555:, but significantly faster. While a horse performing a flat walk moves at 4 to 8 miles per hour (6.4 to 12.9 km/h), the running walk allows the same horse to travel at 10 to 20 miles per hour (16 to 32 km/h). In the running walk, the horse's rear feet overstep the prints of its front feet by 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm), with a longer overstep being more prized in the Tennessee Walking Horse breed. While performing the running walk, the horse nods its head in rhythm with its gait. Some Tennessee Walking Horses perform other variations of lateral ambling gaits, including the rack, stepping pace, fox trot and single-foot, which are allowable for
593:
127:
643:
270:
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354:
580:. Some slow gaits are natural to some horses, while others are developed from the pace. The stepping pace, sometimes itself called an "amble," is a slightly uneven lateral gait, with a non-isochronous 1–2, 3-4 sequence, while the singlefoot has an isochronous, even 1-2-3-4 rhythm. The stepping pace is faster than a running walk and extremely smooth, but not as energy-efficient. It is a smooth gait at slower speeds, but when sped up can turn into a 2-beat pace. The
472:, and Tennessee Walking Horse. The two-beat lateral pace is also sometimes classified with the ambling gaits as an "alternate" gait, and may be linked to the same genetic mechanism as the lateral ambling gaits. The pacing horses studied were all homozygous for the DMTR3 mutation. But not all horses with the homozygous mutation could pace, suggesting other factors had to come into play for that gait to occur. Although ambling gaits are seen in some
909:
walk with the front feet and trot with the back. In a fox trot, the horse must keep one front foot on the ground at all times and display a sliding motion with the hind legs. Other gaited breeds are able to perform the fox trot and it is one of the only ambling gaits that can be taught to horses that are not naturally gaited. The gait creates an optical illusion that a horse is walking in front and trotting behind.
135:
426:. In 2014, a new study of the DMRT3 gene, now dubbed the "gait keeper" gene, examined over 4000 horses worldwide and DNA study found that gaitedness originated in a single ancient domestic ancestor as a spontaneous genetic mutation. In 2016, a study of DMRT3 SNP in paleographic DNA located the ambling horse mutation to medieval England with subsequent spread by Vikings first to Iceland in the 10th century.
528:
996:
285:, meaning that the feet on opposite sides of the horse move forward in sequence, usually right rear, left front, left rear, right front. A common trait of the ambling gaits is that usually only one foot is completely off the ground at any one time. Ambling gaits are further distinguished by the timing and cadence of the footfall pattern. One distinction is whether the footfall rhythm is
619:. In the rack, the speed of an even lateral slow gait is increased, while keeping the even intervals between each beat. In the American Saddlebred show ring, the gait is performed with speed and action, appearing unrestrained, while the slow gait is expected be performed with restraint and precision. The rack is also closely associated with the
327:. An average length back still allows a horse to perform ambling gaits, though a very short-coupled horse usually can only perform the trot. A well-laid back shoulder and somewhat horizontal hip angle favor a longer length of stride and is helpful in horses that fox trot, while a steeper shoulder angle combined with more sloping
901:
gaits as less hollowing of the back occurs when the horse is in the gait. Diagonal four beat gaits are classified as an alternative ambling gait, even though derived from the trot rather than the pace. The genetic mechanism that allows diagonal ambling gaits appears to be the same gene responsible for lateral ambling gaits.
689:. Like all lateral ambling gaits, the footfall pattern is the same as the walk (left hind, left front, right hind, right front), but differs from the walk in that it can be performed at a range of speeds, from the speed of a typical fast walk up to the speed of a normal canter. Some Icelandic horses prefer to
538:
Lateral gaits fall in the sequence right hind, right front, left hind, left front. They can be distinguished by whether the footfall rhythm is "even" or isochronous, four equal beats in a 1-2-3-4 rhythm; or non-isochronous, a slightly uneven 1–2, 3-4 rhythm created because the horse picks up and sets
117:
Though there are differences in footfall patterns and speed of the various gaits, historically they were collectively referred to as an "amble". The many different names for these gaits reflect the nuanced differences sought by aficionados of each particular breed, with traits considered desirable in
908:
breed, but is also seen in other breeds. The fox trot is a four-beat broken diagonal gait in which the front foot of the diagonal pair lands before the hind, eliminating the moment of suspension and giving a smooth ride said to also be sure-footed. The gait is sometimes described as having the horse
571:
is a general term for several slower forms of the classic amble that follow the same general footfall pattern as the walk, in that lateral pairs of legs move forward in sequence, but the rhythm and collection of the movements are different. The common thread is that all are smooth gaits, comfortable
631:
horses and others that work off their hind quarters, the spine is curved somewhat downward. This puts the racking horse in the best position to rack without breaking into another gait. If the rider sits back or leans slightly back, this will encourage the hollow position. This allows the hind legs
900:
in
English, though it is given other names in other countries. The diagonal footfalls are usually slightly uneven, occurring in "couplets" of a 1–2, 3-4 rhythm that gives the rider a slight forward and back sensation when riding. They are considered physically easier on the horse than the lateral
109:
breeds carried a mutation on the gene DMRT3, which controls the spinal neurological circuits related to limb movement and motion. In 2014, that mutation was found to originate in a single ancestor to all gaited horses. Some gaited breeds naturally perform these gaits from birth, others need to be
626:
The rack, like other intermediate gaits, is smoother than the trot because the hooves hitting the ground individually rather than in pairs minimizes the force and bounce the horse transmits to the rider. To achieve this gait the horse must be in a "hollow position". This means that, instead of a
292:
Many breeds of horses inherit the ability to perform these gaits, which may be observable naturally from birth or may present with a minimal amount of training. Some horses without apparent inborn gaited ability can be taught to "gait" or amble. However, training usually is not successful unless
308:
Some horses can both trot and amble, and some horses pace in addition to the amble instead of trotting. However, pacing in gaited horses is often, though not always, discouraged. Some horses neither trot nor pace easily, but prefer their ambling gait for their standard intermediate speed.
885:
40:
245:, they usually are not known for speed, nor is it particularly easy for them to transition from an ambling gait into the canter or gallop. Thus, in history, where comfort for long hours in the saddle was important, ambling horses were preferred for smoothness,
297:. The length of the stride is kept long, but the rider asks the horse to alter its balance to break up the two strides in such a manner to produce a four-beat gait. Sometimes, this effect is accidentally produced in an attempt to create the slow two-beat
697:
is a natural gait present from birth. Two varieties of the tölt are considered incorrect by breeders. The first is an uneven gait called a "pig's pace" or "piggy-pace" that is closer to a two-beat pace than a four-beat amble. The second is called a
662:
is a four-beat lateral ambling gait mainly found in
Icelandic horses. Known for its explosive acceleration and speed, it is also comfortable and ground-covering. There is considerable variation in style within the gait, and thus the
499:, though distinct from the pacing bloodlines, also are homozygous for the DMRT3 mutation, suggesting that it not only affects lateral gaits, but inhibits the transition to a gallop. In the studies of Icelandic horses, those animals
233:
where plantation agriculture required riders to cover long distances every day to view fields and crops. Today, ambling or gaited horses are popular amongst casual riders who seek soft-gaited, comfortable horses for
611:
is a gait that is also known as the singlefoot or single-foot. It is an even, lateral four-beat gait. Although many breeds of horses are capable of producing this gait, it is most commonly associated with the
702:
and is a tölt and canter combination most often seen in untrained young horses or horses that mix their gaits. Both varieties are normally uncomfortable to ride. The
Icelandic also performs a pace called a
488:. Researchers theorize that this is due to the difficulty that horses with this mutation have in moving from an ambling gait to a gallop, leading them to be easy prey for predators. Humans, however, have
872:, which means "light touch" in Portuguese, is usually the smoother of the two ambling gaits performed by the breed, because the lateral movement creates little vertical momentum, and is similar to the
1009:
374:
trait. However, some representatives of these breeds may not always gait, and some horses of other breeds not considered "gaited" may have ambling-gaited ability, particularly with training. A 2012
798:
is similar to the rack and is the fastest speed exhibited by the breed. The speed is attained by extending the stride while maintaining cadence. Some Paso Finos may perform a diagonal gait known as
1488:
632:
to trail and makes the rack easier for the horse. The downside of this is that this position weakens the back and makes the horse less able to carry the weight of the rider without strain.
281:
gaits, meaning that the feet on the same side of the horse move forward, but one after the other, usually in a footfall pattern of right rear, right front, left rear, left front. Others are
90:
and other tasks where a rider must spend long periods in the saddle. Historically, horses able to amble were highly desired for riding long distances on poor roads. Once roads improved and
305:
competition when the horse cannot sustain a slow jog and falls into a shuffling, four beat gait described as "trotting in front and walking behind," which is penalized in the show ring.
289:, four equal beats in a 1-2-3-4 rhythm; or a non-isochronous 1-2, 3-4 rhythm created by a slight pause between the groundstrike of the forefoot of one side to the rear of the other.
198:
discussed the lateral form of the gait, which is derived from the pace, and some of the training methods used to create it in a horse that did not appear to be naturally gaited.
1014:
386:
horse breeds, and mice determined that a mutation on the gene DMRT3, which controls the spinal neurological circuits related to limb movement and motion, causes a premature
249:
and quiet disposition. However, when speed and quick action was of greater importance, horses that trotted were more suitable due to their speed and agility. When
790:
competition. Horses are ridden over a "fino strip", which is usually plywood set into the ground, so the judges can listen for absolute regularity of footfall. The
771:
are two horse breeds developed in Latin
America that have smooth innate intermediate gaits. Both descended from jennets that came to the Americas with the Spanish.
802:
akin to the fox trot. Many Paso Fino trainers in the USA discourage their horses from using diagonal gaits, emphasizing the lateral gaits exclusively, though in
1175:
118:
one breed sometimes discouraged in another. Gaited breeds occur in many parts of the world, but are particularly prevalent in North and South
America.
1492:
916:
where the feet move diagonally, in a manner similar to a fox trot, but with a brief period of quadrupedal support where all four feet are planted.
1390:
813:, which has the same footfall sequence as the running walk, and is characterized by an elongated and lateral motion of the shoulder known as
1674:
1440:
539:
down its feet on each individual side slightly faster, creating a slight pause when switching to the opposite lateral pair of footfalls.
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114:
breed, the DMRT3 gene was also found in trotting horses, suggesting that it inhibits the ability to transition into a canter or gallop.
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1821:
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1863:
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there is some inherited genetic ability in the horse. Ambling gaits can be taught by slightly restraining the horse at a trot or
2086:
1795:
2214:
2195:
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1733:
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or "coupling" will find it easier to perform a lateral ambling gait, though they may also have to work harder to have proper
94:
travel became popular, their use declined in Europe but continued in popularity in the
Americas, particularly in areas where
1972:
868:
a four-beat lateral gait, similar to a stepping pace or singlefoot. The breed also performs a four-beat diagonal gait. The
581:
492:
for ambling horses, leading to a much more frequent occurrence of DMRT3 mutations among the human-bred horse population.
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2132:
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A particular form of ambling gait considered desirable in one breed is often penalized in another. For example, the
2166:
1911:
2233:
1462:
1704:
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and is slightly uneven, similar to the stepping pace. The
Peruvian Paso may also fall into a diagonal gait, the
342:
is bred to perform lateral gaits and sometimes is penalized for a diagonal gait, which in that breed is called
1179:
423:
209:, riding horses that trotted became more popular in Europe; the dominant uses of riding horses came to include
32:
This article is about the four-beat intermediate gaits of horses. For more information on how horses move, see
261:
to ride an ambling horse to a battle site, then switch to a war horse for galloping into the actual battle.
1306:
1048:
365:
75:
507:. Researchers concluded that breeders selected away from the mutation in horses bred for sports such as
943:
of the
Peruvian Paso are also diagonal ambling gaits. They too are similar to the fox trot, though the
584:
defines the slow gait as a restrained four-beat gait, "derived from the pace" and "not a medium rack".
110:
trained to do them. Some breeds have individuals who can both amble and perform a trot or pace. In the
592:
78:", particularly in the United States. Ambling gaits are smoother for a rider than either the two-beat
155:
126:
924:, another breed with Spanish heritage, exhibits a four-beat diagonal ambling gait comparable to the
194:. By the 18th century, the amble was a topic of discussion among horse trainers in Europe, and the
727:
686:
548:
531:
516:
415:
1682:
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agriculture was practiced and the inspection of fields and crops necessitated long daily rides.
17:
2049:
477:
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391:
86:
and most can be sustained for relatively long periods, making them particularly desirable for
1538:
999: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2283:"The Characteristics, Distribution, Function, and Origin of Alternative Lateral Horse Gaits"
1249:
2327:
1825:
1345:
1228:
1131:
921:
905:
889:
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469:
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8:
2256:
Easy-Gaited Horses: Gentle, Humane
Methods for Training and Riding Gaited Pleasure Horses
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and other types of rapid travel across country, but of more limited duration, where the
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2191:
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2151:
2128:
1371:
1363:
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320:
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67:
1251:
1120:"Mutations in DMRT3 affect locomotion in horses and spinal circuit function in mice"
269:
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1885:
1799:
1615:
1353:
1147:
1139:
1005:
842:
302:
1737:
357:
Gaitedness is generally inherited, as seen in this young, untrained
Peruvian Paso
286:
2254:
2220:
1413:
1250:
Agricultural Communications, Texas A&M University System (5 September 2012).
735:
646:
556:
473:
411:
379:
338:
is specifically bred to perform the fox trot, a diagonal ambling gait, while the
246:
235:
159:
101:
The ability to perform an ambling gait is usually an inherited trait. In 2012, a
44:
774:
The Paso Fino has several speed variations called (from slowest to fastest) the
693:, while others prefer to trot; correct training can improve weak gaits, but the
331:
produce a stride more desirable in some lateral gaits such as the running walk.
1465:. Tennessee Walking Horse Breeders & Exhibitors Association. Archived from
947:
has shorter steps than the fox trot and is about the same speed as the lateral
551:. It is a four-beat gait with the same footfall pattern as a regular, or flat,
383:
106:
1358:
1333:
71:
2321:
1976:
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419:
328:
230:
226:
210:
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83:
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Peruvian Pasos demonstrating the lateral movement of the shoulder known as
716:
512:
496:
441:
430:
403:
316:
163:
111:
87:
2002:
1616:"Considerations of the American Saddlebred Horse for Purchase Examination"
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or "flying pace". The horses with a strong natural ability to perform the
353:
2144:
1919:
845:
breeds of India often exhibit a natural lateral ambling gait, called the
613:
481:
273:
Paso Fino performing the "classic fino', a slow, isochronous lateral gait
254:
214:
2299:
2150:. Simon & Schuster's Guide To. New York City: Simon & Schuster.
1466:
1143:
1018:. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 76.
503:
for the DMRT3 mutation scored poorly for their ability to both trot and
1708:
787:
723:
672:
500:
485:
399:
387:
294:
158:
due to the need for people to travel long distances on poor roads. The
95:
63:
33:
668:
936:
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is an ambling gait of moderate speed, similar to the singlefoot. The
767:
681:
457:
339:
2043:
803:
628:
508:
449:
402:
for the gene may have a stronger gaited ability than those who are
371:
222:
206:
202:
186:"to walk". Horse types with ambling ability included the valuable
147:
91:
955:
is more commonly seen in the Colombian strains of the Paso Fino.
884:
191:
151:
134:
66:, all of which are faster than a walk but usually slower than a
2044:
Nicodemus, Molly; Beranger, Jeannette (January–February 2010).
731:
504:
407:
406:. Horses can now be tested for the presence or absence of this
395:
258:
242:
218:
187:
2168:
Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America
1707:. The Icelandic Horse Society of Great Britain. Archived from
1655:
527:
390:
in horses with lateral ambling gaits. This mutation may be a
182:
is a 14th-century loan from Old French, ultimately from Latin
2190:(1st American ed.). New York City: Dorling Kindersley.
1441:"One gait-keeper gene allows horses to move in unusual ways"
39:
1776:
1015:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
817:
The faster ambling gait of the Peruvian Paso is called the
667:
is variously compared to similar lateral gaits such as the
358:
298:
277:
All ambling gaits have four beats. Some ambling gaits are
79:
2235:
Freedom to Gait: Release Your Horse Into Natural Easy-Gait
2046:"Exciting Research on the Gait of Colonial Spanish Horses"
976:
738:
and some individuals of these breeds have the capacity to
2022:
2020:
806:, the diagonal gait is more often considered acceptable.
375:
102:
2101:
1950:
1926:
1764:
1752:
1736:. United States Icelandic Horse Congress. Archived from
809:
The Peruvian Paso has an even lateral gait known as the
2048:. American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Archived from
1938:
1391:"One gait-keeper gene allows horses to move in unusual"
572:
to the rider. Terms for various slow gaits include the
444:
have observed natural gaited tendencies, including the
2017:
1975:. US Mangalarga Marchador Association. Archived from
1282:"Researchers Link Gene Mutation to All Gaited Breeds"
1027:
1025:
138:
A horse's legs tied together using a device called a
1252:"'Gaited' Gene Mutation and Related Motion Examined"
1178:. American Quarter Horse Association. Archived from
1066:
1046:
964:
241:
As a general rule, while ambling horses are able to
1491:. International Museum of the Horse. Archived from
2143:
1845:
1843:
1507:
1022:
429:Breeds known for galloping ability, including the
74:. Horses that amble are sometimes referred to as "
1118:Andersson, Lisa S; et al. (30 August 2012).
221:could be used. The amble was still prized in the
2319:
2003:"The Brazilian Paso or the Mangalarga Marchador"
1613:
105:study found that horses from several gaited and
2125:Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship
2089:. Missouri Fox Trotting Horse Breed Association
1840:
904:The fox trot is most often associated with the
495:Of note is that the trotting bloodlines of the
437:, do not possess the mutated form of the gene.
130:The ambling horse was prized in the Middle Ages
2087:"Standards of the Missouri Fox Trotting Horse"
2071:Hart, Rhonda (August 2007). "Ready to Gait?".
1824:. Paso Fino Association Europe. Archived from
1798:. Paso Fino Association Europe. Archived from
1279:
832:
370:In most "gaited" breeds, an ambling gait is a
1996:
1994:
896:The only diagonal ambling gait is called the
410:. In 2012, the mutated gene was found in the
205:travel became more common, followed later by
47:performing a rapid ambling gait known as the
2070:
1909:
1861:
1643:. Alabama Department of Archives and History
547:The running walk is most often performed by
348:
2000:
1681:. Oklahoma State University. Archived from
1275:
1273:
1085:
1083:
1081:
2280:
2207:International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds
1991:
1089:Lieberman, Bobbie. "Easy-Gaited Horses."
2308:
2298:
2204:
2141:
1956:
1905:
1903:
1770:
1661:
1537:. Equisearch Publications. Archived from
1357:
1227:. Equisearch Publications. Archived from
1199:
1197:
1151:
1117:
1042:
1040:
879:
562:
264:
62:is any of several four-beat intermediate
1524:
1522:
1280:Lesté-Lasserre, Christa (16 July 2014).
1270:
1243:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1078:
1004:
883:
786:gait is very slow, performed mainly for
749:
641:
591:
526:
522:
398:will produce gaitedness. Horses who are
352:
315:also plays a role. Horses with a longer
268:
154:. The amble was particularly prized in
133:
125:
38:
2252:
2185:
2122:
2107:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2026:
1967:
1965:
1932:
1864:"Staccato Beat! Gaits of the Paso Fino"
1849:
1782:
1758:
1728:
1726:
1582:
1411:
1405:
1072:
1031:
982:
970:
782:. All have an even 1-2-3-4 rhythm. The
742:, although it is not as commonly used.
394:, in that even one copy of the mutated
14:
2320:
2164:
1944:
1900:
1194:
1037:
912:The Mangalarga Marchador performs the
480:, DMRT3 mutations are rarely seen in
146:Ambling was described as early as the
2171:. Storey Publishing. pp. 160–4.
1641:"Official State Horse: Racking Horse"
1570:. United States Equestrian Federation
1519:
1331:
1307:"Horse Gaitedness: It's in the Genes"
1096:
1093:, issue 359, August, 2007, pp. 47–51.
1049:"They've Got The Beat: Gaited Horses"
892:is exhibiting a diagonal ambling gait
2231:
2127:(1st ed.). Amigo Publications.
2032:
2005:. Gaited Horse Book and Gift Catalog
1962:
1723:
1697:
1607:
1553:
1513:
1455:
1438:
1388:
1218:
1212:
1047:Strickland, Charlene (1 June 1998).
1888:. International Museum of the Horse
1667:
1481:
825:, as well as a pace-like gait, the
582:United States Equestrian Federation
24:
2274:
1705:"The Gaits of the Icelandic Horse"
1633:
25:
2339:
2142:Bongianni, Maurizio, ed. (1988).
829:, both discouraged in the breed.
2209:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1528:
994:
559:but penalized in the show ring.
2186:Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994).
2079:
2064:
1878:
1855:
1814:
1788:
1432:
1382:
1332:Wutke, Saskia (8 August 2016).
1325:
1299:
734:share common ancestry with the
542:
225:, particularly in the southern
142:to force a lateral ambling gait
2146:Horses and Ponies of the World
1439:Yong, Ed (29 September 2012).
1334:"The origin of ambling horses"
1168:
988:
424:Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse
13:
1:
2188:The Encyclopedia of the Horse
958:
745:
715:appear to be those which are
685:, or the running walk of the
1822:"The Lateral Four-Beat Gait"
1412:Roberts, Honi (March 2007).
257:, it was not uncommon for a
7:
1910:Donald, Mary (March 1992).
1389:Yong, Ed (29 August 2012).
833:Other lateral ambling gaits
366:List of gaited horse breeds
251:horses were used in warfare
10:
2344:
2205:Hendricks, Bonnie (1995).
2116:
1594:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1393:. National Geographic ways
1258:. Blood-Horse Publications
1208:(359): 52–54. August 2007.
1176:"AQHA Rule Book, rule 447"
363:
253:, particularly during the
121:
31:
2281:Vincelette, Alan (2023).
1912:"The Mystery Called Gait"
1614:Behling, Hugh B. (1999).
1489:"Tennessee Walking Horse"
1359:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.001
349:Heritability and breeding
156:horses in the Middle Ages
70:and always slower than a
719:for the DMRT3 mutation.
627:rounded back as seen in
549:Tennessee Walking Horses
174:), cognate to Icelandic
2165:Dutson, Judith (2005).
728:Nordlandshest/Lyngshest
687:Tennessee Walking Horse
635:
587:
532:Tennessee Walking Horse
478:Colonial Spanish Horses
416:Tennessee Walking Horse
1918:: 7–14. Archived from
1221:"Conformed to Perform"
893:
880:Diagonal ambling gaits
876:of the Peruvian Paso.
758:
653:
600:
535:
361:
274:
265:Types of ambling gaits
201:As roads improved and
143:
131:
51:
2259:. Storey Publishing.
2253:Ziegler, Lee (2005).
2123:Bennett, Deb (1998).
1796:"The Different Types"
1219:Imus, Brenda (2006).
920:means "to hit". The
887:
776:paso fino, paso corto
753:
645:
595:
530:
523:Lateral ambling gaits
378:study of movement in
356:
272:
137:
129:
42:
2232:Howe, Anita (2011).
1785:, pp. 217, 239.
1204:"Breeds that Gait".
985:, pp. 113, 167.
922:Carolina Marsh Tacky
906:Missouri Fox Trotter
890:Mangalarga Marchador
862:Mangalarga Marchador
470:Spotted Saddle horse
466:Rocky Mountain Horse
454:Missouri Fox Trotter
2300:10.3390/ani13162557
2052:on 13 December 2010
1874:on 8 February 2012.
1734:"Buyer's Checklist"
1679:Breeds of Livestock
1568:USEF Rule Book 2014
1531:"Gaits Made Simple"
1443:. Discover Magazine
1350:2016CBio...26.R697W
1144:10.1038/nature11399
1136:2012Natur.488..642A
617:American Saddlebred
599:performing the rack
597:American Saddlebred
534:at the running walk
452:, Icelandic horse,
446:American Saddlebred
336:Missouri Foxtrotter
1979:on 6 November 2008
1862:Hart-Poe, Rhonda.
894:
759:
654:
601:
536:
517:racing at a gallop
435:Przewalski’s horse
433:and even the wild
362:
275:
144:
132:
52:
2216:978-0-8061-3884-8
2197:978-1-56458-614-8
2178:978-1-58017-612-5
2110:, pp. 134–5.
2001:Harris, Claudia.
1947:, pp. 160–4.
1935:, pp. 160–3.
1802:on 30 August 2013
1761:, pp. 194–5.
1344:(15): R697–R699.
1130:(7413): 642–646.
1006:Chambers, Ephraim
460:, Peruvian Paso,
321:lumbosacral joint
16:(Redirected from
2335:
2314:
2312:
2302:
2270:
2249:
2228:
2201:
2182:
2161:
2149:
2138:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1870:. Archived from
1859:
1853:
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1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
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1690:
1671:
1665:
1659:
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1637:
1631:
1630:
1623:AAEP Proceedings
1620:
1611:
1605:
1604:
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1600:
1586:
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1485:
1479:
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1476:
1474:
1469:on 12 March 2013
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1409:
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1400:
1398:
1386:
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1379:
1361:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1115:
1094:
1087:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1020:
1019:
998:
997:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
490:selectively bred
380:Icelandic horses
303:western pleasure
21:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2318:
2317:
2277:
2275:Further reading
2267:
2246:
2238:. AuthorHouse.
2217:
2198:
2179:
2158:
2135:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2042:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1922:on 12 May 2008.
1908:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1886:"Peruvian Paso"
1884:
1883:
1879:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1740:on 26 July 2011
1732:
1731:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1685:on 8 April 2009
1673:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1598:
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1563:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1495:on 28 June 2013
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1338:Current Biology
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1116:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1023:
995:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
961:
882:
835:
748:
736:Icelandic horse
647:Icelandic horse
640:
590:
565:
557:pleasure riding
545:
525:
412:Icelandic horse
368:
351:
267:
247:sure-footedness
236:pleasure riding
196:1728 Cyclopedia
170:(Modern German
160:Old High German
124:
45:Icelandic horse
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2316:
2315:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2250:
2244:
2229:
2215:
2202:
2196:
2183:
2177:
2162:
2157:978-0671660680
2156:
2139:
2134:978-0965853309
2133:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2100:
2078:
2063:
2031:
2029:, p. 134.
2016:
1990:
1961:
1959:, p. 280.
1957:Hendricks 1995
1949:
1937:
1925:
1899:
1877:
1854:
1852:, p. 217.
1839:
1828:on 12 May 2014
1813:
1787:
1775:
1773:, p. 232.
1771:Hendricks 1995
1763:
1751:
1722:
1711:on 28 May 2009
1696:
1666:
1662:Bongianni 1988
1654:
1632:
1606:
1581:
1552:
1541:on 12 May 2014
1529:Imus, Brenda.
1518:
1506:
1480:
1454:
1431:
1404:
1381:
1324:
1313:. 5 April 2013
1298:
1269:
1242:
1211:
1193:
1167:
1095:
1077:
1065:
1036:
1021:
1008:, ed. (1728).
987:
975:
962:
960:
957:
914:marcha batida,
881:
878:
866:marcha picada,
834:
831:
747:
744:
639:
634:
589:
586:
564:
561:
544:
541:
524:
521:
384:harness racing
350:
347:
266:
263:
123:
120:
107:harness racing
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2340:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2266:9781580175623
2262:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2245:9781456716165
2241:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2109:
2104:
2088:
2082:
2075:(359): 55–56.
2074:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1887:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1595:
1591:
1590:"Single-foot"
1585:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1516:, p. 34.
1515:
1510:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1442:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1414:"The Mustang"
1408:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1231:on 6 May 2014
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1182:on 6 May 2014
1181:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1075:, p. 39.
1074:
1069:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1001:public domain
991:
984:
979:
973:, p. 34.
972:
967:
963:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
926:marcha batida
923:
919:
915:
910:
907:
902:
899:
891:
886:
877:
875:
871:
867:
864:performs the
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
769:
764:
763:Peruvian Paso
757:
752:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:Faroese Horse
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
660:
652:
648:
644:
638:
633:
630:
624:
622:
621:Racking Horse
618:
615:
610:
606:
598:
594:
585:
583:
579:
575:
574:stepping pace
570:
560:
558:
554:
550:
540:
533:
529:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:Racking horse
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
420:Peruvian Paso
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:dominant gene
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
367:
360:
355:
346:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
290:
288:
284:
280:
271:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
232:
231:Latin America
228:
227:United States
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:light cavalry
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
141:
136:
128:
119:
115:
113:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
41:
35:
30:
19:
2293:(16): 2557.
2290:
2286:
2255:
2234:
2206:
2187:
2167:
2145:
2124:
2108:Ziegler 2005
2103:
2093:21 September
2091:. Retrieved
2081:
2072:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2050:the original
2027:Ziegler 2005
2007:. Retrieved
1981:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1952:
1940:
1933:Edwards 1994
1928:
1920:the original
1916:Conquistador
1915:
1890:. Retrieved
1880:
1872:the original
1868:Gaited Horse
1867:
1857:
1850:Bennett 1998
1830:. Retrieved
1826:the original
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1790:
1783:Bennett 1998
1778:
1766:
1759:Edwards 1994
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1738:the original
1713:. Retrieved
1709:the original
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:the original
1678:
1669:
1664:, entry 133.
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1622:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1567:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1534:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1420:. Equisearch
1417:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1384:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:
1260:. Retrieved
1255:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1224:
1214:
1205:
1184:. Retrieved
1180:the original
1170:
1127:
1123:
1090:
1073:Bennett 1998
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:
1032:Bennett 1998
1013:
990:
983:Bennett 1998
978:
971:Bennett 1998
966:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:gait of the
932:
930:
925:
917:
913:
911:
903:
897:
895:
873:
869:
865:
859:
854:
850:
846:
836:
826:
822:
819:sobreandando
818:
814:
810:
808:
799:
795:
791:
783:
779:
775:
773:
766:
760:
755:
739:
721:
717:heterozygous
712:
708:
704:
699:
694:
690:
680:
664:
658:
657:
655:
650:
636:
625:
608:
604:
602:
577:
573:
568:
566:
563:"Slow gaits"
546:
543:Running walk
537:
513:show jumping
497:Standardbred
494:
476:, and other
442:horse breeds
440:A number of
439:
431:Thoroughbred
428:
404:heterozygous
369:
343:
333:
313:Conformation
311:
307:
291:
282:
278:
276:
240:
200:
195:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:gaited horse
150:writings of
145:
139:
116:
112:Standardbred
100:
88:trail riding
59:
56:ambling gait
55:
53:
48:
29:
2328:Horse gaits
1945:Dutson 2005
1744:22 February
1715:22 February
1689:21 February
1675:"Icelandic"
1535:Trail Rider
1463:"The Breed"
1418:Trail Rider
1262:6 September
1235:6 September
1225:Trail Rider
949:paso corto.
614:five-gaited
486:wild horses
301:desired in
287:isochronous
255:Middle Ages
215:fox hunting
162:term for a
64:horse gaits
2056:4 February
2009:4 December
1983:4 December
1973:"The Gait"
1447:8 February
959:References
874:paso llano
843:Kathiawari
811:paso llano
796:paso largo
792:paso corto
788:horse show
780:paso largo
746:Paso gaits
673:Saddlebred
578:singlefoot
501:homozygous
422:, and the
400:homozygous
388:stop codon
372:hereditary
364:See also:
325:collection
178:. English
96:plantation
34:Horse gait
27:Horse gait
1514:Howe 2011
1368:0960-9822
1311:The Horse
1286:The Horse
1256:The Horse
1053:The Horse
941:pasitrote
937:Paso Fino
823:pasitrote
784:paso fino
768:Paso Fino
709:flugskeiĂ°
682:Paso Fino
569:slow gait
458:Paso Fino
340:Paso Fino
207:railroads
2322:Category
2310:10451235
2225:7940192M
1647:24 March
1629:: 19–21.
1561:"SB 117"
1376:27505236
1317:18 April
1162:22932389
939:and the
898:fox trot
827:huachano
815:termino.
804:Colombia
726:and the
629:dressage
509:dressage
474:Mustangs
450:Boerperd
299:jog trot
283:diagonal
223:Americas
203:carriage
184:ambulare
92:carriage
2287:Animals
2117:Sources
1499:1 March
1473:7 March
1346:Bibcode
1291:16 July
1153:3523687
1132:Bibcode
1010:"Amble"
1003::
839:Marwari
756:termino
700:Valhopp
679:of the
671:of the
649:at the
623:breed.
609:racking
418:, the
344:trocha.
319:at the
279:lateral
229:and in
192:palfrey
168:celtari
152:Kikkuli
148:Hittite
140:trammel
122:History
2307:
2263:
2242:
2223:
2213:
2194:
2175:
2154:
2131:
1892:11 May
1832:11 May
1806:11 May
1599:11 May
1574:11 May
1545:11 May
1397:11 May
1374:
1366:
1160:
1150:
1124:Nature
953:trocha
945:trocha
933:trocha
918:Batida
870:picada
855:rehwal
851:aphcal
847:revaal
800:trocha
778:, and
732:Norway
675:, the
515:, and
505:gallop
414:, the
408:allele
396:allele
259:knight
243:canter
219:gallop
188:jennet
172:Zelter
76:gaited
72:gallop
68:canter
2073:Equus
1619:(PDF)
1564:(PDF)
1424:6 May
1206:Equus
1186:6 May
1091:Equus
1058:6 May
888:This
853:, or
705:skeiĂ°
677:largo
482:feral
329:croup
180:amble
60:amble
2261:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2211:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2095:2011
2058:2011
2011:2008
1985:2008
1894:2014
1834:2014
1808:2014
1746:2009
1717:2009
1691:2009
1649:2013
1601:2014
1576:2014
1547:2014
1501:2013
1475:2013
1449:2021
1426:2014
1399:2014
1372:PMID
1364:ISSN
1319:2013
1293:2014
1264:2012
1237:2012
1188:2014
1158:PMID
1060:2014
951:The
931:The
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