Stephen the Great - Knowledge

853: 1334: 2150: 1669: 2852: 1954: 2883: 1642:. Stephen is known to have fathered two other sons who died in childhood, at a time when he was married to Maria Voichița: Bogdan died in 1479, and Peter (Petrașco) in 1480. Scholars are divided as to whether their mother was Evdochia, Maria of Mangup, or a very young Maria Voichița. Bogdan was also known as "Vlad"—a regal name rarely used in Moldavia, but common for Wallachian princes. The choice was either "an underlining of the Moldo–Wallachian unity which Prince Stephen had sought to achieve", or, more precisely but less certainly, a proof that Stephen wished to make Bogdan-Vlad his co-ruler over Wallachia. Archivist Aurelian Sacerdoțeanu believes that Bogdan-Vlad also had a twin, Iliaș. 55: 1072:, to invade Moldavia – an Ottoman army of about 120,000 strong broke into Moldavia in late 1475. Wallachian troops also joined the Ottomans, while Stephen received support from Poland and Hungary. Outnumbered three to one by the invaders, Stephen was forced to retreat. He joined battle with Hadım Suleiman Pasha at Podul Înalt (or the High Bridge) near Vaslui on 10 January 1475. Before the battle, he had sent his buglers to hide behind the enemy fronts. When they suddenly sounded their horns, they caused such a panic among the invaders that they fled from the battlefield. Over the next three days, hundreds of Ottoman soldiers were massacred and the survivors retreated from Moldavia. 1734: 1120:

Vlad Țepeș, who had been imprisoned in Hungary in 1462. Stephen and Vlad made an agreement to put an end to the conflicts between Moldavia and Wallachia, but Corvinus did not support them to invade Wallachia. The Ottomans occupied the Principality of Theodoro and the Genoese colonies in the Crimea before the end of 1475. Stephen ordered the execution of the Ottoman prisoners in Moldavia to take vengeance for the massacre of Alexander of Theodoro and his Moldavian retainers. Thereafter the Venetians, who had waged war against the Ottomans since 1463, regarded Stephen as their principal ally. With their support, Stephen's envoys tried to persuade the

1525:. Hungary and the Ottoman Empire concluded a new peace treaty on 22 February 1503, which also included Moldavia. Thereafter Stephen again paid a yearly tribute to the Ottomans. Stephen survived his doctor, who died in Moldavia in late 1503. Another Moldavian delegation was sent to Venice to ask for a replacement, but also to propose a new alliance against the Ottomans. This was one of his last acts of international diplomacy. When Stephen was dying, various boyars, who opposed Bogdan, rebelled, but they were suppressed. On his deathbed, he had urged Bogdan to continue to pay the tribute to the Sultan. He died on 2 July 1504 and was buried in the 2867: 1711: 2074: 2109: 2834: 2807: 1756: 1933: 2092: 2822: 1274:. According to various interpretations, this exchange occurred in or after 1484, and was meant to compensate Stephen for the loss of his ports. Medievalist Marius Diaconescu dates the lease of Cetatea to 1482, when Corvinus agreed to give Stephen a place of refuge, should Moldavia fall to the Ottomans, while Ciceu only became Stephen's castle in 1489. Both citadels were on land confiscated after conflicts between the Three Nations and Corvinus. Ciceu had been a fief of the Losonczi family, under litigation, while Cetatea had been a special domain of the 1696: 1681: 597: 1991:

featuring elements of Stephen's churches. The prince also financed the building of churches in Transylvania and Wallachia, which contributed to the spread of Moldavian architecture beyond the boundaries of the principality. Stephen commissioned votive paintings and carved tomb stones for many of his ancestors' and other relatives' graves. The tomb room of the Putna Monastery was built to be the royal necropolis of Stephen's family. Stephen's own tombstone was decorated with

1919:. He also set up a personal guard 3,000 strong and, at least for a while, an Armenian-only unit. To strengthen the defence of Moldavia, he obliged the peasantry to bear arms. Moldavian chronicles recorded that if "he found a peasant lacking arrows, bow or sword, or coming to the army without spurs for the horse, he mercilessly put that man to death". The military reforms increased Moldavia's military potential, enabling Stephen to muster an army of more than 40,000 strong. 871: 1076: 9114: 9102: 1470: 2132: 1259:, also broke into Moldavia and seized Cetatea Albă on 3 August. The capture of the two ports secured the Ottomans' control of the Black Sea. Bayezid left Moldavia only after Stephen personally came to pay homage to him. Although this prostration was largely without effect on Moldavian independence, the loss of Chilia and Cetatea Albă put an end to the Moldavian control of important trading routes. 1517:

Ottomans. By then, however, the treaty with Poland was no longer enforced, prompting Stephen to recapture Pocuția in 1502. Although Alexander of Lithuania was by then the new King of Poland, no understanding could be reached between him and Stephen, and the two became enemies. At around that time, Luca Arbore, acting either as Stephen's envoy or on his own, stated a Moldavian claim to

2173:, by 1580 the Wallachians and Moldavians alike sang ballads honoring Stephen, whose portrait was displayed at the court of Bucharest; his raids in Wallachia were generally overlooked in such testimonials. Despite being honored for his skill, he was still primarily known under sobriquets indicating his standing and age: in 16th-century Moldavia and Wallachia, he was casually known as 1192:

that he had stopped paying in 1473. Taking advantage of the peace, Stephen made preparations to a new confrontation with the Ottoman Empire. He again invaded Wallachia and replaced Basarab the Younger with one Mircea, possibly Stephen's own son, but Basarab regained Wallachia with Ottoman support. The Wallachians and their Ottoman allies broke into Moldavia in the spring of 1481.

9090: 1541:. Historian Ioan-Aurel Pop describes Mărușca as Stephen's first wife, but other researchers note that the legitimacy of the Stephen–Mărușca marriage is uncertain. According to Jonathan Eagles, Alexandru either died in childhood or survived infancy and became his father's co-ruler. This older Alexandru died in July 1496, not before marrying a daughter of 1405:

Albert decided to launch a campaign against the Ottomans to recapture Chilia and Cetatea Albă. Fearing that the subjugation of Moldavia was John Albert's actual purpose, Stephen made several attempts to prevent his campaign. With Ivan III's support, he persuaded Alexander of Lithuania not to associate himself with John Albert. As reported by the

2418:; in the 1980s, however, official historians claimed that Stephen was literally a "lord of all Romanians". Iorga's book has been republished several times, including on the 500th anniversary of Stephen's death. On the same anniversary, Stephen was presented as a symbol of "national identity, independence and inter-ethnic harmony" in the 1457:. Stephen made peace with John Albert only after Poland and Hungary concluded a new alliance against the Ottoman Empire, and Moldavia received direct access to Lviv's markets. Meanwhile, the Ottoman campaign ended in disaster, as a heavy winter induced famine; various Polish and Lithuanian reports also suggest that Stephen ordered 839:, Stephen and the Ottomans besieged the fortress for eight days, but they could not capture it, because the "Hungarian garrison and Țepeș's 7,000 men" defeated them, killing "many Turks". Stephen was seriously wounded during the siege, suffering an injury on his left calf, or his left foot, that would never heal his entire life. 2193:, he resented authoritarian princes. In tandem, local folklore came to regard Stephen as a protector of peasantry against noblemen and foreign invaders. For centuries, free peasants claimed that they inherited their landed property from their ancestors to whom it had been granted by Stephen for their bravery in the battles. 2590:). Veneration of Stephen himself was first recorded in the 1570s, but, according to Ureche, he had been regarded as a saint soon after his funeral: "not on account of his soul ... for he was a man with sins ... but on account of the great deeds he accomplished". The positive nuances of Ureche's report were also repeated by 1179:

Basarab Laiotă to flee in November 1476. Stephen returned to Moldavia, leaving Moldavian troops behind for Vlad's protection. The Ottomans invaded Wallachia to restore Basarab Laiotă. Țepeș and his Moldavian retainers were massacred before 10 January 1477. Stephen again broke into Wallachia and replaced Basarab Laiotă with

1549:. He is probably not the same Alexandru who, in 1486, was sent by Stephen as a voluntary hostage to Istanbul, where he married a Byzantine noblewoman. This Alexandru was still alive by the end of his father's rule and beyond, when he became a pretender to the throne, and ultimately a contested prince. A 1538 letter by 1306:

Stephen's oath of fealty, Casimir IV pledged that he would not acknowledge the capture of Chilia and Cetatea Albă by the Ottomans without Stephen's consent. During Stephen's visit in Poland, the Ottomans broke into Moldavia and sacked Suceava. They also tried to place a pretender, Peter Hronoda, on the throne.

1098:, Mehmed II's stepmother, stated the Ottomans "had never suffered a greater defeat". Stephen sent letters to the European rulers to seek their support against the Ottomans, reminding them that Moldavia was "the Gateway of Christianity" and "the bastion of Hungary and Poland and the guardian of these kingdoms". 1779:

Stephen reigned for more than 47 years, which was "in itself an outstanding achievement in the context of the political and territorial fragility of the Romanian principalities". His diplomacy evidenced that he was one of the "most astute politicians" of Europe in the 15th century. This skill enabled

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in the Crimea at the head of a Moldavian army. Stephen also decided to expel his former protégé, Basarab Laiotă, from Wallachia, because Basarab had supported the Ottomans during their invasion of Moldavia. He made an alliance with Matthias Corvinus in July, persuading him to release Basarab's rival,

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to Casimir IV if the king required it. This treaty declared that Casimir was the sole suzerain of Moldavia, prohibiting Stephen from alienating Moldavian territories without his authorization. It also obliged Stephen to recapture the Moldavian territories that had been lost, obviously in reference to

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in Ukraine), an important port on the Danube, which brought him into conflict with Hungary and Wallachia. He besieged the town during the Ottoman invasion of Wallachia in 1462, but was seriously wounded during the siege. Two years later, he captured the town. He promised support to the leaders of the

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The abbot of Putna Monastery, Artimon Bortnic, initiated the investigation of the tomb room of the monastery in 1851, referring to important shrines in Russia and Moldavia. In 1857 (a year after Stephen's tomb was opened), the priest and journalist Iraclie Porumbescu already wrote of the "holy bones

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In addition to his colonization policies, Stephen restored Crown lands that had been lost during the civil war that followed Alexander the Good's rule, either through buying or confiscating them. On the other hand, he granted much landed property to the Church and to the lesser noblemen who were the

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Vlad Țepeș (who had lived in Moldavia during Bogdan II's reign) invaded Wallachia and seized the throne with the support of Hunyadi in 1456. Stephen either accompanied Vlad to Wallachia during the military campaign or joined him after Vlad became the ruler of Wallachia. According to reports from the

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estates to Stephen, the Moldavian prince paid homage to Casimir, who promised to support him to regain Chilia and Cetatea Albă. Stephen's efforts to capture the two ports ended in failure. From 1486, he again paid a yearly tribute to the Ottomans. During the following years, dozens of stone churches

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in Ukraine). He believed that he was entitled to this former Moldavian fief, its revenue redirected toward paying the Ottoman tribute. Stephen also supported Vladislaus against the Ottomans who broke into Hungary several times after Corvinus' death. In exchange, Vladislaus confirmed Stephen's claim

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in Ukraine) if the king specifically demanded it. Venice and the Ottoman Empire made peace in the same month; Hungary and Poland in April. After Basarab the Younger paid homage to the sultan, Stephen had to seek reconciliation with the Ottomans. In May 1480, he promised to renew the annual tribute

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concluded that Mehmed II "had suffered more defeats than victories" during the invasion of Moldavia. From summer 1475, during an interlude in the rivalry between Poland and Hungary, Stephen swore his allegiance to the latter. With Hungarian support, Stephen and Vlad Țepeș invaded Wallachia, forcing

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Stephen the ruler of Moldavia at Direptate, a meadow near Suceava. According to scholar Constantin Rezachievici, this elective custom has no precedent before the 17th century, and appears superfluous in Stephen's case; he argues that it was a legend fabricated by Ureche. While this election remains

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Stephen supported Maximilian of Habsburg, who urged the Three Nations of Transylvania to cooperate with Stephen against his opponents. Most Hungarian lords and prelates, however, supported Vladislaus who was crowned king on 21 September, forcing Maximilian to withdraw from Hungary in November. For

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and the Danube threatened Poland. The king, Papacostea argues, also wanted to strengthen his suzerainty over Moldavia, which helped him decide to intervene in the conflict on Stephen's behalf. Casimir formed or joined with an anti-Ottoman league, which, in 1485, had also gathered reluctant support

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who regarded the reform as an infringement of their privileges declared on 18 August 1467 that they were ready to fight to defend their liberties. Stephen promised support to them, but they yielded to Corvinus without resistance after the king marched to Transylvania. Corvinus invaded Moldavia and

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Depicting Stephen as a dying sage, it was followed by two other Delavrancea plays, which insisted on the prince's pragmatic cruelty and the effects this had on his succession. By then, Stephen as a statesman had also become a point of reference and a benchmark for the long and stabilizing rule of

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produced a lukewarm ballad depicting Stephen fleeing for battle, and his mother Oltea ordering him back. It became a hugely popular after being set to music. His later works also contribute to the nationalist cult, or fictionalize his erotic life. The nationalist investment in Stephen was by then

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Stephen's armies again broke into the Ottoman Empire, but they could not recapture Chilia or Cetatea Albă. The Tatars of the Great Horde invaded southern Moldavia, but Stephen defeated them with the support of the Crimean Tatars in 1502. He also sent reinforcements to Hungary to fight against the

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As one of his earliest actions as prince, Stephen attacked Poland to prevent Casimir IV from supporting Peter Aaron in 1458. This first military campaign "established his credentials as a military commander of stature", according to historian Jonathan Eagles. However, he wanted to avoid prolonged

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In 1480, Stephen finally recognized his first-born, Mircea, born from his 1450s affair with Călțuna of Brăila, and groomed him to take the throne in Wallachia. According to Sacerdoțeanu, recognition came only after the death of Mircea's legal father, who may have been one of the boyars spared at

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Stephen sent his envoys to Rome and Venice to persuade the Christian powers to continue the war against the Ottomans. He and Venice also wanted to involve the Great Horde in the anti-Ottoman coalition, but the Poles were unwilling to allow the Tatars to cross their territories. To strengthen his

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and Stephen placed Basarab on the throne. However, Radu regained Wallachia with Ottoman support before the end of the year. Basarab again expelled Radu from Wallachia in 1475, but the Ottomans once more assisted him to return. The Wallachians took revenge by plundering some parts of Moldavia. To

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played an active role in government. Stephen's long rule represented a period of stability in the history of Moldavia. From the 16th century onwards both his subjects and foreigners remembered him as a great ruler. Modern Romanians regard him as one of their greatest national heroes, and he also

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in Bucharest on 21 June 1992. On this occasion, the patriarch emphasized that Stephen had been a defender of Christianity and protector of his people. He also underlined that Stephen had built churches during his reign. Stephen's feast day is 2 July (the day of his death) in the calendar of the

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who traded in Moldavia, but subsequently introduced some protectionist barriers. His own court was staffed with foreign experts, among them Matteo Muriano and the Italian banker Dorino Cattaneo. However, as a "crusader" in the 1470s, Stephen encouraged the religious persecution and extortion of

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in Slovakia) in April 1494. They planned a crusade against the Ottoman Empire. However, John Albert wanted to strengthen Polish suzerainty over Moldavia and to dethrone Stephen in favour of Sigismund, which gave rise to new tensions between Poland and Hungary. Shortly after the conference, John

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Casimir then marched on Colomea with 20,000 troops. To secure his support, Stephen also went to Colomea and swore fealty to him on 12 September 1485. The ceremony took place in a tent, but its curtains were drawn aside at the moment when Stephen was on his knees before Casimir. Three days after

670:, where he fathered an illegitimate son, Mircea. With the assistance of Vlad, Stephen stormed into Moldavia at the head of an army 6,000 strong in the spring of 1457. According to Moldavian chronicles, "men from the Lower Country" (the southern region of Moldavia) joined him. The 17th-century 1990:

The style of the new churches evidences that a "genuine school of local architects" developed during Stephen's reign. They borrowed components of Byzantine and Gothic architecture and mixed it with elements of local tradition. Painted walls and towers with a base forming a star were the most

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against invaders, avoiding challenging them to open battle before they were weakened due to the lack of supplies or sickness. During his invasions, however, he moved quickly and forced his enemies to do battle. To strengthen the defence of his country, he restored the fortresses built during

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to negotiate Moldavia's role in the affair. He kept out, with the expedition being rerouted from Lviv, then attacking the Tatars. Poland concluded a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire in 1489, acknowledging the loss of Chilia and Cetatea Albă, without Stephen's consent. Although the treaty

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confirmed Moldavia's frontiers, Stephen regarded it as a breach of his 1485 agreement with Casimir IV. Instead of accepting the treaty, he acknowledged the suzerainty of Matthias Corvinus. However, Corvinus died unexpectedly on 6 April 1490. Four candidates laid claim to Hungary, including

2776:, and described by later authors as a version of the or-an-vert scheme in the coat of arms. Other clues suggest that the field was a solid one of or, charged with an aurochs of or, but also that the preferred "single Moldavian" color was gules. Gules is also the color of Stephen's alleged 1325:. Moldavians reported winning the day only because they narrowly avoided disaster; and because Hronoda, recognized a voivode by dissenting boyars, was captured and beheaded. In the end, Stephen signed a three-year truce with the Porte, promising to pay the yearly tribute to the Sultan. 1001:

on 13 July, reminding them of the hostile acts Polish noblemen committed along the border and demanded the extradition of the Moldavian boyars who had fled to Poland. In parallel, he sent his own envoys to Hungary to start negotiations with Corvinus. He granted commercial privileges to

2483: 1430:. Stephen sent his chancellor, Isaac, to John Albert, requesting the withdrawal of Polish forces from Moldavia, but John Albert had Isaac imprisoned. The Poles then laid siege to Suceava on 24 September. The campaign failed: Teutonic reinforcements never arrived, with 1799:

during his invasion of Wallachia, but also selectively freeing and assimilating Tatar slaves. He supposedly used both communities as "slaves of the court", treasuring their specialized skills; nevertheless, one folk legend additionally claims that Stephen practiced

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was the first Romanian historian to describe Stephen as a national hero; his rule, Bălcescu argued, was an important step towards the unification of the lands inhabited by Romanians. During that period, Stephen became explicitly mentioned in the Romantic poetry of

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The relationship between Casimir IV and Matthias Corvinus became tense in early 1471. After Stephen failed to support Poland, Casimir IV dispatched an embassy to Moldavia, insisting that Stephen should comply with his obligations. Stephen met the Polish envoys in

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and brother-in-law, Isaia, and the chancellor Alexa, were executed on the orders of Stephen. Radu the Fair also invaded Moldavia, but Stephen defeated him at Soci on 7 March 1471. Reportedly, he killed all but two of the Wallachian noblemen he captured in battle.

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In the mid-17th-century, Grigore Ureche described Stephen as "a benefactor and a leader" when writing of his funeral. A boyar by birth, Ureche also mentioned Stephen's despotic cruelty, bad temper, and diminutive stature — possibly because, according to scholar

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Researcher V. J. Parry argues that, because the Poles were continuously harassed by the Great Horde, they were in no position to help Stephen. Eventually, in late 1486, Poland announced plans of actually starting a "crusade" against the Ottomans, to be led by

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in 1499, put an end to Polish suzerainty over Moldavia. Stephen again stopped paying tribute to the Ottomans in 1500, although by then his health had declined. In February 1501, his delegation arrived in Venice, asking for a specialist doctor. As reported by

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covered the period from 1359 to 1526, but it also wrote of the history of the Putna Monastery. They were accompanied by a large number of lay and religious texts (including the Gospels, in several versions by Teodor Mărișescul; as well as commentary on the

1222:(Vlad the Monk), on the throne. After Basarab the Younger returned with Ottoman support, Stephen made a last attempt to secure his influence in Wallachia. He again led his army to Wallachia and defeated Basarab the Younger, who died in the battle. Although 795:, who were agitating for a united church and a crusade. Stephen continued to pay the yearly tribute to the Ottoman Empire initiated by his predecessor. He also made a new agreement with Poland in Suceava on 2 March 1462, promising to personally swear 1812:, during the 1498 expedition to Poland, the voivode participated in, or at least tolerated, the capture of as many as 100,000 people. At least some of these were colonized in Moldavia, where, according to various reports of the period, they founded " 985:

troops and broke into Moldavia in December 1470, but his attack was probably anticipated by Stephen. The voivode defeated his rival near Târgu Neamț. Peter Aaron fell captive in the battlefield. He and his Moldavian supporters, among them Stephen's

1633: 738:. Historian Dan Ioan Mureșan argues that the evidence is for the latter option, because Moldavia appears on the list of Patriarchate jurisdictions, and because Stephen, though he tested the Patriarch by sometimes using imperial titles such as 894:, Voivode of Wallachia, had also laid claim to Chilia, thus the capture of the port gave rise to conflicts not only with Hungary, but also with Wallachia and the Ottoman Empire. In 1465 or earlier, Stephen peacefully regained the fortress of 1108:("The true defender of the Christian faith"). However, neither the Pope, nor any other European power, sent material support to Moldavia. Stephen was also approaching Mehmed with peace offers. According to disputed reports by the chronicler 1131:

Mehmed II personally commanded a new invasion against Moldavia in the summer of 1476. This force included 12,000 Wallachians under Laiotă, and a retinue of Moldavians under a certain Alexandru, who claimed to be Stephen's brother. The

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who still endorsed him. Stephen restored old fortresses and built new ones, which improved Moldavia's defence system as well as strengthened central administration. Ottoman expansion threatened Moldavian ports in the region of the

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John Albert (who was his father's heir in Poland) did not abandon his claim, Stephen decided to support Vladislaus in order to prevent a personal union between Hungary and Poland. He broke into Poland and captured Pocuția (now

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published Stephen's biography. Against Xenopol's verdict, Iorga emphasized that Stephen's victories were to be attributed to the "true unity of the whole people" during his reign. Many more works of literature appeared in the

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on 15 December. This episode was presented in contemporary Hungarian chronicles as a defeat of Stephen's armies. However, Corvinus, who received wounds in the battle, could only escape from the battlefield with the help of

852: 2722:, or from a purely Moldavian tradition. The division and the striped pattern are possibly Hungarian; they survived in some of Stephen's seals even during his dispute with the Hungarian crown. He also continued to use the 2224:

inaugurated the effort to collect and republish folklore about Stephen, which he believed was the "source of truth" about Romanian history. One of the first epic poems to deal with the voivode was "The Aprod Purice", by

1044:, plotting an anti-Ottoman coordination. Taking advantage of Mehmed's war against Uzun in Anatolia, Stephen invaded Wallachia to replace Radu the Fair, an Ottoman-installed Muslim convert and vassal, with his protégé, 2573:

legends, Romanian stories, and Moldavian chronicles alike, Stephen's victories against the Ottomans and Hungarians were already regarded as God-inspired, or as placed under the direct patronage of various saints

2453:, more than 13% of the participants regarded Stephen the Great as the most important personality who had "influenced the destiny of the Romanians for the better". Seven years later, during a programme called the 1784:, Stephen "paid tribute to the Ottomans, but only when it was advantageous...; he did homage to King Casimir of Poland as his suzerain when that seemed wise ...; and he resorted to arms when other means failed." 647:

The death of Alexander the Good in 1432 gave rise to a succession crisis that lasted more than two decades. Stephen's father seized the throne in 1449 after defeating one of his relatives with the support of

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in order to replace its rulers – who had accepted Ottoman suzerainty – with his protégés. However, each prince who seized the throne with Stephen's support was soon forced to pay homage to the sultan.

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in Moldavia. He ordered the collection of the annals of the principality and initiated the completion of at least three Slavonic chronicles, noted in particular for doing away with the conventions of

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emphasized, "No one should fail to understand the extent to which Stephen could influence the evolution of events, one way or another", referring to his pre-eminent role in the anti-Ottoman alliance.

2759:, a Wallachian pretender to Moldavia's throne. The Putna tombstones of Stephen's two sons who died during his lifetime, Bogdan and Peter, already display the aurochs within the "Mușat coat-of-arms". 1879:

When talking with Muriano in 1502, Stephen mentioned that he had fought 36 battles, only losing two of them. When the enemy forces mostly outnumbered his army, Stephen had to adopt the tactics of "

827:, recorded that Vlad Țepeș had to station 7,000 soldiers near the Wallachian-Moldavian frontier during the sultan's invasion to "protect his country against his Moldavian enemies". Both Tursun and 1389:. During the following years, Ivan and Stephen coordinated their diplomacy, which enabled Ivan to persuade Alexander to acknowledge the loss of significant territories to Moscow in February 1494. 1317:

in March 1486, but could not recapture Chilia and Cetatea Albă. He narrowly escaped with his life, reportedly after being helped by the Aprod Purice, whom tradition identifies as patriarch of the

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dying on the way. Before long, a plague broke out in the Polish camp, while Vladislaus of Hungary sent an army of 12,000 strong to Moldavia, forcing John Albert to lift the siege on 19 October.

1898:(or commanders) of the fortresses were invested with administrative and judicial powers and became important pillars of royal administration, their work controlled by a new central office, the 1163:

in the Ottoman camp forced Mehmed to leave Moldavia, enabling the voivode to return from Poland. Folk tradition claims that Stephen had also been pledged a new army with the free peasantry of

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Stephen again swore loyalty to Casimir IV in the presence of the Polish envoy in Suceava on 28 July 1468. He conducted raids against Transylvania between 1468 and 1471. When Casimir came to

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main supporters of the central government. His itinerant lifestyle enabled him to personally hold court in the whole of Moldavia, which contributed to the development of his authority.

898:(now Khotyn in Ukraine) on the Dniester from the Poles. To commemorate the capture of Chilia, Stephen ordered the construction of the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God in a 632:

records that he had five siblings: brothers Ioachim, Ioan, Christea; and sisters Sorea and Maria. Some of Stephen's biographers hypothesize that Cârstea Arbore, father of the statesman

2629:, and two ministers) attended the event. Patriarch Teoctist noted that "God has brought us together under the same skies, just as Stephen rallied us under the same flag in the past." 1668: 947:

who had joined him. A group of boyars rose up against Stephen in the Lower Country, but he had 20 boyars and 40 other landowners captured and executed before the end of the year.

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Mărculeț, Vasile (2006). "Șcheia (6 martie 1486) – un eșec militar, dar un succes politic. Unele considerații pe baza unor surse moldovenești și turcești din secolele XV–XVIII".

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was restored, he was soon forced to accept the Sultan's suzerainty. Anticipating a new Ottoman attack, Stephen fortified his frontier with Wallachia and entered an alliance with

571:. Stephen again tried to recapture Chilia and Cetatea Albă, but had to acknowledge the loss of the two ports to the Ottomans in 1503. During his last years, his son and co-ruler 7800:

Bolovan, Ioan; Constantiniu, Florin; Michelson, Paul E.; Pop, Ioan Aurel; Popa, Cristian; Popa, Marcel; Scurtu, Ioan; Treptow, Kurt W.; Vultur, Marcela; Watts, Larry L. (1997).

1733: 2866: 2245:. The latter dedicated him a large number of works, from poems written in his native Russian to Romanian-language historical novels in which Stephen is a leading protagonist. 954:

in February 1469 to personally receive his homage, Stephen did not go to meet him. In the same year or in early 1470, Tatars invaded Moldavia, but Stephen routed them in the

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Romanian Orthodox Church. On his first feast after his canonization, a new ceremony was held to celebrate Stephen the Great and Saint in Putna. 15,000 people (including the

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Matthias Corvinus signed a five-year truce with Bayezid II in October 1483. The truce applied to all Moldavia, with the exception of the ports. Bayezid invaded Moldavia and

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in his father's charters, showing that he had been made his father's heir and co-ruler. Bogdan acknowledged the suzerainty of Hunyadi in 1450. Stephen fled to Hungary after

1654:, who held the Moldavian throne in 1538–1540, also presented himself as Stephen's illegitimate son. According to Sacerdoțeanu, his claim is credible. A local tradition in 1321:

family. Historian Vasile Mărculeț agrees with Ottoman sources in noting that Șcheia was not a military victory for Moldavia, but overall a relative success for his enemy,

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Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). "The Romanians in the 14th–16th centuries from the 'Christian Republic' to the 'Restoration of Dacia'". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.).

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Stephen received the sobriquet "Great" shortly after his death. Sigismund I of Poland and Lithuania referred to him as "that great Stephen" in 1534. The Polish historian

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The years following Stephen's wars against the Ottoman Empire have been described as the era of "cultural policies" and "great architectural upsurge". More than a dozen

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marauders. Casimir in turn pledged to protect Stephen against his enemies and to forbid Peter Aaron from returning to Moldavia. Peter Aaron subsequently left Poland for

1650:, who became prince of Moldavia in 1527. The church regards his mother, Maria Rareș, as Stephen's fourth wife, although she is known to have been married to a burgher. 1302:, Casimir's intervention also drove the Ottomans out of Moldavia; Veniamin Ciobanu however argues that the Polish involvement remained non-military, purely diplomatic. 9179: 8409:

Marin, Șerban (2009). "Însemnări din jurnalul venețianului Marino Sanudo referitoare la ultimii ani de domnie ai lui Ștefan cel Mare. Ambasadele Moldovei la Veneția".

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wrote several theatrical works which contributed to the Stephen cult. Other Moldavians, shunning separatism, paid their own homage to the medieval hero. In the 1840s,

2216:, also campaigned for the erection of a Stephen the Great statue, which was supposed to represent resistance against Wallachian encroachment. The Moldavian separatist 2012: 1908:

included members of the princely family, such as Duma, who was Stephen's cousin; before his execution, Isaia, the voivode's brother-in-law, had supervised Chilia and

1492:, was also taking on princely responsibilities from his father. He conducted the negotiations with Poland about a peace treaty. The treaty, which Stephen ratified at 1453:, cemented his victory. These were either ordered and directed by Stephen, or carried out through a combined force of Ottoman–Tatar–Moldavian irregulars commanded by 7949:

Cojocari, Ludmila (2007). "Political Liturgies and Concurrent Memories in the Context of Nation-Building Process in Post-Soviet Moldova: The Case of 'Victory Day'".

1238:...since has ruled in Moldavia he has not liked any ruler of Wallachia. He did not wish to live with , nor with , nor with me. I do not know who can live with him. 2302:

Anniversaries of the most important events of Stephen's life have been officially celebrated since the 1870s, including in 1871 the defiant show of solidarity at

1943: 1888:

Alexander the Good's rule at Hotin, Chilia, Cetatea Albă, Suceava and Târgu Neamț. He also erected a number of castles, including the new fortresses at Roman and

535:, but the lack of provisions and the outbreak of a plague forced him to withdraw from Moldavia. Taking advantage of a truce with Matthias Corvinus, the Ottomans 734:. There is a long-standing dispute about whether Teoctist was a dissenter, belonging to one of the several emancipated Orthodox jurisdictions, or a loyalist of 718:) of the Moldavian lands" on 13 September 1457. His use of Christian devices for legitimization overlapped with a troubled context for Moldavian Orthodoxy: the 2433:

As Eagles notes, "Stephen is an ever-present icon" in both Romania and Moldova: "statues of his image abound; politicians cite him as an exemplar; schools and

2010:, and for introducing new storytelling canons. Some portions of these historiographic texts were corrected, and perhaps even dictated, by Stephen himself. The 8616:

Păun, Radu G. (2016). "Mount Athos and the Byzantine-Slavic Tradition in Wallachia and Moldavia after the fall of Constantinople". In Stanković, Vlada (ed.).

8575: 1979:

at Stephen's initiative after 1487. The wealthiest boyars followed him, and Stephen also supported the development of monastic communities. For instance, the

1286: 2018: 1710: 1187:

international position, Stephen signed a new treaty with Poland on 22 January 1479, promising to personally swear fealty to Casimir IV in Colomea (now

9169: 2217: 1976: 1755: 831:

note that Stephen's troops were loyal to Mehmed, and directly involved in the invasion. Taking advantage of the presence of the Ottoman fleet at the

1662:) attributes to Stephen other extra-conjugal affairs, with many peasants reporting that they consider themselves "of his blood" or "of his marrow". 8027: 2430:. The latter describes Stephen as "the founder of Moldavian statehood", claiming direct continuity from his principality to the present-day state. 2362:

Moldavia was not my ancestors', was not mine, and is not yours, but belongs to our descendants and our descendants' descendants to the end of time.

2149: 9214: 8842: 8469:

Mureșan, Dan Ioan (2008). "Patriarhia de Constantinopol și Ștefan cel Mare. Drumul sinuos de la surse la interpretare". In Muntean, V. V. (ed.).

2806: 2350: 2201: 1628: 1619:. The Stephen–Maria marriage took place in September 1472, but she died in December 1477. During her brief stay in Moldavia, Maria supported the 8862:

Tiron, Tudor-Radu (2012). "Steagurile heraldice ale lui Ștefan cel Mare. Certitudini și ipoteze în lumina informațiilor mai vechi sau mai noi".

7972:

Histoire, mémoire et dévotion. Regards croisés sur la construction des identités dans le monde orthodoxe aux époques byzantine et post-byzantine

7909:

Ciobanu, Veniamin (1991). "The equilibrium policy of the Romanian principalities in East-Central Europe, 1444–1485". In Treptow, Kurt W. (ed.).

2039: 1032:(now Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi in Ukraine) in the early 1470s. Instead of obeying their demands, Stephen declined to send the yearly tribute to the 2427: 2057: 9006: 8031: 2181:("Stephen the Ancient" or "the Old"). Oral history also maintained Stephen's Byzantine self-references, often calling him an "emperor" or a " 2156: 1627:, was the daughter of Radu the Fair, Voivode of Wallachia. She was the mother of Stephen's immediate successor, Bogdan, and a daughter named 1289:

notes that Casimir IV had always remained neutral during Stephen's conflicts with the Ottomans, but the Ottoman control of the mouths of the

1374:

to Ciceu and Cetatea de Baltă in Transylvania. John Albert, in turn, was forced to acknowledge his brother as the lawful king in late 1491.

1171:. Another account, repeated by Ureche, is that Maria Oltea forced her son back into battle, pushing him to either return victorious or die. 1061: 8471:

In memoriam Alexandru Elian. Omagiere postumă a reputatului istoric și teolog, la zece ani de la trecerea sa în veșnicie (8 ianuarie 1998)

8177:(2013). "Legăturile româno-turce de-a lungul veacurilor (până în 1981)". In Gemil, Tasin; Custurea, Gabriel; Cornea, Delia Roxana (eds.). 8240:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1: Aachen, Siege of – Dyrrachium, Siege and Battle of (1081)

2833: 1695: 1263: 487:. Peter Aaron attacked Moldavia with Hungarian support in December 1470, but was also defeated by Stephen and executed, along with the 1900: 1385:, and John Albert was elected king of Poland in late August. Ivan III of Moscow broke into Lithuania to expand his authority over the 1167:, grouped around the seven sons of a local lady, Tudora "Baba" Vrâncioaia. This contingent reportedly attacked the Ottomans' flank at 8786:

History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808

2237:, the peasantry and intellectual class both appealed to Stephen as a symbol of resistance. His "golden century" was a reference for 1680: 9154: 8369:

Maasing, Madis (2015). "Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia". In Heß, Cordelia; Adams, Jonathan (eds.).

7970:

Cristea, Ovidiu (2016). "Guerre, Histoire et Mémoire en Moldavie au temps d'Étienne le Grand (1457–1504)". In Păun, Radu G. (ed.).

2422:, where he also endures as the symbol of "Moldavian particularism" or "Moldovan patriotism". Thus, Stephen was invoked by both the 1502: 2434: 640:

are known to have been preserved through matrimonial connections: Maria, who died in 1485, was the wife of Șendrea, gatekeeper of

2694:

shield with one striped quarter, but the colors are uncertain: one prevailing interpretation is that the dominant tinctures were

1589: 17: 2673:

remain unknown. This arrangement was not familiar to heraldists in Western Europe. By the 1530s, they represented Moldavia with

2348:

and other Romanian-inhabited regions, helping to consolidate Stephen's cultural legacy. One such contribution was the 1909 play

1282: 1201: 1140:

to break into the Crimea, forcing the Crimean Tatars to withdraw from Moldavia. The Sultan invaded Moldavia in late June 1476.

803:

Written sources evidence that the relationship between Stephen and Vlad Țepeș became tense in early 1462. On 2 April 1462, the

731: 815:) informed Casimir IV of Poland that Stephen had attacked Wallachia while Vlad Țepeș was waging war against the Ottomans. The 9199: 9159: 8795: 8687: 8647: 8625: 8540: 8518: 8442: 8378: 8337: 8318: 8286: 8247: 8186: 8164: 8142: 8060: 7979: 7828: 816: 752:

conflict with Poland, because the recapture of Chilia was his principal aim. Chilia was an important port on the Danube that

503: 2821: 7075: 1620: 1112:, he was also playing down the invasion as the deed of "some fugitives and brigands" whom the Sultan would want to punish. 2398:. Initially, the regime looked down on Stephen's treatment of the peasantry, and only emphasized his connections with the 2387:

embraced Stephen the Great's cult for its own purposes, with special emphasis on his contribution as a Christian monarch.

1787:

Stephen suppressed the rebellious boyars and strengthened central government, often applying cruel punishments, including

1484:

From about 1498, power in Moldavia quietly shifted toward a group of boyars and administrators, comprising, among others,

1136:

were the first to break into Moldavia at the Sultan's order, but Stephen routed them. He also persuaded the Tatars of the

966:

around the same time. A Wallachian army laid siege to Chilia, but it could not force the Moldavian garrison to surrender.

9164: 2919: 2411: 701: 448: 2016:, which was allegedly the oldest chronicle, narrated the history of Moldavia from 1359 to 1506. The two versions of the 1556:

If Stephen fathered two or three sons named Alexandru, the one who was for a while his designated successor was born to

628:. The date of Stephen's birth is unknown, though historians estimate that he was born between 1433 and 1440. One church 54: 30: 8478: 1419: 1155:

on 26 July and had to seek refuge in Poland, but the Ottomans could not capture the fortress of Suceava, and similarly

969:

Matthias Corvinus sent peace proposals to Stephen. His envoys sought Casimir IV's advice on Corvinus' proposals at the

564: 424: 302: 1057:

restore Basarab, Stephen launched a new campaign to Wallachia in October, forcing Radu to flee from the principality.

8911: 8892: 8709: 8606: 8587: 8103: 7918: 7809: 7790: 7748: 2839: 2638: 2355: 678:

on 12 April, but Peter Aaron left Moldavia for Poland only after Stephen inflicted a second defeat on him at Orbic."

9174: 9149: 2335:

On the 400th anniversary of the voivode's death in 1904, ceremonies included the completion of a stone monument in

1953: 1358: 944: 637: 552:

and monasteries were built in Moldavia, which contributed to the development of a specific Moldavian architecture.

488: 2438: 2249: 1915:

Stephen hired mercenaries to man his forts, which diminished the military role of the boyars' retinues within the

9189: 2792:. The "war flag", he notes, is too small to carry in battle, and does not match with images in either Thurocz or 2755:, and were intensively used by all princes who claimed full or partial descent from Alexander the Good—including 2407: 1052:

in a battle that lasted for three days from 18 to 20 November 1473. Four days later, the Moldavian army captured

890:

bombarded the fortress for two days, forcing the garrison to surrender on 25 or 26 January. The sultan's vassal,

8488:

Năsturel, Petre Ș. (2005). "Steagul 'de luptă' al lui Ștefan cel Mare: prapur bisericesc ori poală de icoană?".

2328:) to Stephen, calling upon him to leave his grave to again lead his people. His statue was ultimately raised in 958:

near the Dniester. To strengthen the defence system along the river, Stephen decided to erect new fortresses at

791:. In 1462, Stephen underscored his wish for good relations with the Ottoman Empire, expelling from Moldavia the 675: 8921:

Turdeanu, Émile (1951). "Les lettres slaves en Moldavie. Le moine Gabriel du monastère de Neamțu (1424–1447)".

8359: 8006:

Diaconescu, Marius (2013). "Contribuții la datarea donației Ciceului și Cetății de Baltă lui Ștefan cel Mare".

2788:. However, scholar Petre Ș. Năsturel cautions that this may not be a heraldic object of any kind, but rather a 1865: 1623:, contributing to the friendly contacts between Stephen and Catholic powers. Stephen's third (or fourth) wife, 440: 2212:

made Stephen the topic of historical fiction, popular prints, and heraldic reconstructions. Asachi, and later

1553:

describes the surviving Alexandru, or "Sandrin", as a posthumous son of Stephen, but this is likely an error.

636:, was the prince's fourth brother, or that Cârstea was the same as Ioachim. These links with the high-ranking 9194: 2617: 2403: 2395: 1852: 1353: 970: 2266: 1445:

on 25 and 26 October. Several raids into Poland during the following months, including the sacking of Lviv,

7928:

Ciubotaru, Mircea (2005). "O problemă de demografie istorică de la sfârșitul domniei lui Ștefan cel Mare".

2681:; these arms, though originally used for Wallachia, possibly echoed Stephen's victories over the Ottomans. 1214:, enabled Stephen to break into Wallachia and the Ottoman Empire in June. He routed Basarab the Younger at 735: 981:(the two most important Wallachian centres of commerce on the Danube) in February 1470. Peter Aaron hired 921:

abolished all previous exemptions relating to the tax known as the "chamber's profit". The leaders of the

2924: 2914: 2909: 2781: 2732:

symbol, but altered it into a "double-headed lily", then renounced it altogether. Similarly, he used the

2318:. Nationalist interpretations still prevailed, particularly after 1881, when Eminescu dedicated his poem 1438: 1295: 568: 527:, even though Moldavia's hopes for military support went unfulfilled. The following year, Ottoman Sultan 436: 308: 2375:. Over the following three decades, Stephen's deeds became the inspiration for literary works by Iorga, 2060:, became influential outside Moldavia, creating a fashion among Russian illustrators and calligraphers. 9184: 9134: 9080: 2813: 2688:

used by Stephen have been the topic of additional scrutiny and debate. Stephen is known to have used a

2296: 2003: 617: 507: 408: 268: 8511:

Church, State and Dynasty in Renaissance Poland: The Career of Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellon (1468–1503)

8157:

The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569

2934: 691:

One widely accepted theory, based on Ureche, states that an assembly of boyars and Orthodox clergymen

7875:

Cândea, Virgil (2004). "Saint Stephen the Great in his contemporary Europe (Respublica Christiana)".

2741: 2678: 2579: 1916: 1861: 1795:, including the notion that different laws applied to slaves, reportedly capturing as many as 17,000 1498: 1262:

Corvinus was unwilling to break his own truce with Bayezid, having tacit Ottoman backing for his own

887: 835:, Stephen also laid siege to Chilia in late June. According to Domenico Balbi, the Venetian envoy in 760:

on 4 April 1459. He acknowledged the suzerainty of Casimir IV and promised to support Poland against

242: 1156: 1023: 9209: 9204: 6955: 2613: 2603: 2583: 2536: 2511: 2423: 2242: 2073: 1796: 1600: 1386: 1382: 1362: 1310: 1116: 581: 289: 9024: 9003: 8618:

The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453

2752: 1780:

him to play off the Ottoman Empire, Poland and Hungary against each other. According to historian

9070: 2729: 2719: 2650: 2599: 2515: 2279: 1762: 1721: 1546: 1489: 1275: 828: 613: 572: 460: 221: 177: 97: 2929: 2311: 1148: 974: 532: 279: 8533:

Inventing the Jew. Antisemitic Stereotypes in Romanian and Other Central East-European Cultures

8179:

Moștenirea culturală turcă în Dobrogea. Simpozion internațional. Constanța, 24 septembrie, 2013

2455: 2230: 1999:) which became the featuring decorative element of Moldavian art during the following century. 1454: 1266:. However, he granted his vassal a territorial gift in Transylvania, comprising the domains of 1252: 1090:

was "arguably one of the biggest European victories over the Ottomans", according to historian

727: 697: 536: 444: 284: 8597:

Parry, V. J. (1976). "The reigns of Bāyezīd II and Selīm I, 1481–1520". In Cook, M. A. (ed.).

8371:

Fear and Loathing in the North. Jews and Muslims in Medieval Scandinavia and the Baltic Region

2108: 1537:

A woman named Mărușca (or Mărica) most probably gave birth to Stephen's first recognized son,

8430: 2690: 2609: 2602:, or, alternatively, as the ruler of heaven. However, Stephen the Great was ignored when the 2598:

of Putna". In at least some legends attested by 1903, the voivode is depicted as an immortal

2270: 1717: 1651: 1538: 1522: 1231: 1152: 1091: 1029: 859: 753: 609: 544: 416: 203: 173: 8657:

Pilat, Liviu (2010). "The 1487 Crusade: a Turning Point in the Moldavian–Polish Relations".

2939: 2091: 9144: 9139: 8824:"Views from across the Adriatic: The Royal Crowns of Bosnia and Wallachia in the mid-1470s" 2622: 2391: 2289: 2197: 2007: 1856: 1844: 1747: 1569: 1003: 820: 528: 456: 8070:

Emandi, Emil Ioan (1994). "Urbanism și demografie istorică (Suceava în secolele XV–XIX)".

2437:; villages and the main thoroughfares of towns and cities are named after him; there is a 1980: 1725: 1124:

to finance Stephen's war directly, instead of sending the funds to Matthias Corvinus. The

60: 8: 9106: 8823: 8740:

Sacerdoțeanu, Aurelian (1969). "Descălecători de țară, dătători de legi și datini (II)".

2873: 2858: 2768: 2763: 2670: 2226: 1992: 1959: 1848: 1608: 1604: 1407: 1397: 1378: 1337: 1223: 1219: 1215: 922: 719: 709: 560: 472: 463:, from supporting Peter Aaron, but eventually acknowledged Casimir's suzerainty in 1459. 8719:

Rezachievici, Constantin (2007). "A fost Ștefan cel Mare 'ales' domn în aprilie 1457?".

8452:

Mitric, Olimpia (2004). "Manuscrisele din timpul lui Ștefan cel Mare. O nouă evaluare".

2257: 2238: 1984: 1396:

between Hungary and Poland. Vladislaus met his four brothers, including John Albert and

1271: 567:

in 1497, but Stephen and his Hungarian and Ottoman allies routed the Polish army in the

419:, who was murdered in 1451 in a conspiracy organized by his brother and Stephen's uncle 9060: 8113:

Eșanu, Valentina (2013). "Luca Arbore în misiuni diplomatice ale lui Ștefan cel Mare".

7758: 2797: 2773: 2558: 2446: 2368: 2345: 2299:

also chided the voivode for his loss of Chilia and his supposed betrayal of Wallachia.

2248:

By then, the cult of Stephen's "patriotic virtues" had been introduced to Wallachia by

2170: 1932: 1880: 1792: 1612: 1565: 1510: 1299: 1227: 1125: 1049: 765: 69: 8528: 8296:

Iliescu, Ionuț (2006). "Inaugurarea monumentului lui Ștefan cel Mare de la Bârsești".

8238:

Grabarczyk, Tadeusz (2010). "Cosmin Forest, Battle of". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.).

7913:. East European Monographs, Distributed by Columbia University Press. pp. 29–52. 7174: 7099: 2904: 2262: 2053: 1314: 1267: 978: 563:, but Stephen's diplomacy prevented him from invading Moldavia for years. John Albert 8979: 8959: 8938: 8907: 8888: 8871: 8850: 8810: 8791: 8784: 8770: 8749: 8728: 8705: 8702:

Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia

8683: 8666: 8643: 8621: 8602: 8583: 8563: 8536: 8514: 8497: 8474: 8457: 8438: 8418: 8397: 8374: 8355: 8333: 8314: 8309:

Kohn, George C. (2007). "Polish-Turkish War of 1848–1504". In Kohn, George C. (ed.).

8282: 8262: 8243: 8226: 8205: 8182: 8160: 8138: 8118: 8099: 8079: 8056: 8039: 8015: 7994: 7975: 7958: 7937: 7914: 7897: 7880: 7863: 7843: 7824: 7805: 7786: 7766: 7744: 7656: 2733: 2715: 2666: 2646: 2415: 1884: 1581: 1542: 1431: 1180: 1175: 899: 891: 804: 780: 476: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 349: 335: 160: 8682:. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 209–314. 7855: 2253: 2121: 2031:). Some were richly decorated with miniatures, such as portraits of Stephen (in the 1702: 1624: 1474: 1285:

was in preparation, with clashes between the two sides occurring in 1484. Historian

1095: 708:

Stephen prince. To emphasize the sacred nature of his rule, Stephen styled himself "

193: 153: 9094: 8930: 8697: 2785: 2711: 2460: 2380: 2320: 2116: 1889: 1557: 1550: 1087: 1080: 1019: 955: 938:. Stephen assembled his army and launched a crushing defeat on the invaders in the 935: 514: 432: 296: 274: 145: 7027: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4409: 2899: 1909: 1743: 1411:, the Lithuanian magnates also condemned the war, and simply refused to cross the 1256: 9053: 9010: 8998: 8347: 8152: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 2843: 2789: 2699: 2674: 2654: 2587: 2551: 2495: 2489: 2372: 2307: 2209: 2032: 1938: 1801: 1687: 1616: 1596: 1526: 1478: 1309:

Stephen returned from Poland and defeated the invaders with Polish assistance at

1104: 1045: 918: 907: 903: 876: 784: 745: 540: 519: 480: 149: 132: 87: 2744:. Following his 1489 dispute with Poland, that charge was altered into a double 2737: 1501:, his envoys also discussed the possibility of Moldavia and Hungary joining the 769: 756:

had surrendered to Hungary in 1448. He signed a treaty with Poland on the river

9118: 8435:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1

8274: 4680: 2793: 2756: 2662: 2376: 2315: 2303: 2234: 1809: 1781: 1659: 1585: 1506: 1427: 1144: 1133: 1099: 1069: 939: 931: 723: 671: 524: 484: 262: 8053:

Stephen the Great and Balkan Nationalism: Moldova and Eastern European History

7632: 7111: 7051: 4212: 3155: 2213: 2098: 1739: 1647: 1109: 181: 9128: 8983: 8971: 8963: 8942: 8875: 8854: 8814: 8774: 8753: 8732: 8670: 8567: 8501: 8461: 8422: 8401: 8266: 8230: 8209: 8130: 8122: 8083: 8043: 8019: 7998: 7989:

Demciuc, Vasile M. (2004). "Domnia lui Ștefan cel Mare. Repere cronologice".

7962: 7941: 7901: 7884: 7867: 7847: 7770: 7003: 6007: 2751:

Stephen's heraldic symbols progressively merged with those attributed to the

2695: 2685: 2340: 2336: 2292:. In Panu's works, Stephen appears as merely a "Polish vassal"; the one-time 2166: 2028: 1996: 1825: 1393: 1349: 1322: 1033: 911: 644:; Stephen's other brother-in-law, Isaia, also held high office at his court. 625: 620:. Stephen's mother, Maria Oltea, was most probably related to the princes of 556: 8934: 7087: 2772:, with varying tinctures. These were first identified as Stephen's flags by 2358:, including advice attributed, in the public's mind, to historical Stephen: 1341: 8761:

Schipor, Vasile I. (2004). "Ștefan cel Mare în legendele poporului român".

8433:(2011). "Vaslui-Podul, Battle of (1475)". In Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.). 8174: 7763:

Slavonic Europe. A Political History of Poland and Russia from 1447 to 1796

6752: 2888:

One interpretation of the Thurocz flag, featuring or-an-vert stripes. 1467.

2745: 2724: 2591: 2575: 2522: 2450: 2138: 2080: 1820:. According to historian Mircea Ciubotaru, these may include Cernauca (now 1655: 1426:

to Moldavia at Stephen's request, joining the Moldavian forces gathered at

1412: 1164: 832: 773: 649: 548: 8091: 2114:

Stephen rallying the peasant soldiers with his horn, 1914 illustration to

1843:

Stephen also welcomed freemen as settlers, establishing some of the first

1513:, sent a physician, Matteo Muriano, to Moldavia to treat his counterpart. 1318: 1147:

policy, but could not avoid a pitched battle. He suffered a defeat in the

8950:

Voiculescu, Mircea (1991). "O invitație la nuntă de acum cinci veacuri".

8635: 7778: 7251: 7162: 7138: 6776: 6019: 2649:

atop his personal arms. He revived the elaborate design introduced under

2626: 2570: 2275: 2221: 2205: 2190: 1837: 1833: 1577: 1493: 1485: 1137: 792: 662:(who was also Alexander the Good's son) murdered Bogdan in October 1451. 659: 633: 577: 420: 7620: 7350: 1450: 1278:, whose last titular owner before Stephen was John Pongrác of Dengeleg. 1168: 982: 584:

canonized him in 1992, he is venerated as "Stephen the Great and Holy" (

7838:

Bruja, Radu-Florian (2004). "Ștefan cel Mare în imagologia legionară".

2762:

A Moldavian banner also survives in hand-colored versions illustrating

2399: 2384: 1813: 1788: 1561: 1458: 1211: 1207: 1041: 1037: 824: 787:, decided to support Peter Aaron, giving him shelter in his capital at 730:

had encouraged local bishops to consider themselves independent of the

692: 7596: 6240: 483:, in 1467. Corvinus invaded Moldavia, but Stephen defeated him in the 2528: 2049: 2024: 1964: 1821: 1639: 1423: 1065: 1053: 959: 705: 621: 493: 452: 428: 3337: 3271: 3269: 2169:

mentioned him as the "great prince of the Moldavians." According to

1847:

colonies in Moldavia, including one at Suceava, while also settling

1805: 1401: 1075: 1007: 667: 8217:

Gorovei, Ștefan S. (2014). "Mai 1498: Ștefan cel Mare și Polonia".

7608: 7446: 6180: 5952: 4487: 2777: 2658: 2079:

Stephen the Great and Aprod Purice at Șcheia, Romantic painting by

1894: 1869: 1573: 1442: 1370: 1298:. Historians provide different readings of the issue: according to 1188: 1121: 870: 836: 808: 757: 714: 601: 412: 7398: 6257: 6255: 3667: 2857:

One variant of Stephen's personal coat of arms, with hypothetical

2002:

Stephen also contributed to the development of historiography and

1855:, in that city. Early on, he renewed the commercial privileges of 1603:. She was probably also cousins with the Muscovite Grand Princess 927: 498: 9101: 8036:

Istoria literaturii române. II: De la Școala Ardeleană la Junimea

7644: 7186: 6387: 5469: 5467: 4131: 4129: 4127: 3684: 3682: 3266: 2642: 2532: 2419: 2402:

or his clampdown against boyardom. This stance was overturned by

2284: 2044: 1446: 1290: 1160: 977:

in late 1469. Stephen invaded Wallachia and destroyed Brăila and

654: 641: 629: 188: 121: 8659:

Medieval and Early Modern Studies for Central and Eastern Europe

8096:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

3943: 3941: 3303: 3301: 2329: 1817: 1469: 1143:

Himself supported by troops sent by Corvinus, Stephen adopted a

7799: 7263: 6623: 6621: 6252: 5995: 4825: 4823: 4695: 4415: 4258: 4225: 3411: 3161: 3013: 3011: 2707: 2545: 1829: 1518: 1340:, one-time pretender to the Moldavian throne; 1530 portrait by 998: 988: 963: 895: 812: 796: 761: 467: 8904:

Vlad III Dracula: The Life and Times of the Historical Dracula

7668: 7084:, pp. 44, 85, 102, 116, 136, 158–159, 275, 362, 566, 589. 6991: 6168: 6144: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6082: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5594: 5464: 5324: 4617: 4554: 4124: 3679: 3382: 2482: 2131: 1580:

refers to two children of Stephen and Evdochia, Alexandru and

910:, extended by Stephen in 1467, when he donated the village of 596: 8196:

Gorovei, Ștefan S. (1973). "Cronici de familie: Movileștii".

7326: 7227: 6204: 6067: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5072: 5070: 5040: 4847: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 3938: 3298: 3130: 3128: 3126: 2703: 2325: 1588:, the eldest son of Ivan III, and mother of the usurped heir 1244: 8634: 7951:

Interstitio: East European Review of Historical Anthropology

7458: 7093: 7081: 7015: 6961: 6943: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6618: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6462: 6108: 6043: 5491: 5479: 5410: 5408: 5368: 5366: 5275: 5273: 4925: 4923: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4859: 4835: 4820: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4319: 3084: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3008: 2339:, by locals who claimed descent from Vrâncioaia. Also then, 823:, later invaded Wallachia in June 1462. Mehmed's secretary, 7494: 7039: 6878: 6866: 6399: 6375: 6363: 6351: 6315: 6228: 6192: 6156: 6120: 6079: 5933: 5901: 5690: 5666: 5285: 4952: 4950: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4336: 4334: 4292: 4290: 4007: 3973: 3971: 3884: 3882: 3060: 1206:

Mehmed II died in 1481. The conflict between his two sons,

1115:

Meanwhile, Stephen's brother-in-law, Alexander, seized the

1028:

The Ottomans put pressure on Stephen to abandon Chilia and

951: 886:

Stephen again laid siege to Chilia on 24 January 1465. The

788: 740: 439:, he returned to Moldavia, forcing Aaron to seek refuge in 7716: 7680: 5865: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5623: 5584: 5582: 5527: 5435: 5121: 5067: 4962: 4910: 4908: 4504: 4502: 4462: 4460: 4168: 3983: 3447: 3179: 3123: 8640:

Ioan Pelivan: istoric al mișcării naționale din Basarabia

8026: 7911:

Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad the Impaler

7374: 7275: 7257: 7239: 7180: 7168: 7144: 7117: 7105: 7057: 7033: 7009: 6979: 6931: 6839: 6782: 6758: 6633: 6579: 6537: 6438: 6416: 6414: 6216: 5983: 5889: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5714: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5503: 5405: 5363: 5351: 5297: 5270: 5246: 5145: 5133: 5094: 5082: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4920: 4871: 4808: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4514: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4024: 4022: 3869: 3867: 3820: 3699: 3697: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3587: 3585: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3459: 3242: 3191: 3048: 3023: 1377:

Casimir IV died on 7 June 1492. One of his younger sons,

8638:; Constantin, Ion; Negrei, Ion; Negru, Gheorghe (2012). 7586: 7584: 7571: 7569: 7410: 7338: 7292: 7290: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7128: 7126: 6967: 6919: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6829: 6827: 6788: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6606: 6569: 6567: 6554: 6552: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6450: 6339: 6303: 6132: 6055: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5923: 5921: 5843: 5841: 5826: 5731: 5729: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5425: 5423: 5395: 5393: 5341: 5339: 5314: 5312: 5236: 5234: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5057: 5055: 4991: 4989: 4974: 4947: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4477: 4475: 4433: 4346: 4331: 4287: 4248: 4246: 4231: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4046: 4034: 3968: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3879: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3786: 3784: 3721: 3709: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3570: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3372: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3232: 3230: 3203: 1872:, some of whom became supporters of the Ottoman Empire. 513:

Stephen eventually defeated a large Ottoman army in the

7860:

Arborosenii: trădători austriaci și naționaliști români

7704: 7692: 7542: 7506: 7434: 7215: 7063: 6890: 6666: 6291: 6031: 5877: 5774: 5741: 5702: 5579: 5515: 4905: 4784: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4701: 4641: 4629: 4605: 4499: 4457: 4421: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 3958: 3956: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3832: 3769: 3745: 3423: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3325: 3111: 3101: 3099: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2441:

in central Bucharest; and his crowned head has adorned

2426:, which favored Romanian identity, and the Moldovenist 2208:. Early in the 19th century, the Moldavian regionalist 1437:

The Poles started to march towards Poland, but Stephen

1243:

Basarab the Younger's 1481 letter to the councilors of

1159:. The lack of sufficient provisions and an outbreak of 726:

churches into supporters and dissidents; likewise, the

415:

from 1457 to 1504. He was the son of and co-ruler with

7518: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6702: 6678: 6411: 6327: 6267: 5791: 5753: 5635: 5544: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5162: 5160: 5111: 5109: 5013: 5001: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4566: 4531: 4445: 4302: 4019: 3995: 3733: 3694: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3614: 3582: 3553: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 1646:

Soci. Stephen also fathered another illegitimate son,

29:"Ștefan cel Mare" redirects here. For other uses, see 9078: 8135:

Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and his Times

7581: 7566: 7530: 7386: 7287: 7198: 7123: 6902: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6764: 6731: 6690: 6564: 6549: 6510: 6498: 6486: 6474: 6426: 6279: 5964: 5918: 5853: 5838: 5726: 5606: 5420: 5390: 5378: 5336: 5309: 5258: 5231: 5219: 5195: 5172: 5052: 4986: 4935: 4796: 4713: 4653: 4472: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4243: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4141: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4058: 3894: 3844: 3796: 3781: 3597: 3512: 3500: 3483: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3281: 3254: 3227: 3215: 3167: 3145: 3143: 2956: 2954: 1006:

merchants from the Transylvanian town of Corona (now

779:

Stephen invaded Székely Land multiple times in 1461.

7470: 7422: 7314: 7150: 5678: 5567: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4744: 4363: 4270: 4087: 3953: 3917: 3808: 3757: 3471: 3349: 3313: 3096: 3072: 2966: 2463:, he was voted "the greatest Romanian of all time". 2265:, in particular as the "mighty shadow" described in 8805:Simon, Alexandru (2009). "The Saint and the Jews". 7554: 7482: 7302: 6714: 6654: 5814: 5447: 5207: 5157: 5106: 4888: 4725: 4593: 3435: 2983: 2229:, which fictionalizes the battle of Șcheia. In the 2196:Such precedents also made Stephen a cult figure in 559:, wanted to grant Moldavia to his younger brother, 547:in Ukraine) in 1484. Although Corvinus granted two 8783: 7362: 4390: 4193: 4070: 3394: 3140: 2951: 2616:, canonized Stephen along with 12 other saints at 2606:canonized the first Romanian saints in the 1950s. 2410:toned down or removed references to his legacy in 2310:, which had annexed Bukovina; it was organized by 1036:in 1473. From 1472, he had friendly contacts with 9180:History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty 4763: 2872:Moldavian warrior and flag, uncolored version in 1572:and Lithuania. Stephen's charter of grant to the 1313:in November. He again confronted the Ottomans at 652:, Regent-Governor of Hungary. Stephen was styled 455:Stephen prince. He attacked Poland and prevented 9126: 8580:Stephen the Great, Prince of Moldavia, 1457–1504 1804:against Roma slaves, to alleviate the floods at 8849:. Institutul de Studii și Cercetări Balcanice. 8129: 4623: 4493: 4135: 3688: 3673: 3017: 2710:. These may derive from the colors used by the 2233:, which had been carved out of Moldavia by the 8601:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–78. 2714:(which were possibly used by Stephen's in-law 2645:head (first attested in 1387), sometimes as a 666:1480s, Stephen spent part of that interval in 7818: 6073: 3947: 3066: 2637:Stephen's rule consolidated the usage of the 2052:, 1498). The "Moldavian style", developed at 1461:attacks against his panicking former allies. 1361:, and Casimir IV's two sons, John Albert and 914:, and finally consecrated in September 1470. 8739: 8718: 8473:. Timișoara Archbishopric. pp. 87–179. 7891: 7674: 7662: 7650: 7638: 7626: 7614: 7602: 6997: 6261: 6198: 6186: 6150: 6090: 6001: 5958: 5912: 4829: 4560: 3388: 3343: 3307: 3275: 3185: 3134: 3090: 3042: 1488:and Ioan Tăutu. Stephen's son and co-ruler, 1473:The tomb of Stephen the Great and his wife, 9004:Map of Moldavia under Ștefan cel Mare, 1501 8882: 8847:Armenii în viața economică a Țărilor Române 8429: 6234: 4187: 3054: 1674:Miniature from the 1487, Pătrăuți Monastery 1422:in August 1497. The Sultan sent 500 or 600 906:in 1466. It became the central monument of 858:The medieval fortress at Cetatea Albă (now 496:. In 1473, Stephen stopped paying tribute ( 8949: 8574: 8508: 8237: 8005: 7783:History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness 7245: 6949: 6937: 6860: 6848: 6648: 6627: 6600: 6588: 6543: 6468: 6222: 6210: 5660: 5629: 5600: 5588: 5538: 5509: 5485: 5414: 5372: 5330: 5279: 5046: 4882: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4525: 4357: 4340: 4325: 4296: 4237: 4052: 4013: 3977: 3888: 3715: 3547: 3331: 2481: 53: 8346: 7927: 7356: 7332: 6405: 6381: 6357: 5832: 5672: 2487:Miniature, 1473 medieval manuscript, the 2274:resisted by other writers, in particular 1774: 1420:marched across the Dniester into Moldavia 696:uncertain, various historians agree that 466:Stephen decided to recapture Chilia (now 9170:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania 8920: 8527: 8487: 8387: 8273: 8242:. Oxford University Press. p. 434. 7948: 7896:. Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. 7722: 7665:, pp. 96, 99–100, 102–108, 111–120. 7464: 7452: 7440: 6806: 6612: 6345: 6297: 5061: 2449:Moldovan republic". According to a 1999 2157:Great National Assembly Square, Chișinău 1468: 1332: 1328: 1074: 595: 8970: 8901: 8883:Treptow, Kurt W.; Popa, Marcel (1996). 8831:Studia historica Adriatica ac Danubiana 8760: 8599:A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 8468: 8368: 8352:Istoria literaturii române contemporane 8327: 8295: 8216: 8195: 7988: 7969: 7908: 7548: 7512: 7500: 7281: 7069: 7045: 7021: 6985: 6896: 6884: 6872: 6369: 6273: 6246: 6162: 6138: 6126: 6114: 6049: 6037: 6025: 6013: 5989: 5946: 5895: 5883: 5768: 5708: 5696: 5684: 5561: 5521: 5497: 5291: 5189: 5100: 5007: 4980: 4929: 4914: 4707: 4674: 4647: 4635: 4548: 4508: 4466: 4451: 4439: 4384: 4313: 4264: 4118: 4064: 4040: 4028: 4001: 3989: 3932: 3911: 3802: 3790: 3775: 3751: 3727: 3703: 3661: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3608: 3591: 3576: 3564: 3506: 3494: 3453: 3441: 3417: 3376: 3292: 3260: 3248: 3221: 3209: 3173: 3117: 3002: 2977: 1922: 1742:with his wife and Stephen's grandsons, 1195: 423:, who took the throne. Stephen fled to 14: 9127: 8976:Istoria partidelor politice în România 8841: 8451: 8256: 8069: 8050: 7874: 7854: 7819:Brezianu, Andrei; Spânu, Vlad (2007). 7686: 7536: 7524: 7476: 7416: 7296: 7269: 7221: 7209: 7132: 6973: 6964:, pp. 44, 85, 275, 566, 589, 591. 6913: 6833: 6818: 6794: 6770: 6746: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6558: 6531: 6519: 6504: 6492: 6480: 6456: 6432: 6420: 6393: 6333: 6309: 6285: 6174: 5977: 5927: 5871: 5808: 5735: 5648: 5617: 5441: 5318: 5240: 5076: 5034: 4995: 4802: 4587: 4427: 4281: 4252: 4162: 3962: 3873: 3826: 3763: 3535: 3477: 3465: 3429: 3319: 3236: 3197: 3078: 1968:Spiridon in the gospels of Putna, 1502 1851:, some of whom were escapees from the 1392:Ottoman pressure also brought about a 1283:war between the Poles and the Ottomans 1218:and placed Vlad Țepeș's half-brother, 1013: 8861: 8821: 8804: 8696: 8656: 8620:. Lexington Books. pp. 117–164. 8596: 8408: 8173: 8151: 8112: 8090: 7862:. Tipografia Mitropolitul Silvestru. 7837: 7785:. Central European University Press. 7743:. Central European University Press. 7738: 7710: 7698: 7590: 7575: 7368: 6573: 6444: 6321: 6102: 6016:, pp. 139–141, 159–160, 168–171. 5859: 5847: 5785: 5747: 5720: 5573: 5473: 5429: 5399: 5384: 5357: 5345: 5303: 5264: 5252: 5225: 5201: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5088: 4968: 4956: 4941: 4814: 4790: 4757: 4719: 4481: 3838: 3814: 3105: 2784:and donated by the prince himself to 508:series of campaigns against Wallachia 8781: 8615: 8308: 7894:Știința și arta heraldică în România 7777: 7757: 7560: 7488: 7428: 7404: 7380: 7344: 7320: 7308: 7233: 7192: 7156: 6925: 6061: 5820: 5458: 5213: 4899: 4778: 4738: 4611: 4599: 4206: 2960: 2306:. This doubled as a protest against 1836:, and a cluster of villages outside 1621:Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople 1439:ambushed and routed them at a ravine 1387:principalities along the borderlands 917:At Matthias Corvinus' instance, the 36:Prince of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504 8677: 8642:. Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor. 8549: 7974:. La Pomme d'or. pp. 305–344. 7804:. The Center for Romanian Studies. 7392: 6725: 6672: 6660: 5166: 5115: 4403: 4081: 3739: 3405: 3149: 2702:, although they may also have been 2288:members, who favored a critique of 1560:, whom Stephen married in 1463. An 1255:on 14 or 15 July 1484. His vassal, 1048:. He routed the Wallachian army at 973:(or general assembly) of Poland at 744:by 1473, was never threatened with 674:wrote: "Stephen routed Peter Aaron 24: 8906:. The Center of Romanian Studies. 2827:Modern drawing of the coat of arms 1761:Votive depiction of Stephen, 1503, 1701:Stephen's third (or fourth) wife, 1686:Stephen's second (or third) wife, 1595:Stephen's second (or third) wife, 1564:, she was closely related both to 686: 25: 9226: 8992: 7641:, pp. 109, 111–112, 119–120. 6028:, pp. 141, 168–170, 174–175. 2665:and star (often, but not always, 2394:peaked during the late stages of 2314:and was notably attended by poet 720:attempted Catholic–Orthodox union 9112: 9100: 9088: 8885:Historical Dictionary of Romania 8535:. University of Nebraska Press. 8373:. De Gruyter. pp. 347–388. 7821:Historical Dictionary of Moldova 2881: 2865: 2850: 2832: 2820: 2805: 2267:Romania's future national anthem 2202:union of Moldavia with Wallachia 2148: 2130: 2107: 2097:Stephen's death, as imagined by 2090: 2072: 2063: 1952: 1931: 1754: 1732: 1709: 1694: 1679: 1667: 869: 851: 842: 712:, ... Stephen voivode, lord (or 348: 31:Ștefan cel Mare (disambiguation) 9155:15th-century monarchs in Europe 7731: 2812:Stephen's seal, with legend in 2740:, possibly in reference to the 2027:and Slavonic translations from 517:in 1475. He was referred to as 9215:Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503) 8790:. Cambridge University Press. 8721:Acta Moldaviae Septentrionalis 8680:History of Romania: Compendium 8313:. Facts on File. p. 419. 8281:. Cambridge University Press. 8133:; McNally, Raymond T. (1989). 7765:. Cambridge University Press. 7359:, pp. 121, 178, 183, 323. 6249:, pp. 172, 173, 175, 143. 2796:, nor with the description in 2516:Eastern Orthodox Jurisdictions 1904:(first attested in 1489). The 1638:. The latter married into the 1418:For its part, the Polish army 1202:Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503) 1105:Verus christiane fidei athleta 303:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 13: 1: 7407:, pp. 140, 222, 249–250. 2945: 2618:Saint Spyridon the New Church 2466: 2439:Ștefan cel Mare metro station 1464: 923:Three Nations of Transylvania 591: 473:Three Nations of Transylvania 9200:Romanian patrons of the arts 9160:15th-century Romanian people 8509:Nowakowska, Natalia (2007). 8279:A Concise History of Romania 8181:. Top Form. pp. 33–80. 7741:The Roma in Romanian History 7195:, pp. 57, 135, 189–190. 7183:, pp. 542–544, 547–548. 7108:, pp. 676–678, 686–693. 2390:The reading of Stephen as a 2356:Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea 879:, founded in 1466 by Stephen 576:endures as a cult figure in 7: 8807:New Europe College Yearbook 8159:. Oxford University Press. 7629:, pp. 67–68, 107, 110. 4624:Florescu & McNally 1989 4494:Florescu & McNally 1989 4136:Florescu & McNally 1989 3689:Florescu & McNally 1989 3674:Florescu & McNally 1989 3018:Florescu & McNally 1989 2893: 2782:Saint George and the Dragon 2435:a university bears his name 2185:(king) of the Moldavians". 1977:stone churches were erected 1599:, was of the family of the 569:Battle of the Cosmin Forest 309:Battle of the Cosmin Forest 166: 154:Maria Voichița of Wallachia 10: 9231: 9165:Burials at Putna Monastery 8782:Shaw, Stanford J. (1976). 8259:Locuri și legende vrîncene 8098:. I.B. Tauris Publishers. 7892:Cernovodeanu, Dan (1977). 7455:, pp. 90–97, 100–102. 6396:, pp. 11, 19, 25, 61. 2780:, defaced with an icon of 2004:Church Slavonic literature 1983:was built in 1488 and the 1199: 1017: 523:("Champion of Christ") by 407:); died 2 July 1504), was 79:14 April 1457– 2 July 1504 28: 9067: 9058: 9050: 9045: 9018: 8902:Treptow, Kurt W. (2000). 8822:Simon, Alexandru (2023). 8704:. Duke University Press. 8582:. Editura Enciclopedică. 8437:. ABC-CLIO. p. 914. 8051:Eagles, Jonathan (2014). 8034:; Todoran, Eugen (1968). 7605:, pp. 83–85, 98–120. 6074:Brezianu & Spânu 2007 3948:Brezianu & Spânu 2007 3067:Brezianu & Spânu 2007 2920:Ștefan cel Mare, Călărași 2557: 2542: 2521: 2507: 2502: 2480: 2473: 2326:traditional Romanian song 2324:(written in the style of 2038:, 1473) and his courtier 1917:Moldavian military forces 1769: 1716:Stephen, Maria Voichița, 1532: 1352:; Stephen approached the 1086:Stephen's victory in the 1079:Stephen's tactics in the 624:, according to historian 543:allies Cetatea Albă (now 321: 248: 243:Moldavian military forces 236: 231: 227: 217: 209: 199: 187: 159: 139: 127: 115: 111:9 or 16 January 1433–1440 107: 103: 93: 83: 75: 68: 59:Fresco of Stephen in the 52: 43: 8887:. Scarecrow Press, Inc. 8328:Kubinyi, András (2008). 8261:. Editura Sport-Turism. 7823:. Scarecrow Press, Inc. 7272:, pp. 57, 124, 135. 7236:, pp. 194–195, 213. 7036:, pp. 240, 581–583. 6105:, pp. 138–139, 141. 5476:, pp. 137–138, 140. 4267:, pp. 317–318, 325. 3420:, pp. 106–108, 138. 3346:, pp. 17–18, 20–30. 2840:Coat of arms of Moldavia 2653:, which also featured a 2639:coat of arms of Moldavia 2614:Patriarch of All Romania 2604:Romanian Orthodox Church 2537:Romanian Orthodox Church 2512:Romanian Orthodox Church 2424:Popular Front of Moldova 2392:pan-Romanian nationalist 2243:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 1584:. Olena was the wife of 1174:The Byzantine historian 1117:Principality of Theodoro 702:Metropolitan of Moldavia 681: 602:Principality of Moldavia 586:Ștefan cel Mare și Sfânt 582:Romanian Orthodox Church 555:Casimir IV's successor, 449:Metropolitan of Moldavia 345:pronunciation: 9175:Eastern Orthodox saints 9150:15th century in Hungary 8935:10.3406/slave.1951.1549 8923:Revue des études slaves 8257:Hârnea, Simion (1979). 6235:Treptow & Popa 1996 6177:, pp. 46, 50, 103. 3055:Treptow & Popa 1996 2935:Ștefan cel Mare, Vaslui 2720:coat of arms of Hungary 2632: 2475:Saint Stephen the Great 1521:and other towns of the 1276:Voivode of Transylvania 829:Laonikos Chalkokondyles 807:governor of Caffa (now 608:Stephen was the son of 443:in the summer of 1457. 98:Bogdan III the One-Eyed 18:Stephen III of Moldavia 9190:Moldavian slave owners 8809:. 2008–2009: 233–248. 8431:Mikaberidze, Alexander 7739:Achim, Viorel (2004). 7617:, pp. 77–81, 126. 6189:, pp. 39, 45, 47. 5961:, pp. 38, 41, 45. 2925:Ștefan cel Mare, Neamț 2915:Ștefan cel Mare, Bacău 2910:Ștefan cel Mare, Argeș 2684:The personal arms and 2456:100 Greatest Romanians 2364: 2269:. In 1850s Wallachia, 2231:Bessarabia Governorate 2155:Stephen's monument in 1995:(a motif adopted from 1791:. He consolidated the 1775:Stability and violence 1481: 1359:Maximilian of Habsburg 1344: 1249: 1232:Grand Prince of Moscow 1181:Basarab IV the Younger 1083: 1024:Siege of Neamț Citadel 728:Fall of Constantinople 605: 531:routed Stephen in the 431:; with the support of 339: 285:Siege of Chilia (1484) 269:Moldavian–Ottoman Wars 9025:House of Bogdan-Mușat 8038:. Editura Academiei. 6324:, pp. 17, 35–36. 3278:, pp. 38, 40–41. 2360: 2271:Dimitrie Bolintineanu 2256:. Wallachian scholar 2013:Chronicle of Bistrița 1547:Transylvanian Voivode 1523:Ruthenian Voivodeship 1472: 1336: 1329:Conflicts with Poland 1236: 1092:Alexander Mikaberidze 1078: 1010:) on 3 January 1472. 860:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi 754:Peter III of Moldavia 599: 545:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi 204:Bogdan II of Moldavia 9195:Monarchs of Moldavia 8550:Otu, Petre (2019). " 8030:; Chițimia, Ion C.; 7802:A History of Romania 7653:, pp. 118, 119. 7383:, pp. 215, 219. 7120:, pp. 162, 252. 7060:, pp. 382, 389. 7024:, pp. 331, 339. 6117:, pp. 136, 138. 6052:, pp. 102, 135. 5500:, pp. 315, 319. 5130:, pp. 132, 135. 4971:, pp. 127, 129. 2930:Ștefan cel Mare, Olt 2623:President of Romania 2383:. In the 1930s, the 2312:Teodor V. Ștefanelli 2290:Romantic nationalism 2198:Romanian nationalism 2056:by the disciples of 2008:Byzantine literature 1923:Cultural development 1857:Transylvanian Saxons 1570:Casimir IV of Poland 1503:Ottoman–Venetian War 1196:Wars with Bayezid II 1149:Battle of Valea Albă 1062:Hadım Suleiman Pasha 975:Piotrków Trybunalski 533:Battle of Valea Albă 457:Casimir IV Jagiellon 437:Voivode of Wallachia 330:, commonly known as 280:Battle of Valea Albă 9009:14 May 2007 at the 7759:Bain, Robert Nisbet 7689:, pp. 102–103. 7503:, pp. 316–340. 7467:, pp. 101–104. 7347:, pp. 201–203. 7335:, pp. 299–302. 7094:Pelivan et al. 2012 7082:Pelivan et al. 2012 7048:, pp. 195–198. 7012:, pp. 365–370. 6962:Pelivan et al. 2012 6928:, pp. 195–196. 6887:, pp. 142–143. 6875:, pp. 306–307. 6675:, pp. 296–297. 6447:, pp. 233–239. 6372:, pp. 407–408. 6165:, pp. 137–139. 6129:, pp. 137–138. 6064:, pp. 130–131. 5949:, pp. 168–169. 5874:, pp. 50, 219. 5723:, pp. 136–137. 5699:, pp. 408–409. 5603:, pp. 132–133. 5444:, pp. 217–218. 5360:, pp. 283–284. 5333:, pp. 97, 109. 5306:, pp. 359–360. 5294:, pp. 318–319. 5255:, pp. 345–347. 5154:, pp. 131–136. 5142:, pp. 129–130. 5091:, pp. 127–128. 5079:, pp. 60, 217. 4817:, pp. 125–126. 4696:Bolovan et al. 1997 4496:, pp. 173–175. 4416:Bolovan et al. 1997 4226:Bolovan et al. 1997 3992:, pp. 316–324. 3829:, pp. 213–214. 3742:, pp. 266–267. 3676:, pp. 148–149. 3468:, pp. 38, 213. 3456:, pp. 102–180. 3200:, pp. 31, 212. 3162:Bolovan et al. 1997 2874:Johannes de Thurocz 2814:Old Church Slavonic 2769:Chronica Hungarorum 2764:Johannes de Thurocz 2461:Romanian Television 2428:Party of Communists 2420:Republic of Moldova 2250:Ienăchiță Văcărescu 2227:Constantin Negruzzi 2200:, which sought the 2137:Stephen III on the 1985:monastery at Tazlău 1960:John the Evangelist 1944:Letopis of Bistrița 1941:calligraphy in the 1862:Gregorian Armenians 1853:Ottoman slave trade 1793:practice of slavery 1607:and was related to 1605:Sophia Palaiologina 1601:Princes of Theodoro 1408:Bychowiec Chronicle 1381:, succeeded him in 1338:Sigismund Jagiellon 1157:failed before Neamț 1014:Wars with Mehmed II 710:By the Grace of God 612:, who was a son of 409:Voivode (or Prince) 290:Battle of Cătlăbuga 9061:Prince of Moldavia 9020:Stephen the Great 8576:Papacostea, Șerban 8354:. Editura Litera. 8311:Dictionary of Wars 8137:. Back Bay Books. 7877:Études balkaniques 6264:, pp. 39, 47. 6213:, pp. 85, 87. 5049:, pp. 24, 59. 4959:, pp. 58, 60. 4856:, pp. 96–110. 4614:, pp. 70, 72. 4418:, p. 116-117. 4328:, pp. 44, 52. 3841:, pp. 76, 79. 3391:, pp. 25, 27. 3251:, pp. 58, 61. 2940:Saligny, Constanța 2798:Alexander Guagnini 2774:Constantin Karadja 2651:Alexander the Good 2404:national communism 2346:Kingdom of Romania 2171:Maciej Stryjkowski 2019:Chronicle of Putna 1881:asymmetric warfare 1763:Dobrovăț Monastery 1652:Stephen V "Locust" 1640:House of Sanguszko 1574:Hilandar Monastery 1566:Ivan III of Moscow 1527:Monastery of Putna 1511:Agostino Barbarigo 1482: 1345: 1300:Robert Nisbet Bain 1228:Ivan III of Russia 1126:Signoria of Venice 1084: 1060:Mehmed II ordered 1046:Basarab III Laiotă 618:Prince of Moldavia 614:Alexander the Good 606: 70:Prince of Moldavia 9185:Medieval Moldavia 9135:Stephen the Great 9077: 9076: 9068:Succeeded by 8958:(12): 84–85, 87. 8797:978-0-52121-280-9 8763:Analele Bucovinei 8698:Ramet, Sabrina P. 8689:978-973-7784-12-4 8649:978-606-8337-39-5 8627:978-1-49851-325-8 8542:978-0-8032-2098-0 8520:978-0-7546-5644-9 8454:Codrul Cosminului 8444:978-1-59884-336-1 8411:Archiva Moldaviae 8390:Revista Bistriței 8380:978-3-11-034647-3 8339:978-963-506-767-1 8332:. Balassi Kiadó. 8320:978-0-8160-6577-6 8288:978-0-521-69413-1 8249:978-0-19-533403-6 8188:978-606-8550-08-4 8166:978-0-19-820869-3 8144:978-0-316-28656-5 8131:Florescu, Radu R. 8062:978-1-78076-353-8 7991:Codrul Cosminului 7981:978-2-9557042-0-2 7840:Codrul Cosminului 7830:978-0-8108-5607-3 7725:, pp. 48–49. 7713:, pp. 76–80. 7701:, pp. 71–75. 7677:, pp. 98–99. 7675:Cernovodeanu 1977 7663:Cernovodeanu 1977 7651:Cernovodeanu 1977 7639:Cernovodeanu 1977 7627:Cernovodeanu 1977 7615:Cernovodeanu 1977 7603:Cernovodeanu 1977 7419:, pp. 88–89. 7395:, pp. 66–67. 7284:, pp. 71–82. 7000:, pp. 19–20. 6998:Cernovodeanu 1977 6988:, pp. 68–71. 6976:, pp. 55–57. 6952:, pp. 78–79. 6863:, pp. 76–77. 6797:, pp. 13–14. 6761:, pp. 21–24. 6630:, pp. 70–71. 6603:, pp. 28–29. 6534:, pp. 41–42. 6471:, pp. 25–26. 6459:, pp. 38–39. 6408:, pp. 71–72. 6384:, pp. 70–77. 6360:, pp. 70–71. 6312:, pp. 36–37. 6262:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 6199:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 6187:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 6153:, pp. 38–39. 6151:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 6091:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 6004:, p. 41, 45. 6002:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 5992:, pp. 9, 10. 5959:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 5913:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 5898:, pp. 4, 12. 5788:, pp. 87–91. 5750:, pp. 85–87. 5675:, pp. 69–71. 5488:, pp. 65–66. 5103:, pp. 64–65. 4932:, pp. 49–50. 4868:, pp. 94–98. 4844:, pp. 91–96. 4830:Cernovodeanu 1977 4793:, pp. 39–40. 4563:, pp. 40–41. 4561:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 4442:, pp. 67–69. 4430:, pp. 49–57. 4043:, pp. 46–47. 4016:, pp. 24–25. 3730:, pp. 44–45. 3579:, pp. 43–44. 3432:, pp. 32–33. 3389:Rezachievici 2007 3344:Rezachievici 2007 3310:, pp. 18–19. 3308:Rezachievici 2007 3276:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 3212:, pp. 34–35. 3186:Rezachievici 2007 3135:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 3093:, pp. 39–40. 3091:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 3043:Sacerdoțeanu 1969 2734:Cross of Lorraine 2716:Radu the Handsome 2567: 2566: 2508:Venerated in 2412:Soviet Bessarabia 2396:Communist Romania 2379:, and especially 2179:Ștefan cel Bătrân 1987:in 1496 to 1497. 1981:Voroneț Monastery 1962:, as depicted by 1726:Voroneț Monastery 1611:'s royal couple, 1543:Bartolomeu Dragfi 1432:Johann von Tiefen 1287:Șerban Papacostea 1176:George Sphrantzes 1068:(or governor) of 892:Radu the Handsome 781:Matthias Corvinus 736:Patriarch Isidore 565:attacked Moldavia 477:Matthias Corvinus 346: 332:Stephen the Great 325: 324: 61:Voroneț Monastery 44:Stephen the Great 16:(Redirected from 9222: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9105: 9104: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9084: 9051:Preceded by 9041: 9034: 9016: 9015: 8987: 8967: 8946: 8917: 8898: 8879: 8858: 8838: 8828: 8818: 8801: 8789: 8778: 8757: 8736: 8715: 8693: 8674: 8653: 8631: 8612: 8593: 8571: 8546: 8529:Oișteanu, Andrei 8524: 8505: 8484: 8465: 8448: 8426: 8405: 8384: 8365: 8348:Lovinescu, Eugen 8343: 8324: 8305: 8292: 8270: 8253: 8234: 8213: 8192: 8170: 8148: 8126: 8109: 8087: 8066: 8047: 8023: 8002: 7985: 7966: 7945: 7924: 7905: 7888: 7871: 7851: 7834: 7815: 7796: 7774: 7754: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7579: 7573: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7258:Dima et al. 1968 7255: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7224:, pp. 7–10. 7219: 7213: 7207: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7181:Dima et al. 1968 7178: 7172: 7169:Dima et al. 1968 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7145:Dima et al. 1968 7142: 7136: 7130: 7121: 7118:Dima et al. 1968 7115: 7109: 7106:Dima et al. 1968 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7058:Dima et al. 1968 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7034:Dima et al. 1968 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7010:Dima et al. 1968 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6837: 6831: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6783:Dima et al. 1968 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6759:Dima et al. 1968 6756: 6750: 6744: 6729: 6723: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6631: 6625: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6577: 6571: 6562: 6556: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6141:, pp. 5, 7. 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5931: 5925: 5916: 5910: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5789: 5783: 5772: 5766: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5542: 5536: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5462: 5456: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5418: 5412: 5403: 5397: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5170: 5164: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5065: 5059: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4984: 4983:, pp. 8, 9. 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4918: 4912: 4903: 4897: 4886: 4880: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4761: 4755: 4742: 4736: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4529: 4523: 4512: 4506: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4470: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4388: 4382: 4361: 4355: 4344: 4338: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4300: 4294: 4285: 4279: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4210: 4204: 4191: 4188:Mikaberidze 2011 4185: 4166: 4160: 4139: 4133: 4122: 4116: 4085: 4079: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3966: 3960: 3951: 3945: 3936: 3930: 3915: 3909: 3892: 3886: 3877: 3871: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3779: 3778:, pp. 4, 5. 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3754:, pp. 3, 4. 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3692: 3686: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3595: 3589: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3296: 3290: 3279: 3273: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3138: 3132: 3121: 3120:, pp. 4, 8. 3115: 3109: 3103: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3021: 3015: 3006: 3000: 2981: 2975: 2964: 2958: 2885: 2869: 2854: 2836: 2824: 2809: 2786:Zograf monastery 2712:House of Basarab 2641:, featuring the 2548: 2485: 2471: 2470: 2445:banknote in the 2381:Mihail Sadoveanu 2258:Nicolae Bălcescu 2239:Alexandru Hâjdeu 2175:Ștefan cel Vechi 2152: 2134: 2111: 2094: 2076: 1956: 1935: 1885:guerilla warfare 1883:". He practised 1818:undefended towns 1758: 1736: 1713: 1698: 1683: 1671: 1637: 1558:Evdochia of Kiev 1551:Fabio Mignanelli 1400:, in Lőcse (now 1296:Teutonic Knights 1272:Cetatea de Baltă 1247: 1088:Battle of Vaslui 1081:Battle of Vaslui 1020:Battle of Vaslui 956:Battle of Lipnic 945:Moldavian boyars 873: 855: 722:had divided the 638:Moldavian boyars 515:Battle of Vaslui 489:Moldavian boyars 427:, and later to 406: 347: 344: 297:Battle of Lipnic 275:Battle of Vaslui 238: 222:Eastern Orthodox 170: 146:Evdochia of Kiev 57: 48: 41: 40: 21: 9230: 9229: 9225: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9210:Athleta Christi 9205:Romanian saints 9125: 9124: 9123: 9113: 9111: 9099: 9089: 9087: 9079: 9073: 9064: 9056: 9054:Peter III Aaron 9035: 9029: 9028: 9021: 9011:Wayback Machine 8995: 8990: 8978:. Albert Baer. 8952:Magazin Istoric 8914: 8895: 8826: 8798: 8742:Magazin Istoric 8712: 8690: 8650: 8628: 8609: 8590: 8556:Magazin Istoric 8552:Magazin Istoric 8543: 8521: 8481: 8445: 8381: 8362: 8340: 8321: 8298:Cronica Vrancei 8289: 8275:Hitchins, Keith 8250: 8198:Magazin Istoric 8189: 8167: 8145: 8106: 8063: 8055:. I.B. Tauris. 8028:Dima, Alexandru 7982: 7921: 7856:Cândea, Romulus 7831: 7812: 7793: 7751: 7734: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7697: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7589: 7582: 7574: 7567: 7559: 7555: 7547: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7523: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7451: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7367: 7363: 7355: 7351: 7343: 7339: 7331: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7268: 7264: 7256: 7252: 7246:Papacostea 1996 7244: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7131: 7124: 7116: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6950:Papacostea 1996 6948: 6944: 6938:Papacostea 1996 6936: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6861:Papacostea 1996 6859: 6855: 6849:Papacostea 1996 6847: 6840: 6832: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6745: 6732: 6724: 6715: 6707: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6649:Papacostea 1996 6647: 6634: 6628:Papacostea 1996 6626: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6601:Papacostea 1996 6599: 6595: 6589:Papacostea 1996 6587: 6580: 6572: 6565: 6557: 6550: 6544:Papacostea 1996 6542: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6469:Papacostea 1996 6467: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6419: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6320: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6223:Voiculescu 1991 6221: 6217: 6211:Voiculescu 1991 6209: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6101: 6097: 6089: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5976: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5934: 5926: 5919: 5911: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5858: 5854: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5792: 5784: 5775: 5767: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5661:Papacostea 1996 5659: 5655: 5647: 5636: 5630:Nowakowska 2007 5628: 5624: 5616: 5607: 5601:Nowakowska 2007 5599: 5595: 5589:Grabarczyk 2010 5587: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5545: 5539:Nowakowska 2007 5537: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5510:Papacostea 1996 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5486:Papacostea 1996 5484: 5480: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5421: 5415:Nowakowska 2007 5413: 5406: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5373:Papacostea 1996 5371: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5337: 5331:Diaconescu 2013 5329: 5325: 5317: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5280:Papacostea 1996 5278: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5173: 5165: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5053: 5047:Papacostea 1996 5045: 5041: 5033: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4921: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4889: 4883:Papacostea 1996 4881: 4872: 4866:Diaconescu 2013 4864: 4860: 4854:Diaconescu 2013 4852: 4848: 4842:Diaconescu 2013 4840: 4836: 4828: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4764: 4756: 4745: 4737: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4681: 4673: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4638:, pp. 7–8. 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4532: 4526:Papacostea 1996 4524: 4515: 4507: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4473: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4391: 4383: 4364: 4358:Papacostea 1996 4356: 4347: 4341:Papacostea 1996 4339: 4332: 4326:Papacostea 1996 4324: 4320: 4312: 4303: 4297:Papacostea 1996 4295: 4288: 4280: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4244: 4238:Papacostea 1996 4236: 4232: 4224: 4213: 4205: 4194: 4186: 4169: 4161: 4142: 4134: 4125: 4117: 4088: 4080: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4053:Papacostea 1996 4051: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4020: 4014:Papacostea 1996 4012: 4008: 4004:, pp. 4–5. 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3978:Papacostea 1996 3976: 3969: 3961: 3954: 3950:, p. xxvi. 3946: 3939: 3931: 3918: 3910: 3895: 3889:Papacostea 1996 3887: 3880: 3872: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3716:Papacostea 1996 3714: 3710: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3598: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3554: 3548:Papacostea 1996 3546: 3542: 3534: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3332:Papacostea 1996 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3282: 3274: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3024: 3016: 3009: 3001: 2984: 2976: 2967: 2959: 2952: 2948: 2905:Borzești Church 2896: 2889: 2886: 2877: 2870: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2844:Putna Monastery 2837: 2828: 2825: 2816: 2810: 2790:votive offering 2691:party per cross 2675:attributed arms 2635: 2552:Putna Monastery 2543: 2498: 2496:Humor Monastery 2490:Tetraevangelion 2476: 2469: 2373:King of Romania 2308:Austria-Hungary 2263:Andrei Mureșanu 2218:Nicolae Istrati 2210:Gheorghe Asachi 2204:, and in rival 2163: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2153: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2135: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2066: 2054:Neamț Monastery 2033:Humor Monastery 1993:acanthus leaves 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1957: 1949: 1948: 1936: 1925: 1808:. According to 1802:human sacrifice 1777: 1772: 1765: 1759: 1750: 1737: 1728: 1714: 1705: 1699: 1690: 1688:Maria of Mangup 1684: 1675: 1672: 1631: 1597:Maria of Mangup 1535: 1479:Putna Monastery 1467: 1331: 1264:war in the west 1253:captured Chilia 1248: 1242: 1204: 1198: 1102:praised him as 1026: 1016: 979:Târgul de Floci 926:captured Baia, 919:Diet of Hungary 908:Putna Monastery 884: 883: 882: 881: 880: 877:Putna Monastery 874: 865: 864: 863: 856: 845: 785:King of Hungary 768:and settled in 746:excommunication 689: 687:Early campaigns 684: 660:Peter III Aaron 594: 537:captured Chilia 520:Athleta Christi 506:and launched a 481:King of Hungary 421:Peter III Aaron 343: 340:Ștefan cel Mare 317: 316: 315: 257: 232:Military career 180: 176: 164: 163: 152: 150:Maria of Mangup 148: 144: 135: 133:Putna Monastery 120: 88:Peter III Aaron 64: 47:Ștefan cel Mare 46: 45: 37: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9228: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9122: 9121: 9109: 9097: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9066: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9047: 9046:Regnal titles 9043: 9042: 9022: 9019: 9014: 9013: 9001: 8999:Mușatin family 8994: 8993:External links 8991: 8989: 8988: 8972:Xenopol, A. D. 8968: 8947: 8929:(1): 267–278. 8918: 8912: 8899: 8893: 8880: 8864:Analele Putnei 8859: 8843:Siruni, H. Dj. 8839: 8819: 8802: 8796: 8779: 8769:(I): 195–207. 8758: 8737: 8716: 8710: 8694: 8688: 8675: 8654: 8648: 8632: 8626: 8613: 8607: 8594: 8588: 8572: 8547: 8541: 8525: 8519: 8506: 8490:Analele Putnei 8485: 8480:978-9738970083 8479: 8466: 8449: 8443: 8427: 8406: 8385: 8379: 8366: 8360: 8344: 8338: 8325: 8319: 8306: 8293: 8287: 8271: 8254: 8248: 8235: 8225:(2): 401–414. 8219:Analele Putnei 8214: 8193: 8187: 8171: 8165: 8149: 8143: 8127: 8117:(4): 136–141. 8110: 8104: 8088: 8067: 8061: 8048: 8024: 8008:Analele Putnei 8003: 7986: 7980: 7967: 7946: 7930:Analele Putnei 7925: 7919: 7906: 7889: 7879:(4): 140–144. 7872: 7852: 7835: 7829: 7816: 7810: 7797: 7791: 7775: 7755: 7749: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7715: 7703: 7691: 7679: 7667: 7655: 7643: 7631: 7619: 7607: 7595: 7593:, p. 196. 7580: 7578:, p. 195. 7565: 7553: 7551:, p. 202. 7541: 7529: 7527:, p. 110. 7517: 7515:, p. 206. 7505: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7457: 7445: 7433: 7431:, p. 140. 7421: 7409: 7397: 7385: 7373: 7361: 7357:Lovinescu 1998 7349: 7337: 7333:Lovinescu 1998 7325: 7323:, p. 195. 7313: 7301: 7286: 7274: 7262: 7260:, p. 676. 7250: 7238: 7226: 7214: 7197: 7185: 7173: 7171:, p. 547. 7161: 7159:, p. 207. 7149: 7147:, p. 570. 7137: 7122: 7110: 7098: 7096:, p. 102. 7086: 7074: 7072:, p. 211. 7062: 7050: 7038: 7026: 7014: 7002: 6990: 6978: 6966: 6954: 6942: 6930: 6918: 6901: 6899:, p. 200. 6889: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6838: 6823: 6811: 6799: 6787: 6785:, p. 669. 6775: 6763: 6751: 6730: 6728:, p. 292. 6713: 6711:, p. 106. 6701: 6689: 6687:, p. 185. 6677: 6665: 6663:, p. 296. 6653: 6632: 6617: 6615:, p. 189. 6605: 6593: 6578: 6576:, p. 233. 6563: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6509: 6497: 6485: 6473: 6461: 6449: 6437: 6425: 6423:, p. 321. 6410: 6406:Ciubotaru 2005 6398: 6386: 6382:Ciubotaru 2005 6374: 6362: 6358:Ciubotaru 2005 6350: 6348:, p. 428. 6338: 6336:, p. 322. 6326: 6314: 6302: 6290: 6278: 6266: 6251: 6239: 6237:, p. 160. 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6131: 6119: 6107: 6095: 6078: 6076:, p. 339. 6066: 6054: 6042: 6040:, p. 169. 6030: 6018: 6006: 5994: 5982: 5963: 5951: 5932: 5917: 5900: 5888: 5886:, p. 168. 5876: 5864: 5862:, p. 138. 5852: 5850:, p. 139. 5837: 5833:Ciubotaru 2005 5825: 5813: 5811:, p. 219. 5790: 5773: 5752: 5740: 5725: 5713: 5711:, p. 408. 5701: 5689: 5677: 5673:Ciubotaru 2005 5665: 5653: 5651:, p. 218. 5634: 5632:, p. 133. 5622: 5605: 5593: 5578: 5566: 5543: 5541:, p. 132. 5526: 5524:, p. 319. 5514: 5502: 5490: 5478: 5463: 5446: 5434: 5432:, p. 281. 5419: 5404: 5402:, p. 360. 5389: 5387:, p. 285. 5377: 5362: 5350: 5348:, p. 327. 5335: 5323: 5308: 5296: 5284: 5269: 5267:, p. 347. 5257: 5245: 5230: 5228:, p. 345. 5218: 5206: 5204:, p. 317. 5194: 5171: 5169:, p. 270. 5156: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5118:, p. 269. 5105: 5093: 5081: 5066: 5051: 5039: 5037:, p. 217. 5012: 5000: 4985: 4973: 4961: 4946: 4944:, p. 127. 4934: 4919: 4917:, p. 362. 4904: 4887: 4870: 4858: 4846: 4834: 4832:, p. 118. 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4762: 4743: 4724: 4722:, p. 308. 4712: 4710:, p. 112. 4700: 4698:, p. 118. 4679: 4652: 4650:, p. 338. 4640: 4628: 4616: 4604: 4592: 4590:, p. 216. 4565: 4553: 4530: 4513: 4511:, p. 166. 4498: 4486: 4484:, p. 125. 4471: 4469:, p. 162. 4456: 4454:, p. 343. 4444: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4406:, p. 268. 4389: 4362: 4345: 4330: 4318: 4316:, p. 160. 4301: 4286: 4269: 4257: 4255:, p. 141. 4242: 4230: 4228:, p. 116. 4211: 4192: 4190:, p. 914. 4167: 4165:, p. 215. 4140: 4138:, p. 165. 4123: 4086: 4084:, p. 267. 4069: 4057: 4045: 4033: 4031:, p. 316. 4018: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3967: 3952: 3937: 3916: 3893: 3878: 3876:, p. 214. 3843: 3831: 3819: 3817:, p. 302. 3807: 3795: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3708: 3706:, p. 142. 3693: 3691:, p. 149. 3678: 3666: 3664:, p. 140. 3649: 3647:, p. 130. 3637: 3635:, p. 138. 3625: 3623:, p. 136. 3613: 3596: 3594:, p. 139. 3581: 3569: 3567:, p. 110. 3552: 3540: 3538:, p. 213. 3511: 3499: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3408:, p. 266. 3393: 3381: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3297: 3280: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3239:, p. 212. 3226: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3164:, p. 103. 3154: 3152:, p. 256. 3139: 3122: 3110: 3108:, p. 136. 3095: 3083: 3081:, p. 220. 3071: 3069:, p. 338. 3059: 3057:, p. 190. 3047: 3022: 3007: 2982: 2965: 2963:, p. 131. 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2880: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2862: 2856: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2819: 2817: 2811: 2804: 2794:Marcin Bielski 2757:Peter the Lame 2753:House of Mușat 2686:heraldic flags 2634: 2631: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2540: 2539: 2527:12 July 1992, 2525: 2519: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2486: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2377:Mihai Codreanu 2316:Mihai Eminescu 2254:Gheorghe Lazăr 2235:Russian Empire 2154: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2139:Moldovan 1 leu 2136: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2122:Ipolit Strâmbu 2113: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2096: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2078: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2062: 1958: 1951: 1950: 1937: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1810:Marcin Bielski 1782:Keith Hitchins 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1753: 1751: 1738: 1731: 1729: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1703:Maria Voichița 1700: 1693: 1691: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1666: 1625:Maria Voichița 1534: 1531: 1507:Doge of Venice 1475:Maria Voichița 1466: 1463: 1330: 1327: 1311:Cătlăbuga Lake 1240: 1224:Vlad Călugărul 1220:Vlad Călugărul 1216:Râmnicu Vâlcea 1197: 1194: 1145:scorched earth 1134:Crimean Tatars 1100:Pope Sixtus IV 1096:Mara Branković 1015: 1012: 940:Battle of Baia 888:Moldavian army 875: 868: 867: 866: 857: 850: 849: 848: 847: 846: 844: 841: 817:Ottoman Sultan 724:Byzantine Rite 688: 685: 683: 680: 672:Grigore Ureche 593: 590: 525:Pope Sixtus IV 504:Ottoman sultan 485:Battle of Baia 461:King of Poland 433:Vlad III Țepeș 323: 322: 319: 318: 314: 313: 312: 311: 299: 294: 293: 292: 287: 282: 277: 265: 263:Battle of Baia 259: 258: 253: 252: 250: 246: 245: 240: 234: 233: 229: 228: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 185: 184: 171: 157: 156: 141: 137: 136: 131: 129: 125: 124: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 66: 65: 58: 50: 49: 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9227: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9120: 9110: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9096: 9086: 9085: 9082: 9072: 9063: 9062: 9055: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9032: 9027: 9026: 9017: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8919: 8915: 8913:973-98392-2-3 8909: 8905: 8900: 8896: 8894:0-8108-3179-1 8890: 8886: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8825: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8788: 8787: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8717: 8713: 8711:0-8223-2070-3 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8681: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8636:Pelivan, Ioan 8633: 8629: 8623: 8619: 8614: 8610: 8608:0-521-20891-2 8604: 8600: 8595: 8591: 8589:973-45-0138-0 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8512: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8456:(10): 13–16. 8455: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8372: 8367: 8363: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8316: 8312: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8241: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8153:Frost, Robert 8150: 8146: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8111: 8107: 8105:1-86064-061-3 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8014:(1): 91–112. 8013: 8009: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7957:(2): 87–116. 7956: 7952: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7926: 7922: 7920:0-88033-220-4 7916: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7842:(10): 93–97. 7841: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7811:973-98091-0-3 7807: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7792:963-9116-97-1 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7750:963-9241-84-9 7746: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7724: 7723:Năsturel 2005 7719: 7712: 7707: 7700: 7695: 7688: 7683: 7676: 7671: 7664: 7659: 7652: 7647: 7640: 7635: 7628: 7623: 7616: 7611: 7604: 7599: 7592: 7587: 7585: 7577: 7572: 7570: 7563:, p. 73. 7562: 7557: 7550: 7545: 7539:, p. 93. 7538: 7533: 7526: 7521: 7514: 7509: 7502: 7497: 7491:, p. 17. 7490: 7485: 7478: 7473: 7466: 7465:Cojocari 2007 7461: 7454: 7453:Cojocari 2007 7449: 7443:, p. 93. 7442: 7441:Cojocari 2007 7437: 7430: 7425: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7401: 7394: 7389: 7382: 7377: 7370: 7365: 7358: 7353: 7346: 7341: 7334: 7329: 7322: 7317: 7311:, p. 60. 7310: 7305: 7299:, p. 89. 7298: 7293: 7291: 7283: 7278: 7271: 7266: 7259: 7254: 7248:, p. 80. 7247: 7242: 7235: 7230: 7223: 7218: 7212:, p. 83. 7211: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7170: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7146: 7141: 7135:, p. 80. 7134: 7129: 7127: 7119: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7095: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7071: 7066: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7042: 7035: 7030: 7023: 7018: 7011: 7006: 6999: 6994: 6987: 6982: 6975: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6951: 6946: 6940:, p. 78. 6939: 6934: 6927: 6922: 6916:, p. 77. 6915: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6898: 6893: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6857: 6851:, p. 76. 6850: 6845: 6843: 6836:, p. 75. 6835: 6830: 6828: 6821:, p. 14. 6820: 6815: 6808: 6807:Turdeanu 1951 6803: 6796: 6791: 6784: 6779: 6773:, p. 13. 6772: 6767: 6760: 6755: 6749:, p. 78. 6748: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6727: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6710: 6705: 6699:, p. 99. 6698: 6693: 6686: 6681: 6674: 6669: 6662: 6657: 6651:, p. 71. 6650: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6629: 6624: 6622: 6614: 6613:Mărculeț 2006 6609: 6602: 6597: 6591:, p. 28. 6590: 6585: 6583: 6575: 6570: 6568: 6561:, p. 41. 6560: 6555: 6553: 6546:, p. 27. 6545: 6540: 6533: 6528: 6522:, p. 52. 6521: 6516: 6514: 6507:, p. 54. 6506: 6501: 6495:, p. 51. 6494: 6489: 6483:, p. 39. 6482: 6477: 6470: 6465: 6458: 6453: 6446: 6441: 6435:, p. 27. 6434: 6429: 6422: 6417: 6415: 6407: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6371: 6366: 6359: 6354: 6347: 6346:Oișteanu 2009 6342: 6335: 6330: 6323: 6318: 6311: 6306: 6300:, p. 29. 6299: 6298:Hitchins 2014 6294: 6288:, p. 33. 6287: 6282: 6276:, p. 71. 6275: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6256: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6231: 6225:, p. 87. 6224: 6219: 6212: 6207: 6201:, p. 47. 6200: 6195: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6128: 6123: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6099: 6093:, p. 45. 6092: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6034: 6027: 6022: 6015: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5991: 5986: 5980:, p. 45. 5979: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5960: 5955: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5930:, p. 44. 5929: 5924: 5922: 5915:, p. 39. 5914: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5897: 5892: 5885: 5880: 5873: 5868: 5861: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5835:, p. 71. 5834: 5829: 5823:, p. 52. 5822: 5817: 5810: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5771:, p. 12. 5770: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5749: 5744: 5738:, p. 50. 5737: 5732: 5730: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5663:, p. 67. 5662: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5631: 5626: 5620:, p. 63. 5619: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5602: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5583: 5576:, p. 40. 5575: 5570: 5564:, p. 11. 5563: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5523: 5518: 5512:, p. 66. 5511: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5461:, p. 43. 5460: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5417:, p. 46. 5416: 5411: 5409: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5386: 5381: 5375:, p. 64. 5374: 5369: 5367: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5332: 5327: 5321:, p. 62. 5320: 5315: 5313: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5282:, p. 63. 5281: 5276: 5274: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5243:, p. 61. 5242: 5237: 5235: 5227: 5222: 5216:, p. 30. 5215: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5102: 5097: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5063: 5062:Mărculeț 2006 5058: 5056: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5010:, p. 50. 5009: 5004: 4998:, p. 60. 4997: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4902:, p. 29. 4901: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4885:, p. 59. 4884: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4843: 4838: 4831: 4826: 4824: 4816: 4811: 4805:, p. 59. 4804: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4760:, p. 58. 4759: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4741:, p. 73. 4740: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4626:, p. 45. 4625: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4602:, p. 70. 4601: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4562: 4557: 4551:, p. 49. 4550: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4528:, p. 57. 4527: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4360:, p. 53. 4359: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4343:, p. 52. 4342: 4337: 4335: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4299:, p. 50. 4298: 4293: 4291: 4284:, p. 46. 4283: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4240:, p. 48. 4239: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4209:, p. 68. 4208: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4067:, p. 47. 4066: 4061: 4055:, p. 41. 4054: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3980:, p. 42. 3979: 3974: 3972: 3965:, p. 42. 3964: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3914:, p. 46. 3913: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3891:, p. 25. 3890: 3885: 3883: 3875: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3805:, p. 83. 3804: 3799: 3793:, p. 82. 3792: 3787: 3785: 3777: 3772: 3766:, p. 94. 3765: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3724: 3718:, p. 38. 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3611:, p. 44. 3610: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3593: 3588: 3586: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3550:, p. 35. 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3509:, p. 33. 3508: 3503: 3497:, p. 43. 3496: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3480:, p. 38. 3479: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3322:, p. 34. 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3295:, p. 99. 3294: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3263:, p. 98. 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3224:, p. 59. 3223: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3194: 3188:, p. 18. 3187: 3182: 3176:, p. 34. 3175: 3170: 3163: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3137:, p. 40. 3136: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3045:, p. 38. 3044: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3020:, p. 66. 3019: 3014: 3012: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2980:, p. 79. 2979: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2900:Neamț Citadel 2898: 2897: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2625:at the time, 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2600:sleeping hero 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2472: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406:. Initially, 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2351:Apus de soare 2347: 2342: 2341:Nicolae Iorga 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2297:A. D. Xenopol 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167:Martin Kromer 2158: 2151: 2140: 2133: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2110: 2100: 2093: 2082: 2075: 2064:National hero 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2029:John Climacus 2026: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1997:Byzantine art 1994: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1955: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1934: 1920: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1910:Neamț Citadel 1907: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1824:in Ukraine), 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1764: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1641: 1635: 1630: 1629:Maria Cneajna 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:Empress Maria 1614: 1613:Emperor David 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394:rapprochement 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1326: 1324: 1323:Skender Pasha 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1257:Meñli I Giray 1254: 1246: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1050:Râmnicu Sărat 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034:Sublime Porte 1031: 1025: 1021: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1000: 994: 991: 990: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 941: 937: 933: 929: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 878: 872: 861: 854: 843:Consolidation 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 749: 747: 743: 742: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 679: 677: 673: 669: 663: 661: 657: 656: 651: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 626:Radu Florescu 623: 619: 615: 611: 603: 598: 589: 587: 583: 579: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 557:John I Albert 553: 550: 549:Transylvanian 546: 542: 541:Crimean Tatar 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 521: 516: 511: 509: 505: 501: 500: 495: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 341: 337: 333: 329: 320: 310: 307: 306: 305: 304: 300: 298: 295: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 271: 270: 266: 264: 261: 260: 256: 251: 247: 244: 241: 235: 230: 226: 223: 220: 216: 212: 208: 205: 202: 198: 195: 192: 190: 186: 183: 179: 175: 172: 169: 168: 162: 158: 155: 151: 147: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 99: 96: 92: 89: 86: 82: 78: 74: 71: 67: 62: 56: 51: 42: 39: 32: 27: 19: 9107:Christianity 9059: 9037: 9030: 9023: 8975: 8955: 8951: 8926: 8922: 8903: 8884: 8870:(1): 71–92. 8867: 8863: 8846: 8837:(1–2): 7–20. 8834: 8830: 8806: 8785: 8766: 8762: 8748:(1): 37–47. 8745: 8741: 8724: 8720: 8701: 8679: 8662: 8658: 8639: 8617: 8598: 8579: 8562:(5): 66–69. 8559: 8555: 8551: 8532: 8510: 8496:(1): 47–52. 8493: 8489: 8470: 8453: 8434: 8414: 8410: 8393: 8389: 8370: 8351: 8330:Matthias Rex 8329: 8310: 8301: 8297: 8278: 8258: 8239: 8222: 8218: 8204:(6): 64–72. 8201: 8197: 8178: 8175:Gemil, Tasin 8156: 8134: 8114: 8095: 8075: 8071: 8052: 8035: 8032:Cornea, Paul 8011: 8007: 7993:(10): 3–12. 7990: 7971: 7954: 7950: 7936:(1): 69–78. 7933: 7929: 7910: 7893: 7876: 7859: 7839: 7820: 7801: 7782: 7779:Boia, Lucian 7762: 7740: 7732:Bibliography 7718: 7706: 7694: 7682: 7670: 7658: 7646: 7634: 7622: 7610: 7598: 7556: 7549:Schipor 2004 7544: 7532: 7520: 7513:Schipor 2004 7508: 7501:Cristea 2016 7496: 7484: 7479:, p. 1. 7472: 7460: 7448: 7436: 7424: 7412: 7400: 7388: 7376: 7364: 7352: 7340: 7328: 7316: 7304: 7282:Iliescu 2006 7277: 7265: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7188: 7176: 7164: 7152: 7140: 7113: 7101: 7089: 7077: 7070:Xenopol 1910 7065: 7053: 7046:Schipor 2004 7041: 7029: 7022:Xenopol 1910 7017: 7005: 6993: 6986:Iliescu 2006 6981: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6921: 6897:Schipor 2004 6892: 6885:Mureșan 2008 6880: 6873:Cristea 2016 6868: 6856: 6814: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6754: 6704: 6692: 6680: 6668: 6656: 6608: 6596: 6539: 6527: 6500: 6488: 6476: 6464: 6452: 6440: 6428: 6401: 6389: 6377: 6370:Gorovei 2014 6365: 6353: 6341: 6329: 6317: 6305: 6293: 6281: 6274:Iliescu 2006 6269: 6247:Mureșan 2008 6242: 6230: 6218: 6206: 6194: 6182: 6170: 6163:Mureșan 2008 6158: 6146: 6139:Demciuc 2004 6134: 6127:Mureșan 2008 6122: 6115:Mureșan 2008 6110: 6098: 6069: 6057: 6050:Mureșan 2008 6045: 6038:Mureșan 2008 6033: 6026:Mureșan 2008 6021: 6014:Mureșan 2008 6009: 5997: 5990:Demciuc 2004 5985: 5954: 5947:Mureșan 2008 5896:Demciuc 2004 5891: 5884:Mureșan 2008 5879: 5867: 5855: 5828: 5816: 5769:Demciuc 2004 5743: 5716: 5709:Gorovei 2014 5704: 5697:Gorovei 2014 5692: 5685:Gorovei 2014 5680: 5668: 5656: 5625: 5596: 5569: 5562:Demciuc 2004 5522:Cristea 2016 5517: 5505: 5498:Cristea 2016 5493: 5481: 5437: 5380: 5353: 5326: 5299: 5292:Cristea 2016 5287: 5260: 5248: 5221: 5209: 5197: 5192:, p. 9. 5190:Demciuc 2004 5147: 5135: 5123: 5101:Gorovei 1973 5096: 5084: 5042: 5008:Ciobanu 1991 5003: 4981:Demciuc 2004 4976: 4964: 4937: 4930:Ciobanu 1991 4915:Maasing 2015 4861: 4849: 4837: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4715: 4708:Kubinyi 2008 4703: 4677:, p. 8. 4675:Demciuc 2004 4648:Cristea 2016 4643: 4636:Demciuc 2004 4631: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4556: 4549:Ciobanu 1991 4509:Treptow 2000 4489: 4467:Treptow 2000 4452:Cristea 2016 4447: 4440:Iliescu 2006 4435: 4423: 4411: 4387:, p. 7. 4385:Demciuc 2004 4321: 4314:Treptow 2000 4265:Cristea 2016 4260: 4233: 4121:, p. 6. 4119:Demciuc 2004 4065:Ciobanu 1991 4060: 4048: 4041:Ciobanu 1991 4036: 4029:Cristea 2016 4009: 4002:Demciuc 2004 3997: 3990:Cristea 2016 3985: 3935:, p. 5. 3933:Demciuc 2004 3912:Ciobanu 1991 3834: 3822: 3810: 3803:Kubinyi 2008 3798: 3791:Kubinyi 2008 3776:Demciuc 2004 3771: 3759: 3752:Demciuc 2004 3747: 3735: 3728:Ciobanu 1991 3723: 3711: 3704:Treptow 2000 3669: 3662:Treptow 2000 3645:Treptow 2000 3640: 3633:Treptow 2000 3628: 3621:Treptow 2000 3616: 3609:Ciobanu 1991 3592:Treptow 2000 3577:Ciobanu 1991 3572: 3565:Mureșan 2008 3543: 3507:Ciobanu 1991 3502: 3495:Ciobanu 1991 3473: 3461: 3454:Mureșan 2008 3449: 3442:Mureșan 2008 3437: 3425: 3418:Mureșan 2008 3413: 3384: 3379:, p. 3. 3377:Demciuc 2004 3339: 3334:, p. 5. 3327: 3315: 3293:Treptow 2000 3261:Treptow 2000 3256: 3249:Treptow 2000 3244: 3222:Treptow 2000 3217: 3210:Ciobanu 1991 3205: 3193: 3181: 3174:Ciobanu 1991 3169: 3157: 3118:Demciuc 2004 3113: 3086: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3005:, p. 4. 3003:Demciuc 2004 2978:Iliescu 2006 2767: 2761: 2750: 2746:cross fleury 2725:fleur-de-lis 2723: 2718:), from the 2689: 2683: 2667:five-pointed 2636: 2608: 2596: 2592:Miron Costin 2568: 2503:Holy Voivode 2488: 2454: 2451:opinion poll 2442: 2432: 2389: 2365: 2361: 2349: 2334: 2319: 2301: 2293: 2283: 2282:, and other 2247: 2195: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2115: 2081:Theodor Aman 2058:Gavriil Uric 2043: 2035: 2017: 2011: 2001: 1989: 1974: 1963: 1947:, title page 1942: 1914: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1878: 1874: 1842: 1786: 1778: 1656:Putna County 1644: 1594: 1586:Ivan Molodoy 1555: 1536: 1515: 1499:Marin Sanudo 1483: 1436: 1417: 1413:Southern Bug 1406: 1391: 1376: 1367: 1346: 1308: 1304: 1280: 1261: 1250: 1237: 1205: 1185: 1173: 1165:Putna County 1142: 1130: 1114: 1103: 1085: 1059: 1040:, sultan of 1030:Cetatea Albă 1027: 995: 987: 968: 949: 916: 885: 833:Danube Delta 802: 778: 774:Transylvania 770:Székely Land 750: 739: 713: 690: 664: 653: 650:John Hunyadi 646: 607: 585: 580:. After the 554: 518: 512: 497: 465: 331: 327: 326: 301: 267: 254: 249:Battles/wars 165: 38: 26: 9145:1504 deaths 9140:1433 births 9040:2 July 1504 8665:: 123–136. 8554:cenzurat". 8513:. 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5574:Gemil 2013 5474:Eșanu 2013 5430:Frost 2015 5400:Engel 2001 5385:Frost 2015 5358:Frost 2015 5346:Frost 2015 5304:Engel 2001 5265:Engel 2001 5253:Engel 2001 5226:Engel 2001 5202:Engel 2001 5152:Pilat 2010 5140:Pilat 2010 5128:Pilat 2010 5089:Pilat 2010 4969:Pilat 2010 4957:Parry 1976 4942:Pilat 2010 4815:Pilat 2010 4791:Gemil 2013 4758:Parry 1976 4720:Engel 2001 4482:Pilat 2010 3839:Tiron 2012 3815:Engel 2001 3106:Eșanu 2013 2946:References 2677:featuring 2514:and other 2467:Holy ruler 2408:censorship 2400:East Slavs 2385:Iron Guard 2040:Ioan Tăutu 1789:impalement 1748:Stephen VI 1562:Olelkovich 1465:Last years 1459:false flag 1455:Malkoçoğlu 1363:Vladislaus 1342:Hans Dürer 1208:Bayezid II 1200:See also: 1042:Aq Qoyunlu 1038:Uzun Hasan 1018:See also: 825:Tursun Beg 732:Patriarchy 698:Teoctist I 592:Early life 573:Bogdan III 539:and their 445:Teoctist I 178:Bogdan III 9095:Biography 8984:985941410 8964:0541-881X 8943:2117-718X 8876:1841-625X 8855:909722274 8815:1584-0298 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809:Feodosia 800:Chilia. 758:Dniester 715:hospodar 706:anointed 475:against 453:anointed 413:Moldavia 336:Romanian 237:Service/ 218:Religion 9119:Romania 9081:Portals 2876:. 1467. 2742:Pahonia 2730:Angevin 2669:); its 2643:aurochs 2533:Romania 2369:Carol I 2285:Junimea 2045:Psalter 1890:Tighina 1660:Vrancea 1568:and to 1447:Yavoriv 1291:Dnieper 1161:cholera 1070:Rumelia 983:Székely 902:on the 805:Genoese 766:Hungary 655:voivode 642:Suceava 630:diptych 604:in 1483 425:Hungary 189:Dynasty 167:more... 122:Suceava 9036: 8982: 8962: 8941: 8910: 8891: 8874: 8853: 8813: 8794: 8773: 8752: 8731: 8708: 8686: 8669: 8646: 8624: 8605: 8586: 8566: 8539: 8517: 8500: 8477: 8460: 8441: 8421: 8400: 8377: 8358: 8336: 8317: 8285: 8265: 8246: 8229: 8208: 8185: 8163: 8141: 8121: 8102: 8082: 8059: 8042: 8018: 7997: 7978: 7961: 7940: 7917: 7900: 7883: 7866: 7846: 7827: 7808: 7789: 7769: 7747: 2738:pattée 2708:argent 2679:Maures 2647:helmet 2576:George 2563:2 July 2546:shrine 2544:Major 2492:Gospel 2083:(1875) 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