032:†
1019:†
1013:Alimqul
919:†
902:†
881:†
844:†
805:†
789:†
665:†
646:†
630:†
552:†
399:Kalmyks
333:Bukhara
318:changes
201:improve
135:scholar
5598:Deluge
5522:Russia
5301:times)
5299:Soviet
5287:Russia
5208:online
5198:online
5130:online
5123:online
5019:
4904:
4431:Khorog
4394:Pamirs
4356:Uigurs
4255:Tejent
4119:PERSIA
4047:Atrek
4003:Tejend
3975:shlyar
3957:Krasno
3861:Guryev
3726:Guryev
3529:Tokmok
3525:Almaty
3461:Kokand
3433:Tokmak
3290:saxaul
3286:saxaul
3241:(1854)
3211:Kokand
3141:Raimsk
3083:Khivan
3075:slaves
3038:. The
2993:slaves
2867:Russia
2862:Turgai
2784:August
2715:Tatars
2635:Irtysh
2615:May 22
2543:Uralsk
2539:Guryev
2508:Kokand
2354:Uralsk
2340:Guryev
2200:, the
2190:Peking
2016:Kokand
1938:, the
1909:Tajiks
1103:5 guns
1015:
840:
661:
548:
502:
489:
465:
450:
435:
379:
366:
341:Kokand
339:, and
308:Result
279:, 1912
190:, but
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
6034:]
5011:[
4969:[
4948:[
4659:Urgut
4608:Notes
4583:Hunza
4517:Abbot
4282:Cost:
4183:Tejen
4091:Khiva
4049:River
3973:Chiki
3959:vodsk
3921:Khiva
3537:Taraz
3197:Khiva
3183:Julek
3071:Khiva
3048:Khans
3024:Khiva
3001:Khiva
2989:Khiva
2981:Khiva
2727:Khiva
2494:Khiva
2265:Urals
2261:Volga
2032:Khiva
1921:India
1859:]
1815:]
1801:]
1789:]
1777:]
1765:]
1749:]
1737:]
1725:]
1718:Aktau
1701:]
1686:Other
1680:]
1673:Kitab
1656:]
1644:]
1636:Irjar
1630:]
1618:]
1573:]
1550:]
1536:]
1522:]
1495:]
1483:]
337:Khiva
142:JSTOR
128:books
6269:21st
5870:20th
5297:and
5084:2019
5017:ISBN
4902:ISBN
4598:1893
4596:and
4585:and
4457:The
4259:Merv
4241:The
4187:Merv
4185:and
4145:The
4033:Tepe
4031:Geok
4017:Merv
3841:Merv
3079:Tsar
3063:Khan
3059:Tsar
3055:Khan
3040:Khan
3036:Khan
3032:Khan
2985:Khan
2914:Omsk
2813:and
2802:and
2796:Omsk
2706:and
2647:1715
2619:1714
2563:Omsk
2551:Orsk
2424:Omsk
2382:Orsk
2263:and
2206:Omsk
2176:The
2018:and
2010:and
1852:Marv
1510:Ican
853:(in
288:Date
114:news
4616:In
2967:or
2855:May
2853:In
2809:On
2782:In
2771:On
2641:On
2613:On
2279:in
97:by
6370::
6032:ru
5293:,
5185:,
5074:.
4908:,
4589:.
3932:.
3385:.
3102:.
3089:.
3003:.
2975:,
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