357:"The present village has succeeded a small ancient city, now completely destroyed. East of the site which it occupied rises a round isolated hill, which commands the plain in every direction, and was once surrounded on its summit by a wall, of which a few traces still remain. This hill must probably have been fortified. Scarped towards the east, it slopes gently on the western side towards the town, which covered the lower hillocks at its feet. Among them I found, in the midst of the various debris which cover the soil, the remains of a building in cut stone, completely overthrown, once ornamented by columns, as is attested by two mutilated shafts lying on the spot. This edifice seems to have been constructed from east to west, so that it may have been a Christian church.
805:
32:
96:
477:
In 2023, excavators uncovered a monumental mudbrick passageway with a corbelled arched roof, the first of its kind in the southern Levant. While excavating the entrance to the passageway, the team found a "Nahariya bowl", a seven-cupped vessel which is thought to have had ritual function. Excavations
446:
Another salvage excavation was conducted on behalf of the IAA, this time by
Yardenna Alexandre. The excavation was conducted near the Nahalal junction before a widening of Road 75. There was evidence of limited occupation during the EB and Intermediate Bronze, but a rural settlement during the Middle
871:
At the center of the site, several houses, dating to the 1st to 3rd centuries CE, were excavated in 2017. Both houses had entrance courtyards, and the rooms were divided by stone walls with 'windows.' These domestic structures were typical of Jewish
Galilean villages in the Roman period and included
678:
complains to the pharaoh that Ĺ um-Hadda, most likely the same ruler of
Shimron mentioned in the other letters, and Sutana of Acco raided one of his caravans. This text not only indicates the location of Shimron along an important trade route, but its alliances with western powers like Acco, which is
437:
Feig conducted another IAA salvage excavation prior to the construction of agricultural buildings. This excavation resulted in limited finds, such as several smaller walls and potsherds dating to the Early and Middle Bronze Ages as well as the Roman Period. Flint remains dated to the
Neolithic as
428:
Nurit Feig directed a salvage excavation on behalf of the IAA prior to the installation of electrical poles at the Bet Zarzir-Nahalal
Junction road. Four squares were excavated, three of which were situated along the shoulder of the road, and the fourth was 200m to the west.
544:
found, dating to the MB II, further attests the international nature of
Shimron as a site along an important trade route during the MB. In general, Shimron is part of a larger trend of booming urbanism and fortification as well as international trade during the MB.
519:
Due to Middle Bronze remains that lie atop the Early Bronze strata, it is difficult to gain a detailed picture of the Early Bronze Age at
Shimron. Surveys have suggested the site was first settled in the EB I, and there was a gap in settlement during the EB III.
569:
of the site, to the east, monumental Middle Bronze Age remains were discovered. While the pottery in this area is similar chronologically to that of the lower city domestic area, the quality and forms are different. For example, several whole and fragmented
467:. The initial survey in 2016 reached similar conclusions to the earlier work by Portugali and Raban. Middle Bronze Age remains were found close to the surface, and later periods were mostly represented at the center of the mound. However, ground penetrating
828:, Æbutius, who had been entrusted with the charge of the Great Plain and who had one-hundred horse and two-hundred infantry at his disposal. The Roman soldiers, however, were forced to withdraw since their horses were of little use in that terrain (
360:"In another place I saw an enclosure measuring thirty-five paces in length by twenty-five in breadth. From a distance it appears ancient. It is, however, of modern date, constructed of stones of all sizes and shapes; among them pillars of broken
2280:
761:
In the
Persian period occupation resumed. The 2004 salvage excavation uncovered a Persian-period building that likely served a public function, which could indicate that Shimron had an administrative role in the area.
556:
In the southwest corner of the site, Middle Bronze Age domestic buildings were excavated. Evidence of daily life in the Middle Bronze Age was found in the houses, including craft industries like metal working.
1571:
965:"The present village has succeeded a small ancient city, now completely destroyed." He then goes on to describing the tell east of the village and other ancient remains (for that see above at
548:
The juxtaposition of the domestic activity in the lower city and the monumental buildings on the acropolis provide an interesting case to study status difference in the Middle Bronze Age.
753:
Tiglath
Pileser III performed massive deportations in the Jezreel and Lower Galilee during the 8th century, and surveys in the area suggest it remained sparsely populated for centuries.
695:
cut into the Bronze Age fortifications. While the 2019 excavation did not allow for rigorous investigation of the Iron Age remains, the assemblage found in the silo is similar to that of
670:. EA 224 seems to indicate that part of the local economy of Shimron is grain production, some of which would go to support nearby Egyptian garrisons; however, EA 8 indicates otherwise.
2077:
The Survey of
Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer
279:
It became an administrative center under Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian rule. During the early Roman period, the city was expanded and fortified by Herod, who renamed it
2540:
474:
The first five years of excavation uncovered remains from the Middle Bronze Age, Iron Age, Persian Period, Hellenistic Period, Roman Period, and Mamluk period.
2715:
2665:
2192:"Reviewed Work: Tabula imperii romani: Iudaea-Palaestina, Eretz Israel in the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Periods by Y. Tsafrir, L. Di Segni, J. Green"
1628:
2593:
2367:
983:
described it as a small village on a knoll with three springs, having probably less than 100 inhabitants. A population list from about 1887 showed that
2036:
1821:
459:
began research on the tel itself. The project is co-directed by Daniel M. Master and Mario A. S. Martin on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology at
2932:
2259:
2169:
2147:
1542:
602:
The cylinder seal, which dates to the 17th century BCE, or the Middle Bronze Age II, was discovered at Tel Shimron during the 2017 season. Made of
2922:
2422:
1059:(syn. Acacia albida) trees that grow on the site. This is the northernmost occurrence of these trees in Israel. The Apple-ring Acacia, native to
606:
in the Old Syrian Classic style, it measures 1.5 cm in length and 8.5 cm in width with a 2.5 mm diameter hole. The seal depicts a
571:
373:
2996:
2469:
890:, so Portugali’s survey provides the best picture of the site during this period to date. Portugali identified two distinct settlements, a 3.9
2459:
322:
and the Jezreel Valley. Its location at the intersection of the Lower Galilee ranges and the Jezreel Valley, as well as its proximity to the
2849:
2376:
2289:
140:
536:, and its size and location suggest that it was an important inland city in the interconnected trade network of growing ports and the
2758:
2583:
471:
assays revealed strata from later periods overlaying the MB strata in certain areas, which led to the excavations of 2017 and 2019.
2196:
778:
eras. It is unclear, however, if the site was occupied after the withdrawal of Seleucid rule in the middle of the second century.
2976:
2360:
856:
The surveys by Raban and Feig indicate occupation during the Roman period, but the site was likely part of the orbit of nearby
1379:"Table 3.1. Examples of the permit-by-permit estimation of the full-year equivalent contribution of temporary labour migrants"
2214:
1973:
1143:
952:
864:-Sepphoris road was excavated at Shimron in 2004, and proximity to this trade route probably benefitted Shimron. A massive
2981:
2353:
2336:
1922:
922:
196:
Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader, Mamluk
2986:
887:
68:
3006:
1098:"Review of Tabula imperii romani: Iudaea-Palaestina, Eretz Israel in the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Periods"
997:, noted in 1900 that the village "had not increased due to its unhealthy position and bad water. The proprietor,
825:
575:
372:
In 1982 the site was surveyed by Yuval Portugali and Avner Raban. The finds included several tombs dating to the
334:
2235:
2053:
1818:
1245:
2884:
2507:
2130:
2007:
1463:
948:
2297:
RoĂźberger, Elisa. "A Middle Bronze II Cylinder Seal of North Syrian Style from Tel Shimron (Jezreel Valley)".
1992:
1434:
1035:
in 1953 and moved to the south of the country, due to lack of farming lands. When it was vacated, it became a
2702:
2949:
1838:
830:
417:
2087:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1324:
1320:
3001:
1075:
for crops, for food, drink and medicine. It sheds its leaves in the rainy season and is highly valued in
42:
329:
In recent years, the site is being excavated by Tel Shimron Excavations (2016-present; for homepage see
2854:
2798:
2437:
2104:
Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838
2081:
2044:
1983:
1898:
973:
813:
706:
The exact political and social orientation of Tel Shimron during the Iron Age is unclear. According to
464:
1910:
792:, just at the moment when this region moved from Ptolemaic to Seleucid rule. There were also coins of
2991:
2740:
2446:
2116:
2094:
937:
2267:
Portugali, Yuval. "A Field Methodology for Regional Archaeology (The Jezreel Valley Survey, 1981)".
1671:
1413:
699:, which indicates a "Canaanite" population in the lowlands in the Iron Age I. A bronze bracelet and
220:, Yuval Portugali, Avner Raban, Nurit Feig, Yardenna Alexandre, Daniel M. Master, Mario A. S. Martin
1979:
The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
50:
20:
2126:
Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and adjacent regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1852
1695:
3016:
2823:
2697:
1770:
977:
789:
492:
654:
While surveys indicate that Shimron shrunk somewhat in the middle of the second millennium, the
491:
Very little Neolithic material has been found at Tel Shimron, but during the 2010 excavation, a
2914:
2240:
2012:
1997:
1969:
1595:
994:
2340:
2575:
2502:
2474:
2308:
2253:
2108:
1794:
1400:
2522:
2492:
1952:
1722:
1623:
1269:
903:
793:
2545:
1624:"A Middle Bronze II Cylinder Seal of North Syrian Style from Tel Shimron (Jezreel Valley)"
1493:
8:
3011:
2313:
2160:
2138:
2102:
2075:
2071:
1977:
990:
739:
735:
587:
583:
460:
250:
2124:
2025:
820:
a battle occurred here between the Jewish rebels and the Romans, who besieged the city.
788:
Excavations on the western side of the site revealed a hoard of coins from the reign of
2900:
2869:
2864:
2675:
2603:
2384:
2201:
1653:
1125:
496:
409:
381:
2278:
Alexandre, Yardenna. "Tel Shimron West: A Proto-Historic and Bronze Age Rural Site".
2164:
2142:
1746:
1657:
1645:
1543:"In northern Israel, massive 3,800-year-old monument stuns and stumps archaeologists"
1360:
1212:
1117:
1068:
1056:
1040:
1014:
771:
742:
are recorded. One such site, although the list is badly broken, has been restored as
824:, mentioning the village by name, states that he was attacked there at night by the
580:
Miniature vessels and seven-cupped bowls in the Middle Bronze Age temple of Nahariya
2763:
2407:
2178:
1637:
1514:
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910:
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747:
723:
671:
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393:
292:
2021:
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Finds from the Hellenistic period indicate substantial occupation during both the
351:
217:
2650:
2427:
1825:
1572:"Archaeologists Find Perplexing 4,000-year-old Canaanite Arch in Northern Israel"
1340:
1293:
1072:
842:
775:
696:
680:
246:
1356:
1341:"A Field Methodology for Regional Archaeology (The Jezreel Valley Survey, 1981)"
2874:
2689:
2454:
1192:
1032:
1017:. One group that trained here came from Nahalal, and continued on to establish
998:
926:
838:
707:
655:
591:
377:
284:
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114:
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1208:
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2497:
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541:
319:
155:
142:
128:
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2720:
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2512:
2222:
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1076:
1044:
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662:. In EA 225 EA 261, and EA 224, Ĺ ammu-Hadi, king of Shimron, is shown as a
468:
389:
385:
323:
272:
1378:
2783:
2773:
2710:
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2645:
2640:
2588:
2560:
2555:
2530:
2417:
2320:
1386:
1064:
639:
447:
Bronze Age was uncovered. Limited Roman remains were discovered as well.
330:
2030:(in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
881:
781:
Feig’s 2008 excavation uncovered a coin, which was likely struck in the
719:
2818:
2813:
2616:
2611:
2464:
853:
draws equivalency between the two, declaring "and Shimron is Simonia."
804:
508:
361:
2205:
2191:
1129:
1097:
634:
are pictured to either side. The depictions draw from influences from
2956:
2778:
2748:
2670:
2535:
2402:
2299:
2120:
2098:
857:
734:
During the 8th century, it is possible that Shimron was destroyed by
711:
566:
537:
511:
of the Chalcolithic period was uncovered during the 2010 Excavation.
397:
2027:
Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine
1013:. In 1936, the site became an agricultural training station for the
574:
were found (for more on this type of artefact see Liat Naeh (2012),
456:
16:
Archaeological site and nature reserve in the Jezreel Valley, Israel
2859:
2269:
1641:
1113:
821:
782:
700:
603:
326:
Plain, made it an important part of trade routes through the area.
315:
2016:(121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
2001:(119). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
532:, during the Middle Bronze Age. The site is mentioned in the MB I
396:
I remains were discovered around the site, as well as evidence of
95:
2937:
2392:
1028:
1018:
956:
846:
675:
667:
619:
529:
311:
1055:
In 1965, a 28-dunam nature reserve was declared, preserving the
2828:
1060:
1021:
874:
865:
861:
715:
710:, the king of Shimron was part of an alliance with the king of
663:
659:
607:
296:
268:
118:
1928:(in Hebrew). Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Archived from
1494:"Tel Shimron West: A Proto-Historic and Bronze Age Rural Site"
2833:
2412:
1009:
The area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the
891:
817:
738:. In a fragment of his annals, different cities taken by the
658:
attest that it was still an important royal city in northern
643:
635:
868:
wall was also uncovered in 2004, dating to the same period.
2788:
692:
631:
627:
626:
and crescent shape depicted over the fight. In addition, a
615:
611:
1193:"From the President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem"
1001:, built a number of dwellings covered with tile masonry."
623:
2281:
Hadashot Arkheologiyot Excavations and Surveys in Israel
1323:-386; as given in Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.
837:
During this era, Shimron was referred to as Simonias in
646:, showing the international nature of the 17th century.
1079:
as it can grow among field crops without shading them.
902:
village, which Portugali hypothesized was built over a
886:
There is little textual evidence of Shimron during the
416:
by Nurit Feig and Yardenna Alexandre on behalf of the
1629:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
882:
Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader and Mamluk periods
1775:
Tel Shimron Excavations - Volunteer Archaeology Digs
1751:
Tel Shimron Excavations - Volunteer Archaeology Digs
1727:
Tel Shimron Excavations - Volunteer Archaeology Digs
1700:
Tel Shimron Excavations - Volunteer Archaeology Digs
1676:
Tel Shimron Excavations - Volunteer Archaeology Digs
1600:
Tel Shimron Excavations - Volunteer Archaeology Digs
1298:
Tel Shimron Excavations - Volunteer Archaeology Digs
1274:
Tel Shimron Excavations - Volunteer Archaeology Digs
1144:"Flavius Josephus, Josephi vita, Whiston section 24"
894:
farmstead, showing a retraction from the 78.3 dunam
993:, as part of surveying for the construction of the
1849:Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p.
450:
310:Tel Shimron is located northeast of modern moshav
2968:
2234:Master, Daniel & Martin, Mario A.S. (2021).
2170:Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund
2148:Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund
1968:
1246:"Volume 133 Year 2021 Tel Shimron – 2017, 2019"
1039:(transit camp) for new immigrants destined for
45:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
2159:
1031:was established on the site. Timorim became a
913:("Kaftor wa-Feraḥ", ch. xi, written in 1322).
590:). It is in this area that a massive mudbrick
2375:
2361:
2115:
2093:
275:by this name, and in other period sources as
271:throughout antiquity. It is mentioned in the
267:was the name of a major city in the north of
2258:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1923:"List of National Parks and Nature Reserves"
966:
478:in 2024 will continue digging in this area.
408:In the years spanning 2004, 2008, and 2010,
403:
2082:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
2037:"An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine"
1984:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
722:places Shimron inside the allotment of the
2368:
2354:
2137:
2034:
481:
340:
94:
1621:
1338:
1004:
750:and others have associated with Shimron.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2197:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2052:(3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from
1503:. Excavations and Surveys in Israel 127.
1315:
1313:
1102:Journal of the American Oriental Society
987:had about 100 inhabitants; all Muslims.
803:
1885:Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.
1747:"Roman and Late Roman Period Questions"
940:found here a small Arab village called
729:
412:were conducted immediately adjacent to
2969:
2233:
2070:
2020:
1873:Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.
1095:
796:; after which the site was abandoned.
2997:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee
2707:Dor Beach and Ma'agan Michael Islands
2349:
2296:
2277:
2266:
2143:"Population list of the Liwa of Akka"
1946:
1717:
1715:
1617:
1615:
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1425:
1423:
1310:
1190:
765:
528:Tel Shimron was at its largest, 19.5
2335:Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5:
2005:
1990:
1879:
1837:Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p.
1334:
1332:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
916:
523:
495:arrowhead as well as remains of the
291:(Hebrew: ×ˇ×™×ž×•× ×™×™×”), as mentioned by
25:
2292:– via Hadashot Arkheologiyot.
2212:
1795:"SIMONIAS - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
1339:Portugali, Yuval (September 1982).
1191:Mazar, Benjamin, ed. (1960-08-19).
514:
13:
2189:
1712:
1612:
1559:
1540:
1531:
1480:
1464:"Volume 121 Year 2009 Tel Shimron"
1451:
1435:"Volume 119 Year 2007 Tel Shimron"
1420:
953:German Templer Colony in Palestine
785:Mint during the Ptolemaic Period.
649:
441:
432:
423:
410:salvage archaeological excavations
400:activity in the surrounding area.
14:
3028:
2329:
1329:
1223:
1050:
955:on the site, which failed due to
944:, and he noted it again in 1852.
756:
691:Iron Age remains were found in a
318:range, on the border between the
283:in honor of emperor Augustus. In
183:19.5 hectares (Middle Bronze Age)
951:attempted to establish an early
597:
30:
1961:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1811:
1787:
1763:
1739:
1688:
1664:
1622:RoĂźberger, Elisa (2021-05-01).
1588:
1507:
1371:
909:Later, Shimron is mentioned by
808:Rock-cut sarcophagus at Shimron
799:
703:sheeting were also found here.
502:
451:Tel Shimron Excavations (2016-)
345:
335:Jezreel Valley Regional Project
2977:Archaeological sites in Israel
1286:
1262:
1184:
1160:
1136:
1089:
929:showed a village here, named
438:well as the Early Bronze Age.
367:
1:
1861:Robinson and Smith, 1856, p.
1672:"Middle Bronze Age Questions"
1168:"Bible Encyclopedia: Shimron"
1082:
962:Victor Guérin noted in 1875:
898:settlement, and a 12.8 dunam
551:
354:visited the place and noted:
1596:"Early Bronze Age Questions"
683:material found at the site.
560:
486:
418:Israel Antiquities Authority
7:
1696:"Late Bronze Age Questions"
1357:10.1179/tav.1982.1982.2.170
979:Survey of Western Palestine
923:Napoleon's invasion of 1799
686:
314:on the western edge of the
287:, it was known by the name
10:
3033:
2236:"Tel Shimron – 2017, 2019"
2045:Israel Exploration Journal
2006:Feig, Nurit (2009-06-02).
1991:Feig, Nurit (2007-12-13).
1799:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
1771:"Islamic Period Questions"
614:fighting over a human and
538:Jezreel Valley trade route
333:) in cooperation with the
18:
2982:Nature reserves in Israel
2946:
2913:
2893:
2842:
2806:
2797:
2739:
2688:
2602:
2574:
2521:
2483:
2445:
2436:
2383:
2377:Nature reserves of Israel
2321:"Tel Shimron Excavations"
2183:10.1179/peq.1900.32.4.355
1209:10.1163/2589255x-00101002
1096:Rainey, Anson F. (1998).
499:culture were discovered.
404:IAA excavations (2004-10)
232:
224:
213:
205:
200:
192:
187:
179:
171:
134:
124:
110:
102:
93:
86:
2987:Amarna letters locations
878:) in one of the houses.
831:Life of Flavius Josephus
714:, which was defeated by
87:
21:Shimron (disambiguation)
3007:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
2107:. Vol. 3. Boston:
1982:. Vol. 2. London:
1519:Tel Shimron Excavations
1468:www.hadashot-esi.org.il
1439:www.hadashot-esi.org.il
1250:www.hadashot-esi.org.il
967:Surveys and excavations
507:Sparse evidence of the
482:History and archaeology
457:Tel Shimron Excavations
341:Surveys and excavations
209:2004–2010, 2016–present
2915:Judea and Samaria Area
2241:Hadashot Arkheologiyot
2165:"Reports from Galilee"
2109:Crocker & Brewster
2013:Hadashot Arkheologiyot
1998:Hadashot Arkheologiyot
1501:Hadashot Arkheologiyot
1408:Cite journal requires
1005:British Mandate period
995:Jezreel Valley railway
814:First Jewish–Roman War
809:
106:Simonias, Tell Samunia
1909:Schumacher, 1900, p.
1897:Schumacher, 1888, p.
1547:www.timesofisrael.com
1492:Alexandre, Yardenna.
1294:"Academic Affiliates"
1172:bibleencyclopedia.com
1148:www.perseus.tufts.edu
807:
594:was also discovered.
206:Excavation dates
156:32.70361°N 35.21389°E
103:Alternative name
2086:("personal name" p.
1723:"Iron Age Questions"
1387:10.1787/888933990064
1270:"Geographic Setting"
947:In 1867, a group of
888:Early Islamic period
812:The city during the
730:Assyrian destruction
592:corbelled passageway
299:name of the site is
19:For other uses, see
2666:Shamir-Nahal Rachum
2314:Jewish Encyclopedia
2213:Flavius, Josephus.
2035:Karmon, Y. (1960).
991:Gottlieb Schumacher
736:Tiglath Pileser III
465:Wheaton College, IL
461:Tel Aviv University
251:archaeological site
175:Archaeological site
152: /
83:
3002:Biblical geography
2870:HaMakhtesh HaKatan
2865:HaMakhtesh HaGadol
2385:Jerusalem District
2227:Bible Encyclopedia
2208:– via JSTOR.
1824:2019-12-22 at the
1319:Guérin, 1880, pp.
810:
766:Hellenistic period
509:Ghassulian Culture
469:radar magnetometry
249:: תל שמרון) is an
233:Public access
161:32.70361; 35.21389
81:
49:You can assist by
2964:
2963:
2909:
2908:
2799:Southern District
2684:
2683:
2438:Northern District
2341:Wikimedia commons
2190:Rainey, Anson F.
1817:Karmon, 1960, p.
1541:Lidman, Melanie.
1069:nitrogen fixation
1057:Apple-ring Acacia
1027:In 1948, kibbutz
1015:Moshavim Movement
917:Late Ottoman rule
582:, pp. 4, 16, 16;
524:Middle Bronze Age
240:
239:
79:
78:
71:
3024:
2992:Canaanite cities
2950:Israeli-occupied
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2741:Central District
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1093:
1011:Sursock Purchase
911:Ishtori Haparchi
851:Jerusalem Talmud
724:Tribe of Zebulun
666:to the Egyptian
586:of exhibit from
534:Execration Texts
515:Early Bronze Age
293:Flavius Josephus
167:
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2948:Located in the
2942:
2933:Um Tzafa Forest
2905:
2901:Be'eri Badlands
2889:
2885:Yotvata Hai-Bar
2838:
2793:
2779:Palmachim Beach
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2680:
2651:Kerem Ben Zimra
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2508:Yehudiya Forest
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1974:Kitchener, H.H.
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1073:erosion control
1053:
1007:
949:German Templers
938:Edward Robinson
919:
884:
872:a ritual bath (
843:Rabbinic Hebrew
841:and Simonia in
802:
768:
759:
732:
689:
652:
650:Late Bronze Age
642:, and Northern
600:
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442:2010 excavation
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3017:Jezreel Valley
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2875:Makhtesh Ramon
2872:
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2824:Nitzanim Dunes
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2819:Kurkar Gvar'am
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2814:Brekhat Zmorot
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2703:Alonei Yitzhak
2700:
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2690:Haifa District
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2455:Achziv Islands
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2330:External links
2328:
2326:
2325:
2305:
2294:
2275:
2264:
2231:
2219:
2215:"Josephi Vita"
2210:
2187:
2177:(4): 355–360.
2161:Schumacher, G.
2157:
2139:Schumacher, G.
2135:
2113:
2091:
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2018:
2003:
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1711:
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1663:
1642:10.1086/712486
1611:
1587:
1558:
1530:
1506:
1479:
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1419:
1410:|journal=
1370:
1351:(2): 170–196.
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1222:
1183:
1159:
1135:
1114:10.2307/606301
1087:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1067:, is used for
1052:
1051:Nature reserve
1049:
1041:Migdal Ha'Emek
1033:moshav shitufi
1006:
1003:
927:Pierre Jacotin
918:
915:
883:
880:
860:. Part of the
826:Roman decurion
801:
798:
767:
764:
758:
757:Persian period
755:
731:
728:
688:
685:
656:Amarna Letters
651:
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572:Nahariya bowls
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285:Late Antiquity
259:Jezreel Valley
255:nature reserve
238:
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214:Archaeologists
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115:Jezreel Valley
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2953:Golan Heights
2951:
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2923:Alonei Shmuel
2921:
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2764:Horvat 'Ethri
2762:
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2726:Nahal Taninim
2724:
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2714:
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2547:
2546:Hurshat Zakum
2544:
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2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Hasbani River
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2452:
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2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Har HaTayasim
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:Avshalom Cave
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2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
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2079:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2059:on 2019-12-22
2055:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:"Tel Shimron"
2004:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1993:"Tel Shimron"
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1949:
1935:on 2009-10-07
1931:
1924:
1918:
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1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
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992:
988:
986:
982:
980:
975:
972:In 1881, the
970:
968:
963:
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958:
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950:
945:
943:
939:
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928:
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795:
791:
790:Antiochus III
786:
784:
779:
777:
773:
763:
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749:
748:Nadav Na'aman
745:
741:
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
679:supported by
677:
673:
672:Burraburiyash
669:
665:
661:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
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598:Cylinder seal
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558:
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542:cylinder seal
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374:Middle Bronze
365:
363:
358:
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353:
352:Victor Guérin
338:
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332:
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320:Lower Galilee
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129:Lower Galilee
127:
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109:
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101:
97:
92:
85:
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2880:Timna Valley
2769:Neot Kedumim
2754:Bitan Aharon
2731:Tel Shikmona
2721:Mount Carmel
2627:Nahal Dishon
2622:Nahal Betzet
2565:
2551:Mount Gilboa
2513:Nahal Hermon
2475:Rosh HaNikra
2470:Nahal Yehiam
2428:Te'omim Cave
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2061:. Retrieved
2054:the original
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301:Tell Samunia
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43:copy editing
41:may require
40:
2855:Coral Beach
2829:Mevo Ashdod
2784:Tel Yitzhak
2774:Nahal Poleg
2711:Ein Nymphit
2656:Mount Meron
2646:Hurshat Tal
2641:Hula Valley
2589:Mount Arbel
2561:Nahal Tavor
2556:Mount Tabor
2541:Gilboa Iris
2531:Alonei Abba
2460:Nahal Gamal
2418:Nahal Sorek
2131:John Murray
1636:: 119–130.
1065:Middle East
921:A map from
640:Mesopotamia
632:bull’s head
618:, with two
414:Tel Shimron
382:Hellenistic
368:1982 survey
324:Acre (Akko)
243:Tel Shimron
159: /
135:Coordinates
82:Tel Shimron
3012:Ghassulian
2971:Categories
2850:Nahal Abuv
2834:Yam Shikma
2661:Pa'ar Cave
2631:Ein Avazim
2617:Nahal Ayun
2612:Nahal Amud
2465:Nahal Kziv
2309:"Simonias"
2273:: 170–188.
2155:: 169–191.
2129:. London:
2063:2015-04-25
2022:Guérin, V.
1939:2010-10-18
1804:2022-02-01
1780:2022-02-01
1756:2022-02-01
1732:2022-02-01
1705:2022-02-01
1681:2022-02-01
1605:2022-02-01
1581:2023-09-03
1552:2023-09-03
1524:2023-09-03
1473:2022-02-01
1444:2022-02-01
1392:2022-02-01
1303:2023-05-23
1279:2022-02-01
1255:2022-02-01
1177:2022-02-01
1153:2022-02-01
1083:References
849:, but the
697:Megiddo VI
552:Lower city
497:Wadi Rabah
362:sarcophagi
201:Site notes
147:35°12′50″E
144:32°42′13″N
59:April 2024
51:editing it
2957:West Bank
2843:Beersheba
2749:Bnei Zion
2671:Tel Anafa
2637:Ein Te'oh
2536:Balfouria
2403:Ein Hemed
2300:U Chicago
2223:"Shimron"
2121:Smith, E.
2099:Smith, E.
1658:233353163
1650:0003-097X
1365:0334-4355
1217:0082-3767
1122:0003-0279
936:In 1838,
896:Byzantine
858:Sepphoris
834:, § 24).
816:, and in
772:Ptolemaic
740:Assyrians
708:Joshua 11
567:acropolis
561:Acropolis
487:Neolithic
455:In 2016,
398:Neolithic
350:In 1875,
281:Sebastiya
225:Condition
2860:Ein Gedi
2807:Ashkelon
2698:Ein Afek
2634:Ein Elah
2576:Kinneret
2408:HaMasrek
2270:Tel Aviv
2163:(1900).
2141:(1888).
2123:(1856).
2101:(1841).
2074:(1881).
2024:(1880).
1976:(1882).
1822:Archived
1345:Tel Aviv
1203:(1): v.
1063:and the
1037:Ma'abara
985:Semunieh
942:Semunieh
931:Sammouni
904:Crusader
822:Josephus
783:Ashkelon
776:Seleucid
746:, which
701:electrum
687:Iron Age
620:vultures
604:hematite
576:abstract
530:hectares
316:Nazareth
305:Samunieh
289:Simonias
277:Shim'on.
111:Location
88:תל שמרון
2938:Wadi Og
2759:Hadasim
2676:Tel Dan
2584:Ein Nun
2566:Shimron
2523:Jezreel
2393:Adullam
1576:Haaretz
1515:"Staff"
1029:Timorim
1019:kibbutz
999:Sursock
957:malaria
847:Aramaic
744:Samhuna
681:Cypriot
676:Babylon
668:pharaoh
588:the Met
565:On the
420:(IAA).
378:Persian
312:Nahalal
265:Shimron
257:in the
193:Periods
188:History
2894:Eshkol
2503:Hermon
2206:606301
2204:
1656:
1648:
1363:
1215:
1197:Textus
1130:606301
1128:
1120:
1061:Africa
1022:Hanita
900:Mamluk
875:miqveh
866:ashlar
862:Leggio
716:Joshua
664:vassal
660:Canaan
630:and a
608:sphinx
388:, but
384:, and
297:Arabic
295:. The
269:Israel
247:Hebrew
228:Ruined
125:Region
119:Israel
2716:Gador
2604:Safed
2493:Gamla
2485:Golan
2413:Lifta
2202:JSTOR
2057:(PDF)
2040:(PDF)
1933:(PDF)
1926:(PDF)
1654:S2CID
1497:(PDF)
1126:JSTOR
981:(SWP)
892:dunam
839:Greek
818:66 CE
712:Hazor
644:Syria
636:Egypt
584:image
2955:and
2789:Udim
2447:Acre
2290:1–27
2260:link
1646:ISSN
1414:help
1361:ISSN
1349:1982
1213:ISSN
1118:ISSN
1043:and
845:and
774:and
693:silo
628:hare
622:, a
616:stag
612:lion
610:and
540:. A
493:PPNB
463:and
392:and
376:II,
331:here
253:and
180:Area
172:Type
2337:IAA
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2246:133
2179:doi
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