799:
4549:
65:
4506:
4516:
926:"The Great Wall was extended to Dunhuang, and a line of fortified beacon towers stretched westwards into the desert. By the second century AD Dunhuang had a population of more than 76,000 and was a key supply base for caravans that passed through the city: those setting out for the arduous trek across the desert loaded up with water and food supplies, and others arriving from the west gratefully looked upon the mirage-like sight of Dunhuang's walls, which signified safety and comfort. Dunhuang prospered on the heavy flow of traffic. The first Buddhist caves in the Dunhuang area were hewn in 353."
2601:
1187:
2577:
497:
2589:
115:
82:
2535:
328:
2515:
432:
1371:
942:
2563:
53:
2379:
1279:
4559:
1430:), with an annual total precipitation of 67 mm (2.64 in), the majority of which occurs in summer; precipitation occurs only in trace amounts and quickly evaporates. Winters are long and freezing, with a 24-hour average temperature of −8.3 °C (17.1 °F) in January, while summers are hot, with a July average of 24.6 °C (76.3 °F); the annual mean is 9.48 °C (49.1 °F). The
122:
89:
1010:
910:) established by the Emperor Wu after the defeat of the Xiongnu, and the Chinese built fortifications at Dunhuang and sent settlers there. The name Dunhuang, meaning "Blazing Beacon", refers to the beacons lit to warn of attacks by marauding nomadic tribes. Dunhuang Commandery was probably established shortly after 104 BC. Located in the western end of the
1146:
During the Ming dynasty, China became a major sea power, conducting several voyages of exploration with sea routes for trade and cultural exchanges. Dunhuang went into a steep decline after the
Chinese trade with the outside world became dominated by southern sea-routes, and the Silk Road was
959:(618–907) dynasties, it was the main stop of communication between ancient China and the rest of the world and a major hub of commerce of the Silk Road. Dunhuang was the intersection city of all three main silk routes (north, central, south) during this time.
966:
monks, who had arrived in China by the first century AD, and a sizable
Buddhist community eventually developed in Dunhuang. The caves carved out by the monks, originally used for meditation, developed into a place of worship and pilgrimage called the
3435:
Legge, James. Trans. and ed. 1886. A Record of
Buddhistic Kingdoms: being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-hsien of his travels in India and Ceylon (AD 399–414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York.
1434:
averages 16.1 °C (29.0 °F) annually. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 69% in March to 82% in
October, the city receives 3,258 hours of bright sunshine annually, making it one of the sunniest nationwide.
865:
During the
Warring States period, the inhabitants of Dunhuang included the Dayuezhi people, Wusun people, and Saizhong people (Chinese name for Scythians). As Dayuezhi became stronger, it absorbed the Qiang tribes.
3159:
3083:
Conservation of
Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China, June 28 – July 3,
1242:
which is located 25 km (16 mi) southeast of
Dunhuang. There are 735 caves in Mogao, and the caves in Mogao are particularly noted for their Buddhist art, as well as the hoard of manuscripts, the
3187:
2818:
Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1979). China in
Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. Leiden, E. Brill, . pp.75–76
1247:, found hidden in a sealed-up cave. Many of these caves were covered with murals and contain many Buddhist statues. Discoveries continue to be found in the caves, including excerpts from a Christian
3439:
Lok, Wai-ying. (2012). The significance of
Dunhuang iconography from the perspective of Buddhist philosophy: a study mainly based on Cave 45 (PDF) (PhD Dissertation). The University of Hong Kong.
498:
433:
2158:
2534:
3658:
1382:
held on the main thoroughfare, Dong Dajie, in the city centre of
Dunhuang, popular with tourists during the summer months. Many souvenir items are sold, including such typical items as
4432:
4800:
2163:
1056:, who expelled the Tibetans in 848. After the fall of Tang, Zhang's family formed the Kingdom of Golden Mountain in 910, but in 911 it came under the influence of the
830:, the Dunhuang region was a part of the ancient Guazhou, which was known for its production of melons. Its name was also mentioned in relation to the homeland of the
4454:
3793:
3788:
3197:
2199:
3287:
2765:
4363:
3310:
2711:
3816:
2210:
2117:
2465:
2106:
522:, the city has a population of 186,027, though 2019 estimates put the city's population at about 191,800. Sachu (Dunhuang) was a major stop on the ancient
64:
3811:
2188:
2139:
2062:
2514:
2073:
4462:
3233:
3081:, and Zhang Lu (2010). "Condition, Conservation, and Reinforcement of the Yumen Pass and Hecang Earthen Ruins Near Dunhuang", in Neville Agnew (ed),
2084:
2051:
1314:
3586:
3430:
China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty
4785:
2095:
3557:– includes tens of thousands of digitised manuscripts and paintings from Dunhuang, along with historical photographs and archival material
4447:
150:
3078:
2177:
2128:
798:
3637:
2588:
1386:, jewelry, scrolls, hangings, small sculptures, leather shows puppets, coins, Tibetan horns and Buddha statues. A sizable number of
4805:
3393:
Bonavia, Judy (2004): The Silk Road From Xi'an to Kashgar. Judy Bonavia – revised by Christoph Baumer. 2004. Odyssey Publications.
3572:
2576:
4440:
3260:
3229:
2600:
1114:, but horizontally from left to right instead of right to left in vertical lines, as Chinese was normally written at the time.
3566:
2868:
4780:
3451:
3091:
3345:
1219:
In 2011 satellite images showing huge structures in the desert near Dunhuang surfaced online and caused a brief media stir.
4373:
2674:
2391:
2067:
2056:
3560:
3960:
3763:
3193:
3166:
3138:
2653:
2016:
4548:
2921:
4505:
114:
3993:
3521:
3480:
3281:
2950:
2823:
2759:
2204:
4515:
3307:
2701:
1020:
As a frontier town, Dunhuang was fought over and occupied at various times by non-Han people. After the fall of the
81:
4319:
995:
3388:
The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing
1424:
4308:
3628:
2363:
2344:
4135:
4130:
2984:
2367:
2348:
1205:
836:
1052:; and even though it was later returned to Tang rule, it was under quasi-autonomous rule by the local general
4036:
2521:
2359:
2340:
1431:
1326:
1291:
1259:
1173:
542:
283:
2327:
of urban residents was ¥36,215, and the annual per capita disposable income of rural residents was ¥18,852.
2412:
1309:
945:
3254:
3223:
4358:
3687:
356:
3508:
National Institute of Informatics / Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books – Digital Silk Road Project
3495:
National Institute of Informatics / Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books – Digital Silk Road Project
600:(prefecture of melons). In the modern era, the two alternative names have been assigned respectively to
2387:
2274:
635:‘artificial mound, tumulus, beacon mound, square block of stone or wood’ + ‘blazing, bright, luminous’.
2443:
1439:
1238:
A number of Buddhist cave sites are located in the Dunhuang area, the most important of these is the
819:
818:
There is evidence of habitation in the area as early as 2,000 BC, possibly by people recorded as the
17:
1420:
655:‘regard as important, to esteem; honest, sincere, generous’ + ‘a great blaze; luminous, glittering’.
4790:
3010:
2435:
2263:
1287:
538:
549:, meaning "Singing-Sand Mountain"), named after the sound of the wind whipping off the dunes, the
4795:
4206:
3756:
2562:
2215:
2182:
2133:
2122:
2100:
2035:
3423:
3383:
2 vols. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
4188:
4085:
3902:
3578:
3550:
3060:
2980:
2446:. The central section of this railway opened on 18 December 2019 completing the through route.
2355:
2336:
2039:
1359:
2911:
4231:
3780:
3668:
1186:
1060:. The Zhangs were succeeded by the Cao family, who formed alliances with the Uighurs and the
859:
827:
585:
553:
phenomenon. Dunhuang commands a strategic position at the crossroads of the ancient Southern
204:
1300:, built in 111 BC, located 90 km (56 mi) northwest of Dunhuang in the Gobi desert.
1204:
and artifacts retrieved at Dunhuang have been digitized and made publicly available via the
1169:, and the present-day city of Dunhuang was established east of the ruined old city in 1725.
573:, which leads straight to the heart of the north Chinese plains and the ancient capitals of
3955:
3606:
3506:, 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980.
1244:
1179:
In 1988, Dunhuang was elevated from county to county-level city status. On March 31, 1995,
3537:(敦煌莫高窟百年圖錄 : 伯希和敦煌圖錄). Lanzhou Shi: Gansu renmin chubanshe, 2008. ISBN 978-7226036280
2419:). There is regular passenger service on the line, with overnight trains from Dunhuang to
1151:. It was occupied again by the Tibetans c. 1516, and also came under the influence of the
546:
8:
3842:
3621:
2475:
2459:
2241:
2237:
1387:
1049:
888:
770:
519:
275:
592:. Historically, the city and/or its surrounding region has also been known by the names
346:
3978:
3897:
3837:
3749:
3644:
3118:
2764:[Administrative Divisions] (in Chinese (China)). Dunhuang People's Government.
2470:
2240:, Dunhuang has a population of 186,027, down slightly from the 187,578 recorded in the
2193:
2144:
2111:
2089:
2078:
1449:
Climate data for Dunhuang, elevation 1,139 m (3,737 ft), (1991–2020 normals)
1111:
980:
915:
473:
465:
192:
3390:. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973.
4775:
4274:
4080:
4054:
3869:
3821:
3517:
3476:
3447:
3087:
2946:
2917:
2819:
2324:
1969:
1922:
1874:
1442:
was built in the southwest suburbs of the city to harvest the abundant solar energy.
1086:
dynasty captured Dunhuang. From the reconquest of 848 to about 1036 (i.e. era of the
1061:
885:
604:(Shazhou town) which serves as Dunhuang's seat of government, and to the neighboring
507:
426:
418:
43:
3403:
Galambos, Imre (2015), "She Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter,
2896:
Galambos, Imre (2015), "She Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter,
52:
4289:
4284:
4178:
4158:
4065:
4011:
3945:
3930:
3874:
3847:
3712:
3491:
Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan
2876:
2568:
2398:
2221:
1200:
attraction and the subject of an ongoing archaeological project. A large number of
1152:
1107:
1103:
998:
here in 400 AD. In 405 the capital of the Western Liang was moved from Dunhuang to
987:
983:), testimony to the wide variety of people who made their way along the Silk Road.
383:
338:
1370:
4539:
4343:
4264:
4153:
4145:
4103:
4075:
3940:
3892:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3554:
3461:
3314:
3308:
http://www.dunhuang.gov.cn/userfiles/files/20210428/6375522292497513408525165.pdf
2938:
2787:
2236:
2019 city estimates put Dunhuang's population at about 191,800. According to the
3326:
327:
4730:
4656:
4353:
4348:
4211:
4125:
4070:
4059:
4031:
3935:
3912:
3907:
3803:
3772:
3737:
3727:
3614:
3504:
Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China
3499:
3486:
3457:
3286:[Population and Ethnicity] (in Chinese). Dunhuang People's Government.
3086:, 351–357. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, J. Paul Getty Trust.
2936:
2416:
2402:
2302:
2286:
2259:
2031:
1267:
1190:
1041:
1029:
1003:
941:
605:
404:
4402:
4392:
2643:
2411:), constructed in 2004–2006, connects Dunhuang with the Liugou Station on the
1258:
Numerous smaller Buddhist cave sites are located in the region, including the
4769:
4558:
4397:
4387:
4338:
4333:
4254:
4236:
4216:
4173:
4168:
4026:
3988:
3983:
3722:
3697:
2525:
2298:
1709:
1209:
1087:
1079:
911:
570:
515:
165:
152:
3593:
4645:
4417:
4259:
4221:
4120:
4021:
4016:
3970:
3950:
3465:
2853:
2706:[Dunhuang 2019 Economic and Social Development Statistical Report]
2606:
2490:
2248:
1391:
1379:
1343:), located about 11 km (6.8 mi) northeast of the Western-Han-era
1252:
1166:
1159:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1118:
1099:
1075:
1068:
1053:
1037:
1013:
956:
935:
907:
811:
550:
390:
2807:
The Western Regions of the Han–Tang Dynasties and the Chinese Civilization
1098:
communities in China following the An Lushan Rebellion. The Sogdians were
4717:
4412:
4407:
4327:
4279:
4269:
4183:
4163:
3132:
2541:
2485:
2480:
2455:
2294:
2270:
1403:
1399:
1352:
1348:
1263:
1239:
1233:
1213:
1129:
1083:
1045:
1021:
968:
952:
931:
881:
870:
855:, a people widely believed to be a Central Asian offshoot of the Yuezhi.
803:
574:
527:
4680:
4294:
4226:
4108:
2910:
Tim Pepper (1996). Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (eds.).
2321:
2310:
2278:
2255:
1395:
1344:
1297:
1201:
976:
807:
554:
3374:
Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin
4669:
4046:
3029:
2500:
2198:
were administered as townships. Prior to 2019, the city administered
1304:
1262:, the Eastern Thousands Buddha Caves, and the Five Temple site. The
1165:
Dunhuang was retaken by China two centuries later c. 1715 during the
919:
823:
523:
444:
266:
4584:
4573:
4520:
3922:
3861:
2495:
2427:. Dunhuang Station is located northeast of town, near the airport.
2424:
2378:
2244:. In 1996, the city had an estimated population of 125,000 people.
1091:
963:
895:
841:
584:
Administratively, the county-level city of Dunhuang is part of the
562:
451:
3507:
3494:
3420:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.
3218:
3216:
3214:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
4693:
4621:
4608:
4563:
4528:
4510:
4246:
4095:
4003:
3679:
3653:
3381:
Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang.
2610:
2431:
2420:
2306:
2290:
2282:
1197:
1125:
1057:
1025:
999:
903:
899:
877:
852:
844:
765:
589:
578:
566:
209:
3475:. Methuen, London. Reprint: Barnes & Noble, New York. 1971.
3444:
The Great Wall : China against the World. 1000 BC — AD 2000
1278:
4743:
4597:
4553:
4198:
3884:
3211:
2681:
2545:
2439:
1334:
1180:
1095:
991:
831:
271:
3061:"Syrian Language "Holy Bible" Discovered in Dunhuang Grottoes"
2733:
2731:
1024:
it came under the rule of various nomadic tribes, such as the
299:
4704:
4381:
3641:
3013:
Ancient Chinese town on front lines of desertification battle
2913:
Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places
2314:
1248:
1033:
979:
artifacts have also been found in the caves (see for example
558:
534:
511:
197:
185:
3636:
1394:
dessert or sweet is also sold, consisting of a large, sweet
1216:
of the surrounding land, has reached the edges of the city.
1009:
2852:
The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia, by
2728:
2549:
1383:
3516:. (Revised Edition). New York, Columbia University Press.
2943:
Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Art and History on the Silk Road
876:
By the third century BC, the area became dominated by the
1078:, Dunhuang fell outside the Chinese borders. In 1036 the
470:
456:
3259:[2018 Statistical Division Codes] (in Chinese).
3228:[2020 Statistical Division Codes] (in Chinese).
840:. Some have argued that this may refer to the unrelated
3514:
Records of the Grand Historian of China. Han Dynasty II
847:– the archaeologist Lin Meicun has also suggested that
3032:
Odd patterns in Chinese desert? Spy satellite targets.
1128:, and became part of the Mongol Empire in the wake of
69:
Dunhuang City (red) in Jiuquan City (yellow) and Gansu
1351:(202 BC – 9 AD) and significantly rebuilt during the
784:
meaning something like "fortress for tax collecting."
756:
745:
731:
725:
714:
708:
694:
688:
682:
664:
650:
644:
630:
423:
409:
395:
3547:
2988:
2466:
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites (Gansu)
2038:. These township-level divisions then administer 56
3573:
Dunhuang Collection at the National Museum of India
3535:
Dunhuang Mogaoku bainian tulu: Boxihe Dunhuang tulu
3405:
A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture
2898:
A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture
1406:, sliced into the portion desired by the customer.
4801:Populated places established in the 2nd century BC
4468:China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018
2710:(in Chinese). Dunhuang People's Government. 2019.
2430:The railway from Dunhuang was extended south into
2157:The city's sole other township-level division is
2152:
793:
147:Coordinates (Dunhuang municipal government):
4767:
2959:
2677:(in Chinese). Government of Jiuquan. 2021-06-01.
2648:[Dunhuang City Historical Development].
1002:. In 421 the Western Liang was conquered by the
4470:Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population
3587:Walter Chapin Simpson Center for the Humanities
3530:. London. Royal Asiatic Society. Reprint: 1973.
3346:"Dunhuang railway in northwest China completed"
2903:
1016:(618–907) Buddhist sutra fragment from Dunhuang
930:
569:, and also controls the entrance to the narrow
3533:Zheng, Binglin (鄭炳林), and Guoxiang Gao (高國祥).
4448:
3757:
3622:
3598:
3125:
2863:
2861:
2406:
2269:97.8% of the city's population is ethnically
1172:
922:, Dunhuang was a town of military importance.
751:
740:
720:
703:
677:
659:
639:
625:
343:
3428:Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979.
3396:Cable, Mildred and Francesca French (1943):
2594:Lonely monuments in the desert near Donghuan
3462:Greeks in ancient Central Asia: the Ionians
2869:"Dunhuang Studies – Chronology and History"
2809:, Beijing, Wenwu Chubanshe, pp. 64–67.
2358:of ¥7.778 billion. The value of the city's
2339:of ¥8.178 billion. The value of the city's
2025:
775:
4455:
4441:
3764:
3750:
3629:
3615:
3343:
2909:
2858:
2434:, connecting Dunhuang to Subei, Mahai and
326:
3107:. Eye Witness Travel Guides. p. 494.
3027:
1273:
1094:that contained one of the largest ethnic
880:, but came under Chinese rule during the
557:and the main road leading from India via
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2540:Sculpture in Dunhuang, after a mural in
2377:
1369:
1277:
1185:
1008:
940:
858:
797:
3412:The Peoples of the West from the Weilue
3180:
3119:"Dunhuang Climate − Best time to visit"
3097:
3028:Wolchover, Natalie (16 November 2011).
2754:
2752:
2209:as a township-level division. In 2011,
2171:
1390:engage in business at these markets. A
1048:became weakened considerably after the
232:31,200 km (12,000 sq mi)
4768:
3344:Briginshaw, David (18 December 2019).
3261:National Bureau of Statistics of China
3230:National Bureau of Statistics of China
2582:Mogao Caves, a.k.a. Dunhuang Grottoes.
2220:was formed from Yangjiaqiao Township (
2030:As of 2020, Dunhuang administers nine
1124:Dunhuang was conquered in 1227 by the
894:Dunhuang was one of the four frontier
472:
425:
4436:
3745:
3610:
3597:
3422:Draft annotated English translation.
3021:
2623:
2159:Qinghai Petroleum Authority Life Base
1102:to some extent and were bilingual in
975:" A number of Christian, Jewish, and
4786:Populated places along the Silk Road
3400:. London. Landsborough Publications.
2981:"The International Dunhuang Project"
2749:
2392:Dunhuang Mogao International Airport
1388:members of China's ethnic minorities
699:‘noise of burning’ + ‘great blaze’ .
616:A number of derivations of the name
3493:, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
3407:, Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 853–77.
3194:China Meteorological Administration
3167:China Meteorological Administration
3139:China Meteorological Administration
3003:
2973:
2900:, Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 853–77.
2273:, with the remaining 2.2% being 27
2017:China Meteorological Administration
1183:and Dunhuang became sister cities.
13:
3548:The International Dunhuang Project
914:near the historic junction of the
14:
4817:
3541:
3528:On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India
2834:Hill (2015), Vol. I, pp. 137–140.
2373:
1227:
822:in Chinese history. According to
780:(Throana), possibly from Iranian
672:Jáo and Demieville 1971 (French,
620:have been suggested by scholars:
526:and is best known for the nearby
23:County-level city in Gansu, China
4557:
4547:
4514:
4504:
3567:Qianfodong at the British Museum
2599:
2587:
2575:
2561:
2533:
2513:
2366:totaled ¥1.752 billion, and its
2347:totaled ¥1.872 billion, and its
1196:Today, the site is an important
1155:in the early sixteenth century.
1147:officially abandoned during the
1090:), Dunhuang was a multicultural
332:"Dunhuang" in Chinese characters
121:
120:
113:
88:
87:
80:
63:
51:
4806:County-level divisions of Gansu
3424:Weilue: The Peoples of the West
3337:
3327:"敦煌列车时刻表 敦煌火车时刻表 www.ip138.com"
3319:
3301:
3290:from the original on 2021-04-02
3274:
3247:
3236:from the original on 2021-04-02
3189:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）
3152:
3111:
3071:
3053:
3050:Dunhuang Mogao caves art museum
3044:
2930:
2916:. Routledge. pp. 239–241.
2890:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2768:from the original on 2021-04-02
2737:Cable and French (1943), p. 41.
2717:from the original on 2021-04-02
2656:from the original on 2020-08-04
2231:
1365:
1158:
1139:
1132:'s conquest of China under the
1117:
1110:, and wrote their documents in
1067:
719:) ‘small mound (+ shining)’ or
471:
457:
3561:Dunhuang at the British Museum
3376:. White Orchid Books. Bangkok.
2985:International Dunhuang Project
2812:
2799:
2779:
2740:
2667:
2553:
2407:
2397:A railway branch known as the
2153:Other township-level divisions
1339:
1330:
1212:, the result of long-standing
1206:International Dunhuang Project
962:From the West also came early
889:defeated the Xiongnu in 121 BC
869:
851:may be a Chinese name for the
837:Records of the Grand Historian
794:Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties
424:
410:
396:
344:
1:
3771:
3526:Watters, Thomas (1904–1905).
3366:
3350:International Railway Journal
1432:diurnal temperature variation
1260:Western Thousand Buddha Caves
4781:Central Asian Buddhist sites
2617:
2362:totaled ¥1.082 billion, its
2343:totaled ¥0.994 billion, its
1409:
1266:are located further east in
973:Caves of a Thousand Buddhas.
946:White Horse Pagoda, Dunhuang
774:refers to Dunhuang as Greek
611:
240:1,142 m (3,747 ft)
7:
3589:, University of Washington.
2524:on the eastern edge of the
2449:
2354:As of 2020, Dunhuang has a
2335:As of 2019, Dunhuang has a
2251:rate of 69.45% as of 2019.
1782:Average precipitation days
1638:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1498:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1378:Dunhuang Night Market is a
1044:occupied Dunhuang when the
757:
746:
736:) ‘to shimmer (+ shining)’.
732:
726:
715:
709:
695:
689:
683:
665:
651:
645:
631:
577:(today known as Xi'an) and
533:Dunhuang is situated in an
10:
4822:
4546:
4503:
3446:. Atlantic Books, London.
2652:(in Chinese). 2016-06-27.
2506:
2388:China National Highway 215
2330:
2050:The city's nine towns are
2014:
1448:
1414:
1374:Market in Dunhuang in 1991
1320:
1231:
1222:
1174:People's Republic of China
806:(202 BC – 220 AD) Chinese
788:
15:
4476:
4372:
4318:
4307:
4245:
4197:
4144:
4094:
4045:
4002:
3969:
3921:
3883:
3860:
3830:
3802:
3779:
3736:
3678:
3667:
3651:
3604:
3599:Links to related articles
3372:Baumer, Christoph. 2000.
3165:(in Simplified Chinese).
3137:(in Simplified Chinese).
2746:Lovell (2006), pp. 74–75.
2225:
1967:
1920:
1872:
1828:
1781:
1707:
1637:
1567:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1440:Gansu Dunhuang Solar Park
776:
752:
741:
721:
704:
678:
660:
640:
626:
485:
464:
450:
443:
417:
403:
389:
382:
377:
373:
365:
355:
345:
337:
325:
321:
316:
294:
282:
265:
257:
249:
244:
236:
228:
223:
215:
203:
191:
181:
146:
74:
62:
50:
41:
28:
18:Dunhuang (disambiguation)
3282:
3255:
3224:
3188:
3161:
3134:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data
3133:
2966:
2941:; Neville Agnew (2000).
2760:
2702:
2644:
2413:Lanzhou-Xinjiang railway
2370:totaled ¥4.943 billion.
2351:totaled ¥5.312 billion.
2264:rate of natural increase
2254:In 2019, the city had a
2045:
2026:Administrative divisions
1347:, were built during the
596:(prefecture of sand) or
32:
4463:Largest cities in Gansu
3512:Watson, Burton (1993).
2945:. The British Library.
2843:Bonavia (2004), p. 162.
2703:敦煌市 2019 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报
2320:As of 2019, the annual
2040:village-level divisions
2036:township-level division
986:During the time of the
3638:County-level divisions
3569:(accessed 30 Jan 2018)
3563:(accessed 30 Jan 2018)
3471:Skrine, C. P. (1926).
3442:Lovell, Julia (2006).
3432:. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
3160:"Experience Template"
2386:Dunhuang is served by
2383:
2382:Dunhuang train station
2356:gross domestic product
2337:gross domestic product
2262:of 5.69‰, giving it a
1375:
1360:Dunhuang County Museum
1283:
1274:Other historical sites
1193:
1017:
948:
928:
815:
261:5.9/km (15/sq mi)
3794:Xiongguan Subdistrict
3789:Gangcheng Subdistrict
2937:Whitfield, Roderick;
2789:Book of the Later Han
2381:
2200:Guoying Dunhuang Farm
1373:
1281:
1189:
1012:
944:
924:
860:Warring States period
828:Book of the Later Han
801:
669:(‘honest + shining’).
638:Mathews (1931) 1944:
586:prefecture-level city
205:Prefecture-level city
166:40.14111°N 94.66389°E
3961:Zhangjiachuan County
3473:Chinese Central Asia
3410:Hill, John E. 2004.
3386:Beal, Samuel. 1911.
3379:Beal, Samuel. 1884.
3015:, AFP, Nov 20, 2007"
2805:Lin Meicun (1998 ),
2172:Historical divisions
1325:in Hecang Fortress (
1245:Dunhuang manuscripts
674:Airs de Touen-houang
258: • Density
16:For other uses, see
3843:Changcheng District
3831:Districts (defunct)
2873:Silkroad Foundation
2476:Dunhuang Star Chart
2277:, including ethnic
2242:2000 Chinese census
2238:2010 Chinese census
1829:Average snowy days
1568:Daily mean °C (°F)
1050:An Lushan Rebellion
520:2010 Chinese census
518:. According to the
162: /
3979:Liangzhou District
3898:Pingchuan District
3838:Xiongguan District
3688:Chengguan District
3553:2011-07-20 at the
3468:, 20 October 2019.
3313:2021-12-03 at the
2522:Singing Sand Dunes
2471:Bhadrakalpikasutra
2384:
1376:
1310:White Horse Pagoda
1292:Singing Sand Dunes
1284:
1194:
1112:Chinese characters
1018:
981:Jingjiao Documents
949:
898:towns (along with
816:
658:McGraw-Hill 1963:
250: • Total
229: • Total
171:40.14111; 94.66389
4763:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4303:
4302:
4081:Zhuanglang County
4055:Kongtong District
3870:Jinchuan District
3856:
3855:
3669:Prefecture-level
3662:
3583:Silk Road Seattle
3452:978-1-84354-215-5
3092:978-1-60606-013-1
2552:behind her back (
2458:(as a decorative
2325:disposable income
2275:ethnic minorities
2022:
2021:
1970:possible sunshine
1875:relative humidity
1421:cool arid climate
1062:Kingdom of Khotan
702:Lín Yǚtáng 1972:
508:county-level city
489:
488:
481:
480:
384:Standard Mandarin
312:
311:
137:Show map of China
104:Show map of Gansu
101:Location in Gansu
44:County-level city
4813:
4561:
4551:
4518:
4508:
4479:
4478:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4364:Jishishan County
4359:Dongxiang County
4316:
4315:
4290:Liangdang County
4179:Zhengning County
4159:Qingcheng County
4066:Jingchuan County
4012:Ganzhou District
3931:Qinzhou District
3875:Yongchang County
3848:Jingtie District
3766:
3759:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3713:Lanzhou New Area
3676:
3675:
3656:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3323:
3317:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3220:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3196:. Archived from
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3095:
3077:Wang Xudang, Li
3075:
3069:
3068:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2987:. Archived from
2977:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2907:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2875:. Archived from
2865:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2816:
2810:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2756:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2698:
2679:
2678:
2675:"酒泉市第七次全国人口普查公报"
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2640:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2569:Dunhuang Airport
2565:
2555:
2537:
2517:
2444:Qingzang railway
2410:
2409:
2399:Dunhuang railway
2364:secondary sector
2345:secondary sector
2258:of 9.87‰, and a
2247:Dunhuang has an
2227:
2219:
2208:
2197:
2186:
2167:
2148:
2137:
2126:
2115:
2104:
2093:
2082:
2071:
2060:
1785:
1446:
1445:
1341:
1332:
1208:. The spreading
1153:Chagatai Khanate
1082:who founded the
994:established the
988:Sixteen Kingdoms
779:
778:
760:
755:
754:
749:
744:
743:
735:
729:
724:
723:
718:
712:
707:
706:
698:
692:
686:
681:
680:
668:
663:
662:
654:
648:
643:
642:
634:
629:
628:
510:in northwestern
505:
504:
503:
501:
477:
476:
475:
460:
459:
439:
438:
437:
436:
435:
428:
413:
412:
399:
398:
375:
374:
369:"Blazing Beacon"
351:
350:
349:
330:
314:
313:
308:
305:
303:
301:
177:
176:
174:
173:
172:
167:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
138:
134:Dunhuang (China)
124:
123:
117:
105:
91:
90:
84:
67:
55:
26:
25:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4791:Cities in Gansu
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4519:
4513:
4509:
4472:
4471:
4464:
4461:
4431:
4422:
4368:
4344:Yongjing County
4310:
4299:
4265:Tanchang County
4241:
4207:Anding District
4193:
4189:Zhenyuan County
4154:Xifeng District
4140:
4104:Suzhou District
4090:
4086:Jingning County
4076:Chongxin County
4041:
3998:
3965:
3941:Qingshui County
3917:
3903:Jingyuan County
3893:Baiyin District
3879:
3852:
3826:
3798:
3775:
3770:
3732:
3718:Yongdeng County
3708:Honggu District
3703:Anning District
3693:Qilihe District
3670:
3663:
3647:
3635:
3600:
3577:
3555:Wayback Machine
3544:
3500:Stein, Aurel M.
3487:Stein, Aurel M.
3398:The Gobi Desert
3369:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3342:
3338:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3315:Wayback Machine
3306:
3302:
3293:
3291:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3237:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3212:
3203:
3201:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3076:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3026:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2939:Susan Whitfield
2935:
2931:
2924:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2880:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2800:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2592:
2583:
2580:
2571:
2566:
2557:
2544:, depicting an
2538:
2529:
2518:
2509:
2452:
2376:
2368:tertiary sector
2349:tertiary sector
2333:
2234:
2213:
2202:
2191:
2180:
2176:Prior to 2015,
2174:
2161:
2155:
2142:
2131:
2120:
2109:
2098:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2028:
2023:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1419:Dunhuang has a
1417:
1412:
1368:
1323:
1276:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1177:
1163:
1144:
1122:
1072:
1032:and the Turkic
939:
874:
863:
802:The ruins of a
796:
791:
614:
499:
496:
495:
431:
430:
366:Literal meaning
333:
298:
290:
170:
168:
164:
161:
156:
153:
151:
149:
148:
142:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:
125:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
96:
92:
70:
58:
46:
37:
34:
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4819:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4796:Oases of China
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4526:
4523:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4437:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4354:Hezheng County
4351:
4349:Guanghe County
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4324:
4322:
4313:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4232:Weiyuan County
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4212:Tongwei County
4209:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4126:Guazhou County
4123:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:Lingtai County
4068:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4032:Shandan County
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3994:Tianzhu County
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3936:Maiji District
3933:
3927:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3913:Jingtai County
3910:
3908:Huining County
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3728:Yuzhong County
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3673:
3665:
3664:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3543:
3542:External links
3540:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3510:
3497:
3484:
3469:
3455:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3336:
3318:
3300:
3273:
3246:
3210:
3179:
3151:
3124:
3110:
3096:
3070:
3052:
3043:
3020:
3002:
2972:
2958:
2951:
2929:
2923:978-1884964046
2922:
2902:
2889:
2857:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2811:
2798:
2778:
2748:
2739:
2727:
2680:
2666:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2528:near Dunhuang.
2519:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2451:
2448:
2417:Guazhou County
2403:Liudun Railway
2375:
2374:Transportation
2372:
2360:primary sector
2341:primary sector
2332:
2329:
2233:
2230:
2173:
2170:
2154:
2151:
2047:
2044:
2034:and one other
2027:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1923:sunshine hours
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1355:(280–316 AD).
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1315:Dunhuang Limes
1312:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1275:
1272:
1268:Guazhou County
1251:dating to the
1232:Main article:
1229:
1228:Buddhist caves
1226:
1224:
1221:
1191:Dunhuang dance
1176:
1171:
1162:
1157:
1143:
1138:
1121:
1116:
1071:
1066:
1030:Northern Liang
1004:Northern Liang
955:(581–618) and
938:
929:
873:
868:
862:
857:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
762:
737:
700:
670:
656:
649:, now usually
636:
613:
610:
606:Guazhou County
512:Gansu Province
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
468:
462:
461:
454:
448:
447:
445:Yue: Cantonese
441:
440:
421:
415:
414:
407:
401:
400:
393:
387:
386:
380:
379:
378:Transcriptions
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
359:
353:
352:
341:
335:
334:
331:
323:
322:
319:
318:
310:
309:
296:
292:
291:
288:
286:
280:
279:
269:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
221:
220:
217:
216:Municipal seat
213:
212:
207:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
144:
143:
133:
127:
126:
119:
118:
112:
111:
110:
109:
100:
94:
93:
86:
85:
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
42:
39:
38:
35:
29:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4818:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:Zhugqu County
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Lintan County
4386:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:Kangle County
4337:
4335:
4334:Linxia County
4332:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:Wudu District
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4237:Longxi County
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:Lintao County
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Heshui County
4172:
4170:
4169:Huachi County
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:Gaotai County
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Gulang County
3987:
3985:
3984:Minqin County
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:Wushan County
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Qin'an County
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3723:Gaolan County
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Xigu District
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3627:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:0-231-08167-7
3519:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3481:0-416-60750-0
3478:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3200:on 2013-09-21
3199:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3168:
3164:
3155:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3106:
3100:
3094:, pp 351–352.
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3016:
3014:
3006:
2991:on 2011-07-20
2990:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2969:. p. 64.
2962:
2954:
2952:0-7123-4697-X
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2879:on 2016-03-03
2878:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2825:
2824:90-04-05884-2
2821:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2753:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2526:Kumtag Desert
2523:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2317:populations.
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:Mean monthly
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1710:precipitation
1706:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:Central Asian
1389:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:Crescent Lake
1286:
1285:
1282:Crescent Lake
1280:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:Kumtag Desert
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:Guiyi Circuit
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:Western Liang
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
960:
958:
954:
947:
943:
937:
933:
927:
923:
921:
918:and Southern
917:
913:
912:Hexi Corridor
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
887:
883:
879:
872:
867:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
813:
809:
805:
800:
783:
773:
772:
767:
763:
759:
748:
739:Kāngxī 1716:
738:
734:
728:
717:
711:
701:
697:
691:
685:
675:
671:
667:
657:
653:
647:
637:
633:
623:
622:
621:
619:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
571:Hexi Corridor
568:
565:and southern
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:Crescent Lake
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:Western China
513:
509:
502:
493:
484:
474:
469:
467:
463:
455:
453:
449:
446:
442:
434:
427:
422:
420:
416:
408:
406:
402:
394:
392:
388:
385:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
358:
354:
348:
342:
340:
336:
329:
324:
320:
315:
307:
297:
293:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
218:
214:
211:
208:
206:
202:
199:
196:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
175:
145:
116:
83:
73:
66:
61:
54:
49:
45:
40:
27:
19:
4632:
4467:
4418:Xiahe County
4260:Cheng County
4222:Zhang County
4136:Aksai County
4131:Subei County
4121:Jinta County
4114:
4037:Sunan County
4022:Linze County
4017:Minle County
3951:Gangu County
3781:Subdistricts
3582:
3534:
3527:
3513:
3503:
3490:
3472:
3466:Language Log
3458:Mair, Victor
3443:
3429:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3353:. Retrieved
3349:
3339:
3331:qq.ip138.com
3330:
3321:
3303:
3292:. Retrieved
3276:
3265:. Retrieved
3256:2018年统计用区划代码
3249:
3238:. Retrieved
3225:2020年统计用区划代码
3202:. Retrieved
3198:the original
3182:
3172:24 September
3170:. Retrieved
3154:
3144:24 September
3142:. Retrieved
3127:
3113:
3104:
3099:
3082:
3073:
3065:en.people.cn
3064:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3031:
3023:
3012:
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2989:the original
2975:
2961:
2942:
2932:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2881:. Retrieved
2877:the original
2872:
2854:Frances Wood
2848:
2839:
2830:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2770:. Retrieved
2742:
2719:. Retrieved
2669:
2658:. Retrieved
2649:
2607:Rammed earth
2548:playing the
2491:Paul Pelliot
2429:
2396:
2385:
2353:
2334:
2319:
2268:
2253:
2249:urbanization
2246:
2235:
2232:Demographics
2175:
2156:
2138:(郭家堡镇), and
2049:
2029:
1712:mm (inches)
1437:
1427:
1418:
1380:night market
1377:
1366:Night market
1338:
1324:
1257:
1253:Yuan dynasty
1237:
1218:
1195:
1178:
1167:Qing dynasty
1164:
1160:Qing dynasty
1149:Ming dynasty
1145:
1141:Ming dynasty
1134:Yuan dynasty
1123:
1119:Yuan dynasty
1076:Song dynasty
1073:
1069:Song dynasty
1054:Zhang Yichao
1038:Northern Wei
1019:
985:
972:
961:
950:
936:Tang dynasty
925:
893:
875:
864:
848:
835:
817:
814:at Dunhuang.
812:rammed earth
781:
769:
673:
624:Giles 1892:
617:
615:
602:Shazhou zhen
601:
597:
593:
583:
551:singing sand
543:Mingsha Shan
532:
491:
490:
391:Hanyu Pinyin
219:Shazhou Town
4413:Luqu County
4408:Maqu County
4403:Têwo County
4393:Jonê County
4311:prefectures
4309:Autonomous
4280:Xihe County
4270:Kang County
4184:Ning County
4164:Huan County
3355:20 December
2609:ruins of a
2542:Mogao Caves
2486:Mogao caves
2481:Aurel Stein
2456:Three hares
2271:Han Chinese
2214: [
2203: [
2192: [
2181: [
2162: [
2143: [
2132: [
2121: [
2110: [
2099: [
2088: [
2077: [
2066: [
2055: [
1404:dried fruit
1353:Western Jin
1349:Western Han
1340:Hécāngchéng
1264:Yulin Caves
1240:Mogao Caves
1234:Mogao Caves
1214:overgrazing
1202:manuscripts
1130:Kublai Khan
1084:Western Xia
1074:During the
1046:Tang Empire
1022:Han dynasty
1014:Tang period
969:Mogao Caves
951:During the
932:Sui dynasty
882:Han dynasty
871:Han dynasty
804:Han dynasty
764:Mair 1977,
537:containing
528:Mogao Caves
284:Postal Code
169: /
4770:Categories
4295:Hui County
4275:Wen County
4227:Min County
3579:"Dunhuang"
3416:by Yu Huan
3367:References
3294:2021-04-02
3267:2021-04-02
3240:2021-04-02
3204:2010-05-25
2883:2019-01-04
2772:2021-04-02
2721:2021-04-02
2660:2021-04-02
2322:per capita
2266:of 3.15‰.
2260:death rate
2256:birth rate
2096:Zhuanqukou
1784:(≥ 0.1 mm)
1398:made with
1396:confection
1345:Yumen Pass
1298:Yumen Pass
977:Manichaean
920:Silk Roads
886:Emperor Wu
808:watchtower
768:'s c. 150
555:Silk Route
405:Wade–Giles
245:Population
157:94°39′50″E
154:40°08′28″N
4731:Jiayuguan
4670:Pingliang
4533:2,460,700
4285:Li County
4047:Pingliang
3773:Jiayuguan
3738:Jiayuguan
2618:Footnotes
2501:Yueyaquan
2442:) on the
2311:Dongxiang
2211:Yueyaquan
2118:Yueyaquan
1410:Geography
1305:Yang Pass
824:Zuo Zhuan
771:Geography
758:Tūn huáng
747:Tún huáng
612:Etymology
524:Silk Road
458:Deon-wong
411:Tun-huang
302:.dunhuang
267:Time zone
237:Elevation
4776:Dunhuang
4748:209,200
4735:231,800
4722:245,800
4637:120,400
4633:Dunhuang
4613:168,500
4589:171,500
4585:Jinchang
4574:Tianshui
4544:207,700
4540:Qingyang
4521:Tianshui
4466:Source:
4146:Qingyang
4115:Dunhuang
3923:Tianshui
3862:Jinchang
3817:Xincheng
3645:Province
3551:Archived
3460:. 2019.
3311:Archived
3288:Archived
3234:Archived
3232:. 2020.
3079:Zuixiong
3038:NBC News
2794:古瓜州，出美瓜。
2766:Archived
2712:Archived
2654:Archived
2650:xzqh.org
2496:Yangguan
2450:See also
2436:Yinmaxia
2178:Guojiabu
2129:Guojiabu
2127:(月牙泉镇),
2107:Yangguan
2105:(转渠口镇),
2015:Source:
1968:Percent
1963:3,299.1
1873:Average
1708:Average
1100:Sinified
1092:entrepot
1042:Tibetans
964:Buddhist
916:Northern
896:garrison
810:made of
666:Dūnhuáng
652:Dūnhuáng
646:Tūnhuáng
632:Dūnhuáng
618:Dunhuang
575:Chang'an
563:Mongolia
492:Dunhuang
452:Jyutping
397:Dūnhuáng
361:Tunhwang
317:Dunhuang
193:Province
128:Dunhuang
95:Dunhuang
57:Dunhuang
36:Tunhwang
30:Dunhuang
4709:72,600
4698:270,300
4694:Zhangye
4685:77,300
4674:300,000
4661:89,800
4657:Huating
4650:339,000
4626:389,100
4622:Jiuquan
4609:Longnan
4602:406,500
4578:696,600
4564:Jiuquan
4529:Lanzhou
4511:Lanzhou
4247:Longnan
4096:Jiuquan
4060:Huating
4004:Zhangye
3680:Lanzhou
3659:capital
3654:Lanzhou
3585:. USA:
3162:中国气象数据网
2995:29 July
2645:敦煌市历史沿革
2611:granary
2554:反弹琵琶伎乐天
2507:Gallery
2432:Qinghai
2421:Lanzhou
2401:or the
2331:Economy
2303:Monguor
2287:Tibetan
2222:Chinese
2189:Huangqu
2149:(黄渠镇).
2140:Huangqu
2116:(阳关镇),
2094:(莫高镇),
2083:(肃州镇),
2072:(沙州镇),
2063:Shazhou
2061:(七里镇),
1777:(1.76)
1772:(0.06)
1767:(0.04)
1762:(0.04)
1757:(0.11)
1752:(0.23)
1747:(0.44)
1742:(0.34)
1737:(0.22)
1732:(0.13)
1727:(0.08)
1722:(0.02)
1717:(0.05)
1703:(37.3)
1698:(10.6)
1693:(23.0)
1688:(34.7)
1683:(49.5)
1678:(60.6)
1673:(64.4)
1668:(60.3)
1663:(51.3)
1658:(41.9)
1653:(29.3)
1648:(15.8)
1633:(50.7)
1628:(20.7)
1623:(34.2)
1618:(48.6)
1613:(63.9)
1608:(75.0)
1603:(78.4)
1598:(75.4)
1593:(66.9)
1588:(56.7)
1583:(42.6)
1578:(28.2)
1573:(17.4)
1563:(65.6)
1558:(33.1)
1553:(48.7)
1548:(66.9)
1543:(81.1)
1538:(90.1)
1533:(92.3)
1528:(89.4)
1523:(81.9)
1518:(72.3)
1513:(57.7)
1508:(42.8)
1503:(30.6)
1415:Climate
1327:Chinese
1321:Museums
1223:Culture
1198:tourist
1126:Mongols
1108:Sogdian
1104:Chinese
1096:Sogdian
1080:Tanguts
1058:Uighurs
1036:during
1028:during
1026:Xiongnu
1000:Jiuquan
904:Zhangye
900:Jiuquan
878:Xiongnu
853:Tukhara
849:Dunhuan
845:Dunhong
842:toponym
834:in the
789:History
782:Druvana
766:Ptolemy
750:, also
598:Guazhou
594:Shazhou
590:Jiuquan
579:Luoyang
567:Siberia
506:) is a
339:Chinese
295:Website
253:185,231
210:Jiuquan
182:Country
4744:Dingxi
4718:Linxia
4598:Baiyin
4554:Baiyin
4374:Gannan
4328:Linxia
4320:Linxia
4199:Dingxi
3885:Baiyin
3822:Yuquan
3812:Wenshu
3671:cities
3520:
3502:1921.
3489:1907.
3479:
3450:
3263:. 2018
3090:
2967:吐鲁番地区志
2949:
2920:
2822:
2546:Apsara
2440:Golmud
2438:(near
2313:, and
2307:Kazakh
2299:Manchu
2291:Uyghur
2283:Mongol
2224::
2074:Suzhou
1960:209.9
1957:231.7
1954:283.8
1951:294.9
1948:315.0
1945:317.9
1942:321.6
1939:328.3
1936:288.1
1933:265.1
1930:220.9
1927:221.9
1643:(6.4)
1454:Month
1425:Köppen
1337::
1335:pinyin
1329::
1181:Turpan
1040:. The
992:Li Gao
884:after
832:Yuezhi
777:Θροανα
500:listen
357:Postal
289:736200
4705:Hezuo
4681:Yumen
4646:Wuwei
4492:Rank
4489:Pop.
4484:Rank
4382:Hezuo
4109:Yumen
3971:Wuwei
3804:Towns
3642:Gansu
3436:1965.
3105:China
2786:"5".
2715:(PDF)
2708:(PDF)
2460:motif
2425:Xi'an
2315:Yugur
2218:]
2207:]
2196:]
2185:]
2166:]
2147:]
2136:]
2125:]
2114:]
2103:]
2092:]
2085:Mogao
2081:]
2070:]
2059:]
2046:Towns
2032:towns
1868:11.4
1696:−11.9
1641:−14.2
1493:Year
1249:Bible
1034:Tuoba
908:Wuwei
820:Qiang
733:huáng
716:huáng
696:huáng
559:Lhasa
535:oasis
429:
272:UTC+8
198:Gansu
186:China
4497:Pop.
4384:city
4330:city
4117:city
4111:city
4062:city
3518:ISBN
3477:ISBN
3448:ISBN
3357:2019
3283:人口民族
3174:2023
3146:2023
3088:ISBN
3084:2004
2997:2011
2947:ISBN
2918:ISBN
2820:ISBN
2761:行政区划
2550:pipa
2520:The
2423:and
2415:(in
2408:柳敦铁路
2390:and
2295:Miao
2226:杨家桥乡
2187:and
2052:Qili
1877:(%)
1865:3.5
1862:1.5
1859:0.2
1856:0.1
1841:0.4
1838:1.2
1835:1.3
1832:3.2
1821:1.9
1818:0.9
1815:0.6
1812:1.6
1809:2.7
1806:3.9
1803:3.1
1800:1.9
1797:1.4
1794:1.3
1791:0.9
1788:1.8
1775:44.6
1745:11.2
1691:−5.0
1676:15.9
1671:18.0
1666:15.7
1661:10.7
1651:−1.5
1646:−9.0
1631:10.4
1626:−6.3
1611:17.7
1606:23.9
1601:25.8
1596:24.1
1591:19.4
1586:13.7
1576:−2.1
1571:−8.1
1561:18.7
1546:19.4
1541:27.3
1536:32.3
1531:33.5
1526:31.9
1521:27.7
1516:22.4
1511:14.3
1501:−0.8
1490:Dec
1487:Nov
1484:Oct
1481:Sep
1478:Aug
1475:Jul
1472:Jun
1469:May
1466:Apr
1463:Mar
1460:Feb
1457:Jan
1438:The
1402:and
1400:nuts
1384:jade
1303:The
1296:The
1290:and
1106:and
971:or "
957:Tang
934:and
906:and
826:and
722:燉(煌)
705:墩(煌)
541:and
304:.gov
224:Area
3640:of
3414:魏略
2279:Hui
2228:).
2010:75
2007:73
2004:79
2001:84
1998:80
1995:75
1992:70
1989:72
1986:73
1983:72
1980:71
1977:72
1974:73
1916:42
1913:56
1910:49
1907:45
1904:45
1901:44
1898:42
1895:37
1892:30
1889:28
1886:33
1883:39
1880:54
1824:22
1770:1.4
1765:1.1
1760:0.9
1755:2.7
1750:5.9
1740:8.7
1735:5.7
1730:3.2
1725:2.1
1720:0.5
1715:1.2
1701:2.9
1686:1.5
1681:9.7
1656:5.5
1621:1.2
1616:9.2
1581:5.9
1556:0.6
1551:9.3
1506:6.0
1428:BWk
1331:河仓城
953:Sui
727:Dùn
710:Dūn
690:tūn
684:Dùn
676:):
608:.
588:of
561:to
547:鳴沙山
466:IPA
419:IPA
306:.cn
300:www
276:CST
33:敦煌市
4772::
4740:10
4701:17
4677:16
4653:15
4629:14
4605:13
4581:12
4536:11
3581:.
3464:.
3418:魚豢
3348:.
3329:.
3213:^
3192:.
3063:.
3036:.
2983:.
2871:.
2860:^
2792:.
2751:^
2730:^
2683:^
2625:^
2556:).
2394:,
2309:,
2305:,
2301:,
2297:,
2293:,
2289:,
2285:,
2281:,
2216:zh
2205:zh
2194:zh
2183:zh
2168:.
2164:zh
2145:zh
2134:zh
2123:zh
2112:zh
2101:zh
2090:zh
2079:zh
2068:zh
2057:zh
2042:.
1853:0
1850:0
1847:0
1844:0
1333:;
1270:.
1255:.
1136:.
1064:.
1006:.
990:,
902:,
891:.
753:敦煌
742:燉煌
693:)
679:燉煌
661:敦煌
641:敦煌
627:墩煌
581:.
530:.
514:,
347:敦煌
4727:9
4714:8
4690:7
4666:6
4642:5
4618:4
4594:3
4570:2
4525:1
4456:e
4449:t
4442:v
3765:e
3758:t
3751:v
3661:)
3657:(
3630:e
3623:t
3616:v
3483:.
3454:.
3359:.
3333:.
3297:.
3270:.
3243:.
3207:.
3176:.
3148:.
3121:.
3067:.
3040:.
3034:"
3030:"
3017:.
3011:"
2999:.
2955:.
2926:.
2886:.
2775:.
2724:.
2663:.
2462:)
2405:(
1423:(
761:.
730:(
713:(
687:(
545:(
494:(
278:)
274:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)
.svg){kind=small}