Sign language - Knowledge

840:). Later researchers, thus, acknowledged that natural languages do not need to consist of an arbitrary relationship between form and meaning. The visual nature of sign language simply allows for a greater degree of iconicity compared to spoken languages as most real-world objects can be described by a prototypical shape (e.g., a table usually has a flat surface), but most real-world objects do not make prototypical sounds that can be mimicked by spoken languages (e.g., tables do not make prototypical sounds). It has to be noted, however, that sign languages are not fully iconic. On the one hand, there are also many arbitrary signs in sign languages and, on the other hand, the grammar of a sign language puts limits to the degree of iconicity: All known sign languages, for example, express lexical concepts via manual signs. From a truly iconic language one would expect that a concept like smiling would be expressed by mimicking a smile (i.e., by performing a smiling face). All known sign languages, however, do not express the concept of smiling by a smiling face, but by a manual sign. 816:. The first studies on iconicity in ASL were published in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many early sign language linguists rejected the notion that iconicity was an important aspect of sign languages, considering most perceived iconicity to be extralinguistic. However, mimetic aspects of sign language (signs that imitate, mimic, or represent) are found in abundance across a wide variety of sign languages. For example, when deaf children learning sign language try to express something but do not know the associated sign, they will often invent an iconic sign that displays mimetic properties. Though it never disappears from a particular sign language, iconicity is gradually weakened as forms of sign languages become more customary and are subsequently grammaticized. As a form becomes more conventional, it becomes disseminated in a methodical way phonologically to the rest of the sign language community. Nancy Frishberg concluded that though originally present in many signs, iconicity is degraded over time through the application of natural grammatical processes. 2226: 573: 555:, two manual articulators, and the signer's face and body. Though there is still much discussion on the topic of iconicity in sign languages, classifiers are generally considered to be highly iconic, as these complex constructions "function as predicates that may express any or all of the following: motion, position, stative-descriptive, or handling information". It needs to be noted that the term classifier is not used by everyone working on these constructions. Across the field of sign language linguistics the same constructions are also referred with other terms such as depictive signs. 165: 3189:. The book is a work on cryptography, and fingerspelling was referred to as one method of "secret discoursing, by signes and gestures". Wilkins gave an example of such a system: "Let the tops of the fingers signifie the five vowels; the middle parts, the first five consonants; the bottomes of them, the five next consonants; the spaces betwixt the fingers the foure next. One finger laid on the side of the hand may signifie T. Two fingers V the consonant; Three W. The little finger crossed X. The wrist Y. The middle of the hand Z." (1641:116–117) 2126: 1895:

to be applicable to any sign language with minimal modification and to be usable through any medium without special equipment or software. Non-manual elements can be encoded to some extent, but the authors argue that the system does not need to represent all elements of a sign to be practical, the same way written oral language does not. The system has seen some updates which are kept publicly on a wiki page. The Center for Linguistic Normalization of Spanish Sign Language has made use of SEA to transcribe all signs on its dictionary.

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used in signed communication to borrow a word from a spoken language. This is most commonly used for proper names of people and places; it is also used in some languages for concepts for which no sign is available at that moment, particularly if the people involved are to some extent bilingual in the spoken language. Fingerspelling can sometimes be a source of new signs, such as initialized signs, in which the handshape represents the first letter of a spoken word with the same meaning.

1145: 39: 2277: 2345: 209: 27: 11298: 2299:(VRI), the two clients (a sign language user and a hearing person who wish to communicate with each other) are in one location, and the interpreter is in another. The interpreter communicates with the sign language user via a video telecommunications link, and with the hearing person by an audio link. VRI can be used for situations in which no on-site interpreters are available. 251: 2205:, the signer appears to stage left or right of the public official to allow both the speaker and signer to be in frame at the same time. Live sign interpretation of important televised events is increasingly common but still an informal industry In traditional analogue broadcasting, some programmes are repeated outside main viewing hours with a signer present. Some emerging 876:

into the head from books. The form is a grasping hand moving from an open palm to the forehead. The iconic correspondence is between form and concrete source. The metaphorical correspondence is between concrete source and abstract target meaning. Because the concrete source is connected to two correspondences linguistics refer to metaphorical signs as "double mapped".

1095:, which arise where generally uneducated deaf people congregate in urban centers for employment. At first, Deaf-community sign languages are not generally known by the hearing population, in many cases not even by close family members. However, they may grow, in some cases becoming a language of instruction and receiving official recognition, as in the case of ASL. 322:), a pamphlet by an anonymous author who was himself unable to speak. He suggested that the manual alphabet could also be used by mutes, for silence and secrecy, or purely for entertainment. Nine of its letters can be traced to earlier alphabets, and 17 letters of the modern two-handed alphabet can be found among the two sets of 26 handshapes depicted. 2169:(ASL) and spoken English in the U.S. and most of anglophone Canada (since BSL and ASL are distinct sign languages both used in English-speaking countries), etc. Sign language interpreters who can translate between signed and spoken languages that are not normally paired (such as between LSE and English), are also available, albeit less frequently. 611: 2177: 615: 614: 610: 2175: 434:. Duality of patterning means that languages are composed of smaller, meaningless units which can be combined into larger units with meaning (see below). The term recursion means that languages exhibit grammatical rules and the output of such a rule can be the input of the same rule. It is, for example, possible in sign languages to create 2180: 2179: 2174: 616: 640:(ASL) are quite different and mutually unintelligible, even though the hearing people of the United Kingdom and the United States share the same spoken language. The grammars of sign languages do not usually resemble those of spoken languages used in the same geographical area; in fact, in terms of syntax, ASL shares more with spoken 2181: 3696: 282:, in which he presented his own method of deaf education, including an "arthrological" alphabet, where letters are indicated by pointing to different joints of the fingers and palm of the left hand. Arthrological systems had been in use by hearing people for some time; some have speculated that they can be traced to early 651:, which has 11 official spoken languages and a similar number of other widely used spoken languages, is a good example of this. It has only one sign language with two variants due to its history of having two major educational institutions for the deaf which have served different geographic areas of the country. 40: 613: 696:). Spoken language is by and large linear; only one sound can be made or received at a time. Sign language, on the other hand, is visual and, hence, can use a simultaneous expression, although this is limited articulatorily and linguistically. Visual perception allows processing of simultaneous information. 2178: 41: 676: 660: 832:

and meaning. Thus, if ASL consisted of signs that had iconic form-meaning relationship, it could not be considered a real language. As a result, iconicity as a whole was largely neglected in research of sign languages for a long time. However, iconicity also plays a role in many spoken languages. Spoken

80:, meaning that both emerged through an abstract, protracted aging process and evolved over time without meticulous planning. This is supported by the fact that there is substantial overlap between the neural substrates of sign and spoken language processing, despite the obvious differences in modality. 2597:

Home sign arises due to the absence of any other way to communicate. Within the span of a single lifetime and without the support or feedback of a community, the child naturally invents signs to help meet his or her communication needs, and may even develop a few grammatical rules for combining short

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Some sign languages have obtained some form of legal recognition, while others have no status at all. Sarah Batterbury has argued that sign languages should be recognized and supported not merely as an accommodation for those with disabilities, but as the communication medium of language communities.

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On occasion, where the prevalence of deaf people is high enough, a deaf sign language has been taken up by an entire local community, forming what is sometimes called a "village sign language" or "shared signing community". Typically this happens in small, tightly integrated communities with a closed

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accepted a dissertation written in Brazilian Sign Language using Sutton SignWriting for a master's degree in linguistics. The dissertation "The Writing of Grammatical Non-Manual Expressions in Sentences in LIBRAS Using the SignWriting System" by João Paulo Ampessan states that "the data indicate the

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So far, there is no consensus regarding the written form of sign language. Except for SignWriting, none are widely used. Maria Galea writes that SignWriting "is becoming widespread, uncontainable and untraceable. In the same way that works written in and about a well developed writing system such as

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is a local indigenous language that typically arises over several generations in a relatively insular community with a high incidence of deafness, and is used both by the deaf and by a significant portion of the hearing community, who have deaf family and friends. The most famous of these is probably

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principles for two years, Balard revealed the design of the flag, featuring the stylized outline of a hand. The three colors which make up the flag design are representative of Deafhood and humanity (dark blue), sign language (turquoise), and enlightenment and hope (yellow). Balard intended the flag

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Children who are exposed to a sign language from birth will acquire it, just as hearing children acquire their native spoken language. In a study done at the University of McGill, they found that American Sign Language users who acquired the language natively (from birth) performed better when asked

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Brentari classifies sign languages as a whole group determined by the medium of communication (visual instead of auditory) as one group with the features monosyllabic and polymorphemic. That means, that one syllable (i.e. one word, one sign) can express several morphemes, e.g., subject and object of

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A central task for the pioneers of sign language linguistics was trying to prove that ASL was a real language and not merely a collection of gestures or "English on the hands." One of the prevailing beliefs at this time was that "real languages" must consist of an arbitrary relationship between form

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While the content of a signed sentence is produced manually, many grammatical functions are produced non-manually (i.e., with the face and the torso). Such functions include questions, negation, relative clauses and topicalization. ASL and BSL use similar non-manual marking for yes/no questions, for

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The possible simultaneity of sign languages in contrast to spoken languages is sometimes exaggerated. The use of two manual articulators is subject to motor constraints, resulting in a large extent of symmetry or signing with one articulator only. Further, sign languages, just like spoken languages,

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Wittmann's explanation for this is that models of acquisition and transmission for sign languages are not based on any typical parent-child relation model of direct transmission which is inducive to variation and change to a greater extent. He notes that sign creoles are much more common than vocal

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on-line. This system makes use of the letters of the Latin alphabet with a few diacritics to represent sign through the morphemic sequence S L C Q D F (bimanual sign, place, contact, handshape, direction and internal form). The resulting words are meant to be read by signing. The system is designed

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word) is learned, the non-manual aspects are attached to the word but do not have the flexibility associated with adult use. At a certain point, the non-manual features are dropped and the word is produced with no facial expression. After a few months, the non-manuals reappear, this time being used

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Sign languages tend to be incorporating classifier languages, where a classifier handshape representing the object is incorporated into those transitive verbs which allow such modification. For a similar group of intransitive verbs (especially motion verbs), it is the subject which is incorporated.

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mappings as well as iconic or metonymic ones. For these signs there are three-way correspondences between a form, a concrete source and an abstract target meaning. The ASL sign LEARN has this three-way correspondence. The abstract target meaning is "learning". The concrete source is putting objects

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was one of the first to suggest that the properties of ASL give it a clear advantage in terms of learning and memory. In his study, Brown found that when a group of six hearing children were taught signs that had high levels of iconic mapping they were significantly more likely to recall the signs

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says: "If we hadn't a voice or a tongue, and wanted to express things to one another, wouldn't we try to make signs by moving our hands, head, and the rest of our body, just as dumb people do at present?" Most of what is known about pre-19th-century sign languages is limited to the manual alphabets

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In his classification, the author distinguishes between primary and auxiliary sign languages as well as between single languages and names that are thought to refer to more than one language. The prototype-A class of languages includes all those sign languages that seemingly cannot be derived from

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Some adjectival and adverbial information is conveyed through non-manual elements, but what these elements are varies from language to language. For instance, in ASL a slightly open mouth with the tongue relaxed and visible in the corner of the mouth means "carelessly", but a similar non-manual in

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By 1720, the British manual alphabet had found more or less its present form. Descendants of this alphabet have been used by deaf communities, at least in education, in the former British colonies India, Australia, New Zealand, Uganda and South Africa, as well as the republics and provinces of the

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As a sign language develops, it sometimes borrows elements from spoken languages, just as all languages borrow from other languages that they are in contact with. Sign languages vary in how much they borrow from spoken languages. In many sign languages, a manual alphabet ("fingerspelling") may be

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Wittmann adds that this taxonomic criterion is not really applicable with any scientific rigor: Auxiliary sign languages, to the extent that they are full-fledged natural languages (and therefore included in his survey) at all, are mostly used by the deaf as well, and some primary sign languages

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that are designed for sign language communication may provide better quality than 'off-the-shelf' services and may use data compression methods specifically designed to maximize the intelligibility of sign languages. Some advanced equipment enables a person to remotely control the other person's

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When Deaf people constitute a relatively small proportion of the general population, Deaf communities often develop that are distinct from the surrounding hearing community. These Deaf communities are very widespread in the world, associated especially with sign languages used in urban areas and

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influences how the mind makes sense of their visual language experience. For example, a handshape may vary based on the other signs made before or after it, but these variations are arranged in perceptual categories during its development. The mind detects handshape contrasts but groups similar

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and creolization is common in the development of sign languages, making clear family classifications difficult– it is often unclear whether lexical similarity is due to borrowing or a common parent language, or whether there was one or several parent languages, such as several village languages

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between signed and spoken languages further perpetuated this misconception. Hearing teachers in deaf schools, such as Charles-Michel de l'Épée or Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, are often incorrectly referred to as "inventors" of sign language. Instead, sign languages, like all natural languages, are

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Wittmann's classification went into Ethnologue's database where it is still cited. The subsequent edition of Ethnologue in 1992 went up to 81 sign languages, ultimately adopting Wittmann's distinction between primary and alternate sign languages (going back ultimately to Stokoe 1974) and, more

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Some hearing parents teach signs to young hearing children. Since the muscles in babies' hands grow and develop quicker than their mouths, signs are seen as a beneficial option for better communication. Babies can usually produce signs before they can speak. This reduces the confusion between

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Increasingly, hearing schools and universities are expressing interest in incorporating sign language. In the U.S., enrollment for ASL (American Sign Language) classes as part of students' choice of second language is on the rise. In New Zealand, one year after the passing of NZSL Act 2006 in

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to copy videos of ASL sentences than ASL users who acquired the language later in life. They also found that there are differences in the grammatical morphology of ASL sentences between the two groups, all suggesting that there is a very important critical period in learning signed languages.

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perspective rejects a more traditional definition of iconicity as a relationship between linguistic form and a concrete, real-world referent. Rather it is a set of selected correspondences between the form and meaning of a sign. In this view, iconicity is grounded in a language user's mental

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There are a number of communication systems that are similar in some respects to sign languages, while not having all the characteristics of a full sign language, particularly its grammatical structure. Many of these are either precursors to natural sign languages or are derived from them.

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are largely regulated through head movement and eye gaze. Since the addressee in a signed conversation must be watching the signer, a signer can avoid letting the other person have a turn by not looking at them, or can indicate that the other person may have a turn by making eye contact.

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Informal, rudimentary sign systems are sometimes developed within a single family. For instance, when hearing parents with no sign language skills have a deaf child, the child may develop a system of signs naturally, unless repressed by the parents. The term for these mini-languages is

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When Deaf and Hearing people interact, signing systems may be developed that use signs drawn from a natural sign language but used according to the grammar of the spoken language. In particular, when people devise one-for-one sign-for-word correspondences between spoken words (or even

2557:) and signs that represent them, the system that results is a manual code for a spoken language, rather than a natural sign language. Such systems may be invented in an attempt to help teach Deaf children the spoken language, and generally are not used outside an educational context. 43: 1918:

handshapes together in one category. Different handshapes are stored in other categories. The mind ignores some of the similarities between different perceptual categories, at the same time preserving the visual information within each perceptual category of handshape variation.

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is more systematic and widespread in sign languages than in spoken ones, the difference is not categorical. The visual modality allows the human preference for close connections between form and meaning, present but suppressed in spoken languages, to be more fully expressed.

1056:. Home sign is amorphous and generally idiosyncratic to a particular family, where a deaf child does not have contact with other deaf children and is not educated in sign. Such systems are not generally passed on from one generation to the next. Where they are passed on, 328:

published a book in 1692 describing an alphabetic system where pointing to a body part represented the first letter of the part (e.g. Brow=B), and vowels were located on the fingertips as with the other British systems. He described such codes for both English and Latin.

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Only in a very few sign languages (for instance Japanese Sign Language) are agents ever incorporated. In this way, since subjects of intransitives are treated similarly to objects of transitives, incorporation in sign languages can be said to follow an ergative pattern.

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The earliest records of contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples of the Gulf Coast region in what is now Texas and northern Mexico note a fully formed sign language already in use by the time of the Europeans' arrival there. These records include the accounts of

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derive from Swedish SL, though with local admixture in the case of mutually unintelligible Finnish SL. Danish SL has French SL influence and Wittmann (1991) places them in that family, though he proposes that Swedish, Finnish, and Portuguese SL are instead related to

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According to an SIL report, the sign languages of Russia, Moldova and Ukraine share a high degree of lexical similarity and may be dialects of one language, or distinct related languages. The same report suggested a "cluster" of sign languages centered around

214: 2249:– two deaf users were able to freely communicate with each other between the fair and another city. However, video communication did not become widely available until sufficient bandwidth for the high volume of video data became available in the early 2000s. 5201: 1821:

notation system. Designed specifically for representing the use of the hands, it has no way of expressing facial expression or other non-manual features of sign languages. However, his was designed for research, particularly in a dictionary, not for general

2381:, which is almost extinct except for a few elderly signers. Even nationally recognised sign languages can be endangered; for example, New Zealand Sign Language is losing users. Methods are being developed to assess the language vitality of sign languages. 2598:

sequences of signs. Still, this kind of system is inadequate for the intellectual development of a child and it comes nowhere near meeting the standards linguists use to describe a complete language. No type of home sign is recognized as a full language.

513:, of spoken languages. Now they are sometimes called phonemes when describing sign languages too, since the function is the same, but more commonly discussed in terms of "features" or "parameters". More generally, both sign and spoken languages share the 5686: 6921:

Branson, J., D. Miller, & I G. Marsaja. (1996). "Everyone here speaks sign language, too: a deaf village in Bali, Indonesia." In: C. Lucas (ed.): Multicultural aspects of sociolinguistics in deaf communities. Washington, Gallaudet University Press,

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the Latin script, the time has arrived where SW is so widespread, that it is impossible in the same way to list all works that have been produced using this writing system and that have been written about this writing system." In 2015, the

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Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,

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Sermo mirabilis, or, The silent language whereby one may learn ... how to impart his mind to his friend, in any language ... being a wonderful art kept secret for several ages in Padua, and now published only to the wise and prudent

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E.g.: Irit Meir, Wendy Sandler, Carol Padden, and Mark Aronoff (2010): Emerging Sign Languages. In: Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, Vol. 2, pp.

1945:. This sign language was developed in the Black Deaf community as a variant during the American era of segregation and racism, where young Black Deaf students were forced to attend separate schools than their white Deaf peers. 247:('Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak') in Madrid. It is considered the first modern treatise of sign language phonetics, setting out a method of oral education for deaf people and a manual alphabet. 2225: 2141:

In order to facilitate communication between deaf and hearing people, sign language interpreters are often used. Such activities involve considerable effort on the part of the interpreter, since sign languages are distinct

1106:, which are developed by the hearing community and only used secondarily by the deaf. It is doubtful whether most of these are languages in their own right, rather than manual codes of spoken languages, though a few such as 3722: 612: 5890: 5804: 2176: 3076:; Sayers, Edna Edith . "Visual-Kinetic Communication in Europe Before 1600: A Survey of Sign Lexicons and Finger Alphabets Prior to the Rise of Deaf Education". Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2 (1997): 1–25; 5295: 2676:

One theory of the evolution of human language states that it developed first as a gestural system, which later shifted to speech. An important question for this gestural theory is what caused the shift to vocalization.

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published his manual alphabet in the 18th century, which has survived largely unchanged in France and North America until the present time. In 1755, Abbé de l'Épée founded the first school for deaf children in Paris;

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would be expected to occur, resulting in a full language. However, home sign may also be closer to full language in communities where the hearing population has a gestural mode of language; examples include various

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developed in the Middle Ages has come to regard them as gestural systems rather than true sign languages. Monastic sign languages were the basis for the first known manual alphabet used in deaf schools, developed by

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John Bulwer's "Chirologia: or the natural language of the hand.", published in 1644, London, mentions that alphabets are in use by deaf people, although Bulwer presents a different system which is focused on public

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Healy, Alice F. (1980). "Can Chimpanzees learn a phonemic language?" In: Sebeok, Thomas A. & Jean Umiker-Sebeok, eds, Speaking of apes: a critical anthology of two-way communication with man. New York: Plenum,

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Interpreters may be physically present with both parties to the conversation but, since the technological advancements in the early 2000s, provision of interpreters in remote locations has become available. In

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For the history of research on iconicity in sign languages see, for example: Vermeerbergen, Myriam (2006): Past and current trends in sign language research. In: Language & Communication, 26(2). 168-192.

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described "Master Babington", a deaf man proficient in the use of a manual alphabet, "contryved on the joynts of his fingers", whose wife could converse with him easily, even in the dark through the use of

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The cognitive linguistics perspective allows for some signs to be fully iconic or partially iconic given the number of correspondences between the possible parameters of form and meaning. In this way, the

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Bruce, Scott G. Silence and Sign Language in Medieval Monasticism: The Cluniac Tradition, C.900–1200. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

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any other language. Prototype-R languages are languages that are remotely modelled on a prototype-A language (in many cases thought to have been French Sign Language) by a process Kroeber (1940) called "

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At the lexical level, signs can be lexically specified for non-manual elements in addition to the manual articulation. For instance, facial expressions may accompany verbs of emotion, as in the sign for

1829:(HamNoSys), developed in the early 1990s, is a detailed phonetic system, not designed for any one sign language, and intended as a transcription system for researchers rather than as a practical script. 680: 664: 6182:

Taylor-DiLeva, Kim. Once Upon A Sign : Using American Sign Language To Engage, Entertain, And Teach All Children, p. 15. Libraries Unlimited, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 29 Feb. 2012.

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code . It only ever had one deaf user, and thus appears to have been a home sign system that was mistakenly-accepted into the ISO 639-3 standard. It has been proposed for deletion from the standard. (

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parents when trying to figure out what their child wants. When the child begins to speak, signing is usually abandoned, so the child does not progress to acquiring the grammar of the sign language.

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The only comprehensive classification along these lines going beyond a simple listing of languages dates back to 1991. The classification is based on the 69 sign languages from the 1988 edition of

765:, which requires that the tongue touch the lower lip and that the head rotate from side to side, in addition to the manual part of the sign. Without these features the sign would be interpreted as 2077:

parliament, a NZSL curriculum was released for schools to take NZSL as an optional subject. The curriculum and teaching materials were designed to target intermediate schools from Years 7 to 10, (

398:, they conclude that it is more complex than a typical pidgin and indeed is more like a full sign language. While the more commonly used term is International Sign, it is sometimes referred to as 212: 2306:(VRS), the sign language user, the interpreter, and the hearing person are in three separate locations, thus allowing the two clients to talk to each other on the phone through the interpreter. 647:

Similarly, countries which use a single spoken language throughout may have two or more sign languages, or an area that contains more than one spoken language might use only one sign language.

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Reilly, Judy (2005). "How Faces Come to Serve Grammar: The Development of Nonmanual Morphology in American Sign Language". In Brenda Schick; Marc Marschack; Patricia Elizabeth Spencer (eds.).

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In such communities deaf people are generally well-integrated in the general community and not socially disadvantaged, so much so that it is difficult to speak of a separate "Deaf" community.

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through non-manual elements. Postures or movements of the body, head, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, and mouth are used in various combinations to show several categories of information, including

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lists 150 sign languages, while the SIGN-HUB Atlas of Sign Language Structures lists over 200 and notes that there are more that have not been documented or discovered yet. As of 2021,

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Boudreault, Patrick; Mayberry, Rachel I. (2006). "Grammatical processing in American Sign Language: Age of first-language acquisition effects in relation to syntactic structure".

1853:, facial expression and dynamics of movement). The script is sometimes used for detailed research, language documentation, as well as publishing texts and works in sign languages. 868:

has parts of its form that are iconic ("movement away from the mouth" means "something coming from the mouth"), and parts that are arbitrary (the handshape, and the orientation).

5990: 91:. Linguists also distinguish natural sign languages from other systems that are precursors to them or obtained from them, such as constructed manual codes for spoken languages, 10592: 6825:

Steklis, H. D., & Harnad, S. (1976). From hand to mouth: Some critical stages in the evolution of language. In Origins and evolution of language and speech (pp. 445-455).

10649: 9200: 193:(fingerspelling systems) that were invented to facilitate the transfer of words from a spoken language to a sign language, rather than documentation of the language itself. 7538:

Sign language among North American Indians compared with that among other peoples and deaf-mutes. A first annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the

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This is in contrast to hearing children who grow up with Deaf parents, who generally acquire the full sign language natively, the same as Deaf children of Deaf parents.

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In Britain, manual alphabets were also in use for a number of purposes, such as secret communication, public speaking, or communication by or with deaf people. In 1648,

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The number of sign languages worldwide is not precisely known. Each country generally has its own native sign language; some have more than one. The 2021 edition of

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Indigenous Sign Language and Culture; the interpreting and access needs of Deaf people who are of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in Far North Queensland

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Newman, A. J.; Bavelier, D; Corina, D; Jezzard, P; Neville, HJ (2002). "A Critical Period for Right Hemisphere Recruitment in American Sign Language Processing".

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The language is considered to be endangered. 9,600 deaf people in Hawaii now use American Sign Language with a few local signs for place-names and cultural items.

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derived from ASL and the native sign languages of Bangkok and Chiang Mai, and may be considered part of the ASL family. Others possibly influenced by ASL include

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Moser, Henry M.; O'Neill, John J.; Oyer, Herbert J.; Wolfe, Susan M.; Abernathy, Edward A.; Schowe, Ben M. (1960). "Historical Aspects of Manual Communication".

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The acquisition of non-manual features follows an interesting pattern: When a word that always has a particular non-manual feature associated with it (such as a

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that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning, instead of spoken words. Sign languages are expressed through manual articulation in combination with

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Sign language is also used as a form of alternative or augmentative communication by people who can hear but have difficulties using their voices to speak.

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of prototype languages. Creolization is seen as enriching overt morphology in sign languages, as compared to reducing overt morphology in spoken languages.

7343:. Studies in linguistics, Occasional papers, No. 8, Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University at Buffalo. 2d ed., Silver Spring: Md: Linstok Press. 178:

Groups of deaf people have used sign languages throughout history. One of the earliest written records of a sign language is from the fifth century BC, in

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in a later memory task than another group of six children that were taught signs that had little or no iconic properties. In contrast to Brown, linguists

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Brentari, Diane (2002). "Modality differences in sign language phonology and morphophonemics". In P. Meier; Kearsy Cormier; David Quinto-Pozos (eds.).

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Today, linguists study sign languages as true languages, part of the field of linguistics. However, the category "sign languages" was not added to the

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See Wilkins (1641) above. Wilkins was aware that the systems he describes are old, and refers to Bede's account of Roman and Greek finger alphabets.

2011:

arose in a context of extensive speech taboos, such as during mourning and initiation rites. They are or were especially highly developed among the

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Enacting Stories, Seeing Worlds: Similarities and Differences in the Cross-Cultural Narrative Development of Linguistically Isolated Deaf Children

6855: 5065: 11568: 7065:, Senghas A., Coppola M (1999). "Creation through contact: Sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua." In: M. DeGraff (ed.), 5718: 4923:

in spoken languages, include papers such as Fischer (1974, 1978), Deuchar (1987) and Judy Kegl's pre-1991 work on creolization in sign languages.

3421: 1091:, which develop in the student bodies of deaf schools which do not use sign as a language of instruction, as well as community languages such as 1137:, a village sign language of Ghana, may be related to the "gestural trade jargon used in the markets throughout West Africa", in vocabulary and 8852: 6007: 1350:

A subset of this group includes languages that have been heavily influenced by American Sign Language (ASL), or are regional varieties of ASL.

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from Suliphone, a deaf artist. This was one of several activities at a school book party sponsored by Big Brother Mouse, a literacy project in

5609:"Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Summer 2016 and Fall 2016: Preliminary Report" 1505:

that were known at the time of the 1989 conference on sign languages in Montreal and 11 more languages the author added after the conference.

11558: 10742: 10697: 7719: 5760: 69:. Sign languages are full-fledged natural languages with their own grammar and lexicon. Sign languages are not universal and are usually not 1110:

are independent of any particular spoken language. Hearing people may also develop sign to communicate with users of other languages, as in

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In J. V. Van Cleve (ed.), "Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness", Vol 3 S-Z, Index. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.

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The interpretation flow is normally between a sign language and a spoken language that are customarily used in the same country, such as

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Bross, Fabian (2020). The clausal syntax of German Sign Language. A cartographic approach. Berlin: Language Science Press. Page 37-38.

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Susan Goldin-Meadow (Goldin-Meadow 2003, Van Deusen, Goldin-Meadow & Miller 2001) has done extensive work on home sign systems.

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creoles and that we can't know on how many successive creolizations prototype-A sign languages are based prior to their historicity.

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Bross, Fabian (2020). The clausal syntax of German Sign Language. A cartographic approach. Berlin: Language Science Press. Page 25.

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which uses a minimalist collection of symbols in the order of Handshape-Location-Movement. Many signs can be written the same way (

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Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Sandler, Wendy (2003). "Sign Language Phonology". In William Frawley (Ed.), The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.

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Wurtzburg, Susan, and Campbell, Lyle. "North American Indian Sign Language: Evidence for its Existence before European Contact,"

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Sign languages do not have a traditional or formal written form. Many deaf people do not see a need to write their own language.

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On the whole, though, sign languages are independent of spoken languages and follow their own paths of development. For example,

5490:

McCaskill, C. (2011). The hidden treasure of Black ASL: its history and structure. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.

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Henri Wittmann (1991). The classification is said to be typological satisfying Jakobson's condition of genetic interpretability.

2959: 773:, which are (parts of) spoken words accompanying lexical signs, can also be contrastive, as in the manually identical signs for 12523: 7582: 5742: 5316:

Ampessan, João Paulo. "The Writing of Grammatical Non-Manual Expressions in Sentences in LIBRAS Using the SignWriting System."

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has demonstrated that they exhibit the fundamental properties that exist in all languages. Such fundamental properties include

3008: 11966: 11711: 8105: 7402: 7172: 6994: 6693: 6668: 6643: 6585: 5476: 5091: 4367: 3765: 3597: 3051: 2825: 2792: 2318: 2039: 1087:, on the other hand, arise where deaf people come together to form their own communities. These include school sign, such as 699:

One way in which many sign languages take advantage of the spatial nature of the language is through the use of classifiers.

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developed by the people who use them, in this case, deaf people, who may have little or no knowledge of any spoken language.

376:, founded a school for the deaf in 1857 in Washington, D.C., which in 1864 became the National Deaf-Mute College. Now called 6076: 5956: 4381: 3603: 12315: 7640: 7558: 4895: 4732: 3627: 2008: 1901: 1103: 1062: 828:

and Richard Meier found that iconicity "appears to have virtually no impact on the acquisition of American Sign Language".

6543:

Miles, H.L. (1990) "The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan" in S.T. Parker and K.R. Gibson (eds.)

5865: 5376:"Human adults and human infants show a 'perceptual magnet effect' for the prototypes of speech categories, monkeys do not" 12330: 12320: 11608: 11015: 8219: 5919: 3159: 3120: 2742: 2090: 147: 2185:

Video about access to cultural institutions in Mexico, with Mexican sign language interpretation and captions in Spanish

11434: 11061: 10639: 8803: 6292: 5608: 5055:"The Critical Period for Language Acquisition and The Deaf Child's Language Comprehension: A Psycholinguistic Approach" 4744: 2815: 2772: 2492: 1958: 1078: 7298:

Sandler, Wendy & Lillo-Martin, Diane (2001). "Natural sign languages". In M. Aronoff & J. Rees-Miller (Eds.),

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have been developed which automatically translate short videos containing sign language directly to written language.

12214: 11010: 9488: 7575: 7477: 7330: 7322: 7307: 7287: 7201: 7143: 7128: 7029: 6998: 6948: 6560: 6127:

MacDougall, Jamie (February 2001). "Access to justice for deaf Inuit in Nunavut: The role of "Inuit sign language"".

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Cf. Supalla, Ted & Rebecca Webb (1995). "The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages." In:

1994: 576:

Sign language relief sculpture on a stone wall: "Life is beautiful, be happy and love each other", by Czech sculptor

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The Resilience of Language: What Gesture Creation in Deaf Children Can Tell Us About How All Children Learn Language

2607: 11704: 11507: 11117: 11086: 11005: 10654: 9457: 5172:. Alfaro, Juan José,, Cascales, Inmaculada. San Vicente del Raspeig : Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante. 4796: 3309: 3069: 2636:

as a complete system, rather than simply signs/words. Notable examples of animals who have learned signs include:

2520: 856:). It is defined as a fully grammatical and central aspect of a sign language rather than a peripheral phenomenon. 11673:

Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.

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SignWriting (SW) of Maltese Sign Language (LSM) and its development into an orthography: Linguistic considerations

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merging into a Deaf-community language. Contact occurs between sign languages, between sign and spoken languages (

231: 12538: 10808: 9857: 9118: 9092: 7959: 7417:, December 4, 2012, p. D1 and published online at NYTimes.com on December 3, 2012. Retrieved on December 7, 2012. 6601: 3883: 1967: 1494: 1490: 6192: 5585: 3459:(International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research) Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, pp. 333–352 692:

Sign languages exploit the unique features of the visual medium (sight), but may also exploit tactile features (

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Comparative Grammatical Change: The Intersection of Language Acquisition, Creole Genesis, and Diachronic Syntax

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Woll, Bencie; Ladd, Paddy (2003), "Deaf communities", in Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (eds.),

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depend on linear sequencing of signs to form sentences; the greater use of simultaneity is mostly seen in the

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that include speech. The signer usually appears in the bottom corner of the screen, with the programme being

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that was evidently not used by deaf people in the Plains nations, though it presumably influenced home sign.

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is similarity or analogy between the form of a sign (linguistic or otherwise) and its meaning, as opposed to

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Sign languages have capability and complexity equal to spoken languages; their study as part of the field of

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Harnad, S. R., Steklis, H. D., & Lancaster, J. E. (1976). Origins and evolution of language and speech.

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Sign languages vary in word-order typology. For example, Austrian Sign Language, Japanese Sign Language and

1287:(LSF), or are the result of language contact between local community sign languages and LSF. These include: 572: 11660:

both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to

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Baker, Charlotte (1977). Regulators and turn-taking in American Sign Language discourse, in Lynn Friedman,

2980: 2767: 2054:) before European contact. It was used by hearing people to communicate among tribes with different spoken 1849:, developed by Valerie Sutton in 1974, is a system for representing sign languages phonetically (including 1742: 1463: 1218: 1084: 1081:

of the U.S., but there are also numerous village languages scattered throughout Africa, Asia, and America.

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former Yugoslavia, Grand Cayman Island in the Caribbean, Indonesia, Norway, Germany and the United States.

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Tirosh, Yoav. "Deafness and Nonspeaking in Late Medieval Iceland (1200–1550)," Viator 51.1 (2020): 311-344

1470: 551:. More than spoken languages, sign languages can convey meaning by simultaneous means, e.g. by the use of 12406: 12231: 11809: 11782: 11176: 11130: 10813: 10803: 10393: 9725: 9446: 9434: 9377: 9235: 8898: 8680: 8607: 8376: 8134: 7996: 7774: 7428: 5768:. 32nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-18), Feb. 2–7, 2018, New Orleans, Louisiana, US. 5749:(then about to be released) Bell Laboratories, Pg.134–153 & 160–187, Volume 47, No. 5, May/June 1969; 5615: 4748: 3244: 2453: 2447: 2051: 1631: 1591: 1280: 1181: 1111: 1025: 960: 902: 478: 4588: 106:

people exist, sign languages have developed as useful means of communication and form the core of local

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Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S; Rumbaugh, D.M.; McDonald, K. (1985). "Language learning in two species of apes".

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Bickford; Albert, J.; Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F. (2014). "Rating the vitality of sign languages".

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Ulrike, Zeshan; Escobedo Delgado, Cesar Ernesto; Dikyuva, Hasan; Panda, Sibaji; de Vos, Connie (2013).

4800: 2671: 2373:. For example, a sign language used by a small community may be endangered and even abandoned as users 2302:

However, VRI cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. With

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This article is about primary sign languages of the deaf. For signed versions of spoken languages, see

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Wilcox, S (2004). "Conceptual spaces and embodied actions: Cognitive iconicity and signed languages".

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Trettenbrein, Patrick C.; Papitto, Giorgio; Friederici, Angela D.; Zaccarella, Emiliano (2021-02-15).

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Legal requirements covering sign language accessibility in media vary from country to country. In the

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Sign language. An international handbook (HSK – Handbooks of linguistics and communication science).

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video camera, in order to zoom in and out or to point the camera better to understand the signing.

1727: 1474: 1371: 1234: 1207: 1088: 1066: 837: 708: 577: 530: 490: 482: 365: 345: 159: 88: 8393: 7349:(1974). Classification and description of sign languages. Current Trends in Linguistics 12.345–71. 12518: 12423: 12299: 11727: 11618: 11439: 11343: 11272: 11241: 11231: 11186: 11181: 11091: 10973: 10939: 10892: 10866: 10850: 10722: 10717: 10373: 10331: 10281: 10201: 10193: 10040: 9948: 9922: 9792: 9776: 9654: 9577: 9516: 9352: 9165: 9149: 9138: 8860: 8625: 8620: 8474: 8454: 8278: 8188: 8173: 8064: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7692: 7539: 7455: 6925:

Deuchar, Margaret (1987). "Sign languages as creoles and Chomsky's notion of Universal Grammar."

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Meir, I (2010). "Iconicity and metaphor: Constraints on metaphorical extension of iconic forms".

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Stokoe, William C. "Approaching Monastic Sign Language". Sign Language Studies 58 (1988): 37–47

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Sign languages, like spoken languages, organize elementary, meaningless units into meaningful

202: 164: 12533: 12413: 12072: 11906: 11657: 11413: 11353: 11211: 11076: 11046: 10884: 10727: 10692: 10634: 10558: 10548: 10527: 10455: 10365: 10339: 10326: 10321: 10305: 10249: 10233: 10217: 10151: 10114: 10101: 10027: 10019: 9961: 9867: 9849: 9836: 9805: 9784: 9768: 9749: 9741: 9659: 9541: 9529: 9498: 9493: 9478: 9451: 9417: 9402: 9372: 9337: 9319: 9272: 9190: 9170: 9043: 8724: 8698: 8592: 8571: 8550: 8534: 8479: 8469: 8423: 8253: 8183: 8120: 8095: 8056: 8048: 8034: 8029: 7966: 7918: 7836: 7697: 7679: 7668: 7498: 7461: 6635: 5147: 5107:

Hopkins, Jason (2008). "Choosing how to write sign language: a sociolinguistic perspective".

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Brown, R (1978). "Why Are Signed Languages Easier to Learn than Spoken Languages? Part Two".

3426: 2803: 2632:. However, linguists generally point out that this does not constitute knowledge of a human 2515: 2405: 2162: 2158: 2104: 1891: 1657: 1478: 1444: 1430: 1419: 1363: 1328: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1292: 1226: 1222: 1212: 1203: 1199: 1161: 1073: 997: 921: 861: 844: 797: 726: 633: 466: 462: 427: 294: 7341:

Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf

6161: 5797:"Deluxe Launches First Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) Localization Service Outside Brazil" 3924: 3782: 3625:

Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf

12381: 11916: 11881: 11858: 11816: 11740: 11661: 11368: 11112: 10871: 10831: 10793: 10737: 10480: 10475: 10445: 10360: 10289: 10177: 10164: 10130: 10011: 9927: 9906: 9898: 9885: 9800: 9717: 9688: 9675: 9646: 9557: 9536: 9412: 9347: 9312: 9307: 9297: 9287: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9133: 9113: 8772: 8767: 8738: 8693: 8688: 8661: 8630: 8464: 8410: 8356: 8297: 8195: 7991: 7851: 7841: 7714: 7534: 6418: 5230: 4902:, Thai Hill-Country sign languages (possibly including languages in Vietnam and Laos), and 4840: 4836: 4824: 4804: 4780: 4772: 3842: 2897:"Functional neuroanatomy of language without speech: An ALE meta‐analysis of sign language" 2762: 2370: 2154: 2134: 2130: 1874: 1777: 1693: 1685: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1391: 1367: 1296: 1288: 1284: 1270: 1252: 1187: 1107: 1092: 941: 377: 341: 7084:

Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives.

6307:

Plooij, F.X. (1978) "Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?" in A. Lock (ed.)

5015: 4823:(Pakistani SL is said to be R, but Indian SL to be A, though they are the same language), 4763:(Pakistani SL is said to be R, but Indian SL to be A, though they are the same language), 4485: 2107:

addressed the requirements for blind and deaf viewers, but has since been replaced by the

8: 12325: 12062: 12013: 11961: 11593: 11453: 11041: 10931: 10823: 10798: 10732: 10553: 10519: 10498: 10450: 10257: 10209: 10185: 10169: 9987: 9966: 9844: 9709: 9701: 9683: 9508: 9483: 9473: 9362: 9357: 9342: 9277: 9260: 9205: 9195: 8816: 8656: 8529: 8418: 8161: 7928: 7923: 7873: 7657: 7395: 4848: 4776: 3799: 2797: 2787: 2649: 2641: 2423: 2303: 2289: 2238: 1750: 1746: 1717: 1697: 1650: 1455: 1440: 1383: 1344: 1312: 1304: 931: 813: 782: 758: 306: 184: 123: 11537: 7515: 7014: 7010: 6851:

Blondin-Massé, Alexandre; Harnad, Stevan; Picard, Olivier; and St-Louis, Bernard (2013)

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Another aspect of typology that has been studied in sign languages is their systems for

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Morford, J. P.; Grieve-Smith, A. B.; MacFarlane, J.; Staley, J.; Waters, G. S. (2008).

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Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2021), "Sign language",

2929: 2896: 2777: 2737: 2566: 2234: 2190: 2125: 2032: 1677: 1355: 836:

for example exhibits many words mimicking the sounds of their potential referents (see

465:. As in spoken languages, these meaningless units are represented as (combinations of) 435: 383: 96: 7530:, Multimodal Human Speech and Sign Language Processing for Human-Machine Communication 6941:

The signs of language revisited: An anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima

6709:

Hewes, Gordon W. (1973). "Primate communication and the gestural origin of language".

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allow a signer to spatially show a referent's type, size, shape, movement, or extent.

12528: 12194: 12144: 11951: 11886: 11792: 11777: 11487: 11148: 7544: 7398: 7346: 7336: 7326: 7318: 7303: 7283: 7254: 7250: 7197: 7168: 7139: 7124: 7090: 7025: 6990: 6986: 6944: 6910: 6800: 6730: 6689: 6664: 6639: 6628: 6581: 6556: 6505: 6501: 6444: 6383: 6379: 6288: 6066: 6001: 5946: 5544: 5472: 5446: 5397: 5183: 5173: 5151: 5130: 5087: 5024: 4990: 4969: 4426:

Wittmann, H. (1991). Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement.

4406: 4373: 4363: 4323: 4218: 4059: 3940: 3930: 3816: 3804: 3761: 3593: 3569: 3473: 3383: 3347: 3305: 3116: 3047: 2953: 2934: 2916: 2659: 2214: 1832: 1149: 853: 833: 825: 720: 386:, formerly known as Gestuno, is used mainly at international deaf events such as the 7555:, a project documenting sign language television shows for the deaf around the world 7266: 6574: 6395: 6352: 5803:. Deluxe Entertainment Services Group Inc. through Cision PR Newswire. 18 Sep 2017. 5739: 5432: 4012: 3530: 12351: 11804: 11686: 11497: 11328: 11309: 7472: 7246: 7106: 6900: 6892: 6812: 6792: 6718: 6548: 6497: 6436: 6375: 6338: 6330: 6321:

Nishida, T (1968). "The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains".

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There have been several notable examples of scientists teaching signs to non-human

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technologies allow the viewer to turn the signer on and off in a similar manner to

2198: 2143: 2016: 1121: 641: 621: 469:, although coarser descriptions are often also made in terms of five "parameters": 238: 77: 11492: 7111: 7094: 6517: 6366:

Premack, D (1985). "'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy".

4109:

Frishberg, N (1975). "Arbitrariness and Iconicity: Historical Change in America".

3880:. (1995). "About American Sign Language." Deaf Resource Library, Yale University. 3005: 517:

that linguists have found in all natural human languages, such as transitoriness,

12475: 12449: 12134: 12031: 12001: 11787: 11623: 11418: 11398: 11277: 7522: 7506: 7158: 7006: 6859: 6552: 6440: 6170: 6060: 5940: 5894: 5759:

Huang, Jie; Zhou, Wengang; Zhang, Qilin; Li, Houqiang; Li, Weiping (2018-01-30).

5746: 5650:"ITC Guidelines on Standards for Sign Language on Digital Terrestrial Television" 4965: 4783:. Wittmann also includes, bizarrely, Chinese characters and Egyptian hieroglyphs. 4707:

vaguely, some other traits from his analysis. The 2013 version (17th edition) of

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A deaf person using a remote VRS interpreter to communicate with a hearing person

2028: 2024: 1806: 693: 275: 268: 174:("Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak") (Madrid, 1620) 3624: 3270: 1768:. Typologically significant differences have been found between sign languages. 12356: 12052: 11532: 11517: 11408: 11393: 11163: 6409:

Gardner, R.A.; Gardner, B.T. (1969). "Teaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee".

5857: 5143: 4920: 3925:

Josep Quer i Carbonell; Carlo Cecchetto; Rannveig Sverrisd Ãttir, eds. (2017).

3877: 3561: 3108: 2702: 2655: 2374: 2261: 2100: 1810: 1705: 1359: 1057: 227: 7527: 6547:: Comparative Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 511–539. 6241:

The one possible exception to this is Rennellese Sign Language, which has the

5911: 5532: 5517:""Deaf discourse": The social construction of deafness in a Bedouin community" 5502:

Sign languages in village communities: Anthropological and linguistic insights

4004: 3944: 1802:

Several ways to represent sign languages in written form have been developed.

118:, those who have trouble with oral language due to a disability or condition ( 12507: 12396: 12289: 12284: 12263: 12254: 12219: 12149: 12124: 12109: 11956: 11763: 11502: 11403: 11388: 11383: 11020: 7313:

Stiles-Davis, Joan; Kritchevsky, Mark; & Bellugi, Ursula (Eds.). (1988).

7278: 7234: 7221: 7189: 6932: 6221: 6153: 6099:"Sign languages in UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Project" 5983:

12th International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research

5187: 4991:"Cardinal numerals in rural sign languages: Approaching cross-modal typology" 4377: 3808: 3586:

Baker, Anne; Bogaerde, Beppie van den; Pfau, Roland; Schermer, G. M. (2016).

3452: 2920: 2692: 2353: 2333: 2047: 1962: 1731: 1138: 552: 522: 380:, it is still the only liberal arts university for deaf people in the world. 361: 84: 7182:. Sponsored by ASLIA, the Australian Sign Language Interpreters Association. 5417:"Effects of language experience on the perception of American Sign Language" 4401:

Frishberg, Nancy (1987). "Ghanaian Sign Language." In: Cleve, J. Van (ed.),

2369:

As with any spoken language, sign languages are also vulnerable to becoming

1835:

has attempted to create a phonetic transcription system for signing that is

364:

was arguably its most famous graduate. Clerc went to the United States with

12294: 12279: 12246: 11891: 11378: 11323: 7387: 7273: 7185: 7022:

Everyone here spoke sign language: Hereditary deafness on Martha's Vineyard

6914: 6804: 6630:

Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language & Linguistics

5548: 5450: 5006: 4916: 4631: 4342: 4338: 3557: 3351: 2938: 2717: 2645: 2194: 2043: 1932: 1859:

is another orthography which is largely phonemic. However, a few signs are

1723: 1701: 1126: 1099: 730: 648: 446: 111: 107: 16:

Language that uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning

11696: 7258: 6896: 6509: 6448: 6387: 6163:

Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory.

5540: 5401: 5337: 5170:

Escritura alfabética de la Lengua de Signos Española : once lecciones

5122: 4315: 4269: 4092: 3489: 3343: 3289: 12470: 12428: 12258: 12006: 11976: 11841: 11512: 11282: 6936: 6217: 4027:

American Sign Language: A teacher's resource text on grammar and culture.

3411:. The Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center, Gallaudet University. 3387: 3382:

London, Printed for Tho. Salusbury... and sold by Randal Taylor... 1692.

2722: 2707: 2357: 1938:

throughout a nation, and the cultures they have developed are very rich.

1846: 1787: 890: 789:

example. They are shown through raised eyebrows and a forward head tilt.

518: 423: 387: 349: 337: 263: 7501:) may contain further external links, e.g. for learning those languages. 6978:, Psychology Press, a subsidiary of Taylor & Francis, New York, 2003 3638:. Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo. 3297: 3066: 2328:; for example, all movies shown in Brazilian movie theaters must have a 2058:, as well as by deaf people. There are especially users today among the 1144: 536:

Common linguistic features of many sign languages are the occurrence of

12391: 12361: 12139: 11946: 11628: 11267: 10610: 10419: 9828: 9302: 8243: 7237:(1985). "'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy". 6343: 6334: 5392: 5375: 4708: 4644:"SIL Electronic Survey Reports: The signed languages of Eastern Europe" 4193: 4076: 3744:

Language, cognition and the brain: Insights from sign language research

3016: 2894: 2621: 2560: 2257: 2253: 2242: 2206: 2059: 1976: 1870: 1502: 1486: 1459: 872: 541: 131: 76:

Linguists consider both spoken and signed communication to be types of

6065:. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 57–58. 5980:

McKee, Rachel; McKee, David (2016), "Assessing the vitality of NZSL",

4130: 3881: 2912: 2245:(trademarked as the Picturephone) was introduced to the public at the 2237:

to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when

585: 12401: 12189: 12129: 12057: 11926: 11863: 11836: 11821: 11153: 11122: 10978: 10414: 7072: 7062: 7047: 6954:

Fischer, Susan D. (1974). "Sign language and linguistic universals."

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Daniel Defoe (1720). "The Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell"

2810: 2629: 2591: 2584: 2554: 2210: 1942: 1878: 1873:

is a system designed primarily for education of deaf children by Dr.

1864: 1753:. Influence from the surrounding spoken languages is not improbable. 1735: 1049: 849: 809: 746: 738: 470: 461:

units. This type of organization in natural language is often called

450: 431: 92: 6634:(8th ed.). Columbus: The Ohio State University Press. pp. 5676:"Sign language interpreting on TV and media: sharing best practices" 5581: 5289: 4185: 2377:

to a sign language used by a larger community, as has happened with

2276: 1761:

a verb determine the direction of the verb's movement (inflection).

394:. While recent studies claim that International Sign is a kind of a 12226: 11992: 11901: 11831: 11767: 11758: 11333: 11292: 11143: 10897: 6722: 5774: 5762:

Video-based Sign Language Recognition without Temporal Segmentation

5414: 4122: 3755: 3366:

A Pictorial History of the evolution of the British Manual Alphabet

2727: 2063: 2055: 1860: 1850: 1818: 1422:, though it is unclear whether the latter derives from DGS or from 770: 458: 189: 115: 62: 7214:

Poizner, Howard; Klima, Edward S.; & Bellugi, Ursula. (1987).

6796: 6220:(1988) published a seminal study of the homesign system of a deaf 4988: 3152:. Ed. Abarca de Angulo, Madrid, ejemplar facsímil accesible en la 2344: 2197:

full size or slightly shrunk away from that corner. Typically for

497:. These meaningless units in sign languages were initially called 305:. The earliest known printed pictures of consonants of the modern 73:, although there are similarities among different sign languages. 12480: 11799: 10968: 6862:. In, Lefebvre, Claire; Cohen, Henri; and Comrie, Bernard (eds.) 5260:"Diccionario normativo de la lengua de signos española ... (SID)" 4816: 4560:"O que todos devíamos saber sobre língua gestual (em dez pontos)" 2697: 2625: 2613: 2532: 2067: 1840: 1130: 734: 506: 498: 438:

and a subordinate clause may contain another subordinate clause.

7567: 6158:

The ethics of documenting sign languages in village communities.

4676: 4144:

Klima, Edward; Bellugi, Ursula (1989). "The Signs of Language".

2986: 1941:

One example of sign language variation in the Deaf community is

596:, or that they were invented by hearing people. Similarities in 244:

Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos

171:

Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos

12454: 12199: 12154: 12119: 11996: 11911: 11873: 11597: 10682: 7954: 7942: 7562: 7535:

Sign Language among North American Indians, by Garrick Mallery.

7366:

Van Deusen-Phillips S.B., Goldin-Meadow S., Miller P.J., 2001.

6487: 5156:

A dictionary of American sign language on linguistic principles

3155:"Reduction de las letras y arte para enseñar a ablar los mudos" 2265: 2147: 1998: 1971: 1948: 1681: 1572: 1173: 1165: 1115: 1053: 1015: 742: 581: 548: 395: 298: 293:

of this alphabet have survived in the modern alphabets used in

7421: 6853:

Symbol Grounding and the Origin of Language: From Show to Tell

6604:. Department of Linguistics, The Ohio State University. 1994. 5912:"Did you know Hawai'i Sign Language is critically endangered?" 4915:

Wittmann's references on the subject, besides his own work on

4620:(2010). "Variation in East Asian Sign Language Structures" in 4162:

Brentari, Diane. "Introduction." Sign Languages, 2011, pp. 12.

4056:

On the other hand: New perspectives on American Sign Language.

7552: 7050:(1994). "The Nicaraguan Sign Language Project: An Overview". 6688:(8th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 352–356. 6461:

Gardner, R.A., Gardner, B.T., and Van Cantfort, T.E. (1989),

5740:

A collection of several articles on the AT&T Picturephone

5582:"Benefits of Sign Language and Other Forms of AAC for Autism" 4736: 3990: 3150:

Reduction de las letras y Arte para enseñar á ablar los Mudos

2617: 2020: 1989: 1836: 290: 283: 179: 26: 5340:"Seeing Signs: Language Experience and Handshape Perception" 5338:

Morford, Jill P.; Staley, Joshua; Burns, Brian (Fall 2010).

4143: 3927:

SignGram blueprint: A guide to sign language grammar writing

3409:"Laurent Clerc: Apostle to the Deaf People of the New World" 3030:

Sign Language Legislation in the European Union – Edition II

2665: 2260:

designed for use with sign language or with "off-the-shelf"

11297: 11287: 7439: 6782: 3665:. The University of Sydney: unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. 2325: 1980: 1856: 1169: 1153: 442: 143:

ranks it as the 151st most "spoken" language in the world.

103: 7359:

Valli, Clayton, Ceil Lucas, and Kristin Mulrooney. (2005)

5504:. Berlin and Nijmegen: De Gruyter Mouton and Ishara Press. 5084:

Advances in the Sign Language Development of Deaf Children

4352:. In Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (eds.). 3662:

Auslan: The Sign Language of the Australian Deaf community

2361:

to be an international symbol which welcomes deaf people.

1018:

family (British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language)

250: 7392:

Talking Hands: What Sign Language Reveals About the Mind

7375:

American Sign Language: Linguistic and applied dimensions

7207:

Pfau, Roland, Markus Steinbach & Bencie Woll (eds.),

6956:

Actes du Colloque franco-allemand de grammaire générative

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In Peter K. Austin, Oliver Bond & David Nathan (eds)

6020: 4037: 4035: 3585: 3329: 2264:

designed for use with broadband and an ordinary computer

1283:. There are a number of sign languages that emerged from 564:

until the 1988 volume, when it appeared with 39 entries.

12210:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

7352:

Twilhaar, Jan Nijen, and Beppie van den Bogaerde. 2016.

7153:. M.A. Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. 7069:, pp. 179–237. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 6962:

Fischer, Susan D. (1978). "Sign languages and creoles".

5674:

de Wit, Maya; Pérez, Sheyla M.; Peterson, Paal Richard.

5469:

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4336: 3913:

Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language.

3781:

Pirot, Khunaw Sulaiman; Ali, Wrya Izaddin (2021-09-29).

2280:

Video interpreter sign used at VRS/VRI service locations

592:

There is a common misconception that sign languages are

114:, it is also used by hearing individuals, such as those 7509:, directory for all online Sign Languages dictionaries 7121:

The Deaf experience: Classics in language and education

6684:

Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2007).

5086:. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press. pp. 262–290. 4428:

Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée

2364: 2332:

video track available to play alongside the film via a

7444: 7361:

Linguistics of American Sign Language: An Introduction

7302:(pp. 533–562). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. 7196:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 7123:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 7024:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 4032: 3756:

Janse, Mark; Borkent, Hans; Tol, Sijmen, eds. (1990).

3368:. British Deaf History Society Publications: Middlesex 3129: 2035:, and are based on their respective spoken languages. 567: 11554:

Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada

7363:, 4th Ed. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. 7151:

Warlpiri Sign Language and Auslan – A Comparison

6023:

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development

4958:

Modality and Structure in Signed and Spoken Languages

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Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

1841:

Sign Language International Phonetic Alphabet (SLIPA)

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Bickford, J. Albert, and Melanie McKay-Cody (2018).

4422: 4420: 4418: 2951: 2541: 1926: 1738:, polysynthetic, incorporating, and isolating ones. 1454:, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq (and possibly 1129:, a kind of pidgin), and between sign languages and 1045:

Sign languages may be classified by how they arise.

372:

in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1817. Gallaudet's son,

7279:

Seeing voices: A journey into the world of the deaf

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3513:Rubino, F., Hayhurst, A., and Guejlman, J. (1975). 2233:One of the first demonstrations of the ability for 654: 6879:Aronoff, Mark; Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy (2005). 6878: 6769:Wittmann, H. (1980). Intonation in Glottogenesis. 6683: 6627: 6573: 6193:"Baby sign language: A helpful communication tool" 5294:(Ph.D. dissertation). Malta: University of Malta. 5110:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 3589:The Linguistics of Sign Languages: An Introduction 2758:List of sign languages by number of native signers 2252:The Internet now allows deaf people to talk via a 1884:The Alphabetic Writing System for sign languages ( 561:Linguistic Bibliography/Bibliographie Linguistique 7409:Pushing Science's Limits in Sign Language Lexicon 5899:The Routledge handbook of language revitalization 5349:(2). Videography by Jo Santiago and Brian Burns. 4677:Simons, Gary F.; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2018). 4415: 4210:The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition 3960:"Scope-taking strategies in German Sign Language" 3636:Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8) 3515:Gestuno. International sign language of the deaf. 3223:Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor 2978: 2608:Great ape language § Primate use of sign language 1172:are usually considered to be a language known as 1065:and gestural systems across West Africa, such as 280:Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor 139:is the most-used sign language in the world, and 12505: 7440:Journal of American Sign Language and Literature 6625: 5758: 5607:Looney, Dennis; Lusin, Natalia (February 2018). 5493: 5462: 5460: 4906:(14 deaf schools with different sign languages). 4019: 3760:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 970–972. 3592:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 2. 2979:Hosemann, Jana; Steinbach, Markus, eds. (2021), 122:), and those with deaf family members including 11569:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters 6545:"Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes 5673: 5281: 4041:Sutton-Spence, Rachel, and Bencie Woll (1998). 3783:"The Common Misconceptions about Sign Language" 1726:) is based on word structure and distinguishes 410:(IG). International Sign is a term used by the 146:Some sign languages have obtained some form of 7315:Spatial cognition: Brain bases and development 6626:Stewart, Thomas W.; Vaillette, Nathan (2001). 6408: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 4589:"Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe" 4289:. Washington D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. 4281: 4279: 3528:International gesture: Principles and gestures 3268: 3137:International Journal of American Linguistics, 2533:Communication systems similar to sign language 11712: 11559:International Center on Deafness and the Arts 7583: 6283:Premack and Premack, David and Ann J (1984). 5864:. National Technical Institute for the Deaf. 5457: 5137: 3683:. New York : Cambridge University Press. 3474:"Interpreting into International Sign Pidgin" 3210:Philocopus, or the Deaf and Dumbe Mans Friend 1885: 1249:is largely intelligible with Portuguese Sign. 242: 169: 9617: 7633: 7282:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7077:Biolinguistics and the Evolution of Language 6864:New Perspectives on the Origins of Language. 6758:Neuromotor Mechanisms in Human Communication 5849: 5499: 5081: 4936: 4297: 4295: 4206: 4025:Baker, Charlotte, and Dennis Cokely (1980). 3900:Lexical Borrowing in American Sign Language. 3675: 3673: 3671: 3101: 2356:. After studying flags around the world and 2121:Language interpretation § Sign language 1949:Use of sign languages in hearing communities 1867:due to regional variation in sign languages. 1133:used by the broader community. For example, 895:The classification of Sign Language families 99:", and signs learned by non-human primates. 11726: 7422:Academic journals related to sign languages 6943:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 6476:Nim: A chimpanzee who learned Sign Language 6033: 5606: 5158:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet College Press 4944:A prosodic model of sign language phonology 4276: 4249: 3568:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 3471: 3028:Wheatley, Mark & Annika Pabsch (2012). 3006:What are the top 200 most spoken languages? 1905:need for usage in writing sign language". 310: 11719: 11705: 7590: 7576: 7451:Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 7136:When the mind hears: A history of the deaf 6827:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6745:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6287:(1st ed.). NY: W.W. Norton & Co. 6126: 6058: 6006:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5979: 5827:"Accessibility & The Audio Track File" 5508: 5042:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 3746:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2561:"Baby sign language" with hearing children 2165:(BSL) and spoken English in the U.K., and 1509:Wittmann classification of sign languages 1354:is sometimes considered a dialect of ASL. 1245:, although some reports also say that the 711:(internal structure of individual signs). 120:augmentative and alternative communication 83:Sign language should not be confused with 12237:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder 7165:Intermediate Conversational Sign Language 7110: 6904: 6881:"The Paradox of Sign Language Morphology" 6430: 6342: 5942:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 5773: 5732: 5440: 5391: 5014: 4679:"Bibliography of Ethnologue Data Sources" 4292: 4108: 4043:The linguistics of British Sign Language. 3975: 3798: 3758:Linguistic Bibliography for the Year 1988 3668: 3139:Vol. 61, No. 2 (Apr., 1995), pp. 153-167. 3113:A Disability History of the United States 3035: 2928: 2666:Gestural theory of human language origins 2324:Sign language has been incorporated into 12105:Basic interpersonal communicative skills 7317:. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. 6838:Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Q. Whishaw (2003). 6658: 5709: 5707: 5466: 4955: 4791: 4789: 4719: 4717: 4213:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 4207:Newport, Elissa; Meier, Richard (1985). 3780: 3553: 3551: 3271:"The Ancient Origins of Sign Handshapes" 2343: 2275: 2224: 2189:Sign language is sometimes provided for 2171: 2124: 1143: 1052:is not a full language, but closer to a 889: 674: 658: 607: 571: 249: 207: 163: 66: 37: 25: 12172: 11364:Manually coded language in South Africa 7516:List Serv for Sign Language Linguistics 7233: 7089: 6961: 6571: 6365: 6320: 6120: 5945:. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01. 5500:Zeshan, Ulrike; de Vos, Connie (2012). 5231:"Traductor de español a LSE – Apertium" 5106: 5037: 3332:Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 3187:Mercury, the Swift and Silent Messenger 3115:. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. 3107: 1418:; it also at least strongly influenced 1198:are largely mutually intelligible with 1114:; this was a contact signing system or 544:by means of changes of movement, and a 414:and other international organisations. 12506: 7218:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 7194:Deaf in America: Voices from a culture 7086:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6534:, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 6530:Patterson, F.G. and Linden E. (1981), 6490:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 6062:An Introduction to Linguistic Typology 5471:, Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, 5318:Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina 4593:African Sign Languages Resource Center 4534:African Sign Languages Resource Center 4513: 4490:African Sign Languages Resource Center 4405:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 4255: 4045:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3915:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3840: 3715:"American Sign Language: "parameters"" 3472:McKee, Rachel; Napier, Jemina (2002). 3467: 3465: 3041: 2748:List of international common standards 2150:, different from any spoken language. 2038:A sign language arose among tribes of 1791:the way adult signers would use them. 714: 12171: 12093: 11967:High-context and low-context cultures 11738: 11700: 9616: 7632: 7571: 7216:What the hands reveal about the brain 6840:Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 6708: 6481: 6463:Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees 5837:from the original on 14 November 2023 5807:from the original on 14 November 2023 5704: 5514: 5287: 4946:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press 4786: 4714: 4558:Pinto, Mariana Correia (2017-11-14). 4557: 4347:"Chapter 18: Emerging sign languages" 4171: 4104: 4102: 4074: 3957: 3548: 2866:from the original on 13 February 2018 2845: 2843: 2841: 2826:Machine translation of sign languages 2793:Sign language in infants and toddlers 624:video informing viewers of their new 12316:Computer processing of body language 12094: 7370:, Human Development, Vol. 44, No. 6. 7356:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 7354:Concise Lexicon for Sign Linguistics 7046: 7009:Sections for primary sign languages 6537: 6524: 6468: 6455: 6402: 6359: 6314: 6301: 6276: 6228:highlands, with special emphasis on 5855: 5373: 5052: 4896:Australian Aboriginal sign languages 4733:Australian Aboriginal sign languages 4685:(21st ed.). SIL International. 4301: 3044:Open your eyes: Deaf studies talking 2958:(24th ed.), SIL International, 2672:Origin of language § Gestural theory 2365:Language endangerment and extinction 2352:The Sign Union flag was designed by 2084: 2009:Australian Aboriginal sign languages 1954:gene pool. Famous examples include: 1902:Federal University of Santa Catarina 1815:Dictionary of American Sign Language 1462:, or may be one dialect of a larger 1104:Aboriginal Australian sign languages 1063:Australian Aboriginal sign languages 793:BSL means "boring" or "unpleasant". 725:Sign languages convey much of their 352:, by using their own sign language. 12331:List of facial expression databases 12321:Emotion recognition in conversation 11675: 11666: 11644: 8401:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL) 5202:"Biblioteca de signos – Materiales" 4898:(at least 14 different languages), 4581: 4029:Silver Spring, MD: T.J. Publishers. 3517:Carlisle: British Deaf Association. 3462: 3160:Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library 2743:Legal recognition of sign languages 2157:(LSF) and spoken French in France, 2091:Legal recognition of sign languages 1722:Linguistic typology (going back to 1247:São Tomé and Príncipe Sign Language 1148:Young students learn some words of 568:Relationships with spoken languages 13: 9714:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti 9328:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain) 7381: 6983:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 6760:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5868:from the original on 17 April 2022 5692:from the original on 24 April 2023 5040:Language, Cognition, and the Brain 4683:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 4522: 4287:Metaphor in American Sign Language 4099: 3859:from the original on 12 April 2014 3712: 3414: 2955:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 2838: 2816:Sociolinguistics of sign languages 2773:Modern Sign Language communication 2339: 2317:, some recent deep learning based 2161:(LSE) to spoken Spanish in Spain, 1908: 1221:includes the following languages: 594:spoken language expressed in signs 221:Alphabets - Ghanaian Sign Language 14: 12550: 12215:Childhood disintegrative disorder 7597: 7483: 7478:John Benjamins Publishing Company 6248:"Change Request Number: 2016-002" 5588:from the original on 7 March 2022 5168:Herrero Blanco, Ángel L. (2003). 4885:) have acquired auxiliary usages. 3902:Silver Spring, MD: Linstok Press. 3046:. University of Minnesota Press. 2982:Atlas of Sign Language Structures 2542:Manual codes for spoken languages 2114: 1927:Deaf communities and Deaf culture 1141:including prosody and phonetics. 879: 48:Preservation of the Sign Language 11296: 11087:Sandy River Valley Sign Language 6958:, 2.187–204. Tübingen: Niemeyer. 6845: 6842:, 5th edition, Worth Publishers. 6832: 6819: 6776: 6763: 6750: 6737: 6702: 6677: 6652: 6619: 6594: 6565: 6235: 6210: 6185: 6176: 6147: 6103:University of Central Lancashire 6091: 6079:from the original on 26 May 2024 6014: 5973: 5933: 5904: 5880: 5819: 5789: 5785:from the original on 2018-03-29. 5752: 5738:Bell Laboratories RECORD (1969) 5667: 5642: 5629: 5625:from the original on 2021-08-16. 5600: 5574: 5484: 5298:from the original on 13 May 2018 5071:from the original on 2017-12-01. 4894:Wittmann includes in this class 4769:Thai Hill-Country sign languages 4711:is now up to 137 sign languages. 3993:Language and Cognitive Processes 3787:Journal of University of Raparin 3176:, online (Spanish) scan of book. 2521:Sandy River Valley Sign Language 2256:, either with a special-purpose 1794: 1426:, which is in the French family. 1325:Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) 783:Sign Language of the Netherlands 655:Spatial grammar and simultaneity 598:language processing in the brain 11677: 11668: 11646: 11614:U.S. Army hand and arm signals 10698:Far North Queensland Indigenous 9320:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign) 7473:Sign Language & Linguistics 7224:, & Ann J. Premack (1983). 7119:Lane, Harlan L. (Ed.). (1984). 6927:Essays in honor of Noam Chomsky 6872: 6608:from the original on 2008-02-07 6264:from the original on 2016-01-28 6109:from the original on 2021-08-23 5996:from the original on 2016-11-01 5959:from the original on 2023-01-14 5922:from the original on 2016-03-07 5656:from the original on 2007-04-23 5563:from the original on 2024-05-26 5433:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.016 5408: 5367: 5356:from the original on 2012-01-11 5331: 5310: 5252: 5241:from the original on 2019-07-03 5223: 5194: 5161: 5100: 5075: 5046: 5031: 4982: 4949: 4926: 4909: 4888: 4874: 4745:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 4700: 4689:from the original on 2008-07-25 4670: 4661: 4650:from the original on 2012-01-14 4636: 4610: 4599:from the original on 2024-05-13 4570:from the original on 2024-05-13 4551: 4540:from the original on 2024-05-13 4507: 4496:from the original on 2024-05-13 4478: 4466:from the original on 2008-09-21 4448:from the original on 2011-06-04 4433: 4395: 4384:from the original on 2023-01-14 4330: 4240: 4231: 4200: 4165: 4156: 4137: 4081:Sign Language & Linguistics 4068: 4048: 3984: 3951: 3918: 3905: 3892: 3871: 3834: 3823:from the original on 2022-12-04 3774: 3749: 3736: 3725:from the original on 2021-11-29 3706: 3686: 3650: 3641: 3617: 3606:from the original on 2023-01-14 3579: 3520: 3507: 3496:from the original on 2024-05-26 3478:Sign Language & Linguistics 3445: 3401: 3392: 3371: 3358: 3323: 3312:from the original on 2023-01-04 3262: 3251:from the original on 2010-06-02 3237: 3228: 3215: 3212:, London: Humphrey and Moseley. 3202: 3192: 3179: 3167:from the original on 2021-10-04 3142: 3060: 2962:from the original on 2019-04-02 2493:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 1968:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language 1959:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 1887:Sistema de escritura alfabética 1495:Providence Island Sign Language 1491:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language 1273:are thought to be members of a 1079:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 688:in ASL (American Sign Language) 671:in ASL (American Sign Language) 11739: 11435:Bilingual–bicultural education 10755:Western Torres Strait Islander 9829:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese) 7806:Western Torres Strait Islander 7377:. San Diego, CA: College-Hill. 7167:. Gallaudet University Press. 6580:. Cambridge University Press. 6197:Child & Family Development 5635:Sarah C. E. Batterbury. 2012. 5016:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-B2E1-B 3022: 2999: 2972: 2945: 2888: 2878: 2852: 2601: 2430:Jamaican Country Sign Language 2319:machine translation algorithms 1771: 1394:. This group may also include 1102:languages such as the various 417: 1: 12524:Language varieties and styles 10507:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq) 9655:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa) 9517:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa) 9266:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq) 8773:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu) 7533:Mallery, Garrick. 1879–1880. 7112:10.1525/aa.1940.42.1.02a00020 6981:Gordon, Raymond, ed. (2008). 6974:Goldin-Meadow, Susan (2003), 6659:Anderson, Stephen R. (2004). 5715:"Sign Language on Television" 4460:"South African Sign Language" 4439:See Gordon (2008), under nsr 3958:Bross, Fabian; Hole, Daniel. 3457:Language, gesture, and space. 3032:. European Union of the Deaf. 2832: 2616:in order to communicate with 2412:Finland-Swedish Sign Language 2220: 1921: 1447:(VGT) though this is unclear. 1437:, used in Hong Kong and Macau 1275:Japanese Sign Language family 1231:Finland-Swedish Sign Language 1085:Deaf-community sign languages 1007:Japanese Sign Language family 9093:Providence Island (Provisle) 8743:North West Frontier Province 7251:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90036-8 7041:The Sign Languages of Africa 6553:10.1017/CBO9780511665486.021 6502:10.1016/0149-7634(85)90012-0 6441:10.1126/science.165.3894.664 6380:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90036-8 5380:Perception and Psychophysics 5347:Deaf Studies Digital Journal 5266:(in Spanish). Archived from 4966:10.1017/CBO9780511486777.003 4761:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language 4337:Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy; 3800:10.26750/Vol(8).No(3).Paper6 3430:. 2014-02-06. Archived from 2768:Metacommunicative competence 2594:(sometimes "kitchen sign"). 2578: 2309:With recent developments in 1743:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language 1464:Eastern Arabic Sign Language 1219:Swedish Sign Language Family 1048:In non-signing communities, 989:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language 952:Swedish Sign Language family 804: 796:Discourse functions such as 412:World Federation of the Deaf 392:World Federation of the Deaf 370:American School for the Deaf 137:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language 30:Two men and a woman signing 7: 12232:Nonverbal learning disorder 11810:Speech-independent gestures 11783:Facial Action Coding System 10693:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke) 7429:American Annals of the Deaf 7163:Madsen, Willard J. (1982), 6686:An introduction to language 6661:Doctor Doolittle's Delusion 6059:Velupillai, Viveka (2012). 5616:Modern Language Association 4839:(with possible admixture), 4749:Plains Indian Sign Language 3364:Hay, A. and Lee, R. (2004) 2680: 2454:Plains Indian Sign Language 2448:Old Chiangmai Sign Language 2201:such as those given by the 2052:Plains Indian Sign Language 1711: 1281:French Sign Language family 1182:South African Sign Language 1112:Plains Indian Sign Language 1026:South African Sign Language 972:& some Thai and Lao SLs 961:German Sign Language family 903:French Sign Language family 644:than it does with English. 10: 12555: 11972:Interpersonal relationship 11773:Body-to-body communication 11564:Mimics and Gesture Theatre 10773:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo) 10703:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme) 9489:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL) 9343:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu) 8763:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa) 8157:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel) 7467:Gallaudet University Press 7434:Gallaudet University Press 7211:Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 7138:. New York: Random House. 6929:, 81–91. New York: Falmer. 6309:Action, Gesture and Symbol 4801:Kod Tangan Bahasa Malaysia 4753:Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language 4058:New York: Academic Press. 3911:Liddell, Scott K. (2003). 3377:Charles de La Fin (1692). 3247:. Bris.ac.uk. 2000-11-07. 3148:Pablo Bonet, J. de (1620) 2985:, Sign-hub, archived from 2669: 2605: 2582: 2564: 2545: 2283: 2247:1964 New York World's Fair 2118: 2088: 1995:Yucatec Maya Sign Language 1930: 1913:For a native signer, sign 1775: 1715: 1243:Cape Verdian Sign Language 1028:(within the BANZSL family) 883: 718: 588:, by a school for the deaf 501:, from the Greek word for 157: 153: 116:unable to physically speak 18: 12463: 12437: 12377: 12370: 12344: 12308: 12272: 12245: 12182: 12178: 12167: 12100: 12089: 12045: 12022: 11985: 11937: 11872: 11751: 11747: 11734: 11642: 11577: 11546: 11475: 11452: 11427: 11342: 11319: 11308: 11260: 11162: 11100: 11029: 10991: 10956: 10840: 10809:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL) 10672: 10382: 10067: 9758: 9623: 9609: 9550: 9248:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo) 9106: 9081: 9058:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam) 9042: 9025: 8906: 8897: 8879: 8851: 8815: 8781: 8753: 8707: 8679: 8642: 8606: 8585: 8564: 8543: 8522: 8488: 8465:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL) 8447: 8438: 8408: 8391: 8374: 8335: 8311: 8229: 8218: 8142: 8133: 8104: 8091: 8082: 8047: 8005: 7960:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL) 7950: 7941: 7911: 7882: 7869: 7860: 7827: 7818: 7793: 7765: 7639: 7623: 7615:List by number of signers 7605: 7149:Madell, Samantha (1998). 7015:Browse by Language Family 7011:Browse by Language Family 7005:January 13, 2013, at the 6311:New York: Academic Press. 5533:10.1080/01459740802222807 4904:Sri Lankan sign languages 4853:Sri Lankan sign languages 4803:(manually signed Malay), 4358:. Vol. 2. New York: 4005:10.1080/01690960500139363 3898:Battison, Robbin (1978). 3623:Stokoe, William C. 1960. 3455:& Judy Reilly (eds). 3422:"How Sign Language Works" 2511:Pitta Pitta sign language 2505:Old Kentish Sign Language 2483:Angami Naga Sign Language 2460:Providencia Sign Language 2442:Old Bangkok Sign Language 2386:Endangered sign languages 2297:video remote interpreting 2286:Video remote interpreting 980:Arab sign-language family 970:Vietnamese sign languages 404:International Sign Pidgin 348:'s mute younger brother, 303:New Zealand Sign Language 50:, George W. Veditz (1913) 12387:Behavioral communication 11374:Paget Gorman Sign System 10828:Samoa and American Samoa 9618:Sign languages by region 9403:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem) 9129:Albarradas Sign Language 9119:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL) 8952:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk 8804:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL) 8768:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo) 8020:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL) 7634:Sign languages by family 7134:Lane, Harlan L. (1984). 7039:Kamei, Nobutaka (2004). 5989:, Melbourne, Australia, 5206:www.cervantesvirtual.com 4781:Nohya Maya Sign Language 4767:, and maybe the various 4442:"Maritime Sign Language" 3843:"What is Sign Language?" 3526:Bar-Tzur, David (2002). 3042:Bauman, Dirksen (2008). 2860:"What is Sign Language?" 2733:Intercultural competence 2526:Warluwarra sign language 2499:Old French Sign Language 2466:Rennellese Sign Language 1475:Nicaraguan Sign Language 1429:The southern dialect of 1372:Philippine Sign Language 1235:Portuguese Sign Language 1208:Portuguese Sign Language 1184:are also related to BSL. 1089:Nicaraguan Sign Language 1034: Isolated languages 838:Japanese sound symbolism 538:classifier constructions 366:Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet 357:Charles-Michel de l'Épée 346:Veerapandiya Kattabomman 160:History of sign language 102:Wherever communities of 11827:Interpersonal synchrony 11728:Nonverbal communication 11619:Monastic sign languages 11467:Television shows (list) 11440:Manually coded language 11273:Hamburg Notation System 9066:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst) 8312:Indonesian (Nusantaric) 8035:Finnish (Viittomakieli) 7972:Northern Ireland (NISL) 7540:Smithsonian Institution 7511:(in French and English) 7491:specific sign languages 7489:Note: the articles for 7456:Oxford University Press 7300:Handbook of linguistics 7099:American Anthropologist 7020:Groce, Nora E. (1988). 6756:Kimura, Doreen (1993). 5683:static1.squarespace.com 5038:Emmorey, Karen (2002). 4942:Brentari, Diane (1998) 4883:Adamorobe Sign Language 4741:Monastic sign languages 4725:Adamorobe Sign Language 4360:Oxford University Press 3269:Montgomery, G. (2002). 3225:. Oxford: Halton, 1680. 2713:Chinese number gestures 2548:Manually coded language 2394:Adamorobe Sign Language 2330:Brazilian Sign Language 2311:artificial intelligence 2109:Communications Act 2003 1986:Adamorobe Sign Language 1839:-friendly known as the 1827:Hamburg Notation System 1700:) were the products of 1435:Hong Kong Sign Language 1388:Hungarian Sign Language 1376:Malaysian Sign Language 1341:Hungarian Sign Language 1333:Ukrainian Sign Language 1267:Taiwanese Sign Language 1257:Pakistani Sign Language 1196:Icelandic Sign Language 1192:Norwegian Sign Language 1135:Adamorobe Sign Language 580:on Holečkova Street in 441:Sign languages are not 198:monastic sign languages 196:Debate around European 124:children of deaf adults 89:nonverbal communication 21:manually coded language 12539:Education for the deaf 12424:Monastic sign lexicons 12115:Emotional intelligence 11590:CHCI chimpanzee center 11359:Manually coded English 11057:Henniker Sign Language 10723:Warumungu (Warramunga) 10708:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka) 9702:Hausa (Magannar Hannu) 7610:List of sign languages 7507:Langue:Signes du Monde 7082:Kendon, Adam. (1988). 6771:The Melody of Language 6602:"Animal Communication" 6572:Wallman, Joel (1992). 6474:Terrace, H.S. (1979). 5717:. RNID. Archived from 5515:Kisch, Shifra (2008). 5007:10.1515/lity-2013-0019 4900:Monastic sign language 4765:Japanese Sign Language 4729:Armenian Sign Language 4514:Jepsen, Julie (2015). 3681:Language from the body 3543:International gesture. 3407:Canlas, Loida (2006). 3185:Wilkins, John (1641). 2862:. Linguistic society. 2753:List of sign languages 2488:Henniker Sign Language 2475:Extinct sign languages 2436:Maritime Sign Language 2400:Ban Khor Sign Language 2349: 2281: 2230: 2203:Mayor of New York City 2186: 2167:American Sign Language 2138: 1886: 1483:Armenian Sign Language 1424:Austrian Sign Language 1352:Bolivian Sign Language 1337:Austrian Sign Language 1301:American Sign Language 1263:Japanese Sign Language 1239:Eritrean Sign Language 1178:Maritime Sign Language 1157: 1156:where Suliphone works. 1042: 912:American Sign Language 886:List of sign languages 819:In 1978, psychologist 694:tactile sign languages 689: 672: 638:American Sign Language 629: 589: 374:Edward Miner Gallaudet 311: 309:appeared in 1698 with 259: 243: 222: 175: 170: 51: 35: 32:American Sign Language 12414:Impression management 11414:Signing Exact English 11354:Indian Signing System 11077:Plateau Sign Language 10451:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq) 10028:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda) 9558:Amami Shuwa languages 9231:Guatemalan (Lensegua) 9171:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda) 9150:Caucasian (Harsneren) 9098:Old Cayman (Guyanese) 8626:Norwegian (Tegnspråk) 8598:French Belgian (LSFB) 8030:Swedish (Teckenspråk) 7462:Sign Language Studies 7373:Wilbur, R.B. (1987). 7178:O'Reilly, S. (2005). 7157:June 8, 2011, at the 7013:and alternative ones 6897:10.1353/lan.2005.0043 6532:The education of Koko 6465:, Albany: SUNY Press. 6257:. SIL International. 6173:London: SOAS. p. 271. 5288:Galea, Maria (2014). 5148:Dorothy C. Casterline 5123:10.1515/ijsl.2008.036 4757:Chinese Sign Language 4316:10.1353/lan.2010.0044 4270:10.1515/cogl.2004.005 4258:Cognitive Linguistics 4146:Sign Language Studies 4093:10.1075/sll.22003.bro 3929:. De Gruyter Mouton. 3841:Perlmutter, David M. 3692:Fabian Bross (2016). 3566:The signs of language 3490:10.1075/sll.5.1.04mck 3427:Stuff You Should Know 3344:10.1044/jshd.2502.145 3290:10.1353/sls.2002.0010 3278:Sign Language Studies 2804:Sign Language Studies 2516:Plateau Sign Language 2418:Hawai'i Sign Language 2406:Benkala Sign Language 2379:Hawai'i Sign Language 2347: 2279: 2228: 2191:television programmes 2184: 2163:British Sign Language 2159:Spanish Sign Language 2128: 2105:Broadcasting Act 1996 1892:Spanish Sign Language 1479:Turkish Sign Language 1445:Flemish Sign Language 1443:may be the source of 1431:Chinese Sign Language 1420:Israeli Sign Language 1364:Ugandan Sign Language 1339:(along with its twin 1329:Catalan Sign Language 1321:Mexican Sign Language 1317:Spanish Sign Language 1309:Russian Sign Language 1293:Italian Sign Language 1227:Finnish Sign Language 1223:Swedish Sign Language 1213:British Sign Language 1204:Finnish Sign Language 1200:Swedish Sign Language 1147: 1074:village sign language 998:Chinese Sign Language 922:Russian Sign Language 893: 862:Israeli Sign Language 845:cognitive linguistics 684:Another variation of 683: 667: 634:British Sign Language 619: 575: 531:cultural transmission 487:place of articulation 463:duality of patterning 428:duality of patterning 408:International Gesture 340:against the British, 295:British Sign Language 253: 220: 167: 71:mutually intelligible 46: 29: 12429:Verbal communication 12382:Animal communication 12300:Targeted advertising 11817:Haptic communication 11662:French Sign Language 11369:Manually Coded Malay 11177:British (two-handed) 11113:Bimodal bilingualism 10743:Far North Queensland 10051:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd) 9573:Sri Lankan languages 9504:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL) 9408:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd) 8919:Chaticks si Chaticks 8899:Plains Sign Language 8817:Mayan (Meemul Tziij) 8319:Indonesian (Bisindo) 7997:South African (SASL) 7720:Far North Queensland 7396:Simon & Schuster 7095:"Stimulus diffusion" 6711:Current Anthropology 5916:Endangered Languages 5856:Durr, Patti (2020). 5521:Medical Anthropology 4773:French Sign Language 4077:"What is iconicity?" 3742:Emmorey, K. (2002). 2763:Manual communication 2155:French Sign Language 2135:Przystanek Woodstock 2131:Polish Sign Language 1778:Language acquisition 1416:Polish Sign Language 1412:German Sign Language 1392:Slovak Sign Language 1368:Kenyan Sign Language 1297:Quebec Sign Language 1289:French Sign Language 1285:French Sign Language 1271:Korean Sign Language 1255:(ISL) is similar to 1253:Indian Sign Language 1190:and its descendants 1188:Danish Sign Language 1108:Yolngu Sign Language 1093:Bamako Sign Language 942:Danish Sign Language 505:, by analogy to the 390:and meetings of the 378:Gallaudet University 342:Veeran Sundaralingam 12438:Non-verbal language 12326:Gesture recognition 12173:Further information 12063:Emotion recognition 12014:Silent service code 9584:Tanzanian languages 9563:Ethiopian languages 9530:Nanabin (NanabinSL) 8621:Icelandic (Táknmál) 8336:Francophone African 8294:Puerto Rican (PRSL) 8152:Swiss-German (DSGS) 8083:Chilean-Paraguayan- 7528:The MUSSLAP Project 7230:. New York: Norton. 6785:Nature Neuroscience 6423:1969Sci...165..664G 6129:Canadian Psychology 5328:on 29 January 2021. 4995:Linguistic Typology 4855:, and perhaps BSL, 4777:Lyons Sign Language 4285:Wilcox, P. (2000). 2901:Human Brain Mapping 2798:Sign language media 2788:Sign language glove 2424:Inuit Sign Language 2348:The Sign Union flag 2304:video relay service 2290:Video relay service 2270:special videophones 2133:interpreter at the 1751:Subject-verb-object 1747:Subject-object-verb 1718:Linguistic typology 1680:". The families of 1510: 1458:) may be part of a 1441:Lyons Sign Language 1414:(DGS) gave rise to 1384:Czech Sign Language 1345:Czech Sign Language 1313:Dutch Sign Language 1305:Irish Sign Language 1098:Both contrast with 932:Czech Sign Language 759:Czech Sign Language 715:Non-manual elements 540:, a high degree of 436:subordinate clauses 307:two-handed alphabet 203:Pedro Ponce de León 12464:Art and literature 12419:Meta-communication 12407:Passive-aggressive 12336:Sentiment analysis 12037:Non-verbal leakage 11585:Baby sign language 11483:Jabbar Baghtcheban 10964:International Sign 10867:Brazilian (Libras) 10781:New Zealand (NZSL) 10728:Mudbura (Mudburra) 10656:Sandy River Valley 10635:Keresan (Keresign) 10226:Yugoslav (Kosovar) 9597:International Sign 9578:Sudanese languages 9201:Navajo/Diné Family 9015:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e 8853:Original Thai Sign 8631:Danish (Tegnsprog) 8174:Brazilian (Libras) 7987:New Zealand (NZSL) 7521:2004-10-13 at the 7414:The New York Times 7407:Quenqua, Douglas. 7347:Stokoe, William C. 7337:Stokoe, William C. 7227:The mind of an ape 7091:Kroeber, Alfred L. 6858:2022-01-21 at the 6335:10.1007/bf01730971 6285:The Mind of an Ape 6169:2015-09-24 at the 5893:2021-08-31 at the 5801:Cision PR Newswire 5745:2012-06-23 at the 5393:10.3758/bf03212211 5144:Stokoe, William C. 5053:Mayberry, Rachel. 4960:. pp. 35–36. 4797:Providencia Island 4616:Fischer, Susan D. 4486:"State of Eritrea" 4075:Bross, F. (2024). 3886:2013-05-19 at the 3699:2018-03-17 at the 3630:2013-12-02 at the 3536:2017-11-11 at the 3221:Dalgarno, George. 3208:Bulwer, J. (1648) 3095:2023-01-27 at the 3084:2023-01-27 at the 3072:2023-01-27 at the 3011:2023-09-23 at the 2778:Origin of language 2738:International Sign 2567:Baby sign language 2350: 2282: 2235:telecommunications 2231: 2187: 2139: 1678:stimulus diffusion 1508: 1450:Sign languages of 1356:Thai Sign Language 1343:and its offspring 1158: 1043: 690: 673: 630: 590: 384:International Sign 344:communicated with 286:manual alphabets. 260: 223: 176: 168:Juan Pablo Bonet, 67:non-manual markers 52: 36: 12501: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12195:Asperger syndrome 12163: 12162: 12145:Social competence 12085: 12084: 12081: 12080: 11887:Emotional prosody 11793:Subtle expression 11778:Facial expression 11694: 11693: 11687:extinct languages 11609:Legal recognition 11488:Jeanette Berglind 11448: 11447: 11149:Nonmanual feature 11062:Martha's Vineyard 10987: 10986: 10641:Martha's Vineyard 10136:Faroese (Teknmál) 9858:Al-Sayyid Bedouin 9668:Bouakako (LaSiBo) 9605: 9604: 9590:Zimsign languages 9568:Laotian languages 9452:Rwandan (AKR/AMR) 9211:Ecuadorian (LSEC) 9156:Azerbaijani (AİD) 9077: 9076: 8675: 8674: 8518: 8517: 8434: 8433: 8424:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG) 8129: 8128: 8057:Chinese (CSL/ZGS) 8043: 8042: 7937: 7936: 7907: 7906: 7814: 7813: 7669:Eltye eltyarrenke 7649: 7648:multiple families 7545:Project Gutenberg 7403:978-0-7432-4712-2 7173:978-0-913580-79-0 7079:. John Benjamins. 6995:978-1-55671-159-6 6987:SIL International 6695:978-1-4130-1773-1 6670:978-0-300-10339-7 6645:978-0-8142-5076-1 6587:978-0-521-40666-6 6417:(3894): 664–672. 5897:, pp. 255–264 in 5478:978-0-195-14997-5 5235:wiki.apertium.org 5152:Carl G. Croneberg 5093:978-0-19-803996-9 4881:(such as ASL and 4566:(in Portuguese). 4369:978-0-19-539003-2 3767:978-07-92-30936-9 3679:Taub, S. (2001). 3599:978-90-272-1230-6 3541:Moody, W. (1987). 3053:978-0-8166-4619-7 2913:10.1002/hbm.25254 2215:closed captioning 2199:press conferences 2182: 2144:natural languages 2085:Legal recognition 1833:David J. Peterson 1817:, is an abstract 1809:, devised by Dr. 1673: 1672: 1150:Lao sign language 854:cognitive grammar 848:representation (" 721:Nonmanual feature 681: 665: 617: 509:, from Greek for 493:, and non-manual 326:Charles de La Fin 218: 148:legal recognition 44: 12546: 12375: 12374: 12352:Ray Birdwhistell 12180: 12179: 12169: 12168: 12095:Broader concepts 12091: 12090: 12068:First impression 11749: 11748: 11736: 11735: 11721: 11714: 11707: 11698: 11697: 11681: 11672: 11650: 11538:Pierre Pélissier 11523:Thomas Gallaudet 11498:Thomas Braidwood 11329:Initialized sign 11317: 11316: 11300: 10785:Papua New Guinea 10688:Australian-Irish 10394:Plains Sign Talk 10274:Northern Ireland 10270:Northern Ireland 9793:Hong Kong (HKSL) 9614: 9613: 9393:Nicaraguan (ISN) 9308:Kenyan (KSL/LAK) 9124:Albanian (AlbSL) 8904: 8903: 8718:Bangalore-Madras 8699:Israeli (Shassi) 8667:Thai (TSL/MSTSL) 8577:Honduran (LESHO) 8445: 8444: 8303:Singapore (SgSL) 8239:Black ASL (BASL) 8227: 8226: 8167:Australian-Irish 8140: 8139: 8089: 8088: 8065:Hong Kong (HKSL) 8025:Portuguese (LGP) 8015:Eritrean (EriSL) 7948: 7947: 7867: 7866: 7825: 7824: 7763: 7762: 7647: 7630: 7629: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7569: 7568: 7512: 7274:Sacks, Oliver W. 7270: 7116: 7114: 7059: 6985:, 15th edition. 6971: 6939:(Eds.). (2000). 6918: 6908: 6867: 6849: 6843: 6836: 6830: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6780: 6774: 6767: 6761: 6754: 6748: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6633: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6579: 6569: 6563: 6541: 6535: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6485: 6479: 6478:New York: Knopf. 6472: 6466: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6434: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6346: 6318: 6312: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6263: 6252: 6239: 6233: 6226:Papua New Guinea 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6174: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6141:10.1037/h0086880 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6056: 6031: 6030: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6005: 5997: 5995: 5988: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5908: 5902: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5777: 5767: 5756: 5750: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5691: 5680: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5613: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5444: 5427:(41–53): 41–53. 5412: 5406: 5405: 5395: 5374:Kuhl, P (1991). 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5355: 5344: 5335: 5329: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5208:. Archived from 5198: 5192: 5191: 5165: 5159: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5059: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5018: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4953: 4947: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4913: 4907: 4892: 4886: 4878: 4872: 4793: 4784: 4721: 4712: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4640: 4634: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4482: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4413: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4351: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4299: 4290: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4072: 4066: 4052: 4046: 4039: 4030: 4023: 4017: 4016: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977:10.5334/gjgl.106 3955: 3949: 3948: 3922: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3890: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3858: 3847: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3802: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3753: 3747: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3710: 3704: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3666: 3657:Johnston, Trevor 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3583: 3577: 3558:Klima, Edward S. 3555: 3546: 3524: 3518: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3469: 3460: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3418: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3275: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3213: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3105: 3099: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3039: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2932: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2783:Origin of speech 2315:computer science 2183: 2040:American Indians 1889: 1766:cardinal numbers 1734:/concatenating, 1730:classes such as 1511: 1507: 1131:gestural systems 1122:Language contact 1039: 1033: 1023: 1013: 1004: 995: 986: 977: 967: 958: 949: 939: 929: 919: 909: 900: 871:Many signs have 682: 666: 622:Welsh Government 618: 314: 246: 239:Juan Pablo Bonet 219: 173: 78:natural language 59:signed languages 45: 12554: 12553: 12549: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12504: 12503: 12502: 12485: 12476:Mimoplastic art 12459: 12450:Tactile signing 12433: 12366: 12340: 12304: 12268: 12241: 12174: 12159: 12135:Social behavior 12096: 12077: 12041: 12032:Microexpression 12018: 12002:One-bit message 11981: 11933: 11868: 11788:Microexpression 11743: 11730: 11725: 11695: 11690: 11638: 11624:Tactile signing 11573: 11542: 11471: 11444: 11423: 11399:Signed Japanese 11345: 11338: 11311: 11304: 11278:Stokoe notation 11256: 11158: 11118:Phonology (ASL) 11096: 11031: 11025: 10983: 10952: 10851:Argentine (LSA) 10836: 10668: 10491:New Costa Rican 10486:Old Costa Rican 10386: 10384: 10378: 10262:North Macedonia 10063: 9754: 9689:Bamako (LaSiMa) 9619: 9601: 9551:Other groupings 9546: 9398:Old Costa Rican 9373:Burkina (Mossi) 9353:Mauritian (MSL) 9226:Ghardaia (AJSL) 9139:Argentine (LSA) 9102: 9084: 9073: 9038: 9021: 8893: 8875: 8847: 8811: 8777: 8749: 8710: 8703: 8671: 8638: 8608:Danish (Tegnic) 8602: 8581: 8560: 8539: 8514: 8489:Yugoslavic Sign 8484: 8455:Bulgarian (БЖЕ) 8440: 8430: 8419:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG) 8404: 8394:Hoailona ʻŌlelo 8387: 8370: 8357:Bamako (LaSiMa) 8338:(Françafrosign) 8337: 8331: 8307: 8279:Malaysian (BIM) 8221: 8214: 8189:Valencian (LSV) 8125: 8116:Paraguay (LSPY) 8107: 8100: 8084: 8078: 8039: 8001: 7933: 7903: 7878: 7862: 7856: 7820:Arab (Ishaaric) 7810: 7789: 7761: 7674:Iltyeme iltyeme 7645: 7642: 7635: 7625: 7619: 7601: 7596: 7523:Wayback Machine 7510: 7486: 7424: 7384: 7382:Further reading 7159:Wayback Machine 7007:Wayback Machine 6937:Lane, Harlan L. 6875: 6870: 6860:Wayback Machine 6850: 6846: 6837: 6833: 6824: 6820: 6781: 6777: 6768: 6764: 6755: 6751: 6742: 6738: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6624: 6620: 6611: 6609: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6570: 6566: 6542: 6538: 6529: 6525: 6486: 6482: 6473: 6469: 6460: 6456: 6432:10.1.1.384.4164 6407: 6403: 6364: 6360: 6319: 6315: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6236: 6224:woman from the 6215: 6211: 6202: 6200: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6171:Wayback Machine 6152: 6148: 6125: 6121: 6112: 6110: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6082: 6080: 6073: 6057: 6034: 6019: 6015: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5962: 5960: 5953: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5925: 5923: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5895:Wayback Machine 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5858:"Arnaud Balard" 5854: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5782: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5747:Wayback Machine 5737: 5733: 5724: 5722: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5659: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5637:Language Policy 5634: 5630: 5622: 5611: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5584:. 3 June 2020. 5580: 5579: 5575: 5566: 5564: 5513: 5509: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5465: 5458: 5413: 5409: 5372: 5368: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5286: 5282: 5273: 5271: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5244: 5242: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5215: 5213: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5180: 5166: 5162: 5142: 5138: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5036: 5032: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4954: 4950: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4914: 4910: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4875: 4871:sign languages. 4794: 4787: 4722: 4715: 4705: 4701: 4692: 4690: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4653: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4626:Sign Languages, 4615: 4611: 4602: 4600: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4573: 4571: 4556: 4552: 4543: 4541: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4512: 4508: 4499: 4497: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4458: 4451: 4449: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4400: 4396: 4387: 4385: 4370: 4349: 4335: 4331: 4300: 4293: 4284: 4277: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4205: 4201: 4186:10.2307/3823113 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4142: 4138: 4107: 4100: 4073: 4069: 4053: 4049: 4040: 4033: 4024: 4020: 3989: 3985: 3956: 3952: 3937: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3893: 3888:Wayback Machine 3878:Nakamura, Karen 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3826: 3824: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3754: 3750: 3741: 3737: 3728: 3726: 3721:. Bill Vicars. 3711: 3707: 3701:Wayback Machine 3691: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3632:Wayback Machine 3622: 3618: 3609: 3607: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3562:Bellugi, Ursula 3556: 3549: 3540: 3538:Wayback Machine 3525: 3521: 3512: 3508: 3499: 3497: 3470: 3463: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3435: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3216: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3122:978-080702204-7 3106: 3102: 3097:Wayback Machine 3086:Wayback Machine 3074:Wayback Machine 3065: 3061: 3054: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3023: 3013:Wayback Machine 3004: 3000: 2992: 2990: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2963: 2950: 2946: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2821:Tactile signing 2688:Animal language 2683: 2674: 2668: 2610: 2604: 2587: 2581: 2569: 2563: 2550: 2544: 2535: 2530: 2471: 2367: 2342: 2340:Sign Union flag 2292: 2284:Main articles: 2223: 2172: 2146:with their own 2123: 2117: 2093: 2087: 1951: 1935: 1929: 1924: 1911: 1909:Sign perception 1807:Stokoe notation 1797: 1780: 1774: 1720: 1714: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1406:sign languages. 1041: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1021: 1019: 1011: 1009: 1002: 1000: 993: 991: 984: 982: 975: 973: 965: 963: 956: 954: 947: 945: 937: 935: 927: 925: 917: 915: 907: 905: 898: 888: 882: 864:(ISL) sign for 807: 723: 717: 675: 659: 657: 620:A January 2021 608: 570: 515:characteristics 420: 276:George Dalgarno 269:tactile signing 254:Chirogram from 208: 162: 156: 112:hard of hearing 57:(also known as 38: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12552: 12542: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12519:Sign languages 12516: 12499: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12491: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12484: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12467: 12465: 12461: 12460: 12458: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12434: 12432: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12384: 12378: 12372: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12364: 12359: 12357:Charles Darwin 12354: 12348: 12346: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12312: 12310: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12276: 12274: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12266: 12261: 12251: 12249: 12243: 12242: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12223: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12186: 12184: 12176: 12175: 12165: 12164: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12101: 12098: 12097: 12087: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12079: 12078: 12076: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12053:Affect display 12049: 12047: 12043: 12042: 12040: 12039: 12034: 12028: 12026: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12016: 12011: 12010: 12009: 11999: 11989: 11987: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11943: 11941: 11939:Social context 11935: 11934: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11889: 11884: 11878: 11876: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11847:Pupil dilation 11844: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11807: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11775: 11770: 11761: 11755: 11753: 11745: 11744: 11732: 11731: 11724: 11723: 11716: 11709: 11701: 11692: 11691: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11587: 11581: 11579: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11550: 11548: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11540: 11535: 11533:William Stokoe 11530: 11525: 11520: 11518:Valerie Sutton 11515: 11510: 11508:Abbé de l'Épée 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11479: 11477: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11469: 11464: 11458: 11456: 11450: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11437: 11431: 11429: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11421: 11419:Signed Swedish 11416: 11411: 11409:Signed Spanish 11406: 11401: 11396: 11394:Signed Italian 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11350: 11348: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11302: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11264: 11262: 11258: 11257: 11255: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11237:Serbo-Croatian 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11168: 11166: 11164:Fingerspelling 11160: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11104: 11102: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11035: 11033: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10997: 10995: 10989: 10988: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10960: 10958: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10950: 10945: 10942: 10937: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10916: 10911: 10908: 10903: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10887: 10882: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10861: 10856: 10853: 10848: 10844: 10842: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10834: 10829: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10783: 10778: 10775: 10770: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10750:Western Desert 10747: 10746: 10745: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10676: 10674: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10666: 10659: 10652: 10647: 10644: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10624: 10621: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10601:American (ASL) 10598: 10595: 10593:Old Salvadoran 10590: 10585: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10569: 10564: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10538: 10533: 10530: 10525: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10509: 10504: 10501: 10496: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10470: 10463: 10460: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10441:Maritime (MSL) 10438: 10433: 10430: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10417: 10410:American (ASL) 10407: 10404: 10399: 10396: 10390: 10388: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10356:Central Taurus 10353: 10350: 10345: 10342: 10337: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10316: 10311: 10308: 10303: 10300: 10295: 10292: 10287: 10284: 10279: 10276: 10271: 10268: 10263: 10260: 10255: 10252: 10247: 10244: 10239: 10236: 10231: 10228: 10223: 10220: 10215: 10212: 10207: 10204: 10199: 10196: 10191: 10188: 10183: 10180: 10175: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10154: 10149: 10146: 10141: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10125: 10120: 10117: 10112: 10111:United Kingdom 10109: 10107:French Belgian 10104: 10099: 10096: 10091: 10088: 10083: 10080: 10075: 10071: 10069: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10030: 10025: 10022: 10017: 10014: 10009: 10006: 10001: 9998: 9993: 9990: 9985: 9982: 9977: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9951: 9946: 9943: 9938: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9917: 9912: 9909: 9907:Kazakh-Russian 9904: 9901: 9896: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9839: 9834: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9818: 9813: 9811:Indo-Pakistani 9808: 9803: 9798: 9795: 9790: 9787: 9782: 9779: 9774: 9771: 9766: 9762: 9760: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9747: 9744: 9739: 9736: 9731: 9728: 9723: 9720: 9715: 9712: 9707: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9678: 9673: 9670: 9665: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9649: 9644: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9620: 9611: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9554: 9552: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9524: 9519: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9437: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9423:Peruvian (LSP) 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9368:Miyakubo Shuwa 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9322: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9245: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9206:Dogon/Douentza 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9079: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9063: 9060: 9055: 9052: 9048: 9046: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9036: 9032: 9030: 9028:American (ASL) 9023: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8891: 8889:Namibian (NSL) 8885: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8857: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8834: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8795: 8787: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8713: 8709:Indo-Pakistani 8705: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8685: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8612: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8589: 8587: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8556:Tunisian (TSL) 8553: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8510:Yugoslav (YSL) 8507: 8504: 8501: 8498: 8496:Croatian (HZJ) 8492: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8451: 8449: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8415: 8413: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8396: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8379: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8367:Sierra Leonean 8365: 8362: 8359: 8354: 8351: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8339: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8292: 8290:Filipino (FSL) 8287: 8284: 8281: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8259: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8234:American (ASL) 8230: 8224: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8210:Romanian (LSR) 8207: 8206: 8205: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8147:Algerian (LSA) 8143: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8112: 8110: 8108:Uruguayan Sign 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8096:Chilean (LSCh) 8092: 8086: 8085:Uruguayan Sign 8080: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8070: 8053: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8011: 8009: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7982:Maritime (MSL) 7979: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7888: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7847:Qatari Unified 7844: 7839: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7797: 7795: 7794:Zendath Kesign 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7767:Western Desert 7760: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7746: 7744:Worora Kinship 7741: 7736: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7712: 7707: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7653: 7651: 7637: 7636: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7595: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7556: 7553:signlangtv.org 7550: 7531: 7525: 7513: 7485: 7484:External links 7482: 7481: 7480: 7469: 7458: 7447: 7436: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7405: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7344: 7339:(1960, 1978). 7334: 7311: 7296: 7291: 7271: 7235:Premack, David 7231: 7222:Premack, David 7219: 7212: 7205: 7190:Humphries, Tom 7183: 7176: 7161: 7147: 7132: 7117: 7087: 7080: 7070: 7060: 7044: 7037: 7033: 7018: 6979: 6972: 6959: 6952: 6933:Emmorey, Karen 6930: 6923: 6919: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6844: 6831: 6818: 6775: 6762: 6749: 6736: 6723:10.1086/201401 6701: 6694: 6676: 6669: 6651: 6644: 6618: 6593: 6586: 6576:Aping Language 6564: 6536: 6523: 6496:(4): 653–665. 6480: 6467: 6454: 6401: 6374:(3): 207–296. 6358: 6329:(3): 167–224. 6313: 6300: 6294:978-0393015812 6293: 6275: 6234: 6209: 6184: 6175: 6154:Zeshan, Ulrike 6146: 6119: 6090: 6071: 6032: 6013: 5972: 5951: 5932: 5903: 5879: 5848: 5818: 5788: 5751: 5731: 5703: 5666: 5641: 5628: 5599: 5573: 5541:11245/1.345005 5527:(3): 283–313. 5507: 5492: 5483: 5477: 5456: 5407: 5366: 5330: 5309: 5280: 5251: 5222: 5193: 5178: 5160: 5136: 5117:(192): 75–90. 5099: 5092: 5074: 5045: 5030: 4981: 4974: 4948: 4935: 4925: 4921:relexification 4908: 4887: 4873: 4851:, the various 4821:Indo-Pakistani 4785: 4713: 4699: 4669: 4660: 4646:. 2012-01-14. 4635: 4609: 4580: 4550: 4521: 4506: 4477: 4432: 4414: 4394: 4368: 4329: 4291: 4275: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4223: 4199: 4164: 4155: 4136: 4123:10.2307/412894 4117:(3): 696–719. 4098: 4067: 4047: 4031: 4018: 3999:(5): 608–635. 3983: 3950: 3935: 3917: 3904: 3891: 3870: 3833: 3793:(3): 110–132. 3773: 3766: 3748: 3735: 3719:ASL University 3713:Vicars, Bill. 3705: 3685: 3667: 3649: 3640: 3616: 3598: 3578: 3547: 3519: 3506: 3461: 3453:Emmorey, Karen 3444: 3413: 3400: 3391: 3370: 3357: 3338:(2): 145–151. 3322: 3284:(3): 322–334. 3261: 3236: 3227: 3214: 3201: 3191: 3178: 3141: 3128: 3121: 3100: 3059: 3052: 3034: 3021: 2998: 2971: 2944: 2907:(3): 699–712. 2887: 2877: 2851: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2703:Fingerspelling 2700: 2695: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2670:Main article: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2652: 2606:Main article: 2603: 2600: 2583:Main article: 2580: 2577: 2565:Main article: 2562: 2559: 2546:Main article: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2366: 2363: 2341: 2338: 2262:video services 2222: 2219: 2119:Main article: 2116: 2115:Interpretation 2113: 2101:United Kingdom 2089:Main article: 2086: 2083: 2002: 2001: 1992: 1983: 1974: 1965: 1950: 1947: 1931:Main article: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1910: 1907: 1897: 1896: 1882: 1868: 1854: 1844: 1830: 1823: 1811:William Stokoe 1796: 1793: 1773: 1770: 1713: 1710: 1706:relexification 1696:(and possibly 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1499: 1498: 1467: 1448: 1438: 1427: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1379: 1360:mixed language 1347:) and others. 1278: 1260: 1250: 1216: 1185: 1139:areal features 1036: 1030: 1020: 1010: 1001: 992: 983: 974: 964: 955: 946: 936: 926: 916: 906: 897: 881: 880:Classification 878: 826:Elissa Newport 806: 803: 719:Main article: 716: 713: 656: 653: 578:Zuzana Čížková 569: 566: 419: 416: 228:Cabeza de Vaca 158:Main article: 155: 152: 55:Sign languages 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12551: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12514:Sign language 12512: 12511: 12509: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12462: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12445:Sign language 12443: 12442: 12440: 12436: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12376: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12343: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12307: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12290:Freudian slip 12288: 12286: 12285:Lie detection 12283: 12281: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12271: 12265: 12264:Mirror neuron 12262: 12260: 12256: 12255:Limbic system 12253: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12244: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12221: 12220:Rett syndrome 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12192: 12191: 12188: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12170: 12166: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12150:Social skills 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12125:People skills 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12110:Communication 12108: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12099: 12092: 12088: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12046:Multi-faceted 12044: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12021: 12015: 12012: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11988: 11984: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11957:Display rules 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11936: 11928: 11927:Voice quality 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11871: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11765: 11764:Body language 11762: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11722: 11717: 11715: 11710: 11708: 11703: 11702: 11699: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11679: 11674: 11671: 11670: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11649: 11648: 11641: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11578:Miscellaneous 11576: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11547:Organisations 11545: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11503:Laurent Clerc 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11493:Pär Aron Borg 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11474: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11451: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11426: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11404:Signed Polish 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11389:Signed German 11387: 11385: 11384:Signed French 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11341: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11321: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11307: 11299: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11259: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11161: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11108:Grammar (ASL) 11106: 11105: 11103: 11099: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11028: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10990: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10957:International 10955: 10949: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10841:South America 10839: 10833: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10814:Rossel Island 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10804:Mount Avejaha 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10660: 10658: 10657: 10653: 10651: 10650:Navajo Family 10648: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10625: 10622: 10619: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10599: 10597:United States 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10458: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10431: 10428: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10381: 10375: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10066: 10060: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9726:South African 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9615: 9612: 9608: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9591: 9588: 9585: 9582: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9549: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9537:Yoruban (YSL) 9535: 9531: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9522:Bura (Burasl) 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9513:West African 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9499:Ugandan (USL) 9497: 9495: 9494:Turkish (TİD) 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9479:Spanish (LSE) 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9459: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9447:Rossel Island 9445: 9443: 9442: 9438: 9436: 9435:Qahveh Khaneh 9433: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9378:Mount Avejaha 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9338:Maltese (LSM) 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9261:Atgangmuurniq 9259: 9258: 9256: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9239: 9237: 9236:Guinea-Bissau 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9080: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9041: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9024: 9017: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8969: 8966: 8963: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8942: 8939: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8842:Cepeda Peraza 8841: 8838: 8835: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824:Highland Maya 8823: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8814: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8800: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8755:Japanese Sign 8752: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8593:Flemish (VGT) 8591: 8590: 8588: 8584: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8572:Mexican (LSM) 8570: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8551:Italian (LIS) 8549: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8487: 8481: 8480:Russian (РЖЯ) 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8470:Latvian (LSL) 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8437: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8407: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8390: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8373: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8334: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8217: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8184:Catalan (LSC) 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8121:Uruguay (LSU) 8119: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8081: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7967:British (BSL) 7965: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7785:Ngaatjatjarra 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7705: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7644: 7638: 7631: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7599:Sign language 7593: 7588: 7586: 7581: 7579: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7559:Sign language 7557: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7425: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7388:Fox, Margalit 7386: 7385: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7331:0-8058-0078-6 7328: 7324: 7323:0-8058-0046-8 7320: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7308:0-631-20497-0 7305: 7301: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7288:0-520-06083-0 7285: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7245:(3): 207–96. 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7202:0-674-19423-3 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7186:Padden, Carol 7184: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7144:0-394-50878-5 7141: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7129:0-674-19460-8 7126: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7030:0-674-27041-X 7027: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6999:1-55671-159-X 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6949:0-8058-3246-7 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6891:(2): 301–44. 6890: 6886: 6882: 6877: 6876: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6848: 6841: 6835: 6828: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6797:10.1038/nn775 6794: 6790: 6786: 6779: 6772: 6766: 6759: 6753: 6746: 6740: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6697: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6647: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6622: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6589: 6583: 6578: 6577: 6568: 6562: 6561:9780511665486 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6533: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6471: 6464: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6304: 6296: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6244: 6238: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6179: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6078: 6074: 6072:9789027211989 6068: 6064: 6063: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6009: 6003: 5992: 5985: 5984: 5976: 5969: 5958: 5954: 5952:9780195139778 5948: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5883: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5764: 5763: 5755: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5735: 5721:on 2009-04-17 5720: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5638: 5632: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5496: 5487: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5461: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5386:(2): 93–107. 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5284: 5270:on 2019-07-07 5269: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5212:on 2020-09-06 5211: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5179:9781282574960 5175: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5103: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4975:9780511486777 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4939: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4710: 4703: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4664: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4630:, p. 499, at 4629: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4518:. De Gruyter. 4517: 4510: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4465: 4461: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4412: 4411:9780070792296 4408: 4404: 4398: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4343:Aronoff, Mark 4340: 4339:Padden, Carol 4333: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4310:(4): 865–96. 4309: 4305: 4298: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4271: 4267: 4264:(2): 119–47. 4263: 4259: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4103: 4094: 4090: 4087:(1): 73–102. 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4065: 4064:9780122678509 4061: 4057: 4051: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3936:9781501511806 3932: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3874: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3644: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3582: 3575: 3574:0-674-80795-2 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3516: 3510: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3434:on 2018-11-02 3433: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3410: 3404: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3231: 3224: 3218: 3211: 3205: 3195: 3188: 3182: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3031: 3025: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2989:on 2021-04-13 2988: 2984: 2983: 2975: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2881: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2693:Body language 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640:Chimpanzees: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2586: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2549: 2539: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2354:Arnaud Balard 2346: 2337: 2335: 2334:second screen 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048:North America 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1963:United States 1960: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1946: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1919: 1916: 1906: 1903: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1813:for his 1965 1812: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1795:Written forms 1792: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1749:while ASL is 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1732:agglutinating 1729: 1728:morphological 1725: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433:gave rise to 1432: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1069:in Cameroon. 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1040: No data 1027: 1017: 1008: 999: 990: 981: 971: 962: 953: 943: 933: 923: 914:(ASL) cluster 913: 904: 896: 892: 887: 877: 874: 869: 867: 863: 857: 855: 851: 846: 841: 839: 835: 829: 827: 822: 817: 815: 814:arbitrariness 811: 802: 799: 794: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 750: 748: 745:content, and 744: 740: 736: 733:distinction, 732: 728: 722: 712: 710: 704: 702: 697: 695: 687: 670: 652: 650: 645: 643: 639: 635: 627: 623: 606: 602: 599: 595: 587: 583: 579: 574: 565: 563: 562: 556: 554: 550: 547: 546:topic-comment 543: 539: 534: 532: 528: 524: 523:arbitrariness 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 379: 375: 371: 368:to found the 367: 363: 362:Laurent Clerc 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 334: 330: 327: 323: 321: 320:of the Finger 318: 313: 312:Digiti Lingua 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 272: 270: 265: 257: 252: 248: 245: 240: 235: 233: 229: 206: 204: 199: 194: 191: 187: 186: 181: 172: 166: 161: 151: 149: 144: 142: 138: 134: 133: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 108:deaf cultures 105: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 85:body language 81: 79: 74: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 49: 33: 28: 22: 12534:Deaf culture 12444: 12280:Cold reading 12273:Applications 12247:Neuroanatomy 11892:Paralanguage 11682: 11676: 11667: 11665: 11645: 11462:Films (list) 11379:Signed Dutch 11324:Contact sign 10769:Hawaii (USA) 10662: 10655: 10640: 10465: 10456: 10348:Swiss-German 9984:Saudi Arabia 9722:South Africa 9456: 9439: 9313:Somali (SSL) 9240: 9148: 9083:Providencia– 9062:Nesilextcl'n 9035:Oneida (OSL) 8997:Tickanwa•tic 8985:Schitsu'umsh 8967:Nųmą́khų́·ki 8881:Paget Gorman 8802: 8797: 8790: 8782: 8746:Punjab-Sindh 8694:Polish (PJM) 8689:German (DGS) 8565:Mexican Sign 8544:Italian Sign 8448:Russian Sign 8411:French (LSF) 8384:Oneida (OSL) 8298:Quebec (LSQ) 8283:Oneida (OSL) 8200: 8196:French (LSF) 8049:Chinese Sign 8007:Swedish Sign 7731: 7702: 7685: 7678: 7656: 7598: 7548: 7537: 7488: 7487: 7471: 7460: 7449: 7438: 7427: 7412: 7391: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7340: 7314: 7299: 7277: 7242: 7238: 7225: 7215: 7208: 7193: 7179: 7164: 7150: 7135: 7120: 7102: 7098: 7083: 7076: 7066: 7055: 7051: 7040: 7021: 6982: 6975: 6967: 6963: 6955: 6940: 6926: 6922:pp. 39+ 6888: 6884: 6873:Bibliography 6863: 6847: 6839: 6834: 6826: 6821: 6791:(1): 76–80. 6788: 6784: 6778: 6770: 6765: 6757: 6752: 6744: 6739: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6685: 6679: 6660: 6654: 6629: 6621: 6610:. 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Retrieved 2854: 2802: 2718:Hearing loss 2675: 2646:Nim Chimpsky 2633: 2611: 2596: 2588: 2574: 2570: 2551: 2536: 2368: 2351: 2323: 2308: 2301: 2293: 2251: 2232: 2188: 2152: 2140: 2098: 2094: 2075: 2072: 2044:Great Plains 2037: 2006: 2003: 1952: 1940: 1936: 1933:Deaf culture 1912: 1898: 1814: 1801: 1798: 1785: 1781: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1740: 1736:inflectional 1724:Edward Sapir 1721: 1702:creolization 1674: 1656: 1618: 1555:Prototype-R 1538:Prototype-A 1500: 1456:Saudi Arabia 1127:contact sign 1120: 1100:speech-taboo 1097: 1083: 1077:the extinct 1071: 1058:creolization 1047: 1044: 894: 870: 865: 858: 842: 830: 818: 808: 795: 791: 787: 778: 774: 766: 762: 754: 751: 724: 705: 698: 691: 685: 668: 649:South Africa 646: 631: 603: 591: 560: 557: 535: 527:productivity 510: 502: 486: 474: 456: 447:onomatopoeic 440: 421: 407: 403: 399: 382: 354: 338:Polygar Wars 335: 331: 324: 319: 316: 288: 279: 273: 261: 255: 236: 230:in 1527 and 224: 195: 183: 177: 145: 140: 130: 128: 101: 87:, a type of 82: 75: 58: 54: 53: 47: 12259:Limbic lobe 12024:Unconscious 12007:Missed call 11977:Social norm 11952:Conventions 11842:Eye contact 11604:Open Outcry 11528:Abbé Sicard 11513:Roger Fouts 11344:Signed Oral 11283:SignWriting 11131:Orientation 11101:Linguistics 11082:Pitha Pitha 10777:New Zealand 10713:Manjiljarra 10584:El Salvador 10344:Switzerland 10254:Netherlands 10094:Azerbaijani 10036:Old Bangkok 9976:Philippines 9664:Ivory Coast 9458:Sandy River 9196:Cuban (LSC) 9085:Cayman Sign 8934:Hinono'eino 8925:Coahuilteco 8910:Anishinaabe 8871:Old Bangkok 8792:Old Kentish 8721:Beluchistan 8681:German Sign 8662:Ho Chi Minh 8586:Old Belgian 8530:Dutch (NGT) 8269:Costa Rican 8162:Irish (ISL) 8106:Paraguayan- 7897:Palestinian 7780:Manjiljarra 7775:Kartutjarra 7710:Rdaka rdaka 7704:Pitha Pitha 7058:(1): 24–31. 6344:2433/213162 6218:Adam Kendon 5841:14 November 5639:11:253–272. 5264:sid.usal.es 3970:(1): 1–30. 3659:A. (1989). 3245:"Session 9" 2723:Gang signal 2622:chimpanzees 2602:Primate use 2358:vexillology 1875:Sam Supalla 1847:SignWriting 1788:wh-question 1772:Acquisition 1632:LSF-derived 1611:JSL-derived 1592:DGS-derived 1573:BSL-derived 821:Roger Brown 798:turn taking 749:functions. 737:structure, 735:grammatical 701:Classifiers 628:regulations 519:semanticity 479:orientation 424:linguistics 418:Linguistics 388:Deaflympics 350:Oomaithurai 336:During the 315:(Latin for 264:John Bulwer 12508:Categories 12392:Aggressive 12362:Paul Ekman 12345:Key people 12309:Technology 12295:Poker tell 12140:Social cue 11947:Chronemics 11897:Intonation 11741:Modalities 11629:Protactile 11268:ASL-phabet 11252:Portuguese 11154:Sign names 11139:Expression 11067:Old French 11052:Kalkutungu 11021:Name signs 11011:Literature 10948:Venezuelan 10922:Inmaculada 10914:Paraguayan 10906:Ecuadorian 10760:Yir Yoront 10611:Protactile 10588:Salvadoran 10580:Panamanian 10567:Nicaraguan 10544:Albarradas 10515:Guatemalan 10472:Costa Rica 10467:Old Cayman 10420:Protactile 10298:Portuguese 10266:Macedonian 10242:Lithuanian 10090:Azerbaijan 10059:Vietnamese 10016:Tajikistan 10004:Sri Lankan 9903:Kazakhstan 9873:Kafr Qasem 9824:Indonesian 9526:Mofu-Gudur 9464:Salvadoran 9441:Rennellese 9428:Inmaculada 9383:Mozambican 9333:Macedonian 9303:Kata Kolok 9293:Kafr Qasim 9252:Creole HSL 9003:Tsuu T'ina 8964:Niitsítapi 8958:Ni Mii Puu 8949:Maagiadawa 8913:Apsáalooke 8839:Trascorral 8523:Dutch Sign 8326:Yogyakarta 8286:Panamanian 8244:Protactile 8202:Old French 8179:Lithuanian 8135:Francosign 7752:Yir Yoront 7739:Warramunga 7687:Kalkutungu 7643:Aboriginal 7641:Australian 7192:. (1988). 7073:Kegl, Judy 7063:Kegl, Judy 7048:Kegl, Judy 6612:2008-02-21 6268:2016-07-05 6203:2024-06-30 6156:. (2007). 6113:2021-08-23 6029:(5): 1–15. 5963:2016-02-28 5926:2016-02-28 5775:1801.10111 5725:2008-01-30 5660:2008-01-30 5567:2018-12-20 5360:2011-12-14 5302:4 February 5274:2019-07-07 5245:2019-07-07 5216:2019-07-07 4869:Nicaraguan 4865:Venezuelan 4845:Rennellese 4813:Salvadoran 4795:These are 4723:These are 4709:Ethnologue 4693:2008-09-19 4654:2021-08-23 4603:2024-05-13 4574:2024-05-13 4544:2024-05-13 4500:2024-05-13 4470:2008-09-19 4452:2011-06-01 4388:2016-11-05 4224:0898593670 3945:1012688117 3863:4 November 3827:2022-09-26 3729:2021-08-13 3610:2021-04-15 3564:. (1979). 3500:2021-04-15 3438:2019-03-26 3316:2021-04-15 3255:2010-09-28 3171:2021-10-17 3017:Ethnologue 2993:2021-01-13 2966:2021-05-15 2833:References 2654:Gorillas: 2630:orangutans 2620:, such as 2371:endangered 2258:videophone 2254:video link 2243:videophone 2221:Technology 2207:television 2046:region of 1977:Kata Kolok 1922:In society 1915:perception 1871:ASL-phabet 1865:ideographs 1861:logographs 1776:See also: 1716:See also: 1503:Ethnologue 1487:Kata Kolok 1460:sprachbund 1067:Mofu-Gudur 884:See also: 873:metaphoric 739:adjectival 709:morphology 636:(BSL) and 542:inflection 495:expression 355:Frenchman 278:published 256:Chirologia 241:published 141:Ethnologue 132:Ethnologue 12397:Assertive 12205:Fragile X 12190:Aprosodia 12183:Disorders 12130:Semiotics 12058:Deception 11864:Proxemics 11854:Olfaction 11837:Oculesics 11822:Imitation 11685:indicate 11346:Languages 11247:Ukrainian 11207:Hungarian 11192:Esperanto 11123:Handshape 11092:Warluwara 11032:languages 11016:Profanity 10979:Signalong 10944:Venezuela 10940:Uruguayan 10893:Colombian 10847:Argentina 10718:Warlmanpa 10679:Australia 10617:Blackfeet 10606:Black ASL 10563:Nicaragua 10511:Guatemala 10503:Greenland 10426:Blackfoot 10415:Black ASL 10383:North and 10374:Ukrainian 10332:Valencian 10314:Slovenian 10282:Norwegian 10238:Lithuania 10202:Icelandic 10194:Hungarian 10041:Chiangmai 10012:Taiwanese 10000:Sri Lanka 9996:Singapore 9992:Singapore 9949:Mongolian 9923:Malaysian 9820:Indonesia 9789:Hong Kong 9777:Cambodian 9734:Tanzanian 9610:By region 9166:Bhutanese 8961:Niimíipuu 8943:Karankawa 8866:Hai Phong 8861:Chiangmai 8652:Hai Phong 8644:Viet-Thai 8506:Slovenian 8475:Mongolian 8441:Hungarian 8377:Hand Talk 8344:Ethiopian 8272:Dominican 8266:Cambodian 8061:Shanghai 7891:Jordanian 7884:Levantine 7863:Levantine 7748:Yan-nhaŋu 7733:Warluwara 7727:Warlmanpa 7693:Miriwoong 7239:Cognition 6970:: 309–31. 6731:146288708 6427:CiteSeerX 6368:Cognition 6255:ISO 639-3 6243:ISO 639-3 6230:iconicity 6135:(1): 61. 5831:Cinepedia 5421:Cognition 5188:643124997 5131:145429638 5025:145616039 4829:Brazilian 4809:Ecuadoran 4378:779907637 4324:117619041 3817:244246983 3809:2522-7130 3694:"Chereme" 3306:144243540 3199:speaking. 2921:1065-9471 2811:Sign name 2807:(journal) 2592:home sign 2585:Home sign 2579:Home sign 2555:morphemes 2211:subtitles 2195:broadcast 2081:, 2007). 2079:NZ Herald 2056:languages 2033:Warlmanpa 2017:Warumungu 1943:Black ASL 1879:homograph 1653:-derived 1531:Auxiliary 1528:language 1526:Auxiliary 1518:language 1400:Bulgarian 1050:home sign 850:construal 810:Iconicity 805:Iconicity 771:Mouthings 747:discourse 743:adverbial 471:handshape 451:iconicity 432:recursion 274:In 1680, 237:In 1620, 234:in 1541. 97:baby sign 93:home sign 63:languages 12529:Deafness 12227:Dyssemia 12073:Intimacy 11993:Emoticon 11902:Loudness 11832:Laughter 11768:Kinesics 11759:Blushing 11752:Physical 11334:Mouthing 11310:Language 11293:ASLwrite 11217:Japanese 11172:American 11144:Mouthing 11135:Movement 11127:Location 11072:Old Kent 11038:Chilmark 10974:Monastic 10927:Peruvian 10910:Paraguay 10898:Provisle 10889:Colombia 10859:Bolivian 10819:Sinasina 10663:Henniker 10623:Cheyenne 10575:Chiriqui 10536:Honduran 10532:Honduras 10402:Belizean 10310:Slovenia 10294:Portugal 10160:Ghardaia 10144:Estonian 10123:Croatian 10086:Austrian 10078:Armenian 10032:Thailand 9980:Filipino 9972:Nepalese 9957:Ghandruk 9945:Mongolia 9941:Maldives 9937:Maldives 9933:Selangor 9919:Malaysia 9891:Miyakubo 9881:Japanese 9863:Ghardaia 9773:Cambodia 9730:Tanzania 9643:Cameroon 9639:Ghardaia 9634:Algerian 9469:Sinasina 9242:Henniker 9221:Ghandruk 9161:Belizean 9144:Armenian 9107:Isolates 9054:Kalispel 9051:A'aninin 9009:Wazhazhe 9006:Umatilla 8988:Shiwinna 8979:Piipaash 8928:Dane-zaa 8922:Cheyenne 8827:Yucatec 8798:Chilmark 8732:Calcutta 8616:Malagasy 8460:Georgian 8364:Nigerian 8361:Moroccan 8350:Ghanaian 8275:Jamaican 8261:Mandalay 8250:Bolivian 8220:American 7912:Possible 7894:Lebanese 7832:Egyptian 7698:Mudburra 7664:Djingili 7626:families 7624:Language 7519:Archived 7445:ASLized! 7276:(1989). 7267:39292094 7188:; & 7155:Archived 7105:: 1–20. 7093:(1940). 7052:Signpost 7003:Archived 6935:; & 6915:22223926 6885:Language 6866:Benjamin 6856:Archived 6805:11753419 6717:: 5–32. 6606:Archived 6396:39292094 6353:28751730 6323:Primates 6259:Archived 6167:Archived 6107:Archived 6083:16 April 6077:Archived 6002:citation 5991:archived 5957:Archived 5920:Archived 5891:Archived 5872:17 April 5866:Archived 5862:Deaf Art 5835:Archived 5805:Archived 5780:Archived 5743:Archived 5687:Archived 5654:Archived 5620:Archived 5586:Archived 5561:Archived 5549:18663641 5451:18834975 5351:Archived 5322:Archived 5320:, 2015. 5296:Archived 5239:Archived 5154:. 1965. 5066:Archived 4857:Peruvian 4735:, Hindu 4687:Archived 4648:Archived 4597:Archived 4568:Archived 4538:Archived 4494:Archived 4464:Archived 4457:and sfs 4446:Archived 4382:Archived 4345:(2010). 4304:Language 4152:(1): 11. 4111:Language 4013:13572435 3884:Archived 3854:Archived 3821:Archived 3723:Archived 3697:Archived 3628:Archived 3604:Archived 3560:; & 3534:Archived 3494:Archived 3388:27245872 3352:14424535 3310:Archived 3298:26204860 3249:Archived 3165:Archived 3111:(2012). 3093:Archived 3082:Archived 3070:Archived 3009:Archived 2960:archived 2939:33118302 2870:10 March 2864:Archived 2728:Gestures 2681:See also 2634:language 2626:gorillas 2614:primates 2414:(FinSSL) 2239:AT&T 2064:Cheyenne 2029:Arrernte 2025:Kaytetye 2013:Warlpiri 1851:mouthing 1819:phonemic 1712:Typology 1473:include 1471:isolates 1396:Romanian 1241:and the 834:Japanese 642:Japanese 626:COVID-19 507:phonemes 499:cheremes 491:movement 483:location 475:handform 467:features 459:semantic 449:. 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