845:, as thermal systems may be described by lumped circuit elements mapping onto the electronic SPICE elements (heat capacity → capacitance, thermal conductance/resistance → conductance/resistance, temperature → voltage, heat flow or heat generated → current ). As thermal and electronic systems are closely linked by power dissipation and cooling systems, electro-thermal simulation today is supported by semiconductor device manufacturers offering (transistor) models with both electrical and thermal nodes. So one may obtain electrical power dissipation, resulting in self-heating causing parameter variations, and cooling system efficiency in a single simulation run.
919:
1253:
CANCER was re-written and re-named to SPICE, released as version 1 to the public domain in May of 1972. Version 2 of SPICE was released in 1975 (version 2g6—the version used in this book—is a minor revision of this 1975 release). Instrumental in the decision to release SPICE as a public-domain computer program was professor Donald
Pederson of Berkeley, who believed that all significant technical progress happens when information is freely shared. I for one thank him for his vision."
905:
347:, whose effects can often be estimated more accurately using simulation. Also, designers may want more information about the circuit than is available from a single mock-up. For instance, circuit performance is affected by component manufacturing tolerances. In these cases it is common to use SPICE to perform
598:
SPICE became popular because it contained the analyses and models needed to design integrated circuits of the time, and was robust enough and fast enough to be practical to use. Precursors to SPICE often had a single purpose: The BIAS program, for example, did simulation of bipolar transistor circuit
339:
Simulating the circuit with SPICE is the industry-standard way to verify circuit operation at the transistor level before committing to manufacturing an integrated circuit. The SPICE simulators help to predict the behavior of the IC under different operating conditions, such as different voltage and
1252:
on allaboutcircuits.com. "The origin of SPICE traces back to another circuit simulation program called CANCER. Developed by professor Ronald Rohrer of U.C. Berkeley along with some of his students in the late 1960s, CANCER continued to be improved through the early 1970s. When Rohrer left
Berkeley,
679:
It is very important to use appropriate analyses with carefully chosen parameters. For example, application of linear analysis to nonlinear circuits should be justified separately. Also, application of transient analysis with default simulation parameters can lead to qualitatively wrong conclusions
670:
Other circuit simulators have since added many analyses beyond those in SPICE2 to address changing industry requirements. Parametric sweeps were added to analyze circuit performance with changing manufacturing tolerances or operating conditions. Loop gain and stability calculations were added for
738:
Commercial and industrial SPICE simulators have added many other device models as technology advanced and earlier models became inadequate. To attempt standardization of these models so that a set of model parameters may be used in different simulators, an industry working group was formed, the
468:
available, SPICE was widely distributed and used. Its ubiquity became such that "to SPICE a circuit" remains synonymous with circuit simulation. SPICE source code was from the beginning distributed by UC Berkeley for a nominal charge (to cover the cost of magnetic tape). The license originally
852:
model of the motor. Again this is achieved by mapping mechanical onto the electrical elements (torque → voltage, angular velocity → current, coefficient of viscous friction → resistance, moment of inertia → inductance). So again the final model consists of only SPICE compatible lumped circuit
829:
were added for selecting the simulations to be done and manipulating the voltage and current output vectors. In addition, very capable graphing utilities have been added to see waveforms and graphs of parametric dependencies. Several free versions of these extended programs are available.
405:. SPICE1 is largely a derivative of the CANCER program, which Nagel had worked on under Prof. Ronald Rohrer. CANCER is an acronym for "Computer Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits, Excluding Radiation". At these times many circuit simulators were developed under contracts with the
445:(avoiding the limitations of nodal analysis), and an innovative FORTRAN-based memory allocation system. Ellis Cohen led development from version 2B to the industry standard SPICE 2G6, the last FORTRAN version, released in 1983. SPICE3 was developed by Thomas Quarles (with
599:
operating points; the SLIC program did only small-signal analyses. SPICE combined operating point solutions, transient analysis, and various small-signal analyses with the circuit elements and device models needed to successfully simulate many circuits.
675:
or time-domain steady state analyses were added for RF and switched-capacitor circuit design. However, a public-domain circuit simulator containing the modern analyses and features needed to become a successor in popularity to SPICE has not yet emerged.
413:
of a circuit. When Nagel's original advisor, Prof. Rohrer, left
Berkeley, Prof. Pederson became his advisor. Pederson insisted that CANCER, a proprietary program, be rewritten enough that restrictions could be removed and the program could be put in the
518:
Berkeley SPICE inspired and served as a basis for many other circuit simulation programs, in academia, in industry, and in commercial products. The first commercial version of SPICE is ISPICE, an interactive version on a timeshare service,
786:
as input and produces line-printer listings as output, which fits with the computing environment in 1975. These listings are either columns of numbers corresponding to calculated outputs (typically voltages or currents), or line-printer
859:
is accessible to a SPICE simulator via the PEEC (partial element equivalent circuit) method. Maxwell's equations have been mapped, RLC, Skin effect, dielectric or magnetic materials and incident or radiated fields have been modelled.
433:. The real popularity of SPICE started with SPICE2 in 1975. SPICE2, also coded in FORTRAN, is a much-improved program with more circuit elements, variable timestep transient analysis using either the trapezoidal (second order
480:
in 2011; the entry mentions that SPICE "evolved to become the worldwide standard integrated circuit simulator". Nagel was awarded the 2019 IEEE Donald O. Pederson Award in Solid-State
Circuits for the development of SPICE.
176:
1802:
574:. Both LTspice and TINA-TI come bundled with models from their respective company. Other companies maintain internal circuit simulators which are not directly based upon SPICE, among them PowerSpice at
429:, which has limitations in representing inductors, floating voltage sources and the various forms of controlled sources. SPICE1 has relatively few circuit elements available and uses a fixed-timestep
667:
analysis. Analysis at various temperatures is done by automatically updating semiconductor model parameters for temperature, allowing the circuit to be simulated at temperature extremes.
343:
Board-level circuit designs can often be breadboarded for testing. Even with a breadboard, some circuit properties may not be accurate compared to the final printed wiring board, such as
494:
No newer versions of
Berkeley SPICE have been released after version 3f5 in 1993. Since then, the open-source or academic continuations of SPICE include: XSPICE, developed at
498:, which added mixed analog/digital "code models" for behavioral simulation; CIDER (previously CODECS), developed by UC Berkeley and Oregon State University, which added
539:). The integrated circuit industry adopted SPICE quickly, and until commercial versions became well developed many IC design houses had proprietary versions of SPICE.
351:
simulations of the effect of component variations on performance, a task which is impractical using calculations by hand for a circuit of any appreciable complexity.
2191:
542:
Today a few IC manufacturers, typically the larger companies, have groups continuing to develop SPICE-based circuit simulation programs. Among these are ADICE and
336:
and other manufacturing prerequisites make it essential to design the circuit to be as close to perfect as possible before the integrated circuit is first built.
273:
1874:
1245:
2196:
628:
DC transfer curve analysis (a sequence of nonlinear operating points calculated while sweeping an input voltage or current, or a circuit parameter)
2161:
631:
Noise analysis (a small signal analysis done using an adjoint matrix technique which sums uncorrelated noise currents at a chosen output point)
942:
1625:
2171:
1085:
937:
506:, based on SPICE 3f5; WRspice, a C++ re-write of the original spice3f5 code. Other open-source simulators not developed by academics are
2176:
1264:
838:
As SPICE generally solves non-linear differential algebraic equations, it may be applied to simulating beyond the electrical realm.
752:
469:
included distribution restrictions for countries not considered friendly to the US, but the source code is currently covered by the
1220:
Pederson, D.O. January 1984. "A Historical Review of
Circuit Simulation." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol pp103-111.
731:
SPICE3 added more sophisticated MOSFET models, which were required due to advances in semiconductor technology. In particular, the
1335:
283:
2201:
1632:, 2004 Numerical Aspects of Device and Circuit Modeling Workshop, June 23–25, 2004, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Retrieved on 2007-11-10
344:
1178:
2181:
2166:
1677:
Idleman, T.E.; Jenkins, F.S.; McCalla, W.J.; Pederson, D.O. (August 1971). "SLIC: A simulator for linear integrated circuits".
370:, etc.) and their connections, and translate this description into equations to be solved. The general equations produced are
1974:
1884:
1739:
1586:
1559:
924:
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of the circuit to be drawn and the netlist to be automatically generated and transferred to various SPICE backends. Also,
406:
1318:
398:
2186:
1374:
1322:
507:
1642:
McCalla and Howard (February 1971). "BIAS-3: A program for nonlinear D.C. analysis of bipolar transistor circuits".
1763:
438:
256:
159:
72:
495:
374:
1397:
CODECS: A Mixed-Level
Circuit and Device Simulator, K. Mayaram, Memorandum No. UCB/ERL M88/71, Berkeley, 1988,
1422:
1242:
880:, e.g. as a design tools for synthetic biology and for the virtual prototyping of biosensors and lab-on-chip.
848:
SPICE may very well simulate the electronics part of a motor drive. However it will equally well describe the
499:
378:
305:
261:
164:
77:
1714:
2015 7th
International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT)
1532:
1906:
1048:
Nagel, L. W.; Rohrer, R. A. (August 1971). "Computer
Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits, Excluding Radiation".
652:
calculation at which the circuit is linearized. SPICE2 also contains code for other small-signal analyses:
230:
133:
1603:
932:
1781:
1293:
756:
2099:
640:
Transient analysis (time-domain large-signal solution of nonlinear differential algebraic equations)
2136:
2131:
1200:
826:
792:
450:
249:
1712:
Bianchi, Giovanni (2015). "Limitations of PLL simulation: hidden oscillations in SPICE analysis".
791:. SPICE3 retains the netlist for circuit description, but allows analyses to be controlled from a
1622:
743:, to choose, maintain and promote the use of standard models. The standard models today include
559:
477:
442:
2141:
1398:
760:
354:
Circuit simulation programs, of which SPICE and derivatives are the most prominent, take a text
2156:
1082:
863:
However, as of 2019, SPICE cannot be used to "simulate photonics and electronics together in a
536:
523:. The most prominent commercial versions of SPICE include HSPICE (originally commercialized by
461:
89:
20:
1576:
1013:
2111:
2059:"Network simulation method for the evaluation of perturbed supply chains on a finite horizon"
1549:
997:
977:
740:
701:
579:
2121:
2116:
1265:"1972: The release of SPICE, still the industry standard tool for integrated circuit design"
2011:
1953:
Takao, H.; Sugiura, M.; Ishida, M.; Terao, K.; Suzuki, T; Shimokawa, F; Oohira, F. (2011).
1915:
1686:
1651:
1057:
867:", and thus it is not yet considered as a test simulator for photonic integrated circuits.
818:
653:
434:
302:
299:
1357:
Cox, F.L.; Kuhn, W.B.; Murray, J.P.; Tynor, S.D. (1992). "Code-level modeling in XSPICE".
8:
1272:
885:
764:
713:
2126:
2015:
1919:
1690:
1655:
1151:
Ruehli, A.; Brennan, P. (June 1975). "The modified nodal approach to network analysis".
1061:
2078:
2034:
1999:
1980:
1745:
1717:
1499:
1380:
1343:
1118:
910:
771:
748:
744:
712:. In addition, it had many other elements: resistors, capacitors, inductors (including
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615:
587:
563:
430:
410:
382:
348:
317:
309:
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1970:
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822:
815:
725:
689:
645:
634:
583:
571:
446:
1984:
1503:
1122:
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elements, but one gains mechanical together with electrical data during simulation.
2070:
2029:
2019:
1962:
1933:
1923:
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1659:
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672:
371:
268:
171:
84:
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2024:
1629:
1551:
Operational
Amplifier Noise: Techniques and Tips for Analyzing and Reducing Noise
1536:
1249:
1089:
800:
649:
622:
567:
454:
402:
1966:
1848:
1233:, Memorandum No. UCB/ERL M89/42, University of California, Berkeley, April 1989.
2074:
1954:
1731:
1359:[Proceedings] 1992 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems
721:
717:
547:
524:
426:
313:
37:
1826:
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1663:
1495:
1366:
1069:
328:
Unlike board-level designs composed of discrete parts, it is not practical to
2150:
1164:
1028:"Everything you always wanted to know about SPICE* (*But were afraid to ask)"
777:
415:
386:
2043:
1959:
2011 IEEE 24th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems
1938:
1928:
1901:
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661:
520:
1872:
808:
470:
465:
359:
1767:
948:
735:
family of models were added, which were also developed at UC Berkeley.
664:
421:
SPICE1 was first presented at a conference in 1973. SPICE1 is coded in
367:
329:
198:
32:
1231:
Analysis of Performance and Convergence Issues for Circuit Simulation
1114:
1002:(Technical report). University of California, Berkeley. UCB/ERL M520.
982:(Technical report). University of California, Berkeley. UCB/ERL M382.
788:
637:
analysis (a small-signal input/output gain and impedance calculation)
363:
333:
2058:
2000:"Modeling and simulation of biological systems using SPICE language"
1849:"Circuit Modeling and SPICE Simulation of Mixed-Signal Microsystems"
1530:
SPICE-Based Analog Simulation Program - TINA-TI - TI Software Folder
1443:
1876:
Circuit Oriented Electromagnetic Modeling Using the PEEC Techniques
1722:
904:
528:
332:
integrated circuits before manufacture. Further, the high costs of
401:
by Laurence Nagel with direction from his research advisor, Prof.
397:
SPICE was developed at the Electronics Research Laboratory of the
1902:"Silicon Photonics Circuit Design: Methods, Tools and Challenges"
1529:
796:
783:
543:
503:
422:
355:
152:
65:
2056:
728:, active components and voltage and current controlled sources.
693:
612:
551:
532:
1676:
1399:
http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1988/ERL-88-71.pdf
999:
SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits
709:
555:
1463:
1269:
Lab Notes: Research from the Berkeley College of Engineering
1474:
979:
SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis)
873:
have been modelled with SPICE by creating a pneumatic FET.
833:
804:
732:
705:
778:
Input and output: Netlists, schematic capture and plotting
648:, the small signal analyses are necessarily preceded by a
1423:"ngspice - an open source mixed signal circuit simulator"
575:
1179:"Recollections of the "The Father of SPICE" Larry Nagel"
1952:
1873:
Albert E. Ruehli; Giulio Antonini; Lijun Jiang (2017).
1488:
Proceedings on Bipolar Circuits and Technology Meeting
876:
SPICE has been applied to model the interface between
814:
Vendors and various free software projects have added
644:
Since SPICE is generally used to model circuits with
1486:
Vladimirescu, A. (1990). "SPICE: The third decade".
900:
1899:
513:
340:current levels, temperature variations, and noise.
296:
Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis
1641:
1356:
1997:
1410:"ngspice, current status and future developments"
976:Nagel, Laurence W.; Pederson, D. O (April 1973).
593:
312:and board-level design to check the integrity of
2148:
1900:Bogaerts, Wim; Chrostowski, Lukas (April 2018).
1782:"ngspice tutorial on electro-thermal simulation"
437:) or the Gear integration method (also known as
2192:Electronic design automation software for Linux
1846:
16:Open source analog electronic circuit simulator
1803:"Thermal Modeling of Power-electronic Systems"
1800:
2105:
1319:Donald O. Pederson Solid-State Circuits Award
1150:
1129:
1101:Perry, T. (June 1998). "Donald O. Pederson".
975:
943:Input/output Buffer Information Specification
409:that required the capability to evaluate the
1485:
1475:Xyce software, Sandia National Laboratories.
1135:
425:and to construct the circuit equations uses
1574:
1568:
1520:, Kluwer. Academic Publishers, Boston, 1995
1047:
938:List of free electronics circuit simulators
1866:
1829:. Precision Microdrives. 22 September 2021
1605:PSPICE Circuit Simulation Overview: Part 1
1214:
688:SPICE2 includes many semiconductor device
453:, uses the same netlist syntax, and added
2057:Francisco Campuzano-Bolarín e.a. (2021).
2033:
2023:
1937:
1927:
1721:
1617:
1615:
1518:The Designer's Guide to SPICE and Spectre
1262:
1153:IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems
770:Spice can use device models from foundry
489:
1827:"AB-025: Using SPICE To Model DC Motors"
1601:
991:
989:
971:
969:
834:SPICE usage beyond electronic simulation
2197:Public-domain software with source code
1711:
1547:
1541:
1140:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1025:
2149:
1612:
449:as advisor) in 1989. It is written in
345:parasitic resistances and capacitances
2162:Electronic design automation software
2122:Thomas Quarles' dissertation (SPICE3)
1100:
995:
986:
966:
1679:IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
1644:IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
1340:University of California at Berkeley
1050:IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
925:Free and open-source software portal
2172:Free software programmed in Fortran
2117:L. W. Nagel's dissertation (SPICE2)
1955:"Micro fluidic circuit design with"
527:of Meta Software, but now owned by
407:United States Department of Defense
13:
399:University of California, Berkeley
14:
2213:
2093:
1361:. Vol. 2. pp. 871–874.
1323:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society
1198:
878:biological and electronic systems
358:describing the circuit elements (
2177:Simulation programming languages
2142:SPICE: how to choose an analysis
2132:SPICE2 and SPICE3 at UC Berkeley
1425:. Free Silicon Foundation (F-Si)
1412:, H. Vogt, FOSDEM, Brussels 2019
917:
903:
683:
607:SPICE2 includes these analyses:
514:Commercial versions and spinoffs
476:The birth of SPICE was named an
375:differential algebraic equations
274:BSD license (modified 2 clauses)
2050:
1991:
1946:
1893:
1840:
1819:
1794:
1774:
1756:
1705:
1670:
1635:
1608:(Video). Event occurs at 2:39.
1602:Iannello, Chris (August 2012).
1595:
1523:
1510:
1479:
1468:
1457:
1436:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1350:
1328:
1312:
1286:
1263:Pescovitz, David (2002-05-01).
1256:
1236:
1223:
1192:
1171:
996:Nagel, Laurence W. (May 1975).
558:, MCSPICE, followed by Mica at
500:semiconductor device simulation
323:
2202:Software using the BSD license
2063:CEJOR, Cent. Eur. J. Oper. Res
1144:
1094:
1076:
1041:
1019:
1006:
594:Program features and structure
510:, QUCS-S, Xyce, and Qucsator.
1:
2182:Electronic circuit simulators
2167:Free software programmed in C
1907:Laser & Photonics Reviews
1764:"CMC - Compact Model Council"
1136:Vladimirescu, Andrei (1994).
959:
484:
262:Electronic circuit simulation
165:Electronic circuit simulation
78:Electronic circuit simulation
2025:10.1371/journal.pone.0182385
1961:. IEEE. pp. 1154–1157.
441:), equation formulation via
379:implicit integration methods
7:
1967:10.1109/MEMSYS.2011.5734635
1628:September 26, 2006, at the
1298:IEEE Global History Network
1026:Warwick, Colin (May 2009).
896:
602:
213:; 35 years ago
116:; 49 years ago
49:; 51 years ago
10:
2218:
2106:Histories, original papers
2075:10.1007/s10100-021-00748-3
1998:Morgan Madec e.a. (2017).
1732:10.1109/ICUMT.2015.7382409
933:Comparison of EDA software
883:SPICE has been applied in
865:photonic circuit simulator
799:. SPICE3 also added basic
618:frequency domain analysis)
392:
308:. It is a program used in
18:
2112:The original SPICE1 paper
1699:10.1109/JSSC.1971.1050168
1664:10.1109/JSSC.1971.1050153
1535:October 19, 2016, at the
1496:10.1109/BIPOL.1990.171136
1367:10.1109/ISCAS.1992.230083
1294:"List of IEEE Milestones"
1088:February 4, 2012, at the
1070:10.1109/JSSC.1971.1050166
1016:Retrieved January 2, 2023
827:graphical user interfaces
795:interface similar to the
708:model, and a model for a
702:Gummel–Poon bipolar model
303:analog electronic circuit
298:") is a general-purpose,
279:
267:
255:
245:
241:
229:
225:
207:
197:
182:
170:
158:
148:
144:
132:
128:
110:
95:
83:
71:
61:
43:
31:
2187:Free simulation software
2127:A brief history of SPICE
1847:Pham and Nathan (1998).
1554:. Elsevier. p. 41.
1248:October 9, 2016, at the
1165:10.1109/TCS.1975.1084079
857:Electromagnetic modeling
1581:. Newnes. p. 162.
1203:. omega-enterprises.net
621:DC analysis (nonlinear
560:Freescale Semiconductor
443:modified nodal analysis
377:which are solved using
334:photolithographic masks
1929:10.1002/lpor.201700237
1801:M. Maerz; Paul Nance.
1766:. GEIA. Archived from
1623:Is it Time for SPICE4?
1201:"The Origins of SPICE"
889:to evaluate perturbed
871:Micro-fluidic circuits
537:Cadence Design Systems
525:Ashawna and Kim Hailey
490:Open-source successors
462:public domain software
90:Public-domain software
21:Spice (disambiguation)
1856:Sensors and Materials
821:to SPICE, allowing a
741:Compact Model Council
680:on circuit dynamics.
580:Infineon Technologies
2137:Cider at UC Berkeley
2100:Spice at UC Berkeley
1578:Op Amps for Everyone
1575:Ron Mancini (2012).
1346:on December 8, 2023.
1229:Quarles, Thomas L.,
782:SPICE2 takes a text
654:sensitivity analysis
435:Adams-Moulton method
19:For other uses, see
2016:2017PLoSO..1282385M
1920:2018LPRv...1200237B
1691:1971IJSSC...6..188I
1656:1971IJSSC...6...14M
1490:. pp. 96–101.
1446:. Whiteley Research
1199:Nagel, Laurence W.
1062:1971IJSSC...6..166N
886:operations research
843:thermal simulations
841:Most prominent are
236:3f.5 / July 1993
194:
107:
28:
1716:. pp. 79–84.
911:Electronics portal
850:electro-mechanical
726:transmission lines
696:model, a combined
692:: three levels of
658:pole-zero analysis
646:nonlinear elements
588:NXP Semiconductors
564:NXP Semiconductors
431:transient analysis
411:radiation hardness
310:integrated circuit
199:Original author(s)
192:
105:
33:Original author(s)
26:
1976:978-1-4244-9632-7
1886:978-1-11-843664-6
1808:. Fraunhofer IISB
1741:978-1-4673-9283-9
1588:978-0-12-394406-1
1561:978-0-08-094243-8
1014:SPICE Simulators.
823:schematic diagram
816:schematic capture
789:character "plots"
671:analog circuits.
635:Transfer function
584:Intel Corporation
572:Texas Instruments
447:A. Richard Newton
289:
288:
190:
189:
103:
102:
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2087:
2086:
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1995:
1989:
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1950:
1944:
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1816:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1770:on May 11, 2011.
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1703:
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1639:
1633:
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1610:
1609:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1548:Art Kay (2012).
1545:
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1401:
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1388:
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1342:. Archived from
1336:"The Spice Page"
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1243:history-of-spice
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954:Transistor model
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807:and engineering
673:Harmonic balance
284:Archived webpage
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1516:K. S. Kundert,
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1464:QUCS-S software
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811:became common.
780:
722:current sources
716:), independent
686:
650:quiescent point
623:quiescent point
605:
596:
586:, and Pstar at
516:
492:
487:
455:X Window System
403:Donald Pederson
395:
383:Newton's method
326:
316:and to predict
314:circuit designs
237:
217:
215:
212:
208:Initial release
140:
120:
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115:
111:Initial release
53:
51:
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44:Initial release
24:
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2094:External links
2092:
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1143:
1138:The SPICE Book
1128:
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548:Analog Devices
535:(now owned by
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478:IEEE Milestone
427:nodal analysis
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416:public domain
412:
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2007:
2003:
1993:
1958:
1948:
1911:
1905:
1895:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1821:
1810:. Retrieved
1796:
1785:. Retrieved
1776:
1768:the original
1758:
1713:
1707:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1650:(1): 14–19.
1647:
1643:
1637:
1604:
1597:
1577:
1570:
1550:
1543:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1487:
1481:
1470:
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1438:
1427:. Retrieved
1417:
1405:
1393:
1358:
1352:
1344:the original
1339:
1330:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:the original
1268:
1258:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1205:. Retrieved
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1181:. ltwiki.org
1173:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1078:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1037:(82): 27–29.
1034:
1021:
1008:
998:
978:
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875:
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869:
864:
862:
856:
855:
849:
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837:
813:
809:workstations
793:command-line
781:
769:
737:
730:
687:
678:
669:
662:small-signal
643:
625:calculation)
616:small-signal
606:
597:
541:
521:National CSS
517:
496:Georgia Tech
493:
475:
460:As an early
459:
420:
396:
389:techniques.
353:
342:
338:
327:
324:Introduction
295:
291:
290:
177:BSD 3 Clause
1621:Nagel, L.,
1325:, June 2018
1035:EMC Journal
578:, TITAN at
471:BSD license
466:source code
360:transistors
349:Monte Carlo
300:open-source
2151:Categories
1833:2022-05-06
1812:2022-05-06
1787:2022-05-06
1723:1506.02484
1450:2021-05-07
1429:2019-07-08
1279:2007-03-10
1207:2024-02-21
1185:2024-02-21
960:References
949:SPICE OPUS
698:Ebers–Moll
665:distortion
582:, Lynx at
485:Successors
457:plotting.
368:capacitors
330:breadboard
320:behavior.
246:Written in
149:Written in
62:Written in
2083:235523347
1879:. Wiley.
1444:"WRspice"
1385:195705106
1109:: 22–27.
819:frontends
372:nonlinear
364:resistors
306:simulator
2044:28787027
2004:PLOS ONE
1985:24263237
1626:Archived
1533:Archived
1504:62622975
1304:4 August
1246:Archived
1123:51633338
1086:Archived
897:See also
724:, ideal
714:coupling
603:Analyses
529:Synopsys
2035:5546598
2012:Bibcode
1916:Bibcode
1750:7140415
1687:Bibcode
1652:Bibcode
1058:Bibcode
797:C shell
784:netlist
765:MEXTRAM
753:BSIMSOI
718:voltage
568:TINA-TI
544:LTspice
504:Ngspice
423:FORTRAN
393:Origins
356:netlist
318:circuit
280:Website
269:License
216: (
193:SPICE 3
183:Website
172:License
153:Fortran
119: (
106:SPICE 2
96:Website
85:License
66:Fortran
52: (
27:SPICE 1
2081:
2042:
2032:
1983:
1973:
1883:
1748:
1738:
1585:
1558:
1502:
1383:
1373:
1300:. IEEE
1121:
945:(IBIS)
763:, and
694:MOSFET
660:, and
613:linear
590:also.
566:, and
562:, now
552:QSPICE
533:PSPICE
531:) and
2079:S2CID
1981:S2CID
1852:(PDF)
1806:(PDF)
1746:S2CID
1718:arXiv
1500:S2CID
1381:S2CID
1119:S2CID
1031:(PDF)
761:HICUM
749:BSIM4
745:BSIM3
556:Qorvo
292:SPICE
186:
99:
2040:PMID
1971:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1306:2011
1012:BTV
805:UNIX
772:PDKs
733:BSIM
720:and
706:JFET
704:, a
700:and
508:QUCS
385:and
257:Type
218:1989
211:1989
160:Type
121:1975
114:1975
73:Type
54:1973
47:1973
2071:doi
2030:PMC
2020:doi
1963:doi
1934:hdl
1924:doi
1728:doi
1695:doi
1660:doi
1492:doi
1363:doi
1161:doi
1111:doi
1066:doi
757:PSP
576:IBM
570:at
554:at
546:at
439:BDF
2153::
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2067:29
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2061:.
2038:.
2028:.
2018:.
2008:12
2006:.
2002:.
1979:.
1969:.
1957:.
1932:.
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1912:12
1910:.
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1860:10
1858:.
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1734:.
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