99:
After they were annexed by the
Tibetans they took the name of Sunpo (= Sumpa). They were the largest of the tribes in the region and consisted of some 30,000 family units. Their territory extended from the border of the Domi people to the east as far as the Houmangxia (or Houmang Gorge) Pass in the
266:
216a places the submission of the son of the Supi king in 755. It gives his name as
Xinuoluo and says that he was granted the title of Huaiyi ("he who cherishes justice") Prince, and was given the family name of Li. It adds, "The Supi are a powerful tribe."
216:
Although the original annexation of the Sumpa by the
Chinese appears to have been basically peaceful, and the Sumpa were gradually assimilated into the general Tibetan population, there were occasional tensions between the two groups. The
253:
221b; during the
Tianbao era (742â755), the Sumpa king, Molingzan, wanted to submit to the Chinese Empire with all his people, but he was killed by the Tibetans. His son Xinuo, accompanied by some dignitaries, sought refuge in Longyou in
150:('the red-faced (Tibetans), Huns, Chinese, Supiya'). To the Khotanese, who had been a settled people for about a thousand years, they appeared as savage and uncouth. They are also mentioned as having been in
84:, chap. 221b, says that the people of the country of Supi (Sumpa) were originally of Western Qiang descent. The Qiang had been in the region for a very long time â they were the main foreign enemies of the
656:; first published in French (1962). English translation by J. E. Stapelton Driver. Reprint: Stanford University Press (with minor revisions from 1977 Faber & Faber edition), 1995.
522:; first published in French (1962). English translation by J. E. Stapelton Driver. Reprint: Stanford University Press (with minor revisions from 1977 Faber & Faber edition), 1995.
282:
from the mid-eighth to mid-ninth century CE. A major administrative division or "horn" of Tibet (there were six altogether), was named "Sumpa-ru". It was in northeastern Tibet (
231:âs feudatory states. "Instead he offered protection for their flocks, wherefore, in the words of the Chronicle, âall their households were naturally captured as subjects.â"
166:
733:
Zeisler, Bettina. (2010). "Ăast of the Moon and West of the Sun? Approaches to a Land with Many Names, North of
Ancient India and South of Khotan." In:
103:
The location of the Supi/Sumpa kingdom in the 7thâ8th centuries in northeastern Tibet stretched from the southern bank of the Yak River (Chinese:
755:
361:. Ădouard Chavannes. 1900. Paris, Librairie dâAmĂ©rique et dâOrient. Reprint: Taipei. Reprint: Cheng Wen Publishing Co., 1969, p. 169, n. 1.
737:, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 371â463.
238:) they were rapidly absorbed by the Yarlung Dynasty during the 7th and 8th centuries CE. After their submission to the Tibetans from the
718:
635:
330:
760:
750:
661:
653:
598:
527:
519:
499:
455:
422:
402:
680:. 1900. Paris, Librairie dâAmĂ©rique et dâOrient. Reprint: Taipei. Reprint: Cheng Wen Publishing Co., 1969, p. 169.
349:. 1900. Paris, Librairie dâAmĂ©rique et dâOrient. Reprint: Taipei. Reprint: Cheng Wen Publishing Co., 1969, p. 169.
625:. J. Bacot, F. W. Thomas and Ch. Toussaint. Libraire Orienaliste Paul Geunther. Paris, 1940, pp. 130, 147.
115:(roughly 452 km) southwest to the Houmangxia Pass (= the Ta-tsang-la) and ranged at times as far as
613:. J. Bacot, F. W. Thomas and Ch. Toussaint. Libraire Orienaliste Paul Geunther. Paris, 1940, pp. 37, 40.
122:
The Sumpa were considered part of the
Tibetan kingdom as early as the 6th century CE, in the time of
36:
259:
197:
record that the
Tibetans took the territory of Ćo-Ähigs of the Sumpa in 692 and in 702 the Emperor
705:"The Tibetan Military System and Its Activities from Khotan to Lop-Nor." Tsuguhito Takeuchi. In:
482:. Vol. II. Paul Pelliot. Imprimerie National Paris, 1963, pp. 690â691, 694â695, 705â706, 712â718.
89:
765:
219:
24:
385:. R. A. Stein. 1961. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, pp. 41â42, nn. 111, 113, 115.
47:
in the late 7th century, after which point they gradually lost their independent identity.
677:
346:
161:
The Supi have also been closely associated with mysterious "Kingdoms of Women" during the
8:
323:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of
Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
290:, and soldiers were sent from there to man camps at Mazar-tagh and Miran in the southern
569:
171:
93:
470:. R. A. Stein. 1961. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, pp. 41â42, nn. 111, 113.
468:
Les Tribus
Anciennes des Marches Sino-tibétaines: légends, classifications et histoire
383:
Les Tribus
Anciennes des Marches Sino-tibétaines: légends, classifications et histoire
714:
657:
649:
594:
561:
523:
515:
495:
451:
418:
398:
326:
205:
the Advisor, Mangporje, brought "the whole country of the Sumpa under tribute" under
147:
43:, and their actual ethnic identity is not known. Their territory was absorbed by the
553:
201:
and his Council made an inspection of Sumpa territory. According to documents from
80:
710:
235:
40:
107:â known in Tibetan as the Chu-dmar, the largest upper course of the 'Bri-chu or
770:
239:
228:
224:
206:
198:
193:
127:
123:
104:
44:
744:
709:. Catalog of an exhibition held at the British Library May 7âSept. 12, 2004.
565:
287:
108:
85:
450:. Chapter 17 Supīya. H. W. Bailey, 1985, Cambridge University Press, p. 79.
693:
590:
151:
258:. The Governor sent them with an escort to the capital where the Emperor,
634:"Songtsen Gampo: First Emperor of a Unified Tibet." Jigme Duntak (2008).
514:, pp. 29, 31, 34â35. Rolf Alfred Stein (1972) Stanford University Press.
291:
263:
162:
143:
279:
275:
573:
274:
shows that "Tibetan armies, including previously subjugated Sumpa and
325:. Christopher I. Beckwith. 2009. Princeton University Press, p. 375.
139:
541:
557:
542:"Imagining Matriarchy: "Kingdoms of Women" in Tang China"
202:
155:
373:. Vol. II. Paul Pelliot. Imprimerie National Paris, 1963, p. 718.
35:
from ancient times. Chinese historical sources refer to them as "
713:, Ursula Sims-Williams, 2004, Serindia Publications, pp. 50â53.
648:, pp. 30â31 Rolf Alfred Stein (1972) Stanford University Press.
116:
50:
The Sumpa identified as the people known to the Chinese as the
271:
255:
32:
492:
Ancient Tibet; Research Materials from The Yeshe De Project
434:"Note sur les Tâou-yu-houen et les Sou-pâi." Paul Pelliot.
415:
Ancient Tibet; Research Materials from The Yeshe De Project
395:
Ancient Tibet; Research Materials from The Yeshe De Project
309:"Note sur les Tâou-yu-houen et les Sou-pâi." Paul Pelliot.
283:
270:
Evidence from documents on woodslips found near modern-day
262:(reigned 712â756 CE), treated them with great honours. The
243:
227:
against attacking the Sumpa, who had been among his father
623:
Documents de Touen-houang relatifs a l'histoire du Tibet
611:
Documents de Touen-houang relatifs a l'histoire du Tibet
146:. They are described as being among the invaders of the
696:. Libraire d'amérique et d'orient, Paris, 1961, p. 106.
587:
Indo-Scythian Studies: Being Khotanese Texts Volume VII
448:
Indo-Scythian Studies: Being Khotanese Texts Volume VII
246:, to guard the eastern frontier against the Chinese.
176:æ±ć„łć. "A queen of the Suvaráčagotra in the western ć„łć
130:, and are thought to have spoken a Tibetan dialect.
138:The Sumpa/Supi are associated with the Supiya of
742:
674:Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux
359:Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux
343:Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux
88:(c. 1600â1046 BCE). It has been suggested by
65:
55:
278:elements" were stationed along the Southern
707:The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith
593:, 1985, Cambridge University Press, p. 80.
39:", a term for people living in what is now
242:, they were stationed in Minyak or modern
92:that their name may have derived from an
546:Journal of the American Oriental Society
73:
743:
31:) were a tribe living in northeastern
494:. Dharma Publishing (1986), p. 134.
417:. Dharma Publishing (1986), p. 131.
397:. Dharma Publishing (1986), p. 134.
184:, which may indicate a woman of the
756:Former countries in Chinese history
539:
142:documents of about 300 CE from the
13:
727:
223:says that Myang Mangporje advised
165:(581â617 CE). It is also known as
14:
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133:
111:) in the east about 1,400
761:Former monarchies of Asia
540:Jay, Jennifer W. (1996).
313:, 20 (1921), pp. 330â331.
751:Ancient peoples of China
167:Eastern Kingdom of Women
90:Christopher I. Beckwith
16:Ancient people in Tibet
234:Along with the 'Asha (
96:meaning 'charioteer'.
589:. Chapter 17 Supīya.
220:Old Tibetan Chronicle
74:Origins and territory
646:Tibetan Civilization
512:Tibetan Civilization
438:, 20 (1921), p. 331.
480:Notes on Marco Polo
371:Notes on Marco Polo
94:Indo-European root
735:The Tibet Journal
719:978-1-932476-13-2
678:Ădouard Chavannes
347:Ădouard Chavannes
331:978-0-691-13589-2
148:Kingdom of Khotan
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163:Sui dynasty
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745:Categories
436:Tâoung pao
311:Tâoung pao
280:Silk Route
276:Zhangzhung
126:'s father
566:0003-0279
298:Footnotes
209:probably
140:Kharosthi
260:Xuanzong
203:Dunhuang
156:Cherchen
286:) near
251:Tangshu
236:Tuyuhun
213:. 627.
178:Niu-kuo
134:History
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664:(hbk).
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117:Khotan
100:west.
29:sum pa
771:Tibet
570:JSTOR
288:Miran
272:Hotan
256:Gansu
174:]
62:Sunpo
60:) or
37:Qiang
33:Tibet
25:Wylie
21:Sumpa
715:ISBN
658:ISBN
650:ISBN
595:ISBN
562:ISSN
524:ISBN
516:ISBN
496:ISBN
452:ISBN
419:ISBN
399:ISBN
327:ISBN
284:Amdo
244:Amdo
191:The
154:and
152:Niya
78:The
52:Supi
19:The
554:doi
550:116
188:."
70:).
747::
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676:.
568:.
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172:zh
158:.
119:.
113:li
67:ć«æłą
57:èæŻ
27::
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333:.
211:c
64:(
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