34:
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970:
1231:
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980:
1549:
50:
1037:
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398:, the wife of Henry VI and de facto leader of the Lancastrians. Warwick had played a huge role in deposing Henry from the throne in 1461. However, after tense negotiations Warwick, Clarence, and Margaret came to a deal: Warwick and Clarence would help restore Henry VI to the throne, with French aid; Henry VI's son,
444:
The
Readeption of Henry VI took place on 3 October 1470. However, by this point Henry was mentally too feeble to rule unaided; for example, he had to be led by the hand when he paraded through London. Following his return to the throne, all official documents began to refer to his regnal year as "the
308:
noted that "with little to lose and grievances that were real enough" the common people were "easily incited to rebellion by magnates they admired", and Ross has suggested that the Earl of
Warwick was both willing to exploit and capable of exploiting these feelings. In late April 1469 a large body of
361:
reported to him that the rebel force may have been five times the size of the king's own. He had also by now heard rumours of
Warwick's involvement in the uprising, as he wrote to Warwick, Clarence and the Archbishop asking them for help and saying that they were not doing the things "as the rumour
281:
being common. In the north, a group of malcontents gathered in arms and offered to fight with the Earl of
Warwick. Whilst relations between the king and the Earl of Warwick appear to have improved slightly in 1468—for instance, both Warwick and John Neville regularly attended the Royal council, and
250:
was in July 1467: Wavrin relates that
Warwick was even at that time promising to make the young Duke of Clarence king in place of his brother. Certainly, though, by 1468 relations between Warwick and the King had deteriorated to such an extent that the earl was actively plotting against Edward. A
337:; this rising, at least, is generally considered by historians to have almost certainly been a Warwick construct. In any case, it gathered a large army around it, and included many retainers and men otherwise connected to the Neville family in Yorkshire, including
381:
were beheaded shortly afterwards. Warwick summoned a
Parliament, which he probably hoped would depose Edward in Clarence's favour. But widespread rioting forced him to release the King by mid-September. Surprisingly, Edward forgave both Warwick and Clarence.
470:
suggests the royal army was, "though small, well-armed and determined" and that Edward claimed he had returned solely for his duchy of York. However, the King could not start raising a force of any numbers until well to the south (of
England), in
366:, where on 11 July George Neville, Archbishop of York, married George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, to Isabelle Neville, in defiance of the King's expressed wishes. Soon afterwards, they wrote to the rebels in the north of England.
1543:
Briefly joined the
Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.
160:. This decisive engagement has been described as the biggest battle ever fought on English soil: it resulted in Edward taking the throne for himself as King Edward IV, and King Henry and Queen Margaret escaping into Scottish exile.
421:, as he had not taken part in his brother's uprisings. Between the restoration of Henry Percy and the return of Warwick, the King was "walking a tightrope" as to whether Montague would accept the Marquisate as compensation.
102:
The period known as the
Readeption was so named because of the formula at the start of Henry VI's issuants, viz. "the forty-ninth year of the reign of King Henry VI and the first year of the readeption of his Royal power".
460:
on 14 March 1471. Local militias were raised in the north; one, led by Sir John
Westerdale, may even have numbered a substantial "several thousand men", and others "to the number of 6,000–7,000 milled menacingly".
352:
command. In mid-June the King deemed it necessary to travel to the north in order to suppress Redesdale's rebellion; yet his actions have been described as "lacking urgency". Worse, by the time Edward reached
348:
King Edward was, however, slow in responding to these multiple threats ("and slower still to link them with Neville treason", says Ross). Warwick himself appears to have been pre-occupied with a
417:
from the Tower on 27 October 1469. On 27 March 1470, Edward IV restored Percy to the earldom of Northumberland, which had been granted to John Neville. Neville was compensated by elevation to
124:
had died in 1422 on campaign in France when Henry VI was only a few months old. Henry VI was never a strong king like his father; he was unable to keep a firm hand on either government or the
223:
estates. George was equally dissatisfied with his lot under his brother's regime, particularly as Edward had recently forbidden a marriage between George and Warwick's eldest daughter,
325:. This rebellion may have been in support of the Percy family's traditional claim to the earldom of Northumberland; this group, too, was scattered by John Neville, and its leader
255:
alleged that Warwick was not only conspiring against the King, but was even by now negotiating with Margaret of Anjou. As a result, Edward summoned the Earl to appear before the
215:
was also, for his own reasons, turning against Edward, and by the late 1460s, he and Warwick were in political alliance against the King. In late 1467, Warwick withdrew from the
502:
almost extinguished entirely, and Queen Margaret captured. Edward IV entered London on 21 May. Henry VI died that night, or soon afterwards, perhaps on Edward's orders.
322:
262:
England at that time was less peaceful than the King would have wished, and there appears to have been a popular undercurrent of discontent; for example, a
566:
1254:
406:; but if Westminster died then Clarence would become heir to the throne. This alliance was sealed by the marriage of Warwick's youngest daughter
82:, had taken the throne as Edward IV in 1461. Henry had fled with some Lancastrian supporters and spent much of the next few years in hiding in
317:, appears to have dispersed them with little trouble. Almost immediately, however, there was another, separate but larger gathering in the
905:
369:
The rebel army grew larger and reached as far south as Oxfordshire. This alarmed the King, and the rebels defeated the Royal army at the
483:, with their personal forces of sixty men-at-arms). Whereas, in the north, came "not so many as supposed would have come", reported the
1150:
836:"Adapting to Readeption in 1470–1471: The Scribe as Editor in a Unique Copy of John Hardyng's Chronicle of England (Garrett MS. 142)"
373:, six miles north-east of Banbury, on 24 July. Unaware of this disaster, Edward was captured by Warwick on 29 July and imprisoned in
259:; Warwick refused to do so. A second royal demand for Warwick to attend upon Edward early in 1468 also met with a similar response.
1135:
1130:
414:
1279:
1249:
1145:
1055:
940:
399:
94:, Edward was forced to flee in 1470. Henry was then restored to the throne, although he was deposed again the following year.
1170:
1120:
1115:
1060:
874:
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466:
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or in Scotland, where there was still some Lancastrian support. Henry was captured in 1465 and was held as a prisoner in the
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Warwick, however, was increasingly discontented with his former protégé, King Edward. Not only did he disagree with the pro-
1309:
1304:
1259:
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152:, and there were further bloody encounters between the two sides until, eventually, in March 1461, the Yorkist army led by
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224:
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that summer. Ross suggests that this was at least in part due to a failure of "political judgement" on the king's part.
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270:
21:
This article is about the Readeption of Henry VI. For a definition of the term "readeption", see the Wiktionary entry
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Although the Lancastrian regime was reinstated, it has been described as "Lancastrian... in a Neville costume".
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171:. It was not particularly peaceful; until 1464, there were continuous sieges, clashes and encounters in the
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on 14 April, in which both Warwick and his brother John Neville were killed, and the Lancastrians in the
183:, a title that had traditionally been held by the Nevilles' bitter territorial rivals in the north, the
128:, and by the mid-1450s civil war had broken out. The main protagonists were supporters of Henry and his
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1389:
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333:. In the meantime, the remnants of Robin of Redesdale's original force had regrouped and re-emerged in
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Henry's return to the throne did not last long. After gaining Burgundian support, Edward IV landed at
345:, and the Nevilles' own cousin, Sir Henry Neville; indeed it contained three Neville brothers-in-law.
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713:
766:
North Eastern England During the Wars of the Roses: Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450–1500
1500:
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79:
8:
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125:
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33:
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436:. Warwick entered London in triumph and freed Henry VI from the Tower on 6 October.2
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145:
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60:
445:
49th year of the reign of Henry VI and the first of his readeption to royal power".
1439:
1414:
1399:
1314:
848:
571:
491:
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287:
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172:
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83:
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475:'s estates in the Midlands (about 3,000 men in Nottingham, where he was joined by
1180:
864:
403:
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305:
232:
87:
63:
slaying the Dragon (left) and Henry's shield being carried aboard a ship (right).
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in March 1470, Warwick and Clarence fled to France. There in July they met with
22:
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1344:
1031:
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200:
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141:
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the former also took part in the ceremonial departure of the king's sister,
59:" coin of Henry's later reign, struck in either London or York, showing the
1239:
1200:
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326:
184:
56:
148:—broke out in 1455 when Henry's army was defeated by a Yorkist one at the
860:
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216:
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Edward reigned for the next ten years, supported by his close allies the
1210:
1036:
1009:
935:
457:
334:
49:
975:
220:
883:
715:
The Wars of the Roses: The Key Players in the Struggle for Supremacy
547:
False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence: George, Duke of Clarence 1449–78
203:
Edward was pursuing, but the king had made an unpopular marriage to
985:
835:
433:
304:
Popular politics was not irrelevant in the 15th century: historian
227:. The king had also recently dismissed Warwick and John's brother
267:
247:
208:
363:
263:
815:
Giles, J.A. (ed.), 'The Arrivall of Edward IV in England,'
413:
Edward IV sought to shore up his position. He had released
349:
330:
274:
175:, until these were eventually crushed by Warwick's brother
390:
After another failed rebellion, thwarted by Edward at the
278:
190:
120:
had been king of England nearly all his life: his father
246:, the earliest indication that Warwick had turned to
16:
1470 restoration of Henry VI to the throne of England
385:
771:
524:
90:. Following dissent with his former key supporter,
834:
684:England in the Fifteenth Century: Collected Essays
570:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
559:
424:On 13 September, Warwick and Clarence docked in
1565:
309:dissidents gathered under the leadership of one
251:captured Lancastrian messenger at the siege of
498:. Edward of Westminster was killed there, the
899:
711:
362:here runneth". But instead they set sail for
207:, whom Warwick appears to have considered of
718:. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 10.
293:
906:
892:
841:The Princeton University Library Chronicle
313:in Yorkshire; however, Warwick's brother,
866:Lancaster And York: The Wars of the Roses
705:
605:Henry VI: A Good, Simple and Innocent Man
832:
530:
277:, with complaints about heavy levels of
1136:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland
1131:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland
567:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1566:
1056:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales
191:Warwick's discontent with Yorkist rule
1151:Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
1126:Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg
1066:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset
1061:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset
1051:Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England
913:
887:
665:
663:
661:
659:
467:Historie of the arrivall of Edward IV
451:
92:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
1305:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence
859:
817:Chronicles of the White Rose of York
777:
694:
692:
657:
655:
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651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
541:
539:
1300:Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland
1186:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford
1046:Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England
853:10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.66.1.0140
13:
1280:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury
1250:Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond
1146:Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
758:
144:. These civil wars—known today as
78:to the throne of England in 1470.
14:
1600:
1255:William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke
1171:George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
1116:John Neville, Marquess of Montagu
689:
636:
536:
386:Warwick's allegiance to Lancaster
1548:
1547:
1310:Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon
1260:William Hastings, Baron Hastings
1245:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
1229:
1121:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick
1076:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
1071:John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont
1035:
1024:
1008:
998:
988:
978:
968:
742:. Padstowe (repr.), 2002. p 280.
211:stock. Edward's younger brother
48:
32:
1531:Second Cornish uprising of 1497
1270:Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell
1176:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
809:
796:
783:
745:
732:
631:The Life and Reign of Edward IV
490:Edward defeated Warwick in the
136:—and those of the recalcitrant
97:
1491:Issue of Edward III of England
1240:Anne Neville, Queen of England
1201:Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke
1196:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond
712:Matthew Lewis (15 June 2015).
676:
623:
610:
597:
552:
464:The royal propagandist of the
1:
1465:Stafford and Lovell rebellion
1290:William Neville, Earl of Kent
1275:John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk
1216:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales
1161:George Stanley, Baron Strange
1156:Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby
1106:Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter
1101:John Courtenay, Earl of Devon
1096:John Clifford, Baron Clifford
1081:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley
826:
819:(Lampeter (repr.), 2004), 45.
512:Regency government, 1422–1437
439:
179:. John was rewarded with the
106:
1365:Siege of the Tower of London
1265:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk
1086:James Butler, Earl of Ormond
633:(2 vols, London, 1923), 334.
591:UK public library membership
7:
1425:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion
1111:John Neville, Baron Neville
1091:John Butler, Earl of Ormond
833:Peverley, Sarah L. (2004).
702:(London (repr.) 1980), 192.
505:
167:—pre-eminent amongst them,
10:
1605:
1191:James Tuchet, Baron Audley
793:(London (rep.) 1972), 284.
377:. Earl Rivers and his son
297:
110:
20:
1541:
1478:
1332:
1224:
1019:
956:
949:
921:
181:earldom of Northumberland
156:, beat the royal army at
150:First Battle of St Albans
517:
392:Battle of Losecoat Field
319:East Riding of Yorkshire
294:Warwick's first uprising
169:Richard, Earl of Warwick
1506:Bonville–Courtenay feud
549:(Gloucester, 1980), 86.
402:, would be his heir as
321:, this time led by one
286:, who was to marry the
74:was the restoration of
1455:Buckingham's rebellion
1435:Readeption of Henry VI
768:. Oxford, 1990. p 311.
755:. Totton, 2012. p 195.
576:10.1093/ref:odnb/12953
239:) a "pointed" manner.
1141:Thomas Ros, Baron Ros
926:Red Rose of Lancaster
806:(New York, 1981), 75.
804:The Wars of the Roses
791:Warwick the Kingmaker
753:The Wars of the Roses
740:Warwick the Kingmaker
700:The Wars of the Roses
607:(St Ives, 2016), 6–7.
400:Edward of Westminster
219:to the north and his
138:Richard, Duke of York
1516:Neville–Neville feud
1501:Princes in the Tower
686:(London, 1981), 254.
673:(London, 1975), 152.
620:(London, 1981), 336.
496:Battle of Tewkesbury
430:the Earl of Pembroke
235:—in (says historian
154:Edward, Duke of York
80:Edward, Duke of York
1589:Henry VI of England
1295:Sir Richard Herbert
419:Marquess of Montagu
323:Robin of Holderness
205:Elizabeth Woodville
76:Henry VI of England
40:Henry VI of England
1584:House of Lancaster
1511:Percy–Neville feud
1390:St Albans (Second)
1285:Sir Thomas Neville
931:White Rose of York
682:McFarlane, K. B.,
452:Edward IV's return
410:to Prince Edward.
311:Robin of Redesdale
213:George of Clarence
1579:Wars of the Roses
1561:
1560:
1340:St Albans (First)
1328:
1327:
1206:Margaret Beaufort
915:Wars of the Roses
876:978-1-4464-4917-2
863:(18 April 2011).
725:978-1-4456-4636-7
629:Scofield, C. L.,
589:(Subscription or
396:Margaret of Anjou
371:Battle of Edgcote
300:Battle of Edgcote
146:Wars of the Roses
113:Wars of the Roses
61:Archangel Michael
1596:
1551:
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1385:Mortimer's Cross
1315:Margaret of York
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869:. Random House.
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789:Kendall, P. M.,
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492:Battle of Barnet
481:James Harrington
426:Dartmouth, Devon
339:Sir John Conyers
288:duke of Burgundy
199:and anti-French
173:North of England
84:Northern England
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1166:William Stanley
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404:Prince of Wales
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88:Tower of London
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847:(1): 140–172.
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795:
782:
780:, p. 177.
770:
757:
751:Hicks, M. A.,
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688:
675:
635:
622:
609:
596:
551:
545:Hicks, M. A.,
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379:John Woodville
375:Warwick Castle
298:Main article:
295:
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253:Harlech Castle
244:Jean de Wavrin
233:chancellorship
225:Isabel Neville
201:foreign policy
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165:Neville family
111:Main article:
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1486:Act of Accord
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738:Hicks, M. A.
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343:Lord FitzHugh
341:, the son of
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273:' estates in
272:
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242:According to
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118:King Henry VI
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24:
19:
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861:Weir, Alison
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669:Ross, C.D.,
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616:Wolffe, B.,
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581:11 September
579:. Retrieved
565:
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477:William Parr
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408:Anne Neville
389:
368:
359:intelligence
347:
315:John Neville
303:
261:
241:
237:Charles Ross
194:
185:Percy family
162:
134:Lancastrians
116:
101:
98:Nomenclature
71:
69:
18:
1470:Stoke Field
1395:Ferrybridge
1370:Northampton
1350:Blore Heath
996:Richard III
950:Key figures
941:Family tree
415:Henry Percy
271:Earl Rivers
1568:Categories
1445:Tewkesbury
1211:Owen Tudor
936:Tudor rose
827:References
603:Ross, J.,
593:required.)
561:"Henry VI"
485:Arrivalist
458:Ravenspurn
440:Readeption
335:Lancashire
197:Burgundian
107:Background
72:Readeption
23:readeption
1380:Wakefield
1021:Lancaster
1006:Henry VII
976:Edward IV
778:Weir 2011
671:Edward IV
231:from the
221:Yorkshire
1553:Category
1479:See also
1360:Sandwich
986:Edward V
966:Henry VI
958:Monarchs
618:Henry VI
506:See also
434:Plymouth
327:beheaded
284:Margaret
279:taxation
268:pillaged
142:Yorkists
126:nobility
1420:Edgcote
1405:Piltown
1375:Worksop
248:treason
209:parvenu
122:Henry V
1440:Barnet
1415:Hexham
1400:Towton
1333:Events
873:
722:
587:
428:, and
364:Calais
357:, his
355:Newark
229:George
158:Towton
55:Gold "
1032:Tudor
518:Notes
350:naval
217:court
140:, or
130:Queen
57:Angel
1226:York
871:ISBN
720:ISBN
583:2017
479:and
331:York
275:Kent
177:John
70:The
849:doi
572:doi
432:in
329:in
264:mob
1570::
845:66
843:.
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691:^
638:^
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538:^
487:.
187:.
907:e
900:t
893:v
879:.
855:.
851::
728:.
585:.
574::
533:.
132:—
25:.
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