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wood production on a similar rotation. This is especially true if native species are used. In the case of exotic species, the habitat can be improved significantly if the impact is mitigated by measures such as leaving blocks of native species in the plantation or retaining corridors of natural forest. In Brazil, similar measures are required by government regulation.
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Once a plantation is established, managing it becomes an important environmental factor. The most critical aspect of management is the rotation period. Plantations harvested on more extended rotation periods (30 years or more) can provide similar benefits to a naturally regenerated forest managed for
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and bamboo plantations in India have given good results and an alternative crop solution to farmers of central India, where conventional farming was widespread. But due to the rising input costs of agriculture, many farmers have done teak and bamboo plantations, which require very little water (only
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crops produced to feed the population of the estate and the livestock. A common definition of what constituted a plantation is that it typically had 500 to 1,000 acres (2.0 to 4.0 km) or more of land and produced one or two cash crops for sale. Other scholars have attempted to define it by the
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Sugar plantations were highly valued in the
Caribbean by the British and French colonists in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the use of sugar in Europe rose during this period. Sugarcane is still an important crop in Cuba. Sugar plantations also arose in countries such as Barbados and Cuba because
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Probably the most critical factor a plantation has on the local environment is the site where the plantation is established. In Brazil, coffee plantations would use slash-and-burn agriculture, tearing down rainforests and planting coffee trees that depleted the nutrients in soil. Once the soil had
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that formerly predominated with pine species. If a plantation is established on abandoned agricultural land or highly degraded land, it can increase both habitat and biodiversity. A planted forest can be profitably established on lands that will not support agriculture or suffer from a lack of
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northward. The enslavement of people was the norm in
Maryland and states southward. The plantations there were forced-labor farms. The term "plantation" was used in most British colonies but very rarely in the United Kingdom itself in this sense. There it was used mainly for
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Plantation owners extensively used enslaved
Africans to work on early plantations (such as tobacco, rice, cotton, hemp, and sugar plantations) in the American colonies and the United States, throughout the Caribbean, the Americas, and in European-occupied areas of Africa.
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These may be established for watershed or soil protection. They are established for erosion control, landslide stabilization, and windbreaks. Such plantations are established to foster native species and promote forest regeneration on degraded lands as a tool of
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during the first two years). Teak and bamboo have legal protection from theft. Bamboo, once planted, gives output for 50 years till flowering occurs. Teak requires 20 years to grow to full maturity and fetch returns.
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502:": they must work to pay off a debt at such punitive interest rates that it may never be paid off. Others work unreasonably long hours and are paid subsistence wages that (in practice) may only be spent in the
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of the natural endowments that they had. These natural endowments included soil conducive to growing sugar and a high marginal product of labor realized through the increasing number of enslaved people.
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226:, which produced large quantities of grain, wine, and olive oil for export. Plantation agriculture proliferated with the increase in international trade and the development of a
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The tree species used in a plantation are also an important factor. Where non-native varieties or species are grown, few native faunas are adapted to exploit these, and further
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in 1610, the original colonists were called "planters", and their fishing rooms were known as "fishing plantations". These terms were used well into the 20th century.
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allowed the flourishing of large plantations, where large numbers of enslaved
Africans were held captive and forced to produce crops to create wealth for a white
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Benger
Plantation, an 18th-century fishing plantation maintained by James Benger and his heirs at Ferryland. It was built on the site of a Georgia plantation.
515:("engine"), and the 17th-century English usage for organized colonial production was "factory." Such colonial social and economic structures are discussed at
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In modern use, the term usually refers only to large-scale estates. Before about 1860, it was the usual term for a farm of any size in the southern parts of
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Bristol's Hope
Plantation, a 17th-century fishing plantation established at Harbour Grace, created by the Bristol Society of Merchant-Adventurers.
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Aldhous, J. R. & Low, A. J. (1974). The potential of
Western Hemlock, Western Red Cedar, Grand Fir, and Noble Fir in Britain.
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been sapped, growers would move on to another place. If a natural forest is cleared for a planted forest, then a reduction in
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In modern times, the low wages typically paid to plantation workers are the basis of plantation profitability in some areas.
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Today, as was also true in the past, there is a wide range of opinion as to what differentiated a plantation from a
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Everard, J. E. & Fourt, D. F. (1974). Monterey Pine and Bishop Pine as plantation trees in southern
Britain.
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edited by Sidney Mintz and George Baca (University of South
Carolina Press; 2011) 176 pp. 1933 dissertation
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from the 17th into the 20th century. The complex included everything from the main residence down to the
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is a classic example of
Southern plantation architecture, built on an H-plan and completed in 1738 near
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agriculture rapidly expands across wet tropical regions and is usually developed at a plantation scale.
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Sea-Forest Plantation was a 17th-century fishing plantation established at Cuper's Cove (present-day
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Piggeon's Plantation, an 18th-century fishing plantation maintained by Ellias Piggeon at Ferryland.
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Sedjo, R. A. & Botkin, D. (1997). Using forest plantations to spare natural forests.
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Savill, P. Evans, J. Auclair, D. Falk, J. (1997). Plantation Silviculture in Europe.
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have sometimes contributed to determining where plantations are located.
978:, A Year in Jamaica: Memoirs of a girl in Arcadia in 1889 (Eland, 2013)
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The Seward Plantation is a historic Southern plantation-turned-ranch in
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Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction
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Plantation complexes were common on agricultural plantations in the
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1913 photo: African-Americans picking cotton on a plantation in the
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Pool Plantation a 17th-century fishing plantation maintained by
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Mockbeggar Plantation is an 18th-century fishing plantation at
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937:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 8.
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for wildlife and act as a buffer for native forests, reducing
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Back of the Big House, The Architecture of Plantation Slavery
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occurs. However, even non-native tree species may serve as
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In more recent times, overt slavery has been replaced by
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Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States
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The following three plantations are maintained by the
854:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 33–36.
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Tree plantations, in the United States often called
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Among the earliest examples of plantations were the
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2194:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States
773:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States
547:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States
393:Before the rise of cotton in the American South,
202:noted, "farm" becoming the usual term from about
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2290:Slave health on plantations in the United States
509:In Brazil, a sugarcane plantation was termed an
614:, plentiful rainfall, and fertile soils of the
2295:Treatment of the enslaved in the United States
881:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p.
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824:"How Coffee Influenced The Course Of History"
401:were also sometimes called plantation crops.
362:are sometimes considered to be plantations.
3265:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
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602:Plantations are an important aspect of the
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811:History of Early American Landscape Design
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
906:Robert J. Vejnar II (November 6, 2008).
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526:and elsewhere in the Caribbean lived in
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668:Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
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16:Agricultural estate growing cash crops
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628:. Typically, the focus of a farm was
604:history of the Southern United States
1056:Criticism of industrial plantations.
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54:adding citations to reliable sources
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2012:
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333:Plantings of the Pará rubber tree (
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783:Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
704:. The plantation was destroyed by
408:Harvesting tea in Bogor, West Java
390:, especially in historical usage.
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339:) are usually called plantations.
306:Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
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3374:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
2470:List of sugars and sugar products
1361:Global Forest Information Service
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1018:Explorations in Economic History,
875:Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell (1929).
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522:Sugar workers on plantations in
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1043:Trends in Round wood production
878:Life and Labor in the Old South
741:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
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230:that followed the expansion of
41:needs additional citations for
1050:Advocates plantation forestry.
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670:as provincial heritage sites:
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1060:NGO World Rainforest Movement
970:Quarterly Journal of Forestry
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2265:Slavery in the United States
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963:Forestry Commission Bulletin
933:Vlach, John Michael (1993).
778:Slavery in the United States
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3548:Agricultural establishments
912:The Encyclopedia of Alabama
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712:Other fishing plantations:
641:number of enslaved persons.
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21:Plantation (disambiguation)
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3260:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
3240:Demerara rebellion of 1823
3220:1811 German Coast uprising
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2826:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
2270:Children of the plantation
1472:Growth and yield modelling
1009:Thompson, Edgar Tristram.
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616:Southeastern United States
606:, particularly before the
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131:are farms specializing in
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2032:Climate change portal
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591:. Until the abolition of
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282:environmental restoration
2686:High-fructose corn syrup
1618:Great Green Wall (China)
1191:Close to nature forestry
908:"Plantation Agriculture"
299:
3235:Colonial molasses trade
2691:High-maltose corn syrup
1652:Million Tree Initiative
1020:43 (Jan. 2006), 153–76.
990:Oxford University Press
630:subsistence agriculture
139:, grow crops including
3495:Pure, White and Deadly
3275:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
3181:By region (historical)
2074:Environment portal
1506:Sustainable management
1401:Trillion Tree Campaign
581:Southern United States
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435:natural regeneration.
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291:Sugar cane workers in
3285:Taiwan Sugar Railways
3225:Amelioration Act 1798
1999:Wood process engineer
1703:Urban forest inequity
1038:at Wikimedia Commons
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196:British North America
189:comparative advantage
187:policies and natural
2964:Unrefined sweeteners
2786:Crystalline fructose
2701:Inverted sugar syrup
2358:Lists of plantations
2327:Underground Railroad
1662:Shifting cultivation
1603:Forest fragmentation
1573:Carbon sequestration
1443:Woodland Carbon Code
1408:Forest certification
1316:Even-aged management
1231:Sustainable forestry
1048:Earth Repair Network
599:of enslaved people.
496:sharecropping system
326:plantation in rural
232:European colonialism
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3049:By region (current)
2949:Sugar confectionery
2322:Fugitive slave laws
1467:Formally designated
1311:Ecological thinning
1221:Plantation forestry
1129:Research institutes
1054:"Pulping the South"
914:. Auburn University
768:List of plantations
646:Society and culture
574:Independence, Texas
3453:Sweetened beverage
3280:Sugar Intervention
3188:Danish West Indies
3170:U.S. Sugar Program
2929:Cotton candy floss
2836:Plantation Reserve
2731:Steen's cane syrup
2189:Plantation economy
2060:Ecology portal
1593:Forest degradation
1588:Ecosystem services
1196:Community forestry
1006:39 (10): 15–20, 30
608:American Civil War
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2639:Barley malt syrup
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2088:Plants portal
1874:green woodworking
1034:Media related to
944:978-0-8078-4412-0
892:978-0-316-70607-0
861:978-0-19-984328-2
708:invaders in 1696.
700:and his heirs at
659:was colonized by
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430:to replace mixed
413:Ecological impact
228:worldwide economy
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698:Sir David Kirke
653:
648:
643:
642:
562:Lerty, Virginia
550:
542:
492:slavery-in-kind
466:
460:
424:loss of habitat
415:
368:
356:
345:
343:Oil palm plants
317:
308:
302:
251:
249:Tree plantation
245:
240:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3441:Residual sugar
3436:Sugars in wine
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Health effects
3418:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3396:
3394:Flavored syrup
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3358:Treacle mining
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3128:Tongaat Hulett
3125:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:Sugarcane mill
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2811:Molasses sugar
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2629:List of syrups
2625:
2623:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2543:Reducing sugar
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2484:Monosaccharide
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:South Carolina
2405:
2403:North Carolina
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Slave breeding
2282:
2277:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2171:
2170:The plantation
2167:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2091:
2077:
2063:
2049:
2035:
2021:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Timber cruiser
1986:
1984:Shingle weaver
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1820:Rail transport
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1761:pulp and paper
1758:
1753:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:Forest farming
1728:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1679:slash-and-char
1676:
1674:slash-and-burn
1671:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Forest dieback
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1241:Urban forestry
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1026:
1025:External links
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1011:The Plantation
1007:
1000:
986:
984:978-1906011833
973:
966:
958:
957:
951:
950:
943:
925:
898:
891:
867:
860:
839:
815:
798:
797:
796:
795:
790:
787:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
763:Forest farming
759:
758:
744:
728:
725:
724:
723:
720:
717:
710:
709:
694:
687:
652:
649:
647:
644:
636:, with enough
558:Stratford Hall
551:
543:
541:
540:American South
538:
462:Main article:
459:
456:
414:
411:
370:These include
367:
364:
355:
352:
344:
341:
316:
313:
304:Main article:
301:
298:
247:Main article:
244:
241:
239:
236:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3570:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3528:
3520:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:Robert Lustig
3482:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:United States
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:British Sugar
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:Sugar alcohol
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Glucose syrup
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Maesil-cheong
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2419:
2418:West Virginia
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2348:Sharecropping
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2315:Interregional
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:Planter class
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2124:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Rubber tapper
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Choker setter
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
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1838:
1835:
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1828:
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1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
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1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:Manufacturing
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
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1704:
1701:
1699:
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1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:
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1660:
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1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Deforestation
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:Environmental
1557:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:reforestation
1458:
1456:
1455:afforestation
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:Arboriculture
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:Permaforestry
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
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680:royal charter
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528:company towns
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504:company store
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185:Protectionist
182:
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67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3493:
3343:Sugar people
3331:Sugar packet
3255:Molasses Act
3230:Blackbirding
3123:Illovo Sugar
3118:South Africa
3071:Wilmar Sugar
2866:Butterscotch
2861:Barley sugar
2766:
2681:Golden syrup
2659:Mogwa-cheong
2511:Disaccharide
2301:Slave trade
2275:Field slaves
2093:
2079:
2065:
2051:
2037:
2023:
2016:
1994:Tree planter
1974:Resin tapper
1954:Truck driver
1949:River driver
1698:Tree hugging
1683:
1666:
1633:timber mafia
1623:High grading
1608:Ghost forest
1578:Clearcutting
1501:Silviculture
1477:Horticulture
1321:Fire ecology
1236:Urban forest
1211:Mycoforestry
1171:
1167:Agroforestry
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1115:Forest areas
1113:
1106:
1028:
1017:
1010:
1003:
989:
976:Lewes, Diana
969:
962:
956:Bibliography
934:
928:
916:. Retrieved
911:
901:
877:
870:
851:
842:
831:. Retrieved
827:
818:
810:
807:"Plantation"
802:
755:Trees portal
711:
684:King James I
665:
657:Newfoundland
654:
601:
597:forced labor
578:
531:
521:
510:
508:
500:debt bondage
491:
488:para-slavery
487:
485:
482:
478:
452:
437:
420:biodiversity
416:
392:
369:
366:Arable crops
357:
346:
334:
332:
309:
278:
271:
252:
224:Roman Empire
217:
200:Noah Webster
193:
181:rubber trees
128:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
65:"Plantation"
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3558:Plantations
3489:John Yudkin
3399:Fruit syrup
3316:Sugar shack
3306:Added sugar
3245:Holing cane
3103:Philippines
3003:Casa-grande
2917:Other forms
2893:Sugar glass
2856:Sugar candy
2796:Gula melaka
2776:Candi sugar
2755:Solid forms
2746:Yacón syrup
2736:Table syrup
2711:Maple syrup
2664:Yuja-cheong
2634:Agave syrup
2569:Agave syrup
2538:Added sugar
2398:Mississippi
2336:Other labor
2280:House negro
2222:King Cotton
2018:WikiProject
1942:smokejumper
1922:Firefighter
1885:Occupations
1869:Woodworking
1450:Forestation
1381:restoration
1336:informatics
1201:Ecoforestry
1036:Plantations
1004:Environment
972:68: 111–25.
638:staple food
610:. The mild
448:edge effect
384:bell pepper
293:Puerto Rico
198:, with, as
129:Plantations
3542:Categories
3527:Production
3404:Date honey
3389:Cane knife
3326:Sugar nips
3015:Sugar bush
2998:Plantation
2986:Production
2881:Rock candy
2846:Preserving
2726:Pine honey
2671:Corn syrup
2559:Sugar beet
2210:Cash crops
1964:Lumberjack
1959:Log scaler
1842:engineered
1793:non-timber
1766:sawmilling
1718:Industries
1685:svedjebruk
1396:transition
1376:protection
1366:old-growth
1351:governance
1306:Dendrology
1256:management
1122:Ministries
998:0198549091
992:. Oxford.
833:2022-12-07
789:References
682:issued by
678:) under a
634:cash crops
255:tree farms
220:latifundia
179:, fruits,
161:sugar cane
133:cash crops
76:newspapers
3463:Sweetness
3458:Sweetener
3348:Sugar tit
3336:Sucrology
3311:Crop Over
3270:Sugar Act
3113:Sri Lanka
3098:Mauritius
3083:Caribbean
3056:Australia
2898:Sugarloaf
2816:Muscovado
2768:Peen tong
2706:Kuromitsu
2564:Sugarcane
2531:Trehalose
2494:Galactose
2477:Chemistry
2393:Louisiana
2244:Sugarcane
1912:Ecologist
1825:Tree farm
1726:Coppicing
1668:chitemene
1568:Acid rain
1516:allometry
1438:SmartWood
1386:secondary
1371:pathology
1346:inventory
1284:driftwood
1150:Arbor Day
918:April 15,
702:Ferryland
691:Bonavista
589:livestock
530:known as
444:corridors
432:hardwoods
380:pineapple
376:sugarcane
324:Sugarcane
177:oil palms
173:oil seeds
3517:Category
3477:Research
3321:Sugaring
3135:Tanzania
3010:Refinery
2978:Industry
2903:Wasanbon
2841:Powdered
2781:Chancaca
2721:Molasses
2613:Products
2589:Honeydew
2489:Fructose
2413:Virginia
2388:Kentucky
2310:Internal
2305:Atlantic
2113:Category
1927:handcrew
1897:Arborist
1892:Forester
1852:mahogany
1798:palm oil
1788:charcoal
1773:Products
1708:Wildfire
1521:breeding
1482:GM trees
1331:dynamics
1143:Journals
1136:Colleges
1096:Forestry
850:(2012).
727:See also
428:wetlands
360:orchards
354:Orchards
348:Oil palm
259:palm oil
213:forestry
204:Maryland
145:cannabis
106:May 2011
3468:Vinasse
3379:Bagasse
3367:Related
3299:Culture
3212:History
3025:Engenho
2993:Boilery
2959:Tuzemák
2924:Caramel
2851:Sucanat
2801:Jaggery
2791:Gelling
2741:Treacle
2716:Mizuame
2579:Coconut
2552:Sources
2526:Sucrose
2521:Maltose
2516:Lactose
2499:Glucose
2383:Georgia
2371:Florida
2366:Alabama
2258:Slavery
2249:Tobacco
2123:Outline
1937:lookout
1932:hotshot
1813:tanbark
1783:biomass
1778:biochar
1756:plywood
1741:Logging
1645:wilding
1294:log jam
1251:Ecology
809:in the
661:England
651:Fishing
593:slavery
533:bateyes
512:engenho
372:tobacco
238:By crop
222:of the
90:scholar
3498:(1972)
3426:Nectar
3414:Jallab
3198:Hawaii
3140:Uganda
3108:Rwanda
2886:Toffee
2831:Panela
2649:Cheong
2621:Syrups
2504:Xylose
2234:Indigo
2217:Cotton
1969:Ranger
1917:Feller
1902:Bucker
1808:rubber
1751:lumber
1561:topics
1548:volume
1543:height
1489:i-Tree
1326:Forest
1279:coarse
1274:Debris
1173:dehesa
996:
982:
941:
889:
858:
706:French
676:Cupids
395:indigo
388:cotton
386:, and
358:Fruit
315:Rubber
295:, 1941
267:rubber
263:coffee
149:coffee
141:cotton
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3409:Grape
3093:India
3088:Kenya
3035:Zafra
3030:Batey
2908:White
2871:Candy
2806:Misri
2762:Brown
2696:Honey
2594:Maple
2574:Birch
2460:Sugar
1803:rayon
1538:girth
1533:crown
1494:urban
1391:stand
1299:slash
1289:large
1160:Types
1108:Index
794:Notes
655:When
620:elite
474:South
300:Sugar
265:, or
169:sisal
165:opium
157:cocoa
97:JSTOR
83:books
3193:Fiji
3078:Cuba
2876:Hard
2604:Malt
2599:Palm
2584:Date
2376:Leon
2239:Rice
2229:Hemp
1862:teak
1847:fuel
1837:Wood
1657:REDD
1511:Tree
1428:PEFC
1413:ATFS
994:ISBN
980:ISBN
939:ISBN
920:2011
887:ISBN
856:ISBN
626:farm
587:for
585:pens
524:Cuba
422:and
399:rice
397:and
328:Cuba
273:Teak
69:news
3066:CSR
2939:Rum
2821:Nib
1433:SFI
1423:FSC
1418:CFS
1356:law
1341:IPM
1253:and
965:49.
883:338
828:NPR
490:or
269:.
153:tea
52:by
3544::
910:.
885:.
826:.
622:.
536:.
519:.
506:.
450:.
382:,
378:,
374:,
284:.
261:,
234:.
175:,
171:,
167:,
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
143:,
2452:e
2445:t
2438:v
2157:e
2150:t
2143:v
1088:e
1081:t
1074:v
947:.
922:.
895:.
864:.
836:.
693:.
686:.
564:.
549:.
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
