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Providence having placed us in possession of the Grand Duchy of
Finland, we have desired by the present act to confirm and ratify the religion and the fundamental laws of the land, as well as the privileges and rights which each class in the said Grand Duchy in particular, and all the inhabitants in
302:, had threatened a military invasion and siege. While ostensibly affirming the Finns' rights in purely local matters, the manifesto asserted the authority of the state in any and all matters which could be considered to "come within the scope of the general legislation of the empire".
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was wrecked off the coast of
Finland and the plan failed. During the First World War, when Russia and Japan were allies fighting against Germany, the Japanese handed the Russian government a list of the leading men in the freedom movement (now in World War I working with
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the language of administration of
Finland (in 1900, there were an estimated 8,000 Russians in all of Finland, of a population of 2,700,000)âthe Finns saw this as placing the Russian minority in charge.
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and possibly the termination of its political autonomy and cultural uniqueness in 1899â1905 and in 1908â1917, fully integrating
Finland to the Russian Empire. It was a part of a larger policy of
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amplified the powers of the
Finnish diet in 1869. Having enjoyed prosperity and control over their own affairs, and having remained loyal subjects for nearly a century, the manifesto which
383:, the governor-general was granted dictatorial powers. Bobrikov used these powers to personally abolish several newspapers and to deport notable Finnish political leaders. In June 1904
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general, be their position high or low, have hitherto enjoyed according to the constitution. We promise to maintain all these benefits and laws firm and unshaken in their full force.
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as grand duke. For his part, Alexander confirmed the rights of the Finns, in particular, promising freedom to pursue their customs and religion and to maintain their identity:
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As a response to the manifesto, a petition with 523,000 names was gathered and a delegation of 500 people were sent to deliver it to the tsar. A separate petition called
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of 1899, the decree by
Emperor Nicholas II which asserted the imperial government's right to rule Finland without the consent of local legislative bodies, under which:
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pursued by late 19thâearly 20th century
Russian governments which tried to abolish cultural and administrative autonomy of non-Russian minorities within the empire.
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Constitutionalist insurgency in
Finland: Finnish "passive resistance" against Russification as a case of nonmilitary struggle in the European resistance tradition
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the
Orthodox Russian Church's status was strengthened; including, for example, criminalizing the act of subjecting a follower of the Orthodox church to a
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assassinated
Bobrikov. The imperial government responded with a purge of opponents of Russification within the Finnish administration and more stringent
459:, but secret government documents published in the Finnish press in November 1914 suggested that the imperial government still harbored plans for
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440:, "military millions"). The 1910 "Law of all-Empire legislation procedures" removed most Finnish legislative powers from the newly established
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486:, Finnish rebels bought a shipment of thousands of rifles with the aim of creating an uprising and forming an independent state. However,
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The program was reintroduced in 1908, costing Finland much of its autonomy and again causing further Finnish resistance, including the
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resistance) and eventually active resistance. Finnish opposition to Russification was one of the main factors that ultimately led to
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were replaced by Finnish-born officers of the Russian army who were formally subjects of the grand duchy, creating the so-called
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The controversy concerning the reductions of Finnish autonomy is considered to already have begun in the early 1890s; see
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from 1789 continued to be used in regards to the Finnish form of government. It also meant that the Swedish
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that contained the names of 1,050 prominent foreign people was also gathered few months later.
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issued on 15 February 1899 was cause for Finnish despair. The manifesto was forced through the
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Finnish stamps were abolished and Russian stamps became the only ones allowed in January 1901.
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The Russification campaign was suspended and partially reversed in 1905–1907 during
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by the deciding vote of the senate president, an appointee of the tsarâand after the
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The two Russification campaigns evoked widespread Finnish resistance, starting with
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Imperial Borderland: Bobrikov and the Attempted Russification of Finland, 1898â1904
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policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18â21st centuries
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law, signed by Nicholas II in July 1901 incorporating the Finnish army into the
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Cyclopedic Review of Current History. Volume 9. Garretson, Cox & Co. 1899
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391:. However the passive resistance campaign also had some successes, notably a
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434:. Russia demanded higher payments for not conscripting Finns (issue of
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689:. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. December 1988
592:"1899. The Collection of Decrees of the Grand Duchy of Finland. No 3"
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Alenius, Kari. "Russification in Estonia and Finland Before 1917,"
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Russian policy of suppressing Finnish autonomy (1899â1905, 1908â17)
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the press was subjected to tighter Russian censorship than before;
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Many measures were again suspended in 1914–1917 during the
134:(1899) symbolizes the beginning of Finland's Russification. The
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throughout the Russian Empire following Russian defeats in the
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Finland : the question of autonomy and fundamental laws
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Nicholas's Decree Limiting Finnish Autonomy, March 20, 1903
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Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
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422:. During 1909–1917 the Finnish politicians in the
661:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 73.
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
237:. In 1809 the lost territory of Sweden became the
768:Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland
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786:"The Gracious Manifesto of the Imperial Majesty"
577:Johnson, A.; Bickford, C., Hudson, W., Dole, N.
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138:of Russia is tearing away the law book from the
375:and Lighthouse Boards got new, Russian, staff.
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371:Some Finnish government offices, such as the
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365:and forcing Finns to serve in Russian units.
194:aimed at limiting the special status of the
233:in 1808, in what became later known as the
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710:"Historiaa: Amiraalisenaatin oikeusosasto"
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312:Russification policies enacted included:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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224:
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335:Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland
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1054:Belarusian orthography reform of 1933
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611:Tyynilä, Markku (16 September 1997).
461:the complete Russification of Finland
337:was made subject to Russian rules of
282:This promise was maintained; indeed,
219:Finland's declaration of independence
165:'times/years of oppression';
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683:"Finland â The Era of Russification"
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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190:) was a governmental policy of the
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466:The second wave halted due to the
346:The Language Manifesto of 1900, a
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613:"Daehn, Woldemar von (1838â1900)"
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262:This meant that the old Swedish
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34:needs additional citations for
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1074:Russification in modern Russia
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414:Second period of Russification
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1089:Ukrainian orthography of 1933
657:Lavery, Jason Edward (2006).
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278:First period of Russification
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915:Organizers of Russification
877:Great Russification program
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296:Governor-General of Finland
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1504:Government-owned companies
1175:Finland under Swedish rule
790:February Manifesto of 1899
482:, with financial aid from
381:Russian Revolution of 1905
379:From April 1903 until the
350:by Nicholas II which made
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749:2004, Vol. 28, pp 181â194
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156:sortokaudet / sortovuodet
1391:Administrative divisions
781:The Era of Russification
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404:a period of civil unrest
264:instrument of government
187:Rusifikatsiya Finlyandii
148:Russification of Finland
1222:Finland in World War II
1212:Independence of Finland
515:Kagal (Finnish society)
325:Lutheran church service
241:, however ruled by the
1830:Grand Duchy of Finland
1825:Anti-Finnish sentiment
845:By annexed territories
659:The history of Finland
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268:Union and Security Act
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239:Grand Duchy of Finland
196:Grand Duchy of Finland
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1008:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
363:Imperial Russian Army
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251:Alexander I of Russia
176:Đ ŃŃиŃикаŃĐ¸Ń Đ¤Đ¸Đ˝ĐťŃндии
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1752:World Heritage Sites
1069:Lithuanian press ban
972:Alexander Lukashenko
687:www.country-data.com
474:Japanese involvement
395:reversal of the new
316:The above-mentioned
225:Under Tsarist Russia
43:improve this article
468:February Revolution
1545:Telecommunications
1185:Great Northern War
872:February Manifesto
862:Bessarabia/Moldova
766:Thaden, Edward C.
737:Sergeevskii, N. D.
617:Kansallisbiografia
545:Woldemar von Daehn
510:February Manifesto
480:Russo-Japanese War
442:Finnish Parliament
408:Russo-Japanese War
318:February Manifesto
272:Civil Code of 1734
266:from 1772 and the
209:and escalating to
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1785:Bibliography
1702:The Kalevala
1701:
1676:Coat of arms
1661:Architecture
1596:Demographics
1520:Nordic model
1494:Central bank
1416:Human rights
1396:Constitution
1023:Albert Razin
1018:Vasyl Makukh
1003:Eduard PolĂłn
998:Leo Mechelin
927:Alexander II
866:
801:(in English)
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793:(in English)
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718:. Retrieved
714:the original
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128:'s painting
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1489:Agriculture
1333:Urban areas
1237:Lapland War
1202:Grand Duchy
1197:Finnish War
947:Nicholas II
520:Great Wrath
478:During the
470:in Russia.
288:Nicholas II
249:recognized
235:Finnish War
126:Edvard Isto
1814:Categories
1696:Literature
1611:Healthcare
1448:Parliament
1411:Government
1227:Winter War
1180:Cudgel War
1170:Prehistory
922:Nicholas I
852:Azerbaijan
720:2017-12-08
693:12 January
668:0313328374
643:2017-12-09
597:2017-12-09
581:pp. 198ff.
555:References
389:censorship
131:The Attack
69:newspapers
1720:Mythology
1616:Languages
1601:Education
1555:Transport
1458:President
1421:Judiciary
1401:Elections
1358:Jyväskylä
1311:Provinces
1264:Geography
1217:Civil War
1084:Trasianka
889:Lithuania
221:in 1917.
207:petitions
181:romanized
168:âšSee Tfdâş
99:July 2024
1794:Category
1691:Folklore
1633:Religion
1581:Abortion
1540:Taxation
1530:Startups
1510:Industry
1436:Military
1379:Politics
1365:Wildlife
1338:Helsinki
1154:articles
1110:Category
1064:Ems Ukaz
747:Faravid,
499:See also
488:the ship
393:de facto
142:'s arms.
1771:Outline
1681:Cuisine
1648:Culture
1626:Swedish
1621:Finnish
1569:Society
1550:Tourism
1477:Economy
1343:Tampere
1316:Regions
1291:Islands
1286:Geology
1162:History
1150:Finland
1079:Surzhyk
899:Ukraine
867:Finland
857:Belarus
770:(1981).
493:Germany
373:Railway
352:Russian
211:strikes
183::
172:Russian
163:
152:Finnish
83:scholar
1799:Portal
1671:Cinema
1656:Anthem
1508:
1499:Energy
1328:Rivers
1152:
904:Crimea
894:Poland
884:Latvia
763:(1995)
756:(1990)
742:(1911)
665:
622:16 May
348:decree
231:Sweden
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1778:Index
1747:Sport
1742:Sauna
1715:Music
1710:Media
1606:Finns
1586:Crime
1348:Turku
1321:Ă
land
1296:Lakes
1047:Other
531:Notes
484:Japan
399:law.
215:draft
90:JSTOR
76:books
1686:Flag
1441:NATO
1353:Oulu
695:2022
663:ISBN
624:2020
448:and
446:Duma
357:The
333:the
161:lit.
62:news
1666:Art
1426:Law
495:).
430:or
45:by
1816::
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562:^
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