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2828:, with the Earth added for scale. On the right an image of the Sun shows a helium emissions, and there is an image on the left showing emissions from iron. One application for spaceflight is to take observation hindered or made more difficult by being on Earth's surface. Skylab included a massive crewed solar observatory that revolutionized solar science in the early 1970s using the Apollo-based space station in conjunction with crewed spaceflights to it.
13305:
1865:. Suborbital spaceflight over an intercontinental distance requires a vehicle velocity that is only a little lower than the velocity required to reach low Earth orbit. If rockets are used, the size of the rocket relative to the payload is similar to an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). Any intercontinental spaceflight has to surmount problems of heating during atmosphere re-entry that are nearly as large as those faced by orbital spaceflight.
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phase, and then the hard docked position which establishes an air-tight structural connection between spacecraft. Berthing, by contrast, is when an incoming spacecraft is grappled by a robotic arm and its interface mechanism is placed close to the stationary interface mechanism. Then typically there is a capture process, coarse alignment and fine alignment, and then structural attachment.
12235:
4899:, something that is manageable for today's astronauts flying in low-Earth orbit but would be a bigger deal for people traveling farther and for longer." (p. 25.) "On the edge of terrestrial frontiers, people were seeking, say, gold or more farmable land. In space, explorers can't be sure of the value proposition at their destination." (p. 27.) "Harmful extraterrestrial
1156:. These windows depend upon the position of celestial bodies and orbits relative to the launch site. The biggest influence is often the rotation of the Earth itself. Once launched, orbits are normally located within relatively constant flat planes at a fixed angle to the axis of the Earth, and the Earth rotates within this orbit.
2006:, as this would make it possible for passengers in a fast-moving vehicle to travel further into the future while aging very little, in that their great speed slows down the rate of passage of on-board time. However, attaining such high speeds would still require the use of some new, advanced method of
2229:
was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the US Space
Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the dissolution of the USSR, prevented
1452:
After rendezvousing with the space station, the space vehicle then docks or berths with the station. Docking refers to joining of two separate free-flying space vehicles, while berthing refers to mating operations where an inactive vehicle is placed into the mating interface of another space vehicle
7111:
1817:
100 km (62 mi) above sea level. (NASA alternatively defines an astronaut as someone who has flown more than 80 km (50 mi) above sea level.) It is not generally recognized by the public that the increase in potential energy required to pass the Kármán line is only about 3% of the
1649:
are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized
3928:
The most prevalent concept for suborbital Earth to Earth transportation comes from none other than Elon Musk and SpaceX. Primarily designed for transporting large payloads to Mars for the purpose of colonization, the next generation
Starship launch system offers a bonus capability for transporting
2666:
or other chemicals, and this can cause temporary local holes in the ozone layer. Re-entering spacecraft generate nitrates which also can temporarily impact the ozone layer. Most rockets are made of metals that can have an environmental impact during their construction. While spaceflight altogether
1293:
Robotic missions do not require an abort capability and require radiation minimalization only for delicate electronics, and because modern launchers routinely meet "instantaneous" launch windows, space probes to the Moon and other planets generally use direct injection to maximize performance by
3793:
Docking is when one incoming spacecraft rendezvous with another spacecraft and flies a controlled collision trajectory in such a manner so as to align and mesh the interface mechanisms. The spacecraft docking mechanisms typically enter what is called soft capture, followed by a load attenuation
1891:
requires much higher velocities than a minimal sub-orbital flight, and so it is technologically much more challenging to achieve. To achieve orbital spaceflight, the tangential velocity around the Earth is as important as altitude. In order to perform a stable and lasting flight in space, the
1090:
Spaceflight has been widely employed by numerous government and commercial entities for placing satellites into orbit around Earth for a broad range of purposes. Certain government agencies have also sent uncrewed spacecraft exploring space beyond the Moon and developed continuous crewed
2629:. Geomagnetic storms due to increased solar activity can potentially blind sensors onboard spacecraft, or interfere with on-board electronics. An understanding of space environmental conditions is also important in designing shielding and life support systems for crewed spacecraft.
2550:. It must also maintain the correct body temperature, an acceptable pressure on the body and deal with the body's waste products. Shielding against harmful external influences such as radiation and micro-meteorites may also be necessary. Components of the life support system are
601:
colliding with functional satellites. This problem is exacerbated when large objects, often upper stages, break up in orbit or collide with other objects, creating often hundreds of small, hard to find pieces of debris. This problem of continuous collisions is known as
1163:
is a fixed structure designed to dispatch airborne vehicles. It generally consists of a launch tower and flame trench. It is surrounded by equipment used to erect, fuel, and maintain launch vehicles. Before launch, the rocket can weigh hundreds of tons. The
1201:
failing due to lack of atmosphere and alternatives such as space elevators not being built yet. Chemical propulsion, or the acceleration of gases at high velocities, is effective mainly because of its ability to sustain thrust even as the atmosphere thins.
949:. During a test flight in June 1944, one such rocket reached space at an altitude of 189 kilometers (102 nautical miles), becoming the first human-made object ever to reach space. At the end of World War II, most of the V-2 rocket team, including its head,
3281:
abandoned its independent space launch program in 1972 in favour of co-operating with the
European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) on launch technologies until 1974. Australia abandoned its launcher program shortly after the successful launch of
2897:. These companies often assert that much of the previous high cost of access to space was caused by governmental inefficiencies they can avoid. This assertion can be supported by much lower published launch costs for private space launch vehicles such as
1523:
After a successful landing the spacecraft, its occupants, and cargo can be recovered. In some cases, recovery has occurred before landing: while a spacecraft is still descending on its parachute, it can be snagged by a specially designed aircraft. This
3886:
Berthing refers to mating operations where an inactive module/vehicle is placed into the mating interface using a Remote
Manipulator System-RMS. Docking refers to mating operations where an active vehicle flies into the mating interface under its own
2886:
Most early spaceflight development was paid for by governments. However, today major launch markets such as communication satellites and satellite television are purely commercial, though many of the launchers were originally funded by governments.
1323:
Astrodynamics is the study of spacecraft trajectories, particularly as they relate to gravitational and propulsion effects. Astrodynamics allows for a spacecraft to arrive at its destination at the correct time without excessive propellant use. An
11062:
1270:, spacecraft are inserted into parking orbits, or lower intermediary orbits. The parking orbit approach greatly simplified Apollo mission planning in several important ways. It acted as a "time buffer" and substantially widened the allowable
2621:). "Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Our space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the Sun, the nature of Earth's magnetic field, and our location in the Solar System."
11068:
2624:
Space weather exerts a profound influence in several areas related to space exploration and development. Changing geomagnetic conditions can induce changes in atmospheric density causing the rapid degradation of spacecraft altitude in
1480:. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat reaching the vehicle, and the remainder heats up the atmosphere.
597:. Used upper stages or failed spacecraft, however, often lack the ability to deorbit themselves. This becomes a major issue when large numbers of uncontrollable spacecraft exist in frequently used orbits, increasing the risk of
1801:, in which case a suborbital flight will last only a few minutes, but it is also possible for an object with enough energy for an orbit to have a trajectory that intersects the Earth's atmosphere, sometimes after many hours.
2423:
All launch vehicles contain a huge amount of energy that is needed for some part of it to reach orbit. There is therefore some risk that this energy can be released prematurely and suddenly, with significant effects. When a
1471:
Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against
1818:
orbital energy (potential plus kinetic energy) required by the lowest possible Earth orbit (a circular orbit just above the Kármán line.) In other words, it is far easier to reach space than to stay there. On May 17, 2004,
10262:
969:, in turn, captured several V2 production facilities and built several replicas, with 5 of their 11 rockets successfully reaching their targets. (This was actually relatively consistent with Nazi Germany's success rate.)
13734:
11200:
10985:
3134:
The following nations or organizations have developed their own launch vehicles to launch uncrewed spacecraft into orbit either from their own territory or with foreign assistance (date of first launch in parentheses):
4894:
Sarah Scoles, "Why We'll Never Live in Space: The technological, biological, psychological and ethical challenges to leaving Earth", vol. 329, no. 3 (October 2023), pp. 22–29. "Perhaps the most significant concern is
1809:
intended to reach the Moon. A partial failure caused it to instead follow a suborbital trajectory to an altitude of 113,854 kilometers (70,746 mi) before reentering the Earth's atmosphere 43 hours after launch.
1742:
made one orbit around the Earth. In official Soviet documents, there is no mention of the fact that
Gagarin parachuted the final seven miles. As of 2020, the only spacecraft regularly used for human spaceflight are
12449:
3250:
Also several countries, such as Canada, Italy, and
Australia, had semi-independent spacefaring capability, launching locally-built satellites on foreign launchers. Canada had designed and built satellites
2670:
In addition to the atmospheric effects there are effects on the near-Earth space environment. There is the possibility that orbit could become inaccessible for generations due to exponentially increasing
2901:
developed with private financing. Lower launch costs and excellent safety will be required for the applications such as space tourism and especially space colonization to become feasible for expansion.
2032:. However, theoretically speaking, there is nothing to conclusively indicate that intergalactic travel is impossible. To date several academics have studied intergalactic travel in a serious manner.
756:
586:, which propels the spacecraft to high enough speeds that it reaches orbit. Once in orbit, spacecrafts are at high enough speeds that they fall around the Earth rather than fall back to the surface.
1145:
for vertical rocket launches and runways for takeoff and landing of carrier airplanes and winged spacecraft. Spaceports are situated well away from human habitation for noise and safety reasons.
13050:
9637:
2028:
Intergalactic travel involves spaceflight between galaxies, and is considered much more technologically demanding than even interstellar travel and, by current engineering terms, is considered
1614:, in which they have a pre-programmed list of operations that will be executed unless otherwise instructed. A robotic spacecraft for scientific measurements is often called a space probe or
11205:
Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
10540:
13379:
12967:
9620:
9546:
2472:
In a microgravity environment such as that provided by a spacecraft in orbit around the Earth, humans experience a sense of "weightlessness." Short-term exposure to microgravity causes
1301:
The escape velocity from a celestial body decreases as the distance from the body increases. However, it is more fuel-efficient for a craft to burn its fuel as close as possible to its
1298:. Although some might coast briefly during the launch sequence, they do not complete one or more full parking orbits before the burn that injects them onto an Earth escape trajectory.
2431:
Space is a fairly predictable environment, but there are still risks of accidental depressurization and the potential failure of equipment, some of which may be very newly developed.
9213:
10238:
6245:
926:
improved efficiency enough for interplanetary travel to become possible. After further research, Goddard attempted to secure an Army contract for a rocket-propelled weapon in the
2712:
ever since the first phase of space exploration. Even though some rights of non-spacefaring countries have been secured, sharing of space for all humanity is still criticized as
12529:
12147:
10440:
10435:
9828:
6213:
3054:. Spacefaring nations are those capable of independently building and launching craft into space. A growing number of private entities have become or are becoming spacefaring.
10307:
1274:. The parking orbit gave the crew and controllers time to thoroughly check out the spacecraft after the stresses of launch before committing it for a long journey to the Moon.
1671:
are robotic spacecraft. Not every uncrewed spacecraft is a robotic spacecraft; for example, a reflector ball is a non-robotic uncrewed spacecraft. Space missions where other
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9157:
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in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit.
1191:, which is 100 kilometers (62 mi) above the Earth's surface. (The United States defines outer space as everything beyond 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.)
13744:
13724:
12962:
12736:
11115:
11104:
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4439:
Yap, Xiao-Shan; Heiberg, Jonas; Truffer, Bernhard (2023). "The emerging global socio-technical regime for tackling space debris: A discourse network analysis".
2002:
are likely to be able to reach the nearest star significantly faster. Another possibility that could allow for human interstellar spaceflight is to make use of
11962:
10068:
9574:
9233:
6121:
4647:
2480:. Long-term exposure causes multiple health issues. The most significant is bone loss, some of which is permanent, but microgravity also leads to significant
13389:
11994:
11867:
11010:
6088:
5536:
3016:. The degree of knowledge needed within these areas is dependent upon the nature of the work and the type of vessel employed. "Spacefaring" is analogous to
1797:
the spacecraft reaches space and then returns to the atmosphere after following a (primarily) ballistic trajectory. This is usually because of insufficient
9664:
4318:
3261:) in 1962 and 1965 which were orbited using U.S. launch vehicles. Italy has designed and built several satellites, as well as pressurized modules for the
3066:(UNOOSA) has been the main multilateral body servicing international contact and exchange on space activity among spacefaring and non-spacefaring states.
2659:
and sometimes toxic components. Particularly at higher levels of the atmosphere the potency of exhausted gases as greenhouse gases increases considerably
13374:
11407:
10362:
6543:
6429:
6240:
6116:
5077:
2418:
2149:'s flight, on 12 April 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which flown in the atmosphere and five of which flown in space. The
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2428:
rocket exploded 13 seconds after launch on
January 17, 1997, there were reports of store windows 10 miles (16 km) away being broken by the blast.
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9855:
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9123:
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6447:
6235:
2655:
Exhaust pollution of rockets depends on the produced exhausts by the propellants reactions and the location of exhaustion. They mostly exhaust
3745:
2061:, since this was the only crewed vehicle to have been designed for, and operated only in space; and is notable for its non-aerodynamic shape.
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13682:
13101:
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2992:
and forecasting; spacecraft operations; operation of various equipment; spacecraft design and construction; atmospheric takeoff and reentry;
432:
10157:
9961:
9924:
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12503:
12333:
10058:
10041:
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10860:
10704:
10194:
10016:
9371:
8307:
6963:
6506:
2771:
Access to outer space has been enabled and limited through and for some few countries, as non-spacefaring countries, particularly of the
385:
2893:
is a rapidly developing area: space flight that is not only paid for by corporations or even private individuals, but often provided by
13849:
13754:
12577:
12459:
11999:
11955:
11619:
11163:
11015:
11005:
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10352:
9769:
9092:
8878:
6820:
6619:
6263:
6025:
2792:
7122:
4018:
1373:
13687:
12748:
12302:
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12166:
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11168:
11092:
10938:
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8073:
6981:
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6020:
6008:
6003:
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5993:
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5936:
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are becoming more common, particularly for uncrewed vehicles, and this can significantly reduce the vehicle's mass and increase its
1504:
in the sea. These capsules were designed to land at relatively low speeds with the help of a parachute. Soviet/Russian capsules for
13333:
11704:
11614:
11257:
10292:
9015:
6407:
5853:
4386:
3947:. 68th annual meeting of the International Astronautical Congress in Adelaide, Australia. SpaceX. 29 September 2017. Archived from
1929:. Plans for future crewed interplanetary spaceflight missions often include final vehicle assembly in Earth orbit, such as NASA's
13182:
9596:
9084:
6592:
6422:
6327:
5514:
5104:
2407:
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10727:
3713:
13837:
12958:
12893:
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11894:
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9611:
9223:
8228:
7873:
7858:
7838:
7144:
7091:
6690:
6412:
3514:
2534:
often uses the phrase
Environmental Control and Life Support System or the acronym ECLSS when describing these systems for its
7140:
7125:
934:. After choosing to work with private financial support, he was the first to launch a liquid-fueled rocket on March 16, 1926.
695:
13704:
13697:
13127:
12855:
12297:
11948:
11889:
11183:
11110:
11098:
10955:
10948:
10855:
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10577:
10189:
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7863:
7134:
6993:
5094:
5029:
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2233:
The Space
Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by the
1340:
390:
3898:
914:
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13517:
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12783:
12263:
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9106:
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7843:
7133:
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6462:
6173:
4823:
3999:
3592:
1355:
7131:
7128:
7124:
7120:
3948:
2945: Countries who operate a launch vehicle and a satellite but currently have no plans to develop a crewed space vehicle
12444:
12089:
11773:
10743:
10088:
8752:
7853:
7031:
6917:
6907:
6842:
6417:
6382:
6030:
4488:
2638:
9061:
7138:
7130:
2939: Countries seeking to develop a human spaceflight program but also have developed or currently own a launch vehicle
12984:
12807:
12724:
12624:
12558:
12421:
11638:
11458:
10342:
9887:
9685:
9606:
9446:
9290:
7127:
6533:
6523:
6387:
6065:
5114:
3845:
2292:
achieved the first vertical soft landing of a re-usable orbital rocket stage on
December 21, 2015, after delivering 11
1845:
in which a spacecraft provides rapid transport between two terrestrial locations. A conventional airline route between
1432:
1146:
977:
7145:
7141:
2806:, since established spacefaring countries endanger access to outer space with their orbital space polluting activity.
1445:
and approach to a very close distance (e.g. within visual contact). This is done by a set of orbital maneuvers called
13394:
12926:
12464:
12178:
11971:
11837:
11525:
11269:
10898:
10803:
10492:
10482:
10452:
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10098:
9804:
9255:
9228:
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8001:
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7136:
7003:
6538:
6168:
5134:
4684:
1716:
1555:
425:
380:
9022:
4414:
2141:, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on 19 July 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the
905:, or potential change in velocity. This formula, which is still used by engineers, is a key concept of spaceflight.
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Launch aircraft development continues while suborbital ship awaits investigation into fatal explosion in California
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1693:, were capable of remote guided station-keeping and docking maneuvers with both resupply craft and new modules.
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Burruss, Robert Page; Colwell, J. (September–October 1987). "Intergalactic Travel: The Long Voyage From Home".
3912:
2509:
2957: Countries who operate an orbiting satellite but do not own a launch vehicle or have plans to produce one
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2824:
This shows an extreme ultraviolet view of the Sun (the Apollo Telescope Mount SO82A Experiment) taken during
2667:
pollutes at a fraction of other human activities, it still does pollute heavily if calculated per passenger.
1225:
954:
931:
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have pointed out. Therefore inclusion has been a national and international issue, resulting in 1967 in the
1236:
might be feasible with current technology. Other ideas include rocket-assisted aircraft/spaceplanes such as
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10960:
10943:
10828:
10688:
10179:
9950:
9881:
9601:
8967:
8668:
8194:
8123:
8088:
7121:
7115:
6998:
6912:
6897:
6852:
6770:
6765:
6700:
6528:
6357:
6291:
6195:
5926:
5642:
5478:
5225:
5072:
4147:
3689:
3508:
3503:
3262:
2836:
2461:
1720:
1686:
1245:
1107:
1028:
953:, surrendered to the United States, and were expatriated to work on American missiles at what became the
879:
536:
525:
144:
109:
45:
17:
8108:
3775:
1677:
Many habitable spacecraft also have varying levels of robotic features. For example, the space stations
1083:(first mission to nearly land on the moon). These events culminated with the first crewed moon landing,
13242:
12316:
11909:
11778:
11431:
11371:
11138:
11056:
9436:
9342:
9162:
9133:
8950:
8903:
8583:
8384:
8267:
8250:
8216:
7142:
7084:
6902:
6800:
6722:
6570:
6467:
6347:
6322:
6108:
6060:
5978:
5971:
5931:
5714:
5483:
5156:
4964:
2780:
1918:
1909:
1857:, could be traversed in less than one hour. While no company offers this type of transportation today,
1325:
673:
544:
513:
505:
352:
4571:
13011:
12251:
12190:
11852:
11609:
11419:
10850:
10387:
9140:
8918:
8908:
8426:
8401:
8211:
6932:
6887:
6815:
6795:
6780:
6727:
6717:
6695:
6634:
6394:
6372:
6337:
6332:
6128:
5961:
5637:
5519:
5257:
5022:
4927:
A City on Mars: Can We Settle Space, Should We Settle Space, and Have We Really Thought This Through?
4626:
4148:"Eternity in six hours: intergalactic spreading of intelligent life and sharpening the Fermi paradox"
3498:
2996:(a.k.a. astrodynamics); communications; engines and rockets; execution of evolutions such as towing,
2742:
2598:
2473:
2303:
The first Falcon 9 second flight occurred on 30 March 2017. SpaceX now routinely recovers and reuses
1668:
1607:
1024:
7139:
4286:
1822:
launched the GoFast rocket on a suborbital flight, the first amateur spaceflight. On June 21, 2004,
639:
is the use of spacecraft to transport people or cargo into or through outer space. This may include
625:
refers to a spaceflight intended to achieve an objective. Objectives for space missions may include
13666:
13345:
12152:
11805:
11395:
11245:
11178:
10845:
10818:
10445:
10347:
10203:
10107:
8997:
8868:
8717:
8322:
6927:
6857:
6790:
6755:
6680:
6367:
6352:
6075:
5752:
5252:
5240:
5212:
3749:
3495: – Visual art depicting the appearance of a landscape as viewed from an aircraft or spacecraft
2698:
2171:
2151:
2114:
1999:
1221:
923:
540:
307:
139:
119:
3035:(ESA) countries, and a few corporations and enterprises have plans in various stages to travel to
2976:. It involves a knowledge of a variety of topics and development of specialised skills including:
2241:
in the 2020s. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is now done by commercial launch vehicles.
1785:
in flight. X-15 flew above 100 km (62 mi) twice and both of the flights were piloted by
593:
themselves or, in the case of uncrewed spacecraft in high-energy orbits, to boost themselves into
13647:
13309:
13261:
12712:
11919:
11904:
11340:
11233:
11213:
11074:
11038:
10798:
10694:
10425:
10184:
9774:
9712:
9551:
9316:
9150:
8847:
8406:
8233:
7880:
7784:
7691:
7391:
7241:
7132:
7123:
6942:
6862:
6847:
6750:
6647:
6624:
6439:
6377:
6153:
6133:
6050:
5888:
5756:
5692:
5471:
5373:
5284:
5188:
5161:
5062:
3266:
2854:
2815:
2580:
2189:
2177:
2160:
1842:
1798:
1794:
1772:
1344:
1237:
1092:
1040:
662:
571:
342:
104:
11699:
11121:
10168:
4852:
4775:
4358:
2362:
1629:
operation, due to lower cost and risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as
1232:
require new materials much stronger than any currently known. Electromagnetic launchers such as
13357:
13285:
13074:
12700:
12287:
11847:
11748:
10823:
10808:
10793:
10382:
10147:
10142:
10073:
9647:
9527:
9478:
9201:
9048:
8957:
8411:
8349:
8297:
8287:
8272:
8223:
8083:
8013:
7429:
7117:
6947:
6922:
6877:
6760:
6652:
6629:
6255:
6180:
6035:
5804:
5766:
5200:
5119:
5057:
3307:
2933: Countries that have operated at least one human spaceflight program, if not independently
2918:
2348:
2183:
2165:
2132:
1913:
1404:
1211:
1198:
1165:
1130:
1076:
677:
656:
579:
529:
324:
311:
114:
94:
87:
8332:
7137:
7129:
7126:
4272:
885:
767:
13931:
13921:
13420:
13273:
13218:
13151:
12996:
12275:
12123:
12034:
12022:
11929:
11763:
11758:
11153:
10534:
10402:
10282:
10277:
10213:
10083:
10001:
9690:
9426:
9112:
9009:
9003:
8987:
8895:
8777:
8704:
8578:
8431:
8394:
8282:
8277:
7077:
7036:
6937:
6867:
6837:
6707:
6565:
5654:
5461:
5099:
4799:
3649:
3581:
3187:
3040:
3032:
2788:
2787:
being still limited, and minorities like people with disability only having been selected in
2708:
Participation and representation of all humanity in spaceflight is an issue of international
2267:
2251:
2080:
2070:
2007:
1930:
1497:
984:
as a counter measure to United States bomber planes in the 1950s. The Tsiolkovsky-influenced
521:
8446:
4528:
1606:
on board. Uncrewed spacecraft may have varying levels of autonomy from human input, such as
13926:
13893:
13861:
13589:
13529:
13444:
13297:
13247:
12907:
12831:
12653:
12407:
11669:
11657:
11573:
11549:
11321:
10928:
10838:
10813:
10515:
9899:
9840:
9746:
9517:
9330:
9311:
9303:
8890:
8339:
8292:
7949:
7401:
7366:
7361:
7255:
7206:
7179:
7135:
7114:
6872:
6642:
6548:
6472:
6342:
6185:
5823:
5724:
5707:
5344:
5279:
5272:
5129:
5015:
4448:
4162:
4128:
4068:
3492:
2864:
2859:
2803:
2702:
2614:
2551:
2023:
1295:
850:
823:
793:
469:
362:
164:
59:
41:
7118:
7116:
4345:
2311:, hoped to drastically reduce the price of space exploration due to being fully reusable.
1998:
over 74,000 years to reach this distance. Vehicle designs using other techniques, such as
690:), published in 1903. In his work, Tsiolkovsky describes the fundamental rocket equation:
8:
13369:
13043:
12888:
12850:
12634:
12589:
12517:
11785:
11383:
11311:
11301:
11274:
10317:
10137:
9914:
9892:
9823:
9680:
9556:
9416:
9349:
9296:
9196:
8932:
8791:
8680:
8518:
8491:
8441:
8245:
7703:
7396:
7248:
6685:
6317:
5921:
5719:
5697:
5632:
5351:
5195:
4931:
3913:"Preparing for "Earth to Earth" space travel and a competition with supersonic airliners"
3540:
3523:
2890:
2650:
2618:
2527:
2521:
2442:
to further international cooperation and scientific advancement in space systems safety.
2279:
2058:
1950:
1888:
1874:
1827:
1782:
1748:
1664:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1473:
1466:
1384:
1229:
1216:
Many ways to reach space other than rocket engines have been proposed. Ideas such as the
575:
357:
347:
246:
49:
7599:
7478:
4903:
could return with astronauts or equipment – a planetary-protection risk called backward
4510:
4452:
4166:
4132:
4072:
3306:, became the first spacefaring nation in 1944. The following nations have only achieved
2911:
13577:
13194:
12869:
12629:
11800:
11693:
11537:
11133:
11080:
11044:
10606:
10322:
9971:
9456:
8771:
8641:
8588:
8466:
8436:
8344:
8157:
7288:
7119:
6362:
5834:
5617:
5543:
5398:
5294:
5146:
4474:
4212:
4058:
3558:
3546:
3469:
3270:
2880:
2776:
2576:
2555:
2383:
1690:
1611:
1529:
1505:
1477:
1011:
on February 1, 1958. Three years later, the USSR launched Vostok 1, carrying cosmonaut
570:, which provide the thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propel spacecraft onto
408:
203:
169:
159:
7572:
7535:
3265:. Early Italian satellites were launched using vehicles provided by NASA, first from
11585:
11477:
11291:
10589:
9785:
9591:
9451:
9379:
8977:
8631:
8201:
8143:
7934:
7823:
7749:
7684:
7413:
5946:
5904:
5830:
5789:
5429:
5324:
5299:
5245:
5235:
5052:
4918:
4884:
4680:
3841:
3710:
3675:
3655:
3632:
3483:
3075:
2993:
2849:
2844:
2747:
2535:
2477:
2403:
2244:
2120:
1987:
1830:
1711:
1626:
1615:
1550:
1525:
1517:
1412:
1318:
1004:
950:
909:
640:
626:
567:
552:
497:
465:
237:
149:
37:
7655:
4460:
4174:
4045:
Larrouturou, Mathias N.; Higgns, Andrew J.; Greason, Jeffrey K. (28 November 2022).
2225:), launched by the USSR on 15 November 1988, although it made only one flight. This
1925:. In practice, the use of the term is confined to travel between the planets of our
1637:
are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as
12469:
11924:
11914:
11443:
11296:
11050:
10636:
10618:
10571:
10026:
9870:
9265:
9038:
9028:
8972:
8692:
8496:
8486:
8379:
8354:
7764:
7734:
7579:
7453:
7293:
7158:
6582:
6100:
5702:
5531:
5488:
5454:
5419:
5356:
5309:
5151:
4922:
4456:
4170:
4076:
3529:
3295:
2751:
2683:). Many launched vehicles today are therefore designed to be re-entered after use.
2680:
2602:
2501:
2335:
1991:
1922:
1814:
1786:
1744:
1672:
1446:
1428:
1188:
644:
603:
501:
492:
control. The first spaceflights began in the 1950s with the launches of the Soviet
489:
477:
271:
220:
75:
5845:
4959:
3821:
Docking: The joining or coming together of two separate free flying space vehicles
3606: – Overview of ventures beyond Earth as depicted for ease of American postage
2963: Countries who have a launch vehicle but do not currently operate a satellite
2286:) in 2008, but this was delayed due to an accident in the propulsion development.
2105:
Launch systems are used to carry a payload from Earth's surface into outer space.
13620:
11795:
11597:
11328:
11316:
11127:
10630:
10558:
10392:
9934:
9904:
9763:
9728:
9385:
9098:
8563:
8461:
8369:
8260:
8238:
8035:
7979:
7969:
7759:
7739:
7708:
7696:
7650:
7638:
7542:
7525:
7485:
7463:
7458:
6712:
6040:
5747:
5647:
5600:
5498:
5439:
5424:
5378:
5361:
5267:
5262:
4991:
4596:
4365:
4322:
3717:
3609:
3570:
3534:
3274:
3047:
2646:
2626:
2497:
2493:
2308:
2297:
2275:
2234:
2029:
2011:
1862:
1489:
1403:
imparted by a rocket stage to its payload. This can be the energy imparted by a
1267:
1257:
1060:
1020:
919:
594:
509:
493:
319:
174:
4831:
4253:"SpaceX Recovered Falcon Heavy Nose Cone, Plans to Re-fly it This Year (Photos)"
4003:
1285:
was the first known artificial object to achieve escape velocity from the Earth
1129:
Rockets are the only means currently capable of reaching orbit or beyond. Other
13408:
13070:
11940:
11829:
11711:
11592:
11252:
11221:
10563:
10430:
10031:
9944:
9939:
9875:
9700:
9247:
8945:
8547:
8327:
8317:
8255:
8118:
8045:
8006:
7927:
7900:
7754:
7728:
7618:
7589:
7567:
7557:
7547:
7500:
6045:
5794:
5781:
5674:
5605:
5595:
5580:
5558:
5548:
5444:
5434:
5383:
5304:
4913:, "A Space Settler Walks into a Dome...: A very funny book about why living on
4187:
4081:
4046:
3974:
3774:
Cook, John; Aksamentov, Valery; Hoffman, Thomas; Bruner, Wes (1 January 2011),
3552:
3278:
3181:
3009:
2784:
2656:
2481:
2451:
2387:
2263:
2100:
1493:
1408:
1217:
1197:
remain to be only currently practical means of reaching space, with planes and
1194:
1100:
1036:
1032:
985:
981:
630:
517:
314:
2512:
significantly increases the chances of cancer over a decade exposure or more.
1087:, and six subsequent missions, five of which successfully landed on the moon.
13915:
11815:
11740:
11723:
11645:
11604:
11286:
11264:
10397:
10327:
9411:
9402:
9207:
8646:
8626:
8206:
7939:
7922:
7743:
7660:
7623:
7594:
7584:
7552:
7530:
7510:
7473:
7446:
7441:
7436:
6283:
5742:
5659:
5590:
5553:
5393:
5314:
5178:
5173:
4904:
4161:. Future of Humanity Institute, Philosophy Department, Oxford University: 1.
3676:"Apollo lunar landing launch window: The controlling factors and constraints"
3564:
3145:
3110:
3085:
3001:
2989:
2869:
2840:
2798:
The dominating issue about access in most recent years has been the issue of
2783:". Furthermore social inclusion in human spaceflight has been demanded, with
2567:
2465:
2343:
2307:. SpaceX is now developing a fully reusable super heavy lift rocket known as
2283:
2217:
2142:
2003:
1893:
1756:
1698:
1513:
1438:
1380:
1362:
1336:
1306:
1271:
1261:
1153:
1134:
1096:
560:
556:
548:
261:
256:
251:
179:
154:
3511: – Extreme benchmarks set off Earth by astronauts, launchers and probes
472:. Most spaceflight is uncrewed and conducted mainly with spacecraft such as
13749:
11862:
11857:
11790:
11753:
11000:
10093:
9751:
8873:
8863:
8724:
8710:
8501:
8456:
8113:
7996:
7890:
7830:
7813:
7633:
7611:
7562:
7520:
7505:
7490:
7356:
7315:
7280:
7100:
5799:
5734:
5403:
5388:
5089:
5084:
4023:
3382:
3370:
3328:
3322:
3299:
3139:
3100:
3013:
2997:
2981:
2799:
2772:
2672:
2642:
2368:
2293:
2271:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2155:
was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a
2146:
1994:, the closest star other than the Sun, is 267,000 AU distant. It will take
1961:
1956:
1926:
1823:
1760:
1735:
1124:
1016:
1012:
989:
973:
966:
946:
938:
598:
583:
453:
290:
8816:
4727:"Couriermail.com.au | Subscribe to The Courier Mail for exclusive stories"
4019:"'Dynamic Soaring' Trick Could Speed Spacecraft Across Interstellar Space"
2729:
2530:
is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in outer space.
2377:
13899:
13873:
12979:
11520:
11508:
11496:
11359:
11306:
11086:
10612:
10218:
10112:
9909:
9734:
9586:
9391:
9238:
8858:
8765:
8759:
8542:
8530:
8525:
8476:
8451:
8421:
8416:
8364:
8359:
8184:
8098:
8057:
8018:
7895:
7720:
7643:
7606:
7495:
5627:
5493:
5183:
5166:
4117:"The Feasibility of Intergalactic Colonisation and its Relevance to SETI"
3442:
3430:
3346:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3051:
2977:
2820:
2713:
2663:
2590:
2572:
2505:
2439:
1806:
1752:
1622:
1454:
1233:
1184:
962:
927:
615:
485:
481:
461:
215:
2014:
as a way to travel across interstellar space has been proposed as well.
1133:
technologies have yet to be built, or remain short of orbital speeds. A
1039:
programs. After successfully performing a rendezvous and docking and an
11810:
9638:
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
9321:
8940:
8913:
8784:
8731:
8471:
8050:
7628:
6602:
5761:
5669:
5612:
5572:
5366:
5067:
3303:
3258:
3253:
2973:
2927: Countries with independently developed human spaceflight programs
2226:
2156:
2041:
1599:
1509:
1508:
make use of a big parachute and braking rockets to touch down on land.
1501:
1416:
1332:
1160:
1142:
1072:
1008:
457:
302:
266:
192:
99:
4705:
4387:"How the billionaire space race could be one giant leap for pollution"
3975:"Point-to-point suborbital transportation: sounds good on paper, but…"
3567: – Human habitats located in environments inhospitable for humans
13553:
13541:
13505:
13206:
12771:
12397:
12385:
11366:
11030:
10893:
10754:
10668:
9991:
9579:
8962:
8745:
8738:
8167:
8133:
7964:
7885:
7808:
7803:
7774:
7515:
7468:
7337:
7320:
5771:
5622:
5339:
5220:
5141:
5124:
4896:
4257:
3549: – Idea that long-term human presence requires to be spacefaring
3418:
3352:
3163:
3017:
3005:
2985:
2709:
2692:
2606:
2589:
Space weather is the concept of changing environmental conditions in
2084:
1982:
1802:
1732:
1660:
1572:
1559:
1302:
1138:
1084:
1080:
1048:
1003:
The US, after the launch of Sputnik and two embarrassing failures of
997:
993:
473:
297:
210:
9621:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
7769:
484:
for flights beyond Earth orbit. Such spaceflights operate either by
11568:
11532:
11414:
10762:
9547:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
9336:
9260:
9072:
8798:
8636:
8103:
7959:
7944:
7679:
7386:
7234:
6070:
4984:
4116:
4063:
3400:
2898:
2825:
2676:
2425:
2202:
1841:
Point-to-point, or Earth to Earth transportation, is a category of
1728:
1678:
1411:
to an upper stage plus payload, or by an upper stage or spacecraft
1241:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
3477:
3277:
rocket programme within the European Space Agency since 1998. The
1023:
on February 20, 1962. These events were followed by a pledge from
13036:
12665:
11628:
11438:
10767:
9835:
9270:
9189:
8040:
8028:
7954:
7347:
7325:
7200:
7185:
6597:
4900:
4572:"Iran Launches Small Earth-Watching Satellite Into Orbit: Report"
4145:
3340:
3315:
3205:
2594:
2238:
2088:
1655:
1646:
1634:
676:, in an 1861 essay "A Journey Through Space". More well-known is
590:
3004:; cargo handling equipment, dangerous cargos and cargo storage;
1960:
is the fifth spacecraft put on an escape trajectory leaving the
992:
missiles were used to launch the world's first artificial Earth
11652:
11580:
11544:
11472:
11426:
11390:
11378:
11240:
10006:
9431:
8481:
7672:
7667:
7381:
7376:
7342:
7330:
7275:
7227:
7220:
7195:
7190:
7069:
6055:
5585:
5449:
4294:
3448:
3436:
3406:
3388:
3358:
3334:
3311:
3283:
3273:) between 1967 and 1988; Italy has led the development of the
3246:★Launch vehicle fully or partially developed by another country
3211:
3199:
3151:
3104:
3093:
3081:
2610:
2305:
their first stages, with the intent of reusing fairings as well
2289:
2076:
1934:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1642:
1638:
1603:
1545:
1400:
1282:
958:
669:
614:
There are several terms that refer to a flight into or through
5007:
3561: – Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth
2456:
2319:
1777:
1141:(cosmodrome), which may be equipped with launch complexes and
13766:
13652:
11676:
11664:
11556:
11484:
11402:
11228:
10883:
10624:
9723:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
9421:
9158:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
7798:
7371:
7303:
7298:
7213:
7168:
7163:
4881:
An Explorer's Guide to the Universe – Unmanned Space Missions
3555: – Advocacy for exploration and/or colonization of space
3412:
3394:
3364:
3193:
3175:
3169:
3157:
3116:
3096:. Spacefaring nations listed by date of first crewed launch:
3089:
3024:
2543:
2436:
International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety
2354:
2046:
1938:
1897:
1630:
1442:
1248:
powered spaceplanes. Gun launch has been proposed for cargo.
1172:
6873:
R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)
4989:
4496:
1879:
1566:
908:
Spaceflight became a practical possibility with the work of
688:
The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices
589:
Most spacecraft, and all crewed spacecraft, are designed to
13230:
12972:
12498:
12135:
11688:
11450:
10991:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
9625:
7424:
7308:
7173:
4914:
4327:
4047:"Dynamic soaring as a means to exceed the solar wind speed"
3773:
3376:
3217:
3036:
3028:
2832:
Current and proposed applications for spaceflight include:
2547:
2531:
2326:
2138:
1739:
1063:. Shortly after its successful completion, the US launched
1015:
into orbit. The US responded with the suborbital launch of
3651:
It's ONLY Rocket Science: An Introduction in Plain English
3517: – Overview of and topical guide to space exploration
2215:
The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the
1659:, launched October 4, 1957 to orbit the Earth. Nearly all
1528:
technique was used to recover the film canisters from the
10653:
9537:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
7153:
6144:
5466:
4190:. History.nasa.gov (1969-03-03). Retrieved on 2011-10-05.
3748:(Press release). SpaceX. 22 December 2015. Archived from
2539:
1990:
distant and is moving at 3.6 AU per year. In comparison,
1682:
1675:
but no humans are on-board are called uncrewed missions.
1047:
tragedy. Following multiple uncrewed test flights of the
988:
became the chief rocket designer, and derivatives of his
942:
4044:
2504:
issues occur and increase. Further away from the Earth,
1980:
are the earlier ones. The one farthest from the Sun is
1861:
has revealed plans to do so as early as the 2020s using
751:{\displaystyle \Delta v=v_{e}\ln {\frac {m_{0}}{m_{f}}}}
11105:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
10996:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
9616:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
3865:"Advanced Docking/Berthing System – NASA Seal Workshop"
3704:
3543: – Spaceflight not paid for by a government agency
3519:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1813:
The most generally recognized boundary of space is the
672:
was published by Scottish astronomer and mathematician
9575:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
4489:"Homework Help and Textbook Solutions | bartleby"
2716:
and lacking, understanding spaceflight as a resource.
2476:, a self-limiting nausea caused by derangement of the
2054:
Spacecraft are vehicles designed to operate in space.
1175:, weighed 2030 metric tons (4,480,000 lb) at takeoff.
683:Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами
11868:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
11011:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
3654:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 25.
2145:, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of
1399:
The term "transfer energy" means the total amount of
888:
853:
826:
796:
770:
698:
668:
The first theoretical proposal of space travel using
9665:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
3746:"Musk pre-launch backgrounder on Falcon 9 Flight 20"
3459:
2508:
can give a fatal radiation dose in minutes, and the
2163:. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the
2057:
The first 'true spacecraft' is sometimes said to be
5875:
3286:, and became the only non-European member of ELDO.
3031:system. However, the United States, Russia, China,
2972:is to be capable of and active in the operation of
2951: Countries seeking to develop a launch vehicle
2419:
List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents
11875:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
10986:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
9655:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
9633:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
4640:
4529:"Space Today Online - Iran space satellite launch"
3588:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
3294:Considering merely launching an object beyond the
3023:There has never been a crewed mission outside the
2922:Map showing countries with spaceflight capability
2662:. Many solid rockets have chlorine in the form of
897:
866:
839:
809:
779:
750:
11116:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
10976:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
4438:
3732:Space Flight: History, Technology, and Operations
3729:
3598:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
1763:has conducted two human suborbital spaceflights.
524:. Other current spaceflight are conducted to the
13913:
11970:
10971:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
3720:. Van.physics.uiuc.edu. Retrieved on 2011-10-05.
2492:Once above the atmosphere, radiation due to the
1759:fleet operated from April 1981 until July 2011.
1441:, a spacecraft would have to arrive at the same
874:) are the initial and final masses of the rocket
132:
11099:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
9626:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
9500:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
7113:
4992:"Reflections – manned vs. unmanned spaceflight"
4475:"spacefaring - Definitions from Dictionary.com"
4331:, 16 September 2002, Retrieved 25 October 2011.
3123:
2632:
2613:in space (generally close to Earth but also in
1576:spacecraft at Mercury (artist's interpretation)
566:Spaceflight can be achieved conventionally via
10383:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
9168:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
9124:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
6613:Timeline of first Earth observation satellites
4611:
4597:"North Korea defies warnings to launch rocket"
4380:
4378:
4095:
3870:. NASA. 2004-11-04. p. 15. Archived from
3838:Automated Rendezvous and Docking of Spacecraft
3298:to be the minimum requirement of spacefaring,
3243:*Previously a major region in the Soviet Union
2538:missions. The life support system may supply:
1331:Non-rocket orbital propulsion methods include
1071:(first Apollo mission to launch with both the
13888:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
11956:
10934:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
10906:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
9741:Creation of the British National Space Centre
9129:European Space Research and Technology Centre
9039:
9029:
8832:
7274:
7085:
5861:
5023:
4990:Tedd E. Hankins; H. Paul Shuch (1987-03-04).
4619:"S. Korea successfully launches space rocket"
4564:
4412:
4235:] launches first recycled rocket – video"
4121:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
3840:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3612: – Measure of a civilization's evolution
3604:U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps
3130:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
3069:
3064:United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
2601:, and deals with phenomena involving ambient
1476:. The theory behind reentry was developed by
945:, were developed and employed as a weapon by
681:
426:
9180:European Space Security and Education Centre
7049:Timeline of first images of Earth from space
4146:Armstrong, Stuart; Sandberg, Anders (2013).
4114:
4038:
3859:
3857:
3584: – Method used to accelerate spacecraft
3269:in 1964 and then from a spaceport in Kenya (
2705:have been issues of spaceflight regulation.
1328:may be needed to maintain or change orbits.
74:
11021:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
10981:International Mobile Satellite Organization
10861:Politics of the International Space Station
9496:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
8846:
4375:
4010:
3901:. Astronautix.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-05.
3799:
3777:ISS Interface Mechanisms and their Heritage
2050:An Apollo Lunar Module on the lunar surface
1149:have various special launching facilities.
1043:, the Gemini program ended just before the
11963:
11949:
11016:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
11006:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
10353:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
9770:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
9093:European Launcher Development Organisation
8839:
8825:
7092:
7078:
5868:
5854:
5030:
5016:
4408:
4406:
4188:Apollo Expeditions to the Moon: Chapter 10
3600: – Space exploration on Soviet stamps
2262:on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the
2123:expendable launch systems to reach space.
2083:, but other propulsion techniques such as
1921:is flight between planets within a single
1019:on May 5, 1961, and the orbital launch of
433:
419:
11093:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
10939:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
10879:International Civil Aviation Organization
10421:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
10318:Launch of the Space Launch System program
10313:Cancellation of the Constellation program
4935:, vol. 329, no. 4 (November 2023), p. 93.
4080:
4062:
3910:
3854:
2554:, and are designed and constructed using
2468:can be seen exercising in the foreground.
2371:after its flight into space, 21 June 2004
2353:seconds after engine ignition on mission
1422:
10473:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
8611:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
4679:Walter Dornberger, Moewig, Berlin 1984.
4273:"Unmanned rocket explodes after liftoff"
2917:
2819:
2571:
2484:of muscular and cardiovascular tissues.
2455:
2045:
1878:
1776:
1715:
1565:
1544:
1276:
1240:(currently in early stage development),
1152:A launch is often restricted to certain
1137:for a spaceflight usually starts from a
932:November 11, 1918 armistice with Germany
787:) is the change in the rocket's velocity
36:
11122:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
10244:2002 National missile defense directive
9597:Council of European Aerospace Societies
9479:Western European Union Satellite Centre
8807:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
7835:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
5515:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
4403:
4293:. European Space Agency. Archived from
4089:
3911:Burghardt, Thomas (December 26, 2020).
3904:
3831:
3829:
3807:"International Docking Standardization"
3537: – Growth of plants in outer space
2408:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
2329:pulling away from its drop launch plane
2274:. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by
1621:Many space missions are more suited to
1610:, or remote guidance. They may also be
1483:
578:, the spacecraft usually separates the
14:
13914:
11895:International Astronautical Federation
10676:
10204:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
9612:European Committee for Standardization
9224:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
5537:Psychological and sociological effects
4384:
4000:"Spacecraft escaping the Solar System"
3647:
3630:
3515:List of uncrewed spacecraft by program
3057:
3050:, supranational entities, and private
915:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes
633:, and national firsts in spaceflight.
11944:
11890:International Academy of Astronautics
11111:International Docking System Standard
10956:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
10949:International Planetary Data Alliance
10856:International Space Station programme
10578:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
10488:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
9780:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
9542:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
9219:Space Situational Awareness Programme
8820:
7073:
5849:
5011:
4883:, Britannica Educational Publishing,
4359:Space Weather: A Research Perspective
4342:"Breathing Easy on the Space Station"
4016:
3972:
3835:
3769:
3767:
3734:. Government Institutes. p. 187.
3690:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details"
3668:
2779:and its claim of outer space as the "
2593:. It is distinct from the concept of
2386:'s first stage landing vertically on
2159:and gliding to deadstick landings at
1653:The first uncrewed space mission was
1587:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1183:The most commonly used definition of
547:, the rendezvouses and dockings with
535:Spaceflights include the launches of
11885:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
9900:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
9107:European Space Research Organisation
6430:Spaceflight-related human fatalities
4975:Aerospace engineering at Wikiversity
4751:"Australia re-enters the space race"
4698:"T-Minus Engineering - T-Minus DART"
4432:
4002:. Heavens-Above GmbH. Archived from
3929:large amounts of cargo around Earth.
3826:
3593:Timeline of Solar System exploration
2723:
912:'s publication in 1919 of his paper
10744:United Rocket and Space Corporation
10398:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
10278:Launch of the Constellation program
10002:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
3310:capability by launching indigenous
2639:Environmental impact of spaceflight
2510:health threat from cosmic radiation
2137:The first reusable spacecraft, the
2075:Spacecraft today predominantly use
1067:(first mission to orbit the moon),
978:intercontinental ballistic missiles
24:
11838:Air & Space Forces Association
10478:Antennas & Propagation Society
9686:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
9607:European Civil Aviation Conference
7109:
6982:Communications satellite companies
5246:Weather and environment monitoring
4873:
3764:
3573: – Logistics for space travel
1892:spacecraft must reach the minimal
1433:Docking and berthing of spacecraft
1394:
889:
771:
699:
27:Flight into or through outer space
25:
13943:
10911:General Assembly Fourth Committee
10899:Space Generation Advisory Council
10333:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
9507:EU Agency for the Space Programme
9256:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
9229:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
9056:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
8998:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
7027:First orbital launches by country
4939:
2445:
2212:during reentry in February 2003.
2094:
1903:
1836:
1697:are increasingly used for crewed
1556:Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer
1178:
930:but his plans were foiled by the
13867:
13855:
13843:
13831:
13819:
13807:
13784:
13772:
13760:
13660:
13641:
13614:
13602:
13583:
13571:
13547:
13535:
13523:
13511:
13499:
13476:
13464:
13452:
13438:
13426:
13414:
13402:
13363:
13351:
13339:
13327:
13315:
13303:
13291:
13279:
13267:
13255:
13236:
13224:
13212:
13200:
13188:
13176:
13157:
13145:
13133:
13121:
13109:
13095:
13083:
12990:
12920:
12901:
12882:
12863:
12844:
12825:
12813:
12801:
12789:
12777:
12765:
12742:
12730:
12718:
12706:
12694:
12682:
12659:
12647:
12618:
12606:
12583:
12571:
12547:
12535:
12523:
12511:
12492:
12438:
12415:
12391:
12379:
12322:
12310:
12281:
12269:
12257:
12245:
12233:
12208:
12196:
12184:
12172:
12160:
12141:
12129:
12117:
12083:
12071:
12059:
12047:
12028:
12016:
11900:International Astronomical Union
11722:
11710:
11698:
11687:
11675:
11663:
11651:
11627:
11603:
11591:
11579:
11567:
11555:
11543:
11531:
11519:
11507:
11495:
11483:
11471:
11449:
11437:
11425:
11413:
11401:
11389:
11377:
11365:
11263:
11251:
11239:
11227:
10723:Medvedev modernisation programme
10426:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
10094:1985 anti-satellite missile test
9758:Space Innovation and Growth Team
9503:European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
9185:European Space Operations Centre
9146:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
8698:
8686:
8674:
7099:
7054:Timeline of longest spaceflights
5829:
5819:
5818:
4385:Gammon, Katharine (2021-07-19).
4287:"The second IAASS: Introduction"
3942:"Becoming a Multiplanet Species"
3476:
3462:
3425:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3092:are the only crewed spacefaring
2728:
2561:
2376:
2361:
2334:
2318:
2017:
1727:The first human spaceflight was
1372:
1354:
1312:
1251:
882:, can be used to find the total
402:
11149:Astronomical naming conventions
10074:Strategy of Technology doctrine
9846:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
9764:Creation of the UK Space Agency
9214:European Space Policy Institute
9174:European Space Astronomy Centre
8574:Gravitationally rounded objects
7059:Timeline of private spaceflight
6733:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
6593:Communications satellite firsts
5290:Space launch market competition
5037:
4917:is a terrible idea" (review of
4845:
4816:
4792:
4768:
4743:
4719:
4690:
4670:
4589:
4539:
4521:
4503:
4481:
4467:
4461:10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.01.016
4352:
4334:
4309:
4279:
4265:
4245:
4223:
4205:
4193:
4181:
4175:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.04.002
4139:
4108:
4051:Frontiers in Space Technologies
4017:Mcrae, Mike (6 December 2022).
3992:
3966:
3934:
3892:
3577:Space travel in science fiction
3318:or both into suborbital space:
2809:
2697:A wide range of issues such as
2515:
1944:
1853:, a flight that normally lasts
1820:Civilian Space eXploration Team
1205:
941:, the first guided rocket, the
661:For a chronological guide, see
11880:British Interplanetary Society
11843:Alliance for Space Development
10966:Global Standards Collaboration
10889:Office for Outer Space Affairs
10416:China exclusion policy of NASA
10084:Space Station Freedom proposal
9997:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
9067:Planetary Exploration of China
8891:Planetary protection principle
5527:Health threat from cosmic rays
4413:Haris Durrani (19 July 2019).
4115:Fogg, Martyn (November 1988).
3812:. NASA. 2009-03-17. p. 15
3738:
3723:
3682:
3641:
3624:
3012:and first aid; fire fighting;
2905:
2230:any further flights of Buran.
2119:Most current spaceflight uses
1766:
1341:plasma-bubble magnetic systems
609:
13:
1:
11063:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
10393:Launch of the Artemis program
10323:Redesign of the Orion program
10239:Aerospace Industry Commission
9935:Launch of the Mariner program
9660:European Southern Observatory
9360:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)
6994:Private spaceflight companies
5937:Rocket and missile technology
4551:State Space Agency of Ukraine
4415:"Is Spaceflight Colonialism?"
4231:"SpaceX successfuly [
3617:
3289:
2895:private spaceflight companies
2876:potentially hazardous objects
2686:
2397:
2108:
2064:
2035:
1055:, the US launched the crewed
957:, producing missiles such as
955:Army Ballistic Missile Agency
11972:Public-sector space agencies
11144:Extraterrestrial real estate
10684:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
10584:Soviet crewed lunar programs
10493:Vehicular Technology Society
10483:Broadcast Technology Society
10258:Vision for Space Exploration
10175:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
10133:Space Exploration Initiative
10079:Strategic Defense Initiative
10032:Launch of the Viking program
9945:Launch of the Apollo program
9940:Launch of the Gemini project
9792:Defence in a Competitive Age
9729:Start of the Ariel programme
9643:European Patent Organisation
6608:Earth observation satellites
6463:Cumulative spacewalk records
4965:Resources in other libraries
4625:. 2013-01-30. Archived from
4370:National Academy of Sciences
3973:Hoerr, David (May 5, 2008).
3124:Uncrewed spacefaring nations
3046:Spacefaring entities can be
3008:; dealing with emergencies;
2837:Earth observation satellites
2679:of satellites and vehicles (
2633:Environmental considerations
2487:
2282:carrying paying passengers (
1731:on April 12, 1961, on which
1695:Uncrewed resupply spacecraft
1437:In order to reach towards a
878:This equation, known as the
32:Spaceflight (disambiguation)
7:
10961:Group on Earth Observations
10944:Committee on Space Research
10388:Creation of the Space Force
10308:Kennedy Space Center speech
9951:We choose to go to the Moon
9882:Introduction to Outer Space
9602:European Broadcasting Union
8669:Outline of the Solar System
8432:Interplanetary medium/space
7032:First satellites by country
5643:Self-replicating spacecraft
5479:International Space Station
3509:List of spaceflight records
3504:List of Solar System probes
3455:
3263:International Space Station
2741:to comply with Knowledge's
2296:commercial satellites into
2126:
1723:crew member stores samples.
1687:International Space Station
1540:
1108:International Space Station
880:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
526:International Space Station
375:List of space organizations
46:International Space Station
10:
13948:
11910:Space Exploration Alliance
11139:Common heritage of mankind
11057:Space Liability Convention
10829:North Korean space program
10755:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
10219:Launch of the X-37 program
10069:Citizens' Advisory Council
9163:European Data Relay System
9134:Concurrent Design Facility
8879:Space Debris Working Group
8385:Extraterrestrial materials
6723:Medium-lift launch vehicle
6524:Objects at Lagrange points
5157:Space Liability Convention
4547:"Launches of Ukrainian LV"
4082:10.3389/frspt.2022.1017442
3730:Lance K. Erickson (2010).
3634:God's Glory in the Heavens
3127:
3073:
3070:Crewed spacefaring nations
2909:
2813:
2690:
2636:
2565:
2526:In human spaceflight, the
2519:
2464:in weightless conditions.
2449:
2416:
2401:
2278:planned to begin reusable
2130:
2112:
2098:
2068:
2039:
2021:
1948:
1919:Interplanetary spaceflight
1910:Interplanetary spaceflight
1907:
1883:Apollo 6 heads into orbit.
1872:
1868:
1770:
1709:
1598:or robotic spacecraft are
1586:
1579:
1464:
1460:
1426:
1326:orbital maneuvering system
1316:
1255:
1209:
1122:
660:
654:
650:
506:Human spaceflight programs
29:
13882:
13799:
13675:
13633:
13491:
13069:
12951:
12944:
12757:
12674:
12598:
12430:
12371:
12355:
12348:
12223:
12109:
12102:
12008:
11985:
11978:
11853:Space Frontier Foundation
11828:
11739:
11348:
11339:
11280:Launch market competition
11212:
11029:
10919:
10871:
10851:Ugandan space initiatives
10786:
10736:
10715:
10667:
10646:
10599:
10551:
10527:
10514:
10507:
10411:
10371:
10291:
10227:
10156:
10121:
10057:
10040:
10015:
9980:
9960:
9923:
9905:Launch of Project Mercury
9854:
9812:
9803:
9711:
9673:
9565:
9469:
9401:
9359:
9283:
9202:Ariane launcher programme
9141:European Astronaut Centre
9099:Europa launcher programme
9083:
9040:
9030:
8986:
8931:
8919:The Spaceguard Foundation
8854:
8705:Earth sciences portal
8664:
8619:
8556:
8427:Interplanetary dust cloud
8306:
8142:
8072:
7783:
7719:
7412:
7265:
7107:
7017:
6972:
6956:
6741:
6728:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
6718:Small-lift launch vehicle
6661:
6581:
6507:Landings on other planets
6485:
6438:
6310:
6282:
6254:
6194:
6142:
6099:
5954:
5945:
5897:
5884:
5813:
5780:
5733:
5685:
5571:
5520:Space adaptation syndrome
5507:
5412:
5332:
5323:
5211:
5045:
4980:Encyclopedia Astronautica
4960:Resources in your library
4804:forum.nasaspaceflight.com
4776:"Australian Space Agency"
4241:. Reuters. 31 March 2017.
3499:List of crewed spacecraft
2719:
2474:space adaptation syndrome
2412:
2197:was built to replace the
1986:, which is more than 100
1294:limiting the boil off of
1244:powered spaceplanes, and
1222:momentum exchange tethers
1187:is everything beyond the
1118:
1113:
1025:President John F. Kennedy
918:. His application of the
817:) is the exhaust velocity
682:
11806:Reconnaissance satellite
11179:International Designator
10846:Philippine space program
10794:Australian space program
10446:Office of Space Commerce
10436:House Committee on Space
10348:Space Shuttle retirement
10303:2009 Augustine Committee
10138:1990 Augustine Committee
9284:Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)
8869:Space traffic management
8718:Local Interstellar Cloud
7430:other near-Earth objects
7009:Spacecraft manufacturers
6544:leaving the Solar System
5253:Communications satellite
4929:, Penguin Press, 2023),
3783:, Houston, Texas: Boeing
3711:Escape Velocity of Earth
3631:Leitch, William (1867).
2855:Communication satellites
2754:may contain suggestions.
2739:may need to be rewritten
2699:space traffic management
2270:has built its successor
2115:Expendable launch system
2000:nuclear pulse propulsion
1705:
1535:
1266:On some missions beyond
1031:and the creation of the
898:{\displaystyle \Delta v}
780:{\displaystyle \Delta v}
496:satellites and American
456:to fly objects, usually
11920:Space Force Association
11905:Lunar Explorers Society
11075:Registration Convention
11039:Partial Test Ban Treaty
10920:Other intergovernmental
10834:Pakistani space program
10799:Brazilian space program
10169:Faster, better, cheaper
9972:1967 Outer Space Treaty
9775:Space Industry Act 2018
9552:European Defence Agency
9208:Vega launcher programme
9151:Living Planet Programme
8874:Space debris management
8848:Politics of outer space
8681:Solar System portal
8407:Giant-impact hypothesis
8014:Trans-Neptunian objects
6423:timeline by nationality
5889:Timeline of spaceflight
5757:reusable launch systems
5374:Extravehicular activity
5285:Commercial use of space
5189:Militarisation of space
5162:Registration Convention
5078:Accidents and incidents
4879:Erik Gregerson (2010):
4599:. BBC. 12 December 2012
4202:, retrieved 2012-01-27.
3836:Fehse, Wigbert (2003).
3526: – 2000 video game
3267:Wallops Flight Facility
2816:Human presence in space
2781:province of all mankind
2438:was established in the
2161:Edwards AFB, California
1843:sub-orbital spaceflight
1826:was used for the first
1799:specific orbital energy
1795:sub-orbital spaceflight
1773:Sub-orbital spaceflight
1361:Ionized gas trail from
1345:gravitational slingshot
1238:Reaction Engines Skylon
1093:human presence in space
663:Timeline of spaceflight
572:suborbital trajectories
545:interplanetary missions
470:without humans on board
452:) is an application of
105:Timeline of spaceflight
11848:National Space Society
11749:Space domain awareness
10922:or inter-agency bodies
10824:Lebanese space program
10809:Japanese space program
10750:2014 Military doctrine
10728:2010 Military doctrine
10148:National Space Council
10143:Hubble Space Telescope
9915:Launch of X-15 program
9836:Aerobee rocket program
9786:2021 Integrated Review
9648:European Patent Office
9568:initiatives and bodies
8958:Billionaire space race
8884:Space Debris Committee
8569:Possible dwarf planets
8412:Gravitational collapse
8350:Circumstellar envelope
7149:
7042:Constellation missions
6669:Orbital launch systems
6561:Timeline of satellites
6502:Interplanetary voyages
5805:Mission control center
5767:Non-rocket spacelaunch
5201:Billionaire space race
4731:www.couriermail.com.au
4344:. NASA. Archived from
3308:suborbital spaceflight
2965:
2912:Wiktionary:spacefaring
2874:Protecting Earth from
2829:
2586:
2469:
2133:Reusable launch system
2051:
1914:Interplanetary mission
1884:
1790:
1787:Joe Walker (astronaut)
1724:
1577:
1563:
1423:Reaching space station
1290:
1212:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1199:high-altitude balloons
1131:non-rocket spacelaunch
1000:, on October 4, 1957.
899:
868:
841:
811:
781:
752:
678:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
657:History of spaceflight
530:Tiangong Space Station
522:Space Shuttle programs
409:Spaceflight portal
325:Non-rocket spacelaunch
95:History of spaceflight
79:
52:
11930:The Planetary Society
11759:Anti-satellite weapon
11154:ITU Radio Regulations
10804:Emirati space program
10535:Operation Osoaviakhim
10403:Executive Order 13959
10283:Operation Burnt Frost
10214:Decadal Planning Team
9696:Indian ASAT programme
9691:Space Activities Bill
9113:European Space Agency
9085:ESA Science Programme
8896:Post-detection policy
8778:Laniakea Supercluster
8395:Sample-return mission
7148:
6957:Launches by spaceport
6566:Sample-return mission
6080:Civilian spaceflight
5655:Spacecraft propulsion
5105:European Space Agency
4985:Basics of Spaceflight
4654:. ESA. Archived from
4515:TheFreeDictionary.com
4511:"space-faring nation"
3877:on September 22, 2011
3692:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
3648:Rogers, Lucy (2008).
3582:Spacecraft propulsion
3188:European Space Agency
3128:Further information:
3074:Further information:
3041:Human mission to Mars
3033:European Space Agency
2921:
2910:Further information:
2823:
2814:Further information:
2789:European Space Agency
2785:women to fly to space
2575:
2459:
2268:The Spaceship Company
2252:suborbital spaceplane
2205:in January 1986. The
2071:Spacecraft propulsion
2049:
1931:Constellation program
1882:
1780:
1719:
1569:
1548:
1296:cryogenic propellants
1280:
1268:LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
900:
869:
867:{\displaystyle m_{f}}
842:
840:{\displaystyle m_{0}}
812:
810:{\displaystyle v_{e}}
782:
753:
78:
40:
13894:Soviet space program
11352:units and formations
11322:Project Harvest Moon
11069:Satellite Convention
10929:African Space Agency
10839:Space programme 2040
10819:Kenyan space program
10814:Kazakh space program
9747:Outer Space Act 1986
9735:Black Arrow launcher
9518:Copernicus programme
9491:EU/ESA Space Council
9119:EU/ESA Space Council
9010:Chinese ASAT program
8693:Astronomy portal
8594:Solar System objects
8340:Circumplanetary disk
6681:Sounding rocket list
6620:Geosynchronous orbit
6556:Missions to the Moon
6328:by year of selection
5280:Satellite navigation
3493:Aerial landscape art
3445:(September 19, 2020)
3439:(September 27, 2018)
3421:(September 29, 2004)
3361:(September 21, 1976)
2984:; programs to train
2865:Satellite navigation
2860:Satellite television
2804:space sustainability
2793:2022 astronaut group
2599:planetary atmosphere
2254:that carried pilots
2024:Intergalactic travel
1484:Landing and recovery
1383:return capsule by a
1305:(lowest point); see
886:
851:
824:
794:
768:
696:
574:. If the mission is
480:, but also includes
42:Tracy Caldwell Dyson
30:For other uses, see
13044:Guiana Space Centre
11786:Kinetic bombardment
11312:Space manufacturing
11302:Space-based economy
11275:Private spaceflight
10695:Shuttle–Mir program
10263:Aldridge Commission
10185:Shuttle–Mir program
9893:Space Act Agreement
9824:Operation Paperclip
9681:Department of Space
9674:Indian space policy
9557:Europe by Satellite
9485:EU Satellite Centre
9197:Guiana Space Centre
8941:Cold War space race
8859:Spacefaring nations
8792:Observable universe
8589:Solar System models
8519:Protoplanetary disk
8442:Interstellar medium
8402:Frost/Ice/Snow line
7018:Other mission lists
6999:Rocket launch sites
6973:Agencies, companies
6269:Crewed Spaceflights
5927:Spaceflight records
5879:lists and timelines
5665:Electric propulsion
5352:Life-support system
5236:Imagery and mapping
5196:Private spaceflight
4932:Scientific American
4824:"Upcoming Launches"
4453:2023AcAau.207..445Y
4213:"SpaceX on Twitter"
4167:2013AcAau..89....1A
4133:1988JBIS...41..491F
4073:2022FrST....317442L
3541:Private spaceflight
3524:Orbiter (simulator)
3433:(November 30, 2009)
3415:(September 1, 2000)
3409:(December 15, 1998)
3367:(February 18, 1981)
3343:(November 21, 1962)
3337:(September 5, 1959)
3058:Global coordination
2891:Private spaceflight
2651:Spacecraft cemetery
2619:interstellar medium
2617:, and occasionally
2605:, magnetic fields,
2528:life support system
2522:Life support system
2280:private spaceflight
2059:Apollo Lunar Module
1951:Interstellar travel
1889:orbital spaceflight
1875:Orbital spaceflight
1783:North American X-15
1633:or the vicinity of
1596:Uncrewed spacecraft
1589:Uncrewed spacecraft
1582:Uncrewed spacecraft
1474:aerodynamic heating
1467:Atmospheric reentry
924:liquid-fuel rockets
553:crewed spaceflights
518:Apollo Moon landing
247:Apollo Lunar Module
11801:Military satellite
11639:Ranks and insignia
11134:Space jurisdiction
11081:Bogota Declaration
11045:Outer Space Treaty
10541:list of scientists
9829:list of scientists
9471:EU Space Programme
8772:Virgo Supercluster
8753:Milky Way subgroup
8584:Natural satellites
8467:Nebular hypothesis
8447:Interstellar space
8437:Interstellar cloud
8345:Circumstellar disc
7935:Near-Earth objects
7819:names and meanings
7150:
6918:Thor DM-21 Agena-B
6908:Thor DM-18 Agena-A
6821:Falcon 9 and Heavy
6517:artificial objects
6468:Longest spacewalks
6031:Vostok and Voskhod
5618:Robotic spacecraft
5544:Space and survival
5399:Space colonization
5295:Space architecture
5147:Outer Space Treaty
4533:www.spacetoday.org
4499:on March 26, 2005.
4364:2009-03-26 at the
4321:2019-07-13 at the
4006:on April 27, 2007.
3791:– via NASA,
3716:2007-07-13 at the
3559:Space colonization
3547:Space and survival
3470:Spaceflight portal
3451:(October 29, 2020)
3349:(October 27, 1967)
3271:San Marco Platform
3000:construction, and
2966:
2881:Space colonization
2845:weather satellites
2830:
2777:Outer Space Treaty
2587:
2556:safety engineering
2470:
2460:Astronauts on the
2434:In April 2004 the
2384:Falcon 9 Flight 20
2169:, followed by the
2052:
1885:
1791:
1725:
1578:
1564:
1478:Harry Julian Allen
1381:Discoverer 14
1291:
1287:(replica pictured)
1281:Launched in 1959,
895:
864:
837:
807:
777:
748:
568:multistage rockets
541:telecommunications
478:orbit around Earth
460:, into or through
204:Robotic spacecraft
80:
53:
13909:
13908:
13629:
13628:
12940:
12939:
12344:
12343:
12226:and the Caribbean
12098:
12097:
11938:
11937:
11824:
11823:
11816:Satellite jamming
11292:Space advertising
10782:
10781:
10778:
10777:
10663:
10662:
10503:
10502:
10123:George H. W. Bush
9592:Council of Europe
9513:Galileo programme
9465:
9464:
9452:Comet Interceptor
8978:Space competition
8814:
8813:
8659:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8632:Lagrangian points
8604:by discovery date
8202:Human spaceflight
8173:historical models
8066:
8065:
7685:S/2015 (136472) 1
7067:
7066:
6481:
6480:
5962:Crewed spacecraft
5947:Human spaceflight
5905:Space exploration
5843:
5842:
5790:Flight controller
5567:
5566:
5325:Human spaceflight
5300:Space exploration
5226:Earth observation
4946:Library resources
4919:Kelly Weinersmith
4889:978-1-61530-052-5
4853:"Successful fire"
4800:"Southern Launch"
4658:on March 14, 2016
4441:Acta Astronautica
4155:Acta Astronautica
3661:978-0-387-75377-5
3484:Technology portal
3076:Human spaceflight
3010:survival at space
2994:orbital mechanics
2850:Space exploration
2769:
2768:
2743:quality standards
2536:human spaceflight
2478:vestibular system
2404:Human spaceflight
2245:Scaled Composites
1855:over twenty hours
1831:human spaceflight
1805:was NASA's first
1712:Human spaceflight
1616:space observatory
1526:mid-air retrieval
1319:Orbital mechanics
1095:with a series of
951:Wernher von Braun
910:Robert H. Goddard
746:
641:human spaceflight
627:space exploration
537:Earth observation
443:
442:
337:Spaceflight types
281:
280:
238:Crewed spacecraft
230:
229:
145:Earth observation
16:(Redirected from
13939:
13892:Preceded by the
13872:
13871:
13870:
13860:
13859:
13858:
13848:
13847:
13846:
13836:
13835:
13834:
13824:
13823:
13822:
13812:
13811:
13810:
13789:
13788:
13787:
13777:
13776:
13775:
13765:
13764:
13763:
13665:
13664:
13663:
13646:
13645:
13644:
13619:
13618:
13617:
13607:
13606:
13605:
13588:
13587:
13586:
13576:
13575:
13574:
13552:
13551:
13550:
13540:
13539:
13538:
13528:
13527:
13526:
13516:
13515:
13514:
13504:
13503:
13502:
13481:
13480:
13479:
13469:
13468:
13467:
13457:
13456:
13455:
13443:
13442:
13441:
13431:
13430:
13429:
13419:
13418:
13417:
13407:
13406:
13405:
13368:
13367:
13366:
13356:
13355:
13354:
13344:
13343:
13342:
13332:
13331:
13330:
13320:
13319:
13318:
13308:
13307:
13306:
13296:
13295:
13294:
13284:
13283:
13282:
13272:
13271:
13270:
13260:
13259:
13258:
13241:
13240:
13239:
13229:
13228:
13227:
13217:
13216:
13215:
13205:
13204:
13203:
13193:
13192:
13191:
13181:
13180:
13179:
13162:
13161:
13160:
13150:
13149:
13148:
13138:
13137:
13136:
13126:
13125:
13124:
13114:
13113:
13112:
13100:
13099:
13098:
13088:
13087:
13086:
12995:
12994:
12993:
12949:
12948:
12925:
12924:
12923:
12906:
12905:
12904:
12887:
12886:
12885:
12868:
12867:
12866:
12849:
12848:
12847:
12830:
12829:
12828:
12818:
12817:
12816:
12806:
12805:
12804:
12794:
12793:
12792:
12782:
12781:
12780:
12770:
12769:
12768:
12747:
12746:
12745:
12735:
12734:
12733:
12723:
12722:
12721:
12711:
12710:
12709:
12699:
12698:
12697:
12687:
12686:
12685:
12664:
12663:
12662:
12652:
12651:
12650:
12623:
12622:
12621:
12611:
12610:
12609:
12588:
12587:
12586:
12576:
12575:
12574:
12552:
12551:
12550:
12540:
12539:
12538:
12528:
12527:
12526:
12516:
12515:
12514:
12497:
12496:
12495:
12443:
12442:
12441:
12420:
12419:
12418:
12396:
12395:
12394:
12384:
12383:
12382:
12353:
12352:
12327:
12326:
12325:
12315:
12314:
12313:
12286:
12285:
12284:
12274:
12273:
12272:
12262:
12261:
12260:
12250:
12249:
12248:
12238:
12237:
12236:
12213:
12212:
12211:
12201:
12200:
12199:
12189:
12188:
12187:
12177:
12176:
12175:
12165:
12164:
12163:
12146:
12145:
12144:
12134:
12133:
12132:
12122:
12121:
12120:
12107:
12106:
12088:
12087:
12086:
12076:
12075:
12074:
12064:
12063:
12062:
12052:
12051:
12050:
12033:
12032:
12031:
12021:
12020:
12019:
11983:
11982:
11965:
11958:
11951:
11942:
11941:
11925:Space Foundation
11915:Space Fellowship
11727:
11726:
11715:
11714:
11702:
11692:
11691:
11680:
11679:
11668:
11667:
11656:
11655:
11632:
11631:
11608:
11607:
11596:
11595:
11584:
11583:
11572:
11571:
11560:
11559:
11548:
11547:
11536:
11535:
11524:
11523:
11512:
11511:
11500:
11499:
11488:
11487:
11476:
11475:
11454:
11453:
11442:
11441:
11430:
11429:
11418:
11417:
11406:
11405:
11394:
11393:
11382:
11381:
11370:
11369:
11346:
11345:
11297:Space technology
11268:
11267:
11256:
11255:
11244:
11243:
11232:
11231:
11174:COSPAR standards
11051:Rescue Agreement
10674:
10673:
10525:
10524:
10512:
10511:
9871:Project Vanguard
9810:
9809:
9281:
9280:
9266:Aurora programme
9252:Mars and beyond
9043:
9042:
9033:
9032:
9004:Shuguang program
8973:Space propaganda
8900:Asteroid impact
8841:
8834:
8827:
8818:
8817:
8808:
8806:
8797:
8790:
8783:
8776:
8770:
8764:
8758:
8751:
8744:
8737:
8730:
8723:
8716:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8679:
8678:
8677:
8380:Exozodiacal dust
8070:
8069:
8036:Detached objects
7272:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7112:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7071:
7070:
6399:Space travelers
6395:Space scientists
6383:African American
5952:
5951:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5847:
5846:
5833:
5822:
5821:
5532:Space psychology
5357:Animals in space
5330:
5329:
5310:Space technology
5152:Rescue Agreement
5032:
5025:
5018:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4923:Zach Weinersmith
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4830:. Archived from
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4704:. Archived from
4694:
4688:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4648:"Vega Programme"
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4495:. Archived from
4493:www.bartleby.com
4485:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4382:
4373:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4338:
4332:
4316:Super Spaceships
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4261:. 12 April 2019.
4249:
4243:
4242:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4152:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4066:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3979:The Space Review
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3954:on 8 August 2018
3953:
3946:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3917:NASA Spaceflight
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3811:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3727:
3721:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3530:Animals in space
3520:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3355:(April 16, 1969)
3331:(April 12, 1957)
3048:sovereign states
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2732:
2724:
2681:Kessler syndrome
2657:greenhouse gases
2577:Aurora australis
2502:cosmic radiation
2390:in December 2015
2380:
2365:
2346:
2338:
2322:
1992:Proxima Centauri
1923:planetary system
1828:privately funded
1532:spy satellites.
1447:space rendezvous
1429:Space rendezvous
1376:
1358:
1057:Apollo 7 mission
1005:Vanguard rockets
904:
902:
901:
896:
873:
871:
870:
865:
863:
862:
846:
844:
843:
838:
836:
835:
816:
814:
813:
808:
806:
805:
786:
784:
783:
778:
757:
755:
754:
749:
747:
745:
744:
735:
734:
725:
717:
716:
685:
684:
645:cargo spacecraft
604:Kessler syndrome
595:graveyard orbits
582:and ignites the
435:
428:
421:
407:
406:
405:
232:
231:
221:Cargo spacecraft
198:
197:
55:
54:
21:
13947:
13946:
13942:
13941:
13940:
13938:
13937:
13936:
13912:
13911:
13910:
13905:
13878:
13868:
13866:
13856:
13854:
13844:
13842:
13832:
13830:
13820:
13818:
13808:
13806:
13795:
13785:
13783:
13773:
13771:
13761:
13759:
13671:
13661:
13659:
13642:
13640:
13625:
13615:
13613:
13603:
13601:
13584:
13582:
13572:
13570:
13548:
13546:
13536:
13534:
13524:
13522:
13512:
13510:
13500:
13498:
13487:
13477:
13475:
13465:
13463:
13453:
13451:
13439:
13437:
13427:
13425:
13415:
13413:
13403:
13401:
13364:
13362:
13352:
13350:
13340:
13338:
13328:
13326:
13316:
13314:
13304:
13302:
13292:
13290:
13280:
13278:
13268:
13266:
13256:
13254:
13237:
13235:
13225:
13223:
13213:
13211:
13201:
13199:
13189:
13187:
13177:
13175:
13158:
13156:
13146:
13144:
13134:
13132:
13122:
13120:
13110:
13108:
13096:
13094:
13084:
13082:
13065:
12991:
12989:
12936:
12921:
12919:
12902:
12900:
12883:
12881:
12864:
12862:
12845:
12843:
12826:
12824:
12814:
12812:
12802:
12800:
12790:
12788:
12778:
12776:
12766:
12764:
12753:
12743:
12741:
12731:
12729:
12719:
12717:
12707:
12705:
12695:
12693:
12683:
12681:
12670:
12660:
12658:
12648:
12646:
12619:
12617:
12607:
12605:
12594:
12584:
12582:
12572:
12570:
12548:
12546:
12536:
12534:
12524:
12522:
12512:
12510:
12493:
12491:
12439:
12437:
12426:
12416:
12414:
12392:
12390:
12380:
12378:
12367:
12340:
12323:
12321:
12311:
12309:
12282:
12280:
12270:
12268:
12258:
12256:
12246:
12244:
12234:
12232:
12225:
12219:
12209:
12207:
12197:
12195:
12185:
12183:
12173:
12171:
12161:
12159:
12142:
12140:
12130:
12128:
12118:
12116:
12094:
12084:
12082:
12072:
12070:
12060:
12058:
12048:
12046:
12029:
12027:
12017:
12015:
12004:
11987:
11974:
11969:
11939:
11934:
11820:
11796:Missile defense
11735:
11721:
11709:
11686:
11674:
11662:
11650:
11626:
11602:
11590:
11578:
11566:
11554:
11542:
11530:
11518:
11506:
11494:
11482:
11470:
11448:
11436:
11424:
11412:
11400:
11388:
11376:
11364:
11351:
11335:
11329:Asteroid mining
11317:Lunar resources
11262:
11250:
11238:
11226:
11208:
11201:ISECG standards
11164:ODCWG standards
11159:CCSDS standards
11128:Artemis Accords
11025:
10921:
10915:
10867:
10774:
10732:
10711:
10659:
10642:
10595:
10590:Voskhod program
10559:Sputnik program
10547:
10519:
10517:
10508:USSR and Russia
10499:
10407:
10374:
10367:
10294:
10287:
10230:
10223:
10159:
10152:
10124:
10117:
10060:
10053:
10043:
10036:
10018:
10011:
9983:
9976:
9963:
9956:
9926:
9919:
9857:
9850:
9815:
9805:US space policy
9799:
9715:space programme
9714:
9707:
9669:
9567:
9561:
9528:EUSST programme
9523:EGNOS programme
9461:
9397:
9386:LISA Pathfinder
9355:
9297:Cassini–Huygens
9279:
9190:ESTRACK network
9079:
9062:Mars and beyond
8989:
8982:
8927:
8850:
8845:
8815:
8810:
8804:
8802:
8801:
8795:
8788:
8781:
8774:
8768:
8762:
8756:
8749:
8742:
8735:
8728:
8721:
8714:
8699:
8697:
8687:
8685:
8675:
8673:
8660:
8651:
8615:
8552:
8536:vs. Hill sphere
8462:Molecular cloud
8390:Sample curation
8370:Detached object
8309:
8302:
8146:
8138:
8075:
8062:
8007:Neptune trojans
7790:
7788:
7786:
7779:
7715:
7408:
7279:
7261:
7147:
7110:
7103:
7098:
7068:
7063:
7019:
7013:
6974:
6968:
6952:
6903:Thor DM-18 Able
6811:Delta IV Medium
6743:
6737:
6713:Sounding rocket
6657:
6584:
6577:
6488:
6477:
6434:
6408:by first flight
6306:
6278:
6250:
6190:
6138:
6095:
5941:
5893:
5880:
5874:
5844:
5839:
5809:
5776:
5748:Escape velocity
5729:
5681:
5648:Space telescope
5601:Reentry capsule
5563:
5503:
5408:
5379:Overview effect
5362:Bioastronautics
5319:
5207:
5041:
5036:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4876:
4874:Further reading
4871:
4870:
4861:
4859:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4837:
4835:
4828:Southern Launch
4822:
4821:
4817:
4808:
4806:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4784:
4782:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4760:
4758:
4755:Cosmos Magazine
4749:
4748:
4744:
4735:
4733:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4711:
4709:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4675:
4671:
4661:
4659:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4632:
4630:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4581:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4553:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4411:
4404:
4395:
4393:
4383:
4376:
4366:Wayback Machine
4357:
4353:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4323:Wayback Machine
4314:
4310:
4300:
4298:
4297:on 24 July 2012
4285:
4284:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4127:(11): 491–496.
4113:
4109:
4094:
4090:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4015:
4011:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3921:
3919:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3834:
3827:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3752:on 8 March 2017
3744:
3743:
3739:
3728:
3724:
3718:Wayback Machine
3709:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3646:
3642:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:Kardashev scale
3571:Space logistics
3535:Plants in space
3518:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3403:(April 6, 1998)
3373:(March 1, 1981)
3325:(June 20, 1944)
3292:
3132:
3126:
3078:
3072:
3060:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2908:
2818:
2812:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2746:
2733:
2722:
2695:
2689:
2653:
2647:Graveyard orbit
2637:Main articles:
2635:
2627:Low Earth orbit
2570:
2564:
2524:
2518:
2498:solar radiation
2494:Van Allen belts
2490:
2454:
2448:
2421:
2415:
2410:
2402:Main articles:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2342:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2298:low Earth orbit
2276:Virgin Galactic
2250:was a reusable
2235:SpaceX Dragon 2
2135:
2129:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2073:
2067:
2044:
2038:
2030:science fiction
2026:
2020:
2012:Dynamic soaring
1953:
1947:
1916:
1908:Main articles:
1906:
1896:required for a
1877:
1871:
1839:
1775:
1769:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1592:
1584:
1558:measurement of
1543:
1538:
1486:
1469:
1463:
1435:
1427:Main articles:
1425:
1397:
1395:Transfer energy
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1321:
1315:
1264:
1258:Escape velocity
1256:Main articles:
1254:
1214:
1208:
1181:
1127:
1121:
1116:
982:nuclear weapons
928:first World War
920:de Laval nozzle
887:
884:
883:
858:
854:
852:
849:
848:
831:
827:
825:
822:
821:
801:
797:
795:
792:
791:
769:
766:
765:
740:
736:
730:
726:
724:
712:
708:
697:
694:
693:
666:
659:
653:
637:Space transport
612:
528:and to China's
439:
403:
401:
396:
395:
376:
368:
367:
338:
330:
329:
320:Escape velocity
315:launch vehicles
293:
283:
282:
277:
276:
240:
226:
225:
206:
195:
185:
184:
135:
125:
124:
90:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13945:
13935:
13934:
13929:
13924:
13907:
13906:
13904:
13903:
13896:
13890:
13883:
13880:
13879:
13877:
13876:
13864:
13852:
13840:
13828:
13816:
13803:
13801:
13797:
13796:
13794:
13793:
13781:
13769:
13757:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13707:
13702:
13701:
13700:
13690:
13685:
13679:
13677:
13673:
13672:
13670:
13669:
13657:
13656:
13655:
13637:
13635:
13631:
13630:
13627:
13626:
13624:
13623:
13611:
13599:
13598:
13597:
13580:
13568:
13567:
13566:
13561:
13544:
13532:
13520:
13508:
13495:
13493:
13489:
13488:
13486:
13485:
13473:
13461:
13449:
13448:
13447:
13423:
13411:
13399:
13398:
13397:
13392:
13387:
13382:
13377:
13360:
13348:
13336:
13324:
13312:
13300:
13288:
13276:
13264:
13252:
13251:
13250:
13233:
13221:
13209:
13197:
13185:
13173:
13172:
13171:
13154:
13142:
13130:
13118:
13106:
13105:
13104:
13079:
13077:
13067:
13066:
13064:
13063:
13058:
13053:
13048:
13047:
13046:
13041:
13040:
13039:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12987:
12982:
12977:
12976:
12975:
12965:
12955:
12953:
12946:
12942:
12941:
12938:
12937:
12935:
12934:
12917:
12916:
12915:
12898:
12897:
12896:
12879:
12878:
12877:
12860:
12859:
12858:
12841:
12840:
12839:
12822:
12810:
12798:
12786:
12774:
12761:
12759:
12755:
12754:
12752:
12751:
12739:
12727:
12715:
12703:
12691:
12678:
12676:
12675:Southeast Asia
12672:
12671:
12669:
12668:
12656:
12644:
12643:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12615:
12602:
12600:
12596:
12595:
12593:
12592:
12580:
12568:
12567:
12566:
12561:
12544:
12532:
12520:
12508:
12507:
12506:
12489:
12488:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12476:
12475:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12452:
12434:
12432:
12428:
12427:
12425:
12424:
12412:
12411:
12410:
12405:
12388:
12375:
12373:
12369:
12368:
12366:
12365:
12359:
12357:
12350:
12346:
12345:
12342:
12341:
12339:
12338:
12337:
12336:
12319:
12307:
12306:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12278:
12266:
12254:
12242:
12229:
12227:
12221:
12220:
12218:
12217:
12205:
12193:
12181:
12169:
12157:
12156:
12155:
12138:
12126:
12113:
12111:
12104:
12100:
12099:
12096:
12095:
12093:
12092:
12080:
12068:
12056:
12044:
12043:
12042:
12025:
12012:
12010:
12006:
12005:
12003:
12002:
11997:
11991:
11989:
11980:
11976:
11975:
11968:
11967:
11960:
11953:
11945:
11936:
11935:
11933:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11871:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11840:
11834:
11832:
11830:Space advocacy
11826:
11825:
11822:
11821:
11819:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11782:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11756:
11751:
11745:
11743:
11737:
11736:
11734:
11733:
11732:
11731:
11719:
11717:United Kingdom
11707:
11696:
11684:
11672:
11660:
11646:Space commands
11643:
11642:
11641:
11636:
11624:
11623:
11622:
11617:
11600:
11598:United Kingdom
11588:
11576:
11564:
11552:
11540:
11528:
11516:
11504:
11492:
11480:
11468:
11467:
11466:
11461:
11446:
11434:
11422:
11410:
11398:
11386:
11374:
11356:
11354:
11343:
11341:Militarisation
11337:
11336:
11334:
11333:
11332:
11331:
11326:
11325:
11324:
11314:
11309:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11283:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11260:
11258:United Kingdom
11248:
11236:
11222:Space industry
11218:
11216:
11214:Commercial use
11210:
11209:
11207:
11206:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11187:
11186:
11184:IPDA standards
11181:
11171:
11169:CEOS standards
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11125:
11119:
11113:
11108:
11102:
11096:
11090:
11084:
11078:
11072:
11066:
11060:
11054:
11048:
11042:
11035:
11033:
11027:
11026:
11024:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10952:
10951:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10925:
10923:
10917:
10916:
10914:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10902:
10901:
10896:
10886:
10881:
10875:
10873:
10872:United Nations
10869:
10868:
10866:
10865:
10864:
10863:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10842:
10841:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10790:
10788:
10787:Other policies
10784:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10776:
10775:
10773:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10765:
10763:MARS-500 study
10757:
10752:
10747:
10740:
10738:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10730:
10725:
10719:
10717:
10713:
10712:
10710:
10709:
10708:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10686:
10680:
10678:
10671:
10665:
10664:
10661:
10660:
10658:
10657:
10650:
10648:
10644:
10643:
10641:
10640:
10634:
10628:
10622:
10619:Salyut program
10616:
10610:
10603:
10601:
10597:
10596:
10594:
10593:
10587:
10581:
10575:
10572:Vostok program
10569:
10568:
10567:
10564:Sputnik crisis
10555:
10553:
10549:
10548:
10546:
10545:
10544:
10543:
10531:
10529:
10522:
10509:
10505:
10504:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10497:
10496:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10449:
10448:
10438:
10433:
10431:Budget of NASA
10428:
10423:
10418:
10412:
10409:
10408:
10406:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10379:
10377:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10365:
10363:2015 Space Act
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10299:
10297:
10289:
10288:
10286:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10249:Space Shuttle
10246:
10241:
10235:
10233:
10229:George W. Bush
10225:
10224:
10222:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10209:1998 Space Act
10206:
10201:
10200:
10199:
10198:
10197:
10187:
10177:
10172:
10164:
10162:
10154:
10153:
10151:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10129:
10127:
10119:
10118:
10116:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10099:Space Shuttle
10096:
10091:
10089:1984 Space Act
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10065:
10063:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10038:
10037:
10035:
10034:
10029:
10023:
10021:
10013:
10012:
10010:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9988:
9986:
9978:
9977:
9975:
9974:
9968:
9966:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9954:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9931:
9929:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9896:
9895:
9885:
9878:
9876:Sputnik crisis
9873:
9868:
9862:
9860:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9832:
9831:
9820:
9818:
9807:
9801:
9800:
9798:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9783:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9761:
9755:
9749:
9744:
9738:
9732:
9726:
9719:
9717:
9709:
9708:
9706:
9705:
9704:
9703:
9701:Mission Shakti
9693:
9688:
9683:
9677:
9675:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9651:
9650:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9629:
9628:
9618:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9583:
9582:
9571:
9569:
9566:Other European
9563:
9562:
9560:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9533:
9532:
9531:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9504:
9501:
9493:
9488:
9482:
9475:
9473:
9467:
9466:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9408:
9406:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9388:
9383:
9376:
9375:
9374:
9363:
9361:
9357:
9356:
9354:
9353:
9346:
9339:
9334:
9327:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9308:
9307:
9293:
9287:
9285:
9278:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9261:MARS-500 study
9258:
9250:
9248:ESA Television
9245:
9244:
9243:
9242:
9241:
9231:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9205:
9199:
9194:
9193:
9192:
9182:
9177:
9171:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9143:
9138:
9137:
9136:
9126:
9121:
9110:
9104:
9103:
9102:
9089:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9075:
9073:MARS-500 study
9070:
9059:
9053:
9052:
9051:
9046:
9036:
9020:
9019:
9018:
9007:
9001:
8994:
8992:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8954:
8953:
8948:
8946:Sputnik crisis
8937:
8935:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8925:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8921:
8911:
8906:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8887:
8886:
8881:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8844:
8843:
8836:
8829:
8821:
8812:
8811:
8708:
8707:
8695:
8683:
8671:
8665:
8662:
8661:
8657:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8607:
8606:
8601:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8560:
8558:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8550:
8548:Scattered disc
8545:
8540:
8539:
8538:
8528:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8333:Excretion disk
8328:Accretion disk
8325:
8320:
8318:Star formation
8314:
8312:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8207:space stations
8199:
8198:
8197:
8192:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8160:
8154:
8152:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8080:
8078:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8046:Scattered disc
8043:
8038:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7908:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7833:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7795:
7793:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7737:
7732:
7725:
7723:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7451:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7418:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7328:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7285:
7283:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7231:
7224:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7097:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7074:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7034:
7029:
7023:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7004:Space agencies
7001:
6996:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6978:
6976:
6975:and facilities
6970:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6893:Thor and Delta
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6806:Delta IV Heavy
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6745:
6744:by rocket type
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6683:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6639:Magnetospheric
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6589:
6587:
6583:Earth-orbiting
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6526:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6504:
6499:
6493:
6491:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6444:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6413:by nationality
6410:
6405:
6397:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6260:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6200:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6150:
6148:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5958:
5956:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5873:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5850:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5826:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5795:Ground station
5792:
5786:
5784:
5782:Ground segment
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5750:
5745:
5739:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5715:Interplanetary
5712:
5711:
5710:
5708:Geosynchronous
5705:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5675:Gravity assist
5672:
5667:
5662:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5606:Service module
5603:
5598:
5596:Orbital module
5588:
5583:
5581:Launch vehicle
5577:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5559:Space sexology
5556:
5551:
5549:Space medicine
5546:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5384:Weightlessness
5381:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5336:
5334:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5305:Space research
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5241:Reconnaissance
5238:
5233:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5110:European Union
5107:
5102:
5097:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:External links
4938:
4937:
4936:
4908:
4892:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4844:
4815:
4791:
4767:
4742:
4718:
4702:www.t-minus.nl
4689:
4669:
4639:
4610:
4588:
4563:
4538:
4520:
4502:
4480:
4466:
4431:
4402:
4374:
4351:
4348:on 2008-09-21.
4333:
4308:
4278:
4264:
4244:
4222:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4138:
4107:
4088:
4037:
4009:
3991:
3965:
3933:
3903:
3891:
3853:
3847:978-0521824927
3846:
3825:
3798:
3763:
3737:
3722:
3703:
3681:
3667:
3660:
3640:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3553:Space advocacy
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3512:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3473:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3397:(May 12, 1994)
3392:
3386:
3385:(June 1, 1989)
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3291:
3288:
3279:United Kingdom
3248:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3182:United Kingdom
3179:
3173:
3167:
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3155:
3149:
3143:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3071:
3068:
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2947:
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2923:
2907:
2904:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:spy satellites
2811:
2808:
2767:
2766:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2691:Main article:
2688:
2685:
2634:
2631:
2615:interplanetary
2566:Main article:
2563:
2560:
2520:Main article:
2517:
2514:
2489:
2486:
2482:deconditioning
2452:Weightlessness
2450:Main article:
2447:
2446:Weightlessness
2444:
2417:Main article:
2414:
2411:
2399:
2396:
2388:Landing Zone 1
2382:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2284:space tourists
2264:Ansari X Prize
2131:Main article:
2128:
2125:
2113:Main article:
2110:
2107:
2101:Launch vehicle
2099:Main article:
2096:
2095:Launch systems
2093:
2069:Main article:
2066:
2063:
2040:Main article:
2037:
2034:
2022:Main article:
2019:
2016:
1949:Main article:
1946:
1943:
1905:
1904:Interplanetary
1902:
1873:Main article:
1870:
1867:
1838:
1837:Point-to-point
1835:
1771:Main article:
1768:
1765:
1710:Main article:
1707:
1704:
1699:space stations
1608:remote control
1593:
1585:
1580:Main article:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1485:
1482:
1465:Main article:
1462:
1459:
1424:
1421:
1409:launch vehicle
1396:
1393:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1337:magnetic sails
1317:Main article:
1314:
1311:
1272:launch windows
1253:
1250:
1218:space elevator
1210:Main article:
1207:
1204:
1195:Rocket engines
1180:
1179:Reaching space
1177:
1166:Space Shuttle
1154:launch windows
1123:Main article:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1097:space stations
1029:go to the moon
986:Sergey Korolev
894:
891:
876:
875:
861:
857:
834:
830:
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804:
800:
788:
776:
773:
743:
739:
733:
729:
723:
720:
715:
711:
707:
704:
701:
674:William Leitch
655:Main article:
652:
649:
631:space research
611:
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549:space stations
441:
440:
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423:
415:
412:
411:
398:
397:
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388:
383:
381:Space agencies
377:
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353:Interplanetary
350:
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262:Space stations
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140:Communications
136:
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127:
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123:
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117:
115:Lunar missions
112:
107:
102:
97:
91:
86:
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81:
71:
70:
64:
63:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13944:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13919:
13917:
13902:participation
13901:
13897:
13895:
13891:
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13875:
13865:
13863:
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13708:
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13705:Cospas-Sarsat
13703:
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13696:
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13680:
13678:
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13639:
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13600:
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13581:
13579:
13569:
13565:
13562:
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13325:
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13232:
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13210:
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12604:
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12562:
12560:
12557:
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12490:
12486:
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12468:
12466:
12463:
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12436:
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12409:
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12399:
12389:
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12377:
12376:
12374:
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12364:
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12354:
12351:
12347:
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12308:
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12301:
12299:
12296:
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12290:
12289:
12279:
12277:
12267:
12265:
12255:
12253:
12243:
12241:
12231:
12230:
12228:
12224:Latin America
12222:
12216:
12206:
12204:
12194:
12192:
12182:
12180:
12170:
12168:
12158:
12154:
12151:
12150:
12149:
12139:
12137:
12127:
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12115:
12114:
12112:
12110:North America
12108:
12105:
12101:
12091:
12081:
12079:
12069:
12067:
12057:
12055:
12045:
12041:
12038:
12037:
12036:
12026:
12024:
12014:
12013:
12011:
12007:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11984:
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11977:
11973:
11966:
11961:
11959:
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11947:
11946:
11943:
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11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
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11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11845:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11835:
11833:
11831:
11827:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11780:
11779:United States
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11761:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11742:
11741:Space warfare
11738:
11730:
11729:United States
11725:
11720:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11706:
11701:
11697:
11695:
11690:
11685:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11648:
11647:
11644:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11612:
11611:
11610:United States
11606:
11601:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11551:
11546:
11541:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11479:
11474:
11469:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11456:
11452:
11447:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11362:
11361:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11353:
11350:Space forces,
11347:
11344:
11342:
11338:
11330:
11327:
11323:
11320:
11319:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11304:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11287:Space tourism
11285:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11270:United States
11266:
11261:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11224:
11223:
11220:
11219:
11217:
11215:
11211:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11196:GEO standards
11194:
11192:
11191:GSC standards
11189:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11176:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
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11142:
11140:
11137:
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11126:
11123:
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11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
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11097:
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11079:
11076:
11073:
11070:
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11064:
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11040:
11037:
11036:
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11032:
11028:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10950:
10947:
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10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
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10927:
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10924:
10918:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10891:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10876:
10874:
10870:
10862:
10859:
10858:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10840:
10837:
10836:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10791:
10789:
10785:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10760:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10745:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10735:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10714:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10700:ISS programme
10698:
10696:
10693:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10679:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10666:
10655:
10652:
10651:
10649:
10645:
10638:
10635:
10632:
10631:Buran program
10629:
10626:
10623:
10620:
10617:
10614:
10611:
10608:
10607:Soyuz program
10605:
10604:
10602:
10598:
10591:
10588:
10585:
10582:
10579:
10576:
10573:
10570:
10565:
10562:
10561:
10560:
10557:
10556:
10554:
10550:
10542:
10539:
10538:
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10533:
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10530:
10526:
10523:
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10513:
10510:
10506:
10494:
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10489:
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10474:
10471:
10470:
10469:
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10464:
10461:
10459:
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10454:
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10444:
10443:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10413:
10410:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10376:
10370:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10358:2014 NASA Act
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10338:2010 NASA Act
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10328:Flexible path
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10300:
10298:
10296:
10290:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10273:2005 NASA Act
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10236:
10234:
10232:
10226:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10196:
10193:
10192:
10191:
10190:ISS programme
10188:
10186:
10183:
10182:
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10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10170:
10166:
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10155:
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10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10120:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10108:Rogers Report
10106:
10104:
10102:
10097:
10095:
10092:
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10087:
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10082:
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10077:
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9913:
9911:
9908:
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9903:
9901:
9898:
9894:
9891:
9890:
9889:
9888:1958 NASA Act
9886:
9884:
9883:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
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9864:
9863:
9861:
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9808:
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9793:
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9781:
9778:
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9762:
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9750:
9748:
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9702:
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9639:
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9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9581:
9578:
9577:
9576:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9564:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9502:
9499:
9498:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9486:
9483:
9480:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9472:
9468:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9412:Solar Orbiter
9410:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9403:Cosmic Vision
9400:
9394:
9393:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9370:
9369:
9368:
9367:ISS programme
9365:
9364:
9362:
9358:
9352:
9351:
9347:
9345:
9344:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9332:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9306:
9305:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9298:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9282:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9253:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9240:
9237:
9236:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9209:
9206:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9191:
9188:
9187:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9135:
9132:
9131:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9108:
9105:
9100:
9097:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9082:
9074:
9071:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9060:
9057:
9054:
9050:
9049:Space station
9047:
9045:
9037:
9035:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9005:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8995:
8993:
8991:
8990:space program
8985:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8930:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8849:
8842:
8837:
8835:
8830:
8828:
8823:
8822:
8819:
8809:
8800:
8793:
8786:
8779:
8773:
8767:
8761:
8754:
8747:
8740:
8733:
8726:
8719:
8712:
8706:
8696:
8694:
8684:
8682:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8663:
8648:
8647:Tidal locking
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8627:Double planet
8625:
8624:
8622:
8618:
8612:
8609:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8579:Minor planets
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8555:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8520:
8517:
8513:
8512:Merging stars
8510:
8509:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8305:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8203:
8200:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8186:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8145:
8141:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8114:Subsatellites
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8077:
8074:Hypothetical
8071:
8068:
8059:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8012:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7995:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7940:Asteroid belt
7938:
7936:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7815:
7814:Minor planets
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7782:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7487:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7358:
7355:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7090:
7088:
7083:
7081:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7037:NASA missions
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7020:and timelines
7016:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6971:
6965:
6964:Satish Dhawan
6962:
6961:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6580:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6484:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6389:
6388:Ibero-America
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6220:Spaceflights
6219:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:Spaceflights
6164:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:Spaceflights
6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5878:
5871:
5866:
5864:
5859:
5857:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5836:
5832:
5827:
5825:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:Direct ascent
5741:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5725:Intergalactic
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5660:Rocket engine
5658:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5591:Space capsule
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5554:Space nursing
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:Health issues
5506:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5462:Space Shuttle
5460:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5394:Space tourism
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5315:Space weather
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
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5234:
5232:
5229:
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5224:
5222:
5219:
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5216:
5214:
5210:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:Space command
5177:
5176:
5175:
5174:Space warfare
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5135:United States
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5053:Astrodynamics
5051:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5028:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5010:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4911:Rebecca Boyle
4909:
4906:
4905:contamination
4902:
4898:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4834:on 2020-11-23
4833:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4708:on 2020-10-01
4707:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4686:
4685:3-8118-4341-9
4682:
4678:
4673:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4629:on 2013-02-04
4628:
4624:
4623:xinhuanet.com
4620:
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4598:
4592:
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4409:
4407:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4379:
4371:
4367:
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4360:
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4347:
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4330:
4329:
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4320:
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4312:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4274:
4268:
4260:
4259:
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4226:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4176:
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4164:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4134:
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4118:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4083:
4078:
4074:
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4065:
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4056:
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4026:
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4013:
4005:
4001:
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3980:
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3914:
3907:
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3895:
3888:
3873:
3866:
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3849:
3843:
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3832:
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3822:
3808:
3802:
3795:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3768:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3637:. A. Strahan.
3636:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3565:Human outpost
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
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3531:
3528:
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3507:
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3500:
3497:
3494:
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3479:
3474:
3471:
3460:
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3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3391:(May 8, 1991)
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
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3345:
3342:
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3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3146:United States
3144:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3111:United States
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3086:United States
3083:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3002:space docking
2999:
2995:
2991:
2990:space weather
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:Space tourism
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2763:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2737:This section
2735:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2568:Space weather
2562:Space weather
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:life-critical
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2466:Michael Foale
2463:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2420:
2409:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2344:Space Shuttle
2337:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2143:Space Shuttle
2140:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2018:Intergalactic
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:time dilation
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1933:and Russia's
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:orbital speed
1890:
1881:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:Space Shuttle
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1514:Space Shuttle
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:splashed down
1500:capsules all
1499:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:space station
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1364:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1313:Astrodynamics
1310:
1308:
1307:Oberth effect
1304:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1262:Parking orbit
1259:
1252:Leaving orbit
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:rocket launch
1132:
1126:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:
911:
906:
892:
881:
859:
855:
832:
828:
819:
802:
798:
789:
774:
763:
762:
761:
758:
741:
737:
731:
727:
721:
718:
713:
709:
705:
702:
691:
689:
679:
675:
671:
664:
658:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
632:
628:
624:
623:space mission
619:
617:
607:
605:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
436:
431:
429:
424:
422:
417:
416:
414:
413:
410:
400:
399:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
372:
371:
364:
363:Intergalactic
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
334:
333:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
292:
287:
286:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
257:Space Shuttle
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
242:
239:
234:
233:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
205:
200:
199:
194:
189:
188:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
134:
129:
128:
121:
120:Mars missions
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
89:
84:
83:
77:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
13932:Astronautics
13922:Solar System
13898:Preceded by
13750:Intersputnik
13595:TÜBİTAK UZAY
13056:EUTELSAT IGO
12952:Pan-European
12913:TÜBİTAK UZAY
12372:Central Asia
11988:and pan-Arab
11863:Moon Society
11858:Mars Society
11791:Kill vehicle
11754:Space weapon
11360:Space forces
11001:Intersputnik
10637:Apollo–Soyuz
10375:space policy
10295:space policy
10250:
10231:space policy
10167:
10160:space policy
10125:space policy
10100:
10061:space policy
10044:space policy
10027:Apollo–Soyuz
10019:space policy
9992:Moon landing
9984:space policy
9964:space policy
9927:space policy
9880:
9858:space policy
9816:space policy
9790:
9752:Project Juno
9390:
9378:
9348:
9341:
9329:
9323:
9302:
9295:
9095:(1960–1975)
8864:Space policy
8803:Each arrow (
8725:Local Bubble
8711:Solar System
8709:
8502:Planetesimal
8457:Kuiper cliff
8185:Space probes
8158:Colonization
7997:Kirkwood gap
7918:Saturn Moons
7831:Planetesimal
7289:Terrestrials
7254:
7247:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7178:
7101:Solar System
6708:Upper stages
6549:lunar probes
6487:Solar System
6473:Spacewalkers
6458:2015–present
6418:billionaires
6143:
6014:2021–present
5979:Spaceflights
5876:
5735:Space launch
5720:Interstellar
5686:Destinations
5455:Apollo–Soyuz
5404:Space diving
5389:Space toilet
5213:Applications
5130:Soviet Union
5090:Space policy
5085:Space launch
5038:
4998:. Retrieved
4950:
4930:
4926:
4880:
4860:. Retrieved
4856:
4847:
4836:. Retrieved
4832:the original
4827:
4818:
4807:. Retrieved
4803:
4794:
4783:. Retrieved
4779:
4770:
4759:. Retrieved
4757:. 2020-09-14
4754:
4745:
4734:. Retrieved
4730:
4721:
4710:. Retrieved
4706:the original
4701:
4692:
4676:
4672:
4662:February 10,
4660:. Retrieved
4656:the original
4651:
4642:
4631:. Retrieved
4627:the original
4622:
4613:
4601:. Retrieved
4591:
4580:. Retrieved
4578:. 2012-02-03
4575:
4566:
4554:. Retrieved
4550:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4497:the original
4492:
4483:
4469:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4422:. Retrieved
4418:
4394:. Retrieved
4391:the Guardian
4390:
4354:
4346:the original
4336:
4326:
4311:
4299:. Retrieved
4295:the original
4290:
4281:
4267:
4256:
4247:
4239:The Guardian
4238:
4232:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4158:
4154:
4141:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4101:
4098:The Futurist
4097:
4091:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4028:. Retrieved
4024:ScienceAlert
4022:
4012:
4004:the original
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3978:
3968:
3956:. Retrieved
3949:the original
3936:
3927:
3920:. Retrieved
3916:
3906:
3894:
3885:
3879:. Retrieved
3872:the original
3837:
3820:
3814:. Retrieved
3801:
3792:
3785:, retrieved
3776:
3754:. Retrieved
3750:the original
3740:
3731:
3725:
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3684:
3670:
3650:
3643:
3633:
3626:
3427: (2007)
3383:South Africa
3371:West Germany
3329:East Germany
3323:Nazi Germany
3293:
3252:
3249:
3140:Soviet Union
3133:
3101:Soviet Union
3079:
3061:
3052:corporations
3045:
3022:
3014:life support
3006:spacewalking
2998:microgravity
2982:astronautics
2969:
2967:
2915:
2889:
2885:
2831:
2810:Applications
2800:space debris
2797:
2773:Global South
2770:
2757:
2748:You can help
2738:
2707:
2696:
2673:space debris
2669:
2661:
2654:
2643:Space debris
2623:
2588:
2581:
2558:techniques.
2525:
2516:Life support
2506:solar flares
2491:
2471:
2433:
2430:
2422:
2369:SpaceShipOne
2349:
2302:
2294:Orbcomm OG-2
2288:
2272:SpaceShipTwo
2260:Brian Binnie
2256:Mike Melvill
2248:SpaceShipOne
2243:
2232:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2201:, which was
2198:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2150:
2147:Yuri Gagarin
2136:
2118:
2104:
2074:
2056:
2053:
2027:
1995:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:Solar System
1957:New Horizons
1955:
1954:
1945:Interstellar
1927:Solar System
1917:
1898:closed orbit
1886:
1840:
1824:SpaceShipOne
1812:
1792:
1761:SpaceShipOne
1736:Yuri Gagarin
1726:
1654:
1652:
1625:rather than
1620:
1594:
1571:
1549:
1522:
1516:land like a
1487:
1470:
1451:
1436:
1398:
1379:Recovery of
1343:, and using
1330:
1322:
1300:
1292:
1286:
1265:
1234:launch loops
1215:
1206:Alternatives
1193:
1182:
1167:
1158:
1151:
1128:
1125:Space launch
1101:
1089:
1017:Alan Shepard
1013:Yuri Gagarin
1002:
990:R-7 Semyorka
974:Soviet Union
971:
967:Soviet Union
947:Nazi Germany
939:World War II
936:
913:
907:
877:
759:
692:
687:
667:
636:
635:
622:
620:
613:
588:
584:second stage
565:
543:satellites,
534:
508:include the
482:space probes
454:astronautics
450:space flight
449:
445:
444:
386:Space forces
358:Interstellar
291:Space launch
133:Applications
110:Space probes
67:
13927:Spaceflight
13900:Interkosmos
13874:Interkosmos
12980:Eurocontrol
12630:Antrix Corp
11986:Pan-African
11526:North Korea
11514:New Zealand
11502:Netherlands
11307:Space trade
11087:Moon Treaty
10746:(2013–2015)
10656:(1986–2001)
10633:(1974–1993)
10627:(1973–1977)
10621:(1971–1986)
10615:(1967–1991)
10613:Interkosmos
10592:(1964–1966)
10586:(1961–1976)
10580:(1960–1982)
10574:(1960–1963)
10113:Ride Report
9910:Missile gap
9782:(2018–2020)
9760:(2009–2010)
9737:(1964–1971)
9587:Eurocontrol
9481:(1992–2002)
9405:(2015–2025)
9392:BepiColombo
9239:Space Rider
9170:(1983–2010)
9109:(1964–1975)
9101:(1962–1973)
9023:Project 921
9006:(1966–1972)
9000:(1966–1976)
8933:Space races
8766:Local Sheet
8760:Local Group
8543:Rubble pile
8531:Roche limit
8526:Ring system
8477:Outer space
8452:Kuiper belt
8422:Hill sphere
8417:Hills cloud
8365:Debris disk
8360:Cosmic dust
8144:Exploration
8099:Planet Nine
8084:Fifth giant
8058:Hills cloud
8019:Kuiper belt
7990:exceptional
7906:Trojan camp
6843:H-II and H3
6786:Delta DM-19
6776:Black Brant
6489:exploration
6264:Expeditions
6204:Expeditions
6154:Expeditions
6109:Expeditions
5877:Spaceflight
5693:Sub-orbital
5628:Space probe
5494:New Shepard
5472:Shuttle–Mir
5231:Archaeology
5184:Space force
5167:Moon Treaty
5039:Spaceflight
4951:Spaceflight
4907:." (p. 28.)
4677:Peenemünde,
4652:www.esa.int
4603:12 December
4447:: 445–454.
4104:(5): 29–33.
3984:November 5,
3922:January 29,
3756:28 December
3696:November 5,
3443:Netherlands
3431:New Zealand
3379:(June 1984)
3347:Switzerland
3302:, with the
3296:Kármán line
3236:New Zealand
3230:South Korea
3224:North Korea
2978:aeronautics
2970:spacefaring
2906:Spacefaring
2760:August 2024
2714:imperialist
2664:perchlorate
2591:outer space
2440:Netherlands
2121:multi-stage
1815:Kármán line
1807:space probe
1767:Sub-orbital
1755:. The U.S.
1753:Crew Dragon
1623:telerobotic
1510:Spaceplanes
1455:robotic arm
1453:by using a
1405:first stage
1333:solar sails
1189:Kármán line
1185:outer space
1143:launch pads
1099:, from the
1007:, launched
616:outer space
610:Terminology
580:first stage
516:, the past
486:telerobotic
462:outer space
446:Spaceflight
343:Sub-orbital
267:Spaceplanes
216:Space probe
150:Exploration
68:Spaceflight
18:Spacefaring
13916:Categories
13886:See also:
12599:South Asia
12203:USSPACECOM
11811:Spaceplane
10552:Khrushchev
10101:Challenger
9856:Eisenhower
9317:Cluster II
8914:Spaceguard
8904:Prediction
8785:Local Hole
8732:Gould Belt
8472:Oort cloud
8308:Formation,
8298:Deep space
8134:Vulcanoids
8051:Oort cloud
7975:first 1000
7911:Greek camp
7809:Meteoroids
7804:Damocloids
7750:Charikloan
6987:comparison
6913:Thor DM-18
6898:Thor-Agena
6853:Long March
6771:Atlas LV3C
6766:Atlas LV3B
6686:Spacecraft
6674:Comparison
6603:PocketQube
6585:satellites
6363:Cosmonauts
6318:Astronauts
6274:Spacewalks
6236:Spacewalks
6181:Spacewalks
6129:Spacewalks
6089:Suborbital
5972:by program
5932:Space Race
5922:Spacecraft
5762:Launch pad
5753:Expendable
5703:Geocentric
5670:Solar sail
5613:Spaceplane
5573:Spacecraft
5367:Space suit
5345:commercial
5273:Television
5068:Space Race
5000:2011-04-15
4862:2020-09-19
4838:2020-09-19
4809:2020-09-19
4785:2020-09-19
4761:2020-09-19
4736:2020-09-19
4712:2020-09-19
4633:2013-02-10
4582:2014-01-01
4419:The Nation
4396:2022-05-05
4064:2211.14643
4030:6 December
3881:2011-03-04
3816:2011-03-04
3618:References
3304:V-2 rocket
3290:Suborbital
3254:Alouette 1
3080:Currently
2986:astronauts
2974:spacecraft
2687:Regulation
2675:caused by
2609:and other
2585:, May 1991
2398:Challenges
2227:spaceplane
2199:Challenger
2172:Challenger
2157:Boeing 747
2152:Enterprise
2109:Expendable
2085:ion drives
2081:propulsion
2065:Propulsion
2042:Spacecraft
2036:Spacecraft
2008:propulsion
1978:Pioneer 11
1974:Pioneer 10
1887:A minimal
1685:, and the
1661:satellites
1612:autonomous
1600:spacecraft
1554:takes its
1417:spacecraft
1413:kick motor
1226:rotovators
1161:launch pad
1021:John Glenn
1009:Explorer 1
976:developed
680:'s work, "
563:missions.
557:scientific
504:missions.
490:autonomous
474:satellites
458:spacecraft
308:Expendable
303:Launch pad
193:Spacecraft
175:Telescopes
170:Settlement
165:Navigation
100:Space Race
13554:Roscosmos
13542:KazCosmos
13506:ArmCosmos
13207:DTU Space
13169:BIRA-IASB
13116:EU SatCen
12875:KACST-SRI
12772:ArmCosmos
12758:West Asia
12431:East Asia
12398:Roscosmos
12386:KazCosmos
12356:Pan-Asian
11620:Structure
11372:Australia
11031:Space law
10894:UN-SPIDER
10669:Roscosmos
10647:Gorbachev
9580:Eurospace
9016:2007 test
8963:Mars race
8909:Avoidance
8746:Milky Way
8739:Orion Arm
8507:Formation
8492:Migration
8487:Disrupted
8355:Coatlicue
8323:Accretion
8310:evolution
8256:Asteroids
8168:astronomy
8163:Discovery
8024:Cubewanos
7945:Asteroids
7775:Quaoarian
7765:Neptunian
7755:Chironean
7740:Saturnian
7516:Enceladus
6933:V-2 tests
6831:2020–2022
6826:2010–2019
6801:Delta III
6453:2000–2014
6448:1965–1999
6302:Rollbacks
6066:Gaganyaan
6009:2011–2020
6004:2001–2010
5999:1991–2000
5994:1981–1990
5989:1971–1980
5984:1961–1970
5772:Spaceport
5623:Satellite
5340:Astronaut
5268:Telephone
5221:Astronomy
5142:Space law
5095:Australia
4897:radiation
4576:space.com
4424:2 October
4301:3 January
4258:Space.com
3419:Indonesia
3353:Argentina
3164:Australia
3018:seafaring
2752:talk page
2710:space law
2703:liability
2693:Space law
2607:radiation
2597:within a
2582:Discovery
2488:Radiation
2223:Snowstorm
2195:Endeavour
2190:Endeavour
2178:Discovery
1996:Voyager 1
1983:Voyager 1
1970:Voyager 2
1966:Voyager 1
1803:Pioneer 1
1733:cosmonaut
1573:MESSENGER
1560:Yogi Rock
1551:Sojourner
1512:like the
1347:effects.
1303:periapsis
1139:spaceport
1085:Apollo 11
1081:Apollo 10
1049:Saturn 1B
998:Sputnik 1
994:satellite
980:to carry
890:Δ
772:Δ
722:
700:Δ
464:, either
391:Companies
298:Spaceport
211:Satellite
155:Espionage
13779:UNCOPUOS
13090:DG DEFIS
13051:EUMETSAT
12103:Americas
12009:National
11574:Thailand
11538:Pakistan
11420:Colombia
10716:Medvedev
10705:Politics
10691:(1993–)
10600:Brezhnev
10343:Title 51
10253:disaster
10251:Columbia
10195:Politics
10103:disaster
9509:(2021–)
9427:EnVision
9372:Politics
9343:Herschel
9337:INTEGRAL
9115:(1975–)
9041:Tiangong
9031:Shenzhou
9025:(1992–)
9012:(1964–)
8951:Timeline
8799:Universe
8637:Moonlets
8217:programs
8190:timeline
8178:timeline
8109:Planet X
8104:Planet V
8041:Sednoids
8029:Plutinos
8002:Centaurs
7980:families
7709:Dysnomia
7697:Xiangliu
7692:Gonggong
7680:Makemake
7639:Kerberos
7526:Hyperion
7464:Callisto
7459:Ganymede
7392:Gonggong
7387:Makemake
7242:Gonggong
7235:Makemake
6888:Starship
6858:Minotaur
6816:Delta IV
6796:Delta II
6781:Electron
6742:Launches
6701:heaviest
6691:uncrewed
6662:Vehicles
6598:CubeSats
6539:orbiters
6497:Timeline
6358:European
6297:Missions
6256:Tiangong
6246:Deployed
6241:Visitors
6229:uncrewed
6214:Visiting
6186:Visitors
6174:uncrewed
6134:Visitors
6122:uncrewed
6071:Spacelab
6061:Shenzhou
5967:timeline
5915:timeline
5824:Category
5489:Tiangong
5484:Shenzhou
5413:Programs
5258:Internet
5063:Timeline
4901:microbes
4556:20 April
4362:Archived
4319:Archived
3958:15 April
3899:Vostok 1
3787:31 March
3714:Archived
3456:See also
3401:Pakistan
3316:missiles
3107:) (1961)
2899:Falcon 9
2839:such as
2826:Skylab 3
2677:spalling
2426:Delta II
2350:Columbia
2309:Starship
2210:broke up
2207:Columbia
2184:Atlantis
2166:Columbia
2127:Reusable
1941:tandem.
1863:Starship
1749:Shenzhou
1729:Vostok 1
1679:Salyut 7
1602:without
1562:on Mars.
1541:Uncrewed
1387:airplane
1242:scramjet
1230:skyhooks
1168:Columbia
1075:and the
1069:Apollo 9
1065:Apollo 8
1053:Saturn V
1051:and the
1045:Apollo 1
647:flight.
520:and the
514:Shenzhou
502:Vanguard
498:Explorer
312:reusable
160:Military
60:a series
58:Part of
13740:ISS MCB
13634:Oceania
13409:PTSPACE
13375:CBK PAN
13037:ESTRACK
12963:CENELEC
12666:SUPARCO
12613:SPARRSO
12450:SASTIND
12167:FAA/AST
12000:Arabsat
11634:Vietnam
11615:History
11444:Germany
10768:ExoMars
10677:Yeltsin
10609:(1967–)
10537:(1946)
10520:program
10458:FAA/AST
10158:Clinton
9962:Johnson
9925:Kennedy
9866:WS-117L
9713:British
9487:(2002–)
9331:Rosetta
9312:Cluster
9304:Huygens
9271:ExoMars
9210:(1998–)
9204:(1973–)
9176:(2005–)
9069:(2016–)
9058:(2003–)
9044:program
9034:program
8988:Chinese
8968:Records
8620:Related
8599:by size
8288:Neptune
8273:Jupiter
8224:Mercury
8149:outline
8094:Phaeton
8089:Nemesis
8076:objects
7928:Neptune
7901:Jupiter
7881:Trojans
7874:Neptune
7859:Jupiter
7839:Mercury
7770:Haumean
7760:Uranian
7742: (
7656:Hiʻiaka
7590:Proteus
7580:Neptune
7568:Miranda
7558:Umbriel
7548:Titania
7536:all 146
7501:Iapetus
7454:Jupiter
7348:Neptune
7326:Jupiter
7294:Mercury
7276:Planets
7201:Neptune
7186:Jupiter
7159:Mercury
6928:Tsyklon
6791:Delta 1
6756:Antares
6403:by name
6348:Chinese
6343:Mercury
6323:by name
6284:Shuttle
6084:Orbital
6076:Artemis
6041:Mercury
6026:Russian
5955:General
5910:outline
5898:General
5698:Orbital
5499:Artemis
5430:Voskhod
5425:Mercury
5333:General
5073:Records
5058:History
5046:General
4891:(eBook)
4857:Twitter
4780:Twitter
4449:Bibcode
4291:Congrex
4217:Twitter
4163:Bibcode
4129:Bibcode
4069:Bibcode
3678:. NASA.
3341:Lebanon
3312:rockets
3300:Germany
3238:(2018)★
3232:(2013)★
3214:(1992)*
3208:(1991)*
3206:Ukraine
3166:(1967)★
3160:(1967)★
3094:nations
2595:weather
2239:CST-100
2089:delta-v
2077:rockets
1869:Orbital
1738:of the
1689:module
1673:animals
1665:landers
1656:Sputnik
1647:Neptune
1635:Jupiter
1490:Mercury
1461:Reentry
1365:reentry
1363:Shuttle
1106:to the
1104:program
937:During
847:) and (
760:Where:
670:rockets
651:History
591:deorbit
576:orbital
561:tourist
494:Sputnik
348:Orbital
180:Tourism
88:History
44:in the
13800:Former
13791:UNOOSA
13693:COSPAR
13164:BELSPO
12945:Europe
12737:GISTDA
12713:PhilSA
12578:SaTReC
12480:PLAASF
12148:NESDIS
12078:NASRDA
11995:RASCOM
11979:Africa
11774:Russia
11703:
11658:France
11586:Turkey
11550:Russia
11478:Israel
11432:France
11396:Canada
11384:Brazil
11246:Russia
11130:(2020)
11124:(2012)
11118:(1999)
11107:(1998)
11101:(1988)
11095:(1981)
11089:(1979)
11083:(1976)
11077:(1975)
11071:(1974)
11065:(1972)
11059:(1972)
11053:(1968)
11047:(1967)
11041:(1963)
10639:(1975)
10566:(1957)
10528:Stalin
10516:Soviet
10441:NESDIS
10059:Reagan
10042:Carter
10007:Skylab
9814:Truman
9766:(2010)
9754:(1991)
9743:(1985)
9731:(1962)
9725:(1958)
9442:ATHENA
9432:CHEOPS
9417:Euclid
9350:Planck
9324:Newton
8794:
8787:
8780:
8755:
8748:
8741:
8734:
8727:
8720:
8713:
8642:Syzygy
8564:Comets
8497:System
8482:Planet
8375:EXCEDE
8283:Uranus
8278:Saturn
8268:Comets
8261:mining
8239:mining
8129:Vulcan
7970:active
7965:Hygiea
7960:Pallas
7923:Uranus
7869:Uranus
7864:Saturn
7799:Comets
7791:bodies
7789:System
7735:Jovian
7673:Weywot
7668:Quaoar
7661:Namaka
7651:Haumea
7624:Charon
7600:all 16
7595:Nereid
7585:Triton
7573:all 28
7553:Oberon
7543:Uranus
7531:Phoebe
7511:Tethys
7486:Saturn
7479:all 95
7474:Europa
7447:Deimos
7442:Phobos
7421:Earth
7382:Quaoar
7377:Haumea
7357:Dwarfs
7343:Uranus
7331:Saturn
7316:Giants
7281:dwarfs
7228:Quaoar
7221:Haumea
7196:Uranus
7191:Saturn
6943:Vulcan
6863:Proton
6848:Kosmos
6751:Ariane
6696:crewed
6635:Kosmos
6534:active
6529:Probes
6512:rovers
6373:Muslim
6338:Gemini
6333:Apollo
6311:People
6224:crewed
6169:crewed
6117:crewed
6101:Salyut
6056:Skylab
6051:Apollo
6046:Gemini
6021:Soviet
5835:Portal
5828:
5817:
5633:Lander
5586:Rocket
5450:Skylab
5445:Apollo
5435:Gemini
5420:Vostok
5125:Russia
4948:about
4887:
4683:
4372:, 1997
4275:. CNN.
3887:power.
3844:
3658:
3449:Turkey
3437:Norway
3407:Taiwan
3389:Sweden
3359:Brazil
3335:Canada
3284:WRESAT
3226:(2012)
3220:(2009)
3212:Russia
3202:(1988)
3200:Israel
3196:(1980)
3190:(1979)
3184:(1971)
3178:(1970)
3172:(1970)
3154:(1965)
3152:France
3148:(1958)
3142:(1957)
3119:(2003)
3113:(1961)
3105:Russia
3084:, the
3082:Russia
2968:To be
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2750:. The
2720:Access
2649:, and
2611:matter
2603:plasma
2413:Safety
2290:SpaceX
2193:. The
2187:, and
1935:Kliper
1859:SpaceX
1851:Sydney
1847:London
1751:, and
1669:rovers
1645:, and
1643:Uranus
1639:Saturn
1627:crewed
1604:people
1530:Corona
1518:glider
1498:Apollo
1496:, and
1494:Gemini
1401:energy
1283:Luna 1
1220:, and
1119:Launch
1114:Phases
1102:Salyut
1079:) and
1037:Apollo
1033:Gemini
965:. The
959:Juno I
599:debris
551:, and
272:Vostok
50:Cupola
13850:NASDA
13767:ITU-R
13755:ODCWG
13735:ISECG
13725:ICSMD
13683:CCSDS
13676:World
13653:CSIRO
13492:Other
13385:KRRiT
13370:POLSA
13140:BEREC
13102:EUSPA
13022:ECSAT
13017:ESRIN
13007:ESTEC
12931:MBRSC
12927:UAESA
12820:NEHSA
12808:IRIAF
12689:LAPAN
12485:CASIC
12474:CGWIC
12363:APSCO
12264:CONAE
12090:SANSA
12066:GSSTC
12054:ESSTI
12040:NARSS
11769:India
11764:China
11705:NORAD
11682:Italy
11670:India
11562:Spain
11490:Japan
11455:Iran
11408:China
11234:India
10884:ITU-R
10759:Mars
10737:Putin
10625:Almaz
10518:space
10373:Trump
10293:Obama
9982:Nixon
9457:SMILE
9437:JUICE
9422:ARIEL
9234:PRIDE
8557:Lists
8293:Pluto
8251:Ceres
8229:Venus
8124:Tyche
8119:Theia
7955:Vesta
7950:Ceres
7891:Earth
7886:Venus
7849:Earth
7844:Venus
7824:moons
7787:Solar
7785:Small
7744:Rhean
7729:Earth
7721:Rings
7634:Hydra
7619:Pluto
7612:Vanth
7607:Orcus
7563:Ariel
7521:Mimas
7506:Dione
7491:Titan
7414:Moons
7402:Sedna
7372:Pluto
7367:Orcus
7362:Ceres
7304:Earth
7299:Venus
7256:Sedna
7214:Pluto
7207:Orcus
7180:Ceres
7169:Earth
7164:Venus
6948:Zenit
6923:Titan
6878:Scout
6761:Atlas
6368:women
6353:Asian
6292:Crews
6036:Soyuz
5638:Rover
5440:Soyuz
5263:Radio
5120:Japan
5115:India
5100:China
4995:(PDF)
4151:(PDF)
4059:arXiv
3952:(PDF)
3945:(PDF)
3875:(PDF)
3868:(PDF)
3810:(PDF)
3781:(PDF)
3413:Syria
3395:Yemen
3365:Spain
3194:India
3176:China
3170:Japan
3158:Italy
3117:China
3090:China
3039:(see
3025:Earth
2544:water
2355:STS-1
2347:
2218:Buran
1939:Parom
1793:On a
1745:Soyuz
1706:Human
1691:Zarya
1631:Venus
1536:Types
1506:Soyuz
1443:orbit
1415:to a
1407:of a
1385:C-119
1224:like
1173:STS-1
1171:, on
1147:ICBMs
1059:into
963:Atlas
510:Soyuz
13826:KCST
13814:BNSC
13745:ITSO
13730:IMSO
13720:IADC
13698:IPDA
13688:CEOS
13667:NZSA
13621:UKSA
13609:SSAU
13564:VVKO
13518:MAKA
13483:SNSA
13433:INTA
13421:ROSA
13358:NOSA
13334:SRON
13231:CNES
13183:SRTI
13128:EASA
13073:and
13032:ESOC
13027:ESAC
13002:ECSS
12985:ECAC
12973:ETSI
12968:CEPT
12894:GORS
12856:NCSR
12837:ISRC
12796:NSSA
12784:MAKA
12749:VNSC
12725:SSTL
12701:MYSA
12640:NRSC
12625:ISRO
12590:TASA
12564:KASI
12559:KARI
12554:KASA
12542:NATA
12530:NICT
12504:ISAS
12499:JAXA
12465:CAST
12460:CALT
12455:CASC
12445:CNSA
12422:TNSA
12349:Asia
12334:IVIC
12329:ABAE
12298:INPE
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