2780:
209:
1800:
3459:
3471:
115:
27:
68:
1412:
1751:, who claims that Munch misinterpreted the saga. According to Pipping, Birger did not stay on the Norwegian border in summer, but rather in winter, possibly March. Also, according to Seppo Suvanto, the early dating is problematic because Birger had not become a jarl yet, and no contemporary sources link him to the
1680:
Although the
Chronicles attempted to paint the Crusade as a war of conquest, it was likely more of an unusually bloody phase in the ongoing process by which Finland was incorporated in the Swedish state. Sweden had a central government and a strong ideological force in the form of the Catholic
2039:" from 1448 noted that it was Bero who gave the Finns' tax to the Swedish king. Bero came directly from the Swedish court, like his two successors. It seems that Swedish bishops also held all secular power in Finland until the 1280s, when the position of the
1672:, there seems to be little doubt that Sweden's effort to Christianize Finland reached a culmination in the middle of the 13th century. Still, many details, including the year and the exact nature, remain the subject of debate.
1375:
The expedition has traditionally been dated to 1249–1250 based on the chronology of the chronicle. However, some researchers have suggested that the expedition instead took place already in 1238–1239, shortly after the
1223:
1218:
1736:
finds the theory of an early crusade most probable, based on the papal letter, which would also make the war a properly sanctioned crusade, and the fact that Sweden was otherwise peaceful during that period.
1138:
1038:
1043:
1253:
1492:
was established after the war. The
Chronicle also linked the Crusade to a contest with the Orthodox Russians, making a point of the fact that the "Russian king" had now lost the conquered land.
931:
2061:
tells of how, as an unexpected side effect, the expedition seems to have cost Birger the
Swedish crown. When King Eric died in 1250, Birger was absent from Sweden. The Swedish lords, led by
1238:
1058:
1053:
1143:
926:
797:
981:
966:
1485:) as the Swedes' opponents. According to the chronicle, the expedition was prepared in Sweden and then conducted over sea to a land on the coast, where the enemy was waiting.
1469:, which is largely propagandist in nature, written a century after the events, amidst internal unrest and a war against Novgorod. The chronicle places the crusade between the
1305:
1233:
493:
3312:
1178:
1111:
1074:
3077:
1689:
The exact date of the crusade is not directly mentioned in Eric's
Chronicle, though the event is placed before King Erik's death in 1250. In the 16th century,
2036:
89:
1974:
936:
2113:) in 1256. However, very little is known about the situation in Finland in the following decades. That is partly because Western Finland was now ruled from
1153:
790:
3128:
2725:
1006:
946:
1158:
1001:
1183:
991:
783:
1741:
349:
2062:
3531:
2878:
1248:
1104:
2031:
was eventually appointed as the new bishop in 1248/9, presumably soon after
William's visit to Sweden for an important church meeting at
76:
1967:
831:
2134:
2191:
3396:
3148:
2718:
1755:. The earliest Russian sources that mention "Belger" or "Berger" as the leader of the expedition date from the mid-15th century.
1097:
40:
2461:
1022:
1121:
1656:
around the year 1340, confirmed the expedition with a short note that Birger Jarl submitted
Finland under Swedish rule. The "
2694:
2367:
2320:
2272:
2201:
1270:
1213:
1265:
2085:
as a part of Sweden. The
Diocese of Finland proper is listed among the Swedish dioceses for the first time in 1253. In the
1960:
1781:
is considered the more likely candidate. In 16th century sources, Hakoinen Castle is referred to as the "Old Häme Castle".
1424:
826:
3451:
3432:
2754:
2742:
2644:
2944:
2616:
2573:
2554:
1720:
and Gisela
Nordstrandh have suggested that the Second Swedish Crusade could only have taken place in 1238–39, after the
2759:
2711:
571:
501:
379:
342:
2675:
2603:
2343:
1325:
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1275:
668:
176:
158:
54:
140:
3501:
3238:
3173:
1873:
1349:
471:
288:
2508:
Kring korstĂĄgen till
Finland : ett urval uppsatser tillägnat Jarl Gallén på hans sextioårsdag den 23 maj 1968
3521:
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3318:
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3516:
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2764:
2226:
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1353:
253:
125:
2645:"Novgorod First Chronicle entry about the Swedish attack to Novgorod and Novgorodian counterattack to Finland"
1712:—written 1264–1265 and considered more reliable than Eric's Chronicle—Birger Jarl met the King of Norway near
996:
976:
956:
335:
3243:
3006:
2243:
2046:
In 1249, the situation was also seen clear enough to establish the first monastery in
Finland, a Dominican
1388:. The castle that the Swedes began constructing during the expedition has traditionally been identified as
758:
748:
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46:
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2006:
2001:
took Finland under his special protection in August 1249 but without mentioning Sweden in any way. The
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2122:
2086:
2028:
1941:
1837:
986:
481:
3420:
3334:
3178:
2957:
941:
708:
136:
81:
3051:
2538:
1470:
132:
3402:
3306:
3203:
3032:
2976:
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2820:
2125:, very few of the documents about what had happened in the previous century remained. The last
2050:. The convent was next to the bishop's fortification in Koroinen until the end of the century.
1368:. According to the chronicle, the Swedes defeated the pagan Tavastians under the leadership of
951:
713:
1653:
3358:
3287:
3090:
3000:
2988:
2863:
2810:
2310:
2262:
2156:
2151:
2126:
1950:
1944:
1669:
1428:
1188:
873:
847:
743:
646:
636:
3273:
2892:
2868:
2779:
2118:
2066:
1716:
in spring or early summer of 1249, leaving no time for an expedition to Finland that year.
894:
3253:
8:
3414:
3346:
2013:
friar, had resigned already in 1245 and died three years later in a Dominican convent in
1705:
1636:
1465:
1365:
753:
738:
688:
546:
516:
3153:
2848:
208:
3463:
3322:
3038:
2904:
2591:
2171:
2146:
2017:. The seat being vacant, the diocese had probably been under the direct command of the
1849:
1752:
1721:
1443:
1381:
1377:
1315:
1168:
1163:
1148:
961:
863:
663:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
566:
561:
534:
511:
456:
384:
374:
3223:
3158:
2504:"Kring Birger jarl och andra korståget till Finland. En omdatering och en omvärdering"
1997:
Probably in an effort to prevent other parties from getting involved in the conflict,
3408:
2886:
2858:
2843:
2838:
2690:
2671:
2599:
2442:
2363:
2339:
2316:
2268:
2222:
2197:
2161:
2022:
2002:
1897:
1889:
1853:
1385:
698:
615:
506:
411:
301:
200:
3102:
2503:
3383:
3371:
3026:
2166:
1998:
1787:
1630:
That land became Christian through and through the Russian king its loss must rue.
1446:
from 1236–1237 led to a justification for the Swedes to invade Tavastia, with Pope
1243:
878:
730:
693:
658:
653:
551:
521:
486:
416:
389:
1566:
for some never more would each other see such can the outcome of such partings be.
1228:
1203:
3213:
3198:
3168:
2970:
2357:
2040:
2010:
1929:
1857:
1799:
1778:
1746:
1725:
1690:
1393:
703:
628:
529:
466:
461:
436:
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406:
3328:
3233:
3188:
3138:
2078:
1869:
1694:
1416:
723:
623:
476:
441:
426:
2648:
1770:
1717:
1389:
222:
3490:
3475:
3352:
3258:
2620:
2577:
2558:
2446:
1740:
The position that the crusade took place from 1247–1250 has been defended by
1733:
1474:
1411:
1193:
775:
451:
446:
431:
401:
313:
2703:
2430:
3208:
3193:
3183:
3163:
3143:
2098:
2018:
1701:. The latter date has become the traditional date ascribed to the crusade.
1290:
718:
539:
2032:
3263:
2925:
1917:
1885:
1713:
1369:
1330:
1300:
1208:
764:
556:
317:
214:
3268:
2400:
2296:
1913:
1660:" states that in 1266, Finland become a part of the Kingdom of Sweden.
1198:
3218:
2090:
1921:
1478:
1447:
910:
293:
3340:
3228:
1681:
church. The Finnish chieftains who joined gained power and prestige.
1089:
143:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3458:
2555:"Letter by Innocentius IV to the diocese of Finland and its people"
2309:
Carlquist, Erik; Hogg, Peter C.; Ă–sterberg, Eva (1 December 2011).
2261:
Carlquist, Erik; Hogg, Peter C.; Ă–sterberg, Eva (1 December 2011).
1925:
359:
1419:, identified as the likeness of Birger Jarl, leader of the Crusade
2634:
Surviving lists from 1241 and 1248 still did not include Finland.
2221:(1st ed.). Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg. p. 73.
2130:
2047:
2014:
1829:
1791:
1361:
2025:, whose last orders to Finnish priests were given in June 1248.
1765:
The Chronicle mentions a fortress that was built by the Swedes,
1704:
The dating to late 1240s has been challenged by later research.
218:
67:
2106:
1431:. Swedish missionary attempts, possibly having been led by the
2574:"Wilhelm of Sabina's letter to the priests of Finland in 1248"
2312:
The Chronicle of Duke Erik: A Verse Epic from Medieval Sweden
2264:
The Chronicle of Duke Erik: A Verse Epic from Medieval Sweden
2114:
1893:
1729:
2431:"En kritisk läsning av Erikskrönikans första korstågsepisod"
327:
1423:
Sweden had held a foothold within Finland, specifically
2069:
as the new king, instead of the powerful jarl himself.
2362:(in Finnish). Swenska litteratursällskapet i Finland.
2308:
2260:
2592:
Original text as hosted by the University of Columbia
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
1992:
1399:
The Second Swedish Crusade consolidated and extended
2117:
and so most of the documents remained there. As the
2543:(in Swedish). Ă…bo tryckeri och tidnings aktiebolag.
2385:
1728:'s call to launch a crusade against the Tavastian
1488:The Chronicle also mentioned that a castle called
2382:Harrison (2005), p 425; Tarkiainen (2008), p. 101
3488:
2244:"Svenskt korstĂĄg kuvade det finska motstĂĄndet"
805:
3017:
2733:
2719:
1968:
1769:. This has traditionally been interpreted as
1372:, and started building a castle in Tavastia.
1105:
791:
343:
2077:From 1249 onwards, sources generally regard
2428:
2035:that ended on 1 March 1248. The so-called "
1589:their bright shields there and helmets they
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3397:Apostolic Vicariate of the Nordic Missions
2726:
2712:
2684:
2355:
2121:forces burned the city in 1318 during the
2072:
1975:
1961:
1626:With Christian men they settled that land,
1620:which they with friend and kinsmen filled.
1618:The Christians there a fortress did build,
1112:
1098:
798:
784:
350:
336:
207:
2189:
1612:and peace to live withour further strife.
1558:Their friends them followed to the strand
177:Learn how and when to remove this message
159:Learn how and when to remove this message
2665:
2241:
2216:
1697:gave the year as 1249 in one edition of
1675:
1585:They took their banners and went ashore.
1577:There the Christians a harbour did find.
1527:were in demand, and more were furnished.
1410:
92:of all important aspects of the article.
2536:
2398:
3489:
2501:
2429:Nordstrandh, Gisela (1 January 1990).
2105:) are mentioned on an expedition with
1622:That castle they Tavasteborg did call;
1608:to become a Christian and baptised be,
1587:Fate then favored the Christians more:
1573:they well knew that their coming would
1533:and warships and transport set afloat.
1523:by warriors brave, who nothing feared.
1392:, but it may also have been the older
1119:
88:Please consider expanding the lead to
16:Swedish military expedition to Finland
2707:
2459:
2424:
2422:
2053:
1684:
1628:a deed, I think, that does yet stand.
1624:it to this day does the heathen gall.
1604:The heathen lost, the Christians won.
1583:causing them less to laugh than fear.
1569:Fair winds arose, the sails were set.
1564:that never again was kissed that way,
1540:who now their homes were due to leave
1093:
779:
331:
1610:him they allowed both goods and life
1600:With gold and silver and many a herd
1591:throughout that country did display.
1575:be to their harm and not their good.
1571:The heathen, too, foresaw the threat
1562:Many a red mouth was kissed that day
1560:to bid farewell and clasp their hand
1544:Hands were wrung and tears were shed
1511:and chose his in-law to take in hand
1463:All details of the crusade are from
108:
61:
20:
3532:Military campaigns involving Sweden
3452:Episcopal Conference of Scandinavia
3433:Roman Catholic Diocese of Stockholm
2190:Meinander, Henrik (15 April 2020).
1699:Chronicon episcoporum finlandensium
1602:of cattle the Tavasts away did run.
1593:They eager were to try their swords
1548:Yet they rejoiced that God`s renown
1542:not knowing where their journey led
1507:they send them off to fight a war –
1499:to knights and to their equals all,
1458:
1450:calling the Swedes to attack them.
13:
2419:
2401:"Birger Jaarli (noin 1210 - 1266)"
2242:Harrison, Dick (10 January 2019).
2065:, selected Birger's underaged son
1993:Church reaction and reorganization
1708:pointed out that according to the
1663:
1614:The heathen who would them gainsay
1538:its contents did those men receive
1529:Each in his district did his best,
1521:Then arms and armour were prepared
1435:, were present within Tavastia in
396:In the Holy Land (1095–1291)
380:Military order (religious society)
14:
3543:
2254:
1758:
1693:dated the crusade to 1248, while
1556:where it for many a day had hung.
1550:would grow and He be more adored.
1536:Many a money-bag was brought out,
1531:ready to heed the king`s request,
1525:Helmets and body-armour burnished
1513:to lead them all upon that quest,
1509:he sent them thus to heathen land
1503:– as ruler still do now, as then,
1348:was a military expedition by the
274:Tavastia becomes a part of Sweden
36:This article has multiple issues.
3469:
3457:
2778:
2617:"Convent established in Finland"
2596:Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä
2336:Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä
1798:
1643:
1597:which I expect is what occurred.
1581:the heathen men saw lying there,
1579:Innumerable gilded prows aligned
1501:to peasants and to fighting men,
1477:in 1250, and presents the pagan
113:
66:
25:
3427:Scandinavian Bishops Conference
2637:
2628:
2609:
2585:
2566:
2547:
2530:
2521:
2495:
2470:
2453:
2435:Historisk Tidskrift för Finland
2399:Suvanto, Seppo (23 June 2000).
2376:
1595:upon the Heathen Tavast hordes,
1546:by many a wife left on her own.
1517:His son-in-law was eager to go,
1515:for him of all he trusted best.
80:may be too short to adequately
44:or discuss these issues on the
3239:St. Clare's Priory (Stockholm)
2349:
2329:
2302:
2290:
2281:
2235:
2210:
2183:
1519:keen his honour there to show.
1497:King Erik then sent out a call
1473:in 1247 and the death of King
502:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399
90:provide an accessible overview
1:
3387:
3293:
3106:
3081:
3068:
3055:
3042:
2961:
2948:
2931:
2460:Munch, Peter Andreas (1852).
2177:
1606:Whoever would this them agree
1436:
1406:
239:
2659:
2540:Kommentar till Erikskrönikan
2478:"Haakon Haakoninpojan saaga"
1987:
1401:Swedish control over Finland
357:
7:
2196:. Oxford University Press.
2140:
2133:took place in 1293 against
1777:), but nowadays the nearby
1554:was then from nails unslung
1552:Many an old ancestral sword
139:the claims made and adding
10:
3548:
3244:St. John's Priory (Kalmar)
2405:Finnish National Biography
2297:Description of the crusade
2287:Harrison (2005), p.425-426
1710:Saga of Haakon Haakonarson
1616:they did mercilessly slay.
1505:to notify their men before
1453:
807:Swedish colonial conflicts
3446:
3368:
3286:
3249:St. Peter's Priory (Lund)
3119:
2924:
2917:
2877:
2829:
2803:
2787:
2776:
2741:
2735:Catholic Church in Sweden
2685:Tarkiainen, Kari (2008).
2463:Det norske folks historie
2356:Tarkiainen, Kari (2010).
2315:. Nordic Academic Press.
2267:. Nordic Academic Press.
1131:
813:
370:Ideology and institutions
367:
307:
282:
230:
206:
198:
193:
3007:Swedish–Novgorodian Wars
2689:(in Swedish). Atlantis.
2670:(in Swedish). Ordfront.
2219:Medeltidens svenska krig
2123:Swedish-Novgorodian Wars
2087:Novgorod First Chronicle
1942:Finnish-Novgorodian wars
1134:Swedish–Novgorodian Wars
221:and the construction of
3502:13th century in Finland
3335:Westrogothian rebellion
3149:Blackfriars (Stockholm)
2958:Archbishopric of Bremen
2765:Saint Francis of Assisi
2666:Harrison, Dick (2005).
2073:Swedish rule in Finland
226:by Joseph Alanen (1912)
3522:Wars involving Finland
3507:13th century in Sweden
3464:Catholicism portal
3307:Dalecarlian rebellions
3204:Mariefred Charterhouse
3174:Greyfriars (Stockholm)
2985:(12th–13th centuries)
2977:Archdiocese of Uppsala
2821:Malteser International
2537:Pipping, Rolf (1926).
2527:Harrison (2005), p 427
2466:(in Danish). Tønsberg.
2217:Sundberg, Ulf (1999).
1948:Second Swedish Crusade
1641:
1420:
1346:Second Swedish Crusade
308:Commanders and leaders
194:Second Swedish Crusade
3517:Wars involving Sweden
3497:13th-century crusades
3359:War against Sigismund
2651:on 27 September 2007.
2623:on 27 September 2007.
2594:; in Latin. See also
2580:on 27 September 2007.
2561:on 27 September 2007.
2502:Gallén, Jarl (1968),
2157:Third Swedish Crusade
2152:First Swedish Crusade
1951:Third Swedish Crusade
1945:First Swedish Crusade
1676:Nature of the Crusade
1670:First Swedish crusade
1494:
1429:First Swedish Crusade
1414:
3409:Apostolic prefecture
2893:Hubertus Brandenburg
1732:. Swedish historian
1652:", originating from
1471:Battle of Sparrsätra
1059:5th Saint-Barthélemy
1054:4th Saint-Barthélemy
1049:3rd Saint-Barthélemy
1044:2nd Saint-Barthélemy
1039:1st Saint-Barthélemy
3415:Apostolic vicariate
3347:Liturgical Struggle
3046: 11th century
2971:Archdiocese of Lund
1706:Peter Andreas Munch
1668:Unlike the dubious
1483:the hedna taffwesta
1415:A sculpted head in
754:Crusade of the Poor
3323:Gustav I of Sweden
3313:Recess of Västerås
3179:Greyfriars (Ystad)
2905:Knut Ansgar Nelson
2687:Sveriges Ă–sterland
2193:History of Finland
2172:Battle of the Neva
2147:Early Finnish wars
2054:Swedish succession
1722:Tavastian uprising
1685:Dating controversy
1444:Tavastian uprising
1421:
1382:Battle of the Neva
1378:Tavastian uprising
1260:Russo–Swedish Wars
1123:Russo-Swedish wars
681:Against Christians
385:Crusade indulgence
375:Crusading movement
124:possibly contains
3527:Northern Crusades
3512:Conflicts in 1249
3484:
3483:
3476:Sweden portal
3442:
3441:
3282:
3281:
3254:VĂĄrfruberga Abbey
3132:
3099:(1164–1534/1606 )
3078:Tuna "Eskilstuna"
2887:Anders Arborelius
2816:Catholic Cemetery
2696:978-91-7353-227-3
2369:978-951-583-212-2
2322:978-91-85509-57-7
2274:978-91-85509-57-7
2248:Svenska Dagbladet
2203:978-0-19-754003-9
2162:Northern Crusades
2043:was established.
2037:Palmsköld booklet
2023:William of Modena
2003:bishop of Finland
1985:
1984:
1903:
1902:
1386:Novgorod Republic
1364:described by the
1350:Kingdom of Sweden
1339:
1338:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
773:
772:
759:Shepherds' (1320)
749:Shepherds' (1251)
733:(1096–1320)
683:(1209–1588)
618:(1147–1410)
496:(1291–1717)
326:
325:
278:
277:
201:Northern Crusades
187:
186:
179:
169:
168:
161:
126:original research
107:
106:
59:
3539:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3392:
3389:
3384:Anti-Catholicism
3377:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3126:
3111:
3108:
3086:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3060:
3057:
3047:
3044:
3015:
3014:
2983:Swedish Crusades
2966:
2963:
2953:
2950:
2945:Christianisation
2938:
2936:
2933:
2922:
2921:
2795:Newman Institute
2782:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2681:
2654:
2652:
2647:. Archived from
2641:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2619:. Archived from
2613:
2607:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2576:. Archived from
2570:
2564:
2562:
2557:. Archived from
2551:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2482:www.narvasoft.fi
2474:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2396:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2353:
2347:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2306:
2300:
2299:. Original text.
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2187:
2167:Battle of Lihula
2059:Eric's Chronicle
1999:Pope Innocent IV
1977:
1970:
1963:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1788:Christianization
1784:
1783:
1750:
1658:LĂĽbeck Chronicle
1650:Detmar Chronicle
1639:
1637:Eric's Chronicle
1466:Eric's Chronicle
1459:Eric's Chronicle
1441:
1438:
1366:Erik's Chronicle
1126:
1124:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1091:
1090:
816:
815:
808:
800:
793:
786:
777:
776:
487:Fall of Outremer
390:Papal income tax
362:
352:
345:
338:
329:
328:
244:
243: 1249–1250
241:
232:
231:
211:
191:
190:
182:
175:
164:
157:
153:
150:
144:
141:inline citations
117:
116:
109:
102:
99:
93:
70:
62:
51:
29:
28:
21:
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3546:
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3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3456:
3438:
3390:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3224:Skänninge Abbey
3214:Riseberga Abbey
3199:Kastelle Priory
3169:Dragsmark Abbey
3159:Börringe Priory
3154:Bäckaskog Abbey
3125:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3084:
3071:
3058:
3045:
3029:(990/1014–1529)
3019:
3013:
2964:
2951:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2913:
2873:
2825:
2799:
2783:
2774:
2746:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2697:
2678:
2662:
2657:
2643:
2642:
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2633:
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2615:
2614:
2610:
2590:
2586:
2572:
2571:
2567:
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2552:
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2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2458:
2454:
2427:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2397:
2386:
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2377:
2370:
2354:
2350:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2286:
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2275:
2259:
2255:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2143:
2127:Swedish Crusade
2075:
2056:
2041:Duke of Finland
1995:
1990:
1981:
1930:Turku Cathedral
1779:Hakoinen Castle
1763:
1744:
1726:Pope Gregory IX
1691:Mikael Agricola
1687:
1678:
1666:
1664:Interpretations
1648:The so-called "
1646:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
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1605:
1603:
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1594:
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1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1461:
1456:
1439:
1409:
1394:Hakoinen Castle
1380:and before the
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1088:
1083:
982:4th Carolusborg
977:3rd Carolusborg
972:2nd Carolusborg
967:1st Carolusborg
809:
806:
804:
774:
769:
739:People's (1096)
363:
358:
356:
316:
300:
296:
270:
264:Swedish victory
256:
242:
212:
183:
172:
171:
170:
165:
154:
148:
145:
130:
118:
114:
103:
97:
94:
87:
75:This article's
71:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3421:Dissenter Acts
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3380:
3378:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3316:
3310:
3303:
3301:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:Solberga Abbey
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3189:Herrevad Abbey
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Alvastra Abbey
3135:
3133:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2955:
2941:
2939:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:Roman Catholic
2739:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2682:
2676:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2636:
2627:
2608:
2584:
2565:
2546:
2529:
2520:
2494:
2469:
2452:
2437:(in Swedish).
2418:
2384:
2375:
2368:
2359:Ruotsin Itämaa
2348:
2328:
2321:
2301:
2289:
2280:
2273:
2253:
2234:
2227:
2209:
2202:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2079:Finland Proper
2074:
2071:
2055:
2052:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1767:taffwesta borg
1762:
1760:Taffwesta borg
1757:
1724:and following
1695:Paulus Juusten
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1665:
1662:
1645:
1642:
1633:
1495:
1490:taffwesta borg
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1425:Finland Proper
1417:Varnhem Church
1408:
1405:
1360:) in southern
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
987:3rd New Sweden
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
952:2nd New Sweden
949:
947:1st New Sweden
944:
939:
934:
932:2nd Beversrede
929:
927:1st Beversrede
921:
920:
916:
915:
914:
913:
905:
904:
900:
899:
898:
897:
889:
888:
884:
883:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
858:
857:
853:
852:
851:
850:
842:
841:
837:
836:
835:
834:
829:
821:
820:
814:
811:
810:
803:
802:
795:
788:
780:
771:
770:
762:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
727:
726:
724:Spanish Armada
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
650:
649:
644:
639:
631:
626:
612:
611:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
554:
549:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
494:Later Crusades
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
368:
365:
364:
355:
354:
347:
340:
332:
324:
323:
320:
310:
309:
305:
304:
291:
285:
284:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
252:
250:
246:
245:
236:
228:
227:
204:
203:
196:
195:
189:
188:
185:
184:
167:
166:
121:
119:
112:
105:
104:
84:the key points
74:
72:
65:
60:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3544:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3403:Tolerance Act
3401:
3398:
3395:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:Uppsala Synod
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:Varnhem Abbey
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3118:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3079:
3076:
3066:
3063:
3053:
3050:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2959:
2956:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Saint Eugenia
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2677:91-7037-119-9
2673:
2669:
2668:Gud vill det!
2664:
2663:
2653:. In Swedish.
2650:
2646:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2605:
2604:951-96006-1-2
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2524:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2379:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2346:. See page 7.
2345:
2344:951-96006-1-2
2341:
2337:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:, probably a
2008:
2004:
2000:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:Alexander III
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1753:Neva campaign
1748:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1734:Dick Harrison
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:Other sources
1638:
1631:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:Erik Eriksson
1472:
1468:
1467:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1434:
1433:bishop Thomas
1430:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
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32:
23:
22:
19:
3329:Ă–rebro Synod
3209:Nydala Abbey
3194:Julita Abbey
3184:Gudhem Abbey
3164:Dalby Priory
3144:Askeby Abbey
3124:and convents
3110: 1100s
3085: 1100s
2994:
2747:of Stockholm
2686:
2667:
2649:the original
2639:
2630:
2621:the original
2611:
2595:
2587:
2578:the original
2568:
2559:the original
2549:
2539:
2532:
2523:
2512:, retrieved
2507:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:
2472:
2462:
2455:
2438:
2434:
2411:29 September
2409:. Retrieved
2407:(in Finnish)
2404:
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2110:
2102:
2099:Finns proper
2094:
2076:
2058:
2057:
2045:
2027:
2019:papal legate
1996:
1947:
1854:Innocent III
1774:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1742:Rolf Pipping
1739:
1703:
1698:
1688:
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1667:
1657:
1649:
1647:
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1489:
1487:
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1422:
1398:
1384:against the
1374:
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1259:
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1173:
1133:
1067:20th century
1031:19th century
1015:18th century
919:17th century
903:16th century
887:15th century
868:
856:13th century
840:12th century
832:2nd Courland
827:1st Courland
763:
729:
728:
679:
678:
641:
614:
613:
557:Holy Leagues
492:
491:
395:
394:
369:
298:Supported by
297:
283:Belligerents
213:
199:Part of the
173:
155:
146:
123:
95:
79:
77:lead section
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
3423:(1860–1873)
3417:(1783–1953)
3411:(1781–1783)
3399:(1667–1781)
3391: 1527
3361:(1598–1600)
3349:(1574–1593)
3343:(1542-1543)
3325:(1527–1560)
3309:(1524–1533)
3297: 1527
3288:Reformation
3264:Vreta Abbey
3122:monasteries
3112:/1249–1554)
3093:(1163–1530)
3074:/1129–1536)
3072: 1100
3059: 1129
3035:(1164–1557)
2979:(1164–1557)
2973:(1104–1164)
2926:Middle Ages
2907:(1957–1962)
2901:(1962–1976)
2899:John Taylor
2895:(1977–1998)
1886:Birger Jarl
1864:Archbishops
1771:Häme Castle
1745: [
1718:Jarl Gallén
1440: 1230
1390:Häme Castle
1370:Birger Jarl
1326:(1788–1790)
1321:(1741–1743)
1316:(1700–1721)
1311:(1656–1658)
1301:(1610–1617)
1296:(1590–1595)
1291:(1558–1583)
1286:(1554–1557)
1276:(1495–1497)
1271:(1479–1482)
1266:(1475–1476)
957:Saint Kitts
911:4th Finland
874:3rd Finland
869:2nd Finland
848:1st Finland
819:9th century
765:Reconquista
714:Despenser's
689:Albigensian
517:Alexandrian
318:Birger Jarl
269:Territorial
223:Häme Castle
217:conquering
215:Birger Jarl
3491:Categories
3450:See also:
3372:Tridentine
3319:Reductions
3274:Ă–ved Abbey
3219:Roma Abbey
2965: 829
2952: 829
2935: 829
2770:Saint Mary
2760:Saint Eric
2228:9189080262
2178:References
2091:Tavastians
1922:Nousiainen
1858:Gregory IX
1775:Tavastehus
1479:Tavastians
1448:Gregory IX
1427:since the
1407:Background
767:(722–1492)
744:Children's
664:Lithuanian
294:Tavastians
133:improve it
41:improve it
3341:Dacke War
3229:Sko Abbey
3065:Strängnäs
3052:Linköping
2869:Elizabeth
2864:Catherine
2788:Education
2625:In Latin.
2606:. Page 7.
2582:In Latin.
2563:In Latin.
2447:2343-2888
2135:Karelians
2033:Skänninge
2011:Dominican
1988:Aftermath
1908:Locations
1898:King Eric
1773:(Swedish
1331:(1808–09)
1224:1350–1351
1219:1348–1349
1214:1338–1339
1209:1321–1323
1199:1311–1314
1194:1300–1301
1189:1293–1295
1184:1283–1284
1179:1256–1257
1174:1249–1250
1164:1236–1237
1154:1227–1228
992:Kauhajoki
895:Satakunta
699:Stedinger
547:Nicopolis
512:Smyrniote
507:Aragonese
412:Norwegian
149:June 2018
137:verifying
98:June 2018
82:summarize
47:talk page
3269:Ă…s Abbey
3097:Västerås
3020:dioceses
2804:Services
2598:, 1989.
2514:30 April
2487:30 April
2338:, 1989.
2141:See also
2119:Novgorod
2083:Tavastia
2067:Valdemar
2063:Joar BlĂĄ
1926:Koroinen
1914:Kokemäki
1874:Valerius
1634:—
1354:Tavastia
1075:Svalbard
1023:Esequibo
1007:Libelits
997:Värtsilä
937:Tacorary
864:Tavastia
709:Bohemian
694:Drenther
659:Prussian
654:Livonian
633:Swedish
616:Northern
526:Barbary
522:Savoyard
417:Venetian
360:Crusades
302:Novgorod
254:Tavastia
249:Location
3435:(1953–)
3429:(1960–)
3376:(1563–)
3039:Sigtuna
3033:Uppsala
2997:(1240s)
2991:(1150s)
2918:History
2889:(1998–)
2879:Bishops
2859:Bridget
2839:Sigfrid
2811:Caritas
2745:Diocese
2660:Sources
2131:Finland
2048:convent
2015:Gotland
1890:Sergius
1830:Rodulff
1816:Bishops
1792:Finland
1454:Sources
1362:Finland
1002:Lembola
942:Casimir
879:Livonia
731:Popular
719:Hussite
704:Bosnian
669:Russian
629:Wendish
472:Catalan
462:Seventh
457:Barons'
322:Unknown
271:changes
131:Please
3405:(1781)
3393:–1977)
3355:(1593)
3337:(1529)
3331:(1529)
3315:(1527)
3299:–1600)
3120:Former
3087:–1170)
3061:–1527)
3048:–1164)
3018:Former
3003:(1293)
2995:Second
2967:–1104)
2954:–1087)
2937:–1527)
2854:Ingrid
2849:Helena
2831:Saints
2693:
2674:
2602:
2445:
2366:
2342:
2319:
2271:
2225:
2200:
2107:Swedes
2097:) and
2007:Thomas
1936:Events
1918:Köyliö
1880:Others
1870:Anders
1822:Thomas
1807:People
1730:pagans
1714:Lödöse
1654:LĂĽbeck
1442:. The
1306:(1656)
1281:(1499)
962:Kattan
624:Kalmar
477:Eighth
442:Fourth
427:Second
289:Sweden
261:Result
3369:Post-
3091:Växjö
3027:Skara
3001:Third
2989:First
2910:(...)
2441:(1).
2115:Turku
1894:Lalli
1844:Popes
1834:Fulco
1826:Henry
1749:]
1352:into
674:Tatar
552:Varna
452:Sixth
447:Fifth
432:Third
402:First
3129:List
2844:Eric
2691:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2516:2024
2489:2024
2443:ISSN
2413:2024
2364:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2111:svei
2081:and
2029:Bero
1838:Bero
1358:Häme
1344:The
1254:1448
1249:1444
1244:1411
1239:1399
1234:1396
1229:1395
1204:1318
1169:1240
1159:1229
1149:1187
1144:1164
1139:1142
647:1293
642:1249
637:1150
607:1717
602:1684
597:1594
592:1571
587:1538
582:1535
577:1526
572:1511
567:1495
562:1332
540:1399
535:1398
530:1390
467:1267
437:1197
422:1129
407:1101
235:Date
219:Häme
3321:of
3103:Ă…bo
2129:to
2103:sum
2095:yem
1790:of
135:by
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3294:c.
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