447:
627:, return Rey to Khwarizm and allow Rey to be governed by the Shah's son, who would be under the suzerainty of Toghrul. The Sultan discussed the proposal with his commanders, who wished to make peace, or at least wait for the reinforcements coming from Zanjan and Isfahan to bolster the army before engaging the enemy. Toghrul may have also received messages from Qutlug hinting that he may defect with his following when Toghrul arrived, which may have influenced the Sultan's decision. The Sultan disregarded his followers’ advice and marched to Rey. When the Khwarazmian army reached Rey on March 19, 1194, the Sultan marched past the city walls and engaged the enemy, and charged the center of the enemy vanguard. Only sixty of his personal guard followed him, the rest of his army stood off as their commanders did not believe they could win and did not wish to die for a lost cause. The Sultan was wounded in the eye by an arrow and fell from his horse, Qutlug Innach personally beheaded the 25 year old Sultan despite his plea to spare his life. Shah
540:, asking him to restore the palace of the Seljuk Sultan in Baghdad for him, but the Caliph razed the palace and then sent aid to Qizil Arslan, who agreed to become the Caliph's vassal. The Caliph sent an army numbering 15,000 under his vizier Jalal al-Din 'Ubaidallah b. Yunus, which attacked Hamadan in 1188 without waiting for Qizil Arslan's army to arrive, he was defeated and captured, Toghrul secured victory by charging the enemy center after his right wing was battered, but this was a Pyrrhic victory, as Toghrul's army suffered grievous losses in the battle. The Sultan next tried to reform his administration and coordinate strategy with available resources, but his rash behavior regarding a dispute over the command of the army, led to the execution of Kamal Ai-Aba, Saifuddin Rus and several of the Sultan's opponents, and the desertion of his allies.
548:
the Caliph, even sent his infant son as hostage to
Baghdad in a futile gesture. Toghrul invaded Azerbaijan and sacked the towns of Ushnu, Khoy, Urmiya and Salmas. Qizil Arslan reconciled with his nephews and defeated and captured Toghrul when he again invaded Azerbaijan in 1190. Qizli Arslan imprisoned Toghrul and his son Malik Shah in Kuhran fortress near Tabriz. Qizil Arslan, encouraged by the Caliph, soon declared himself Sultan, married Innach Khatun, his brother's widow, and was poisoned by her in September, 1191. His nephews began to rule independently, and one of the Mamluks of Jahan Pahalvan, Mahmud Anas Oglu, freed Toghrul III from his prison in May 1192.
664:. The young Sultan needed exceptional military and diplomatic skills to meet this impossible challenge, but opinion on him is divided. While some hold him as a noble, virtuous warrior, possessing the spirit of his great ancestors, struggling against impossible odds, others had painted him as "rash, wilful, proud and bloodthirsty". His arbitrary behavior led the desertion of his allies and imprisonment in 1190, and his disregard of subordinate Amir Nur ad-Din Qara and his fellow Amirs, who wanted the Sultan to either make peace or wait for reinforcement, led to his death.
601:, marriage of his daughter The Shah's son Yunus Khan, and in return Shah Tekish kept Rey, garrisoned his newly acquired territory, collected taxes, then installed Tamghach as the governor, and returned home to quell the rebellion of his brother Sultan Shah. Toghrul now had the chance to negotiate with the Atabeg of Yazd, Langar ibn Wardanruz, or the Salghurid ruler of Fars, Degle ibn Zangi, both were nominally loyal to the Seljuks but no initiatives were taken to unite against their common enemy.
557:
305:(Atabegs of Maragha), who were initially tutors of young Seljuk princes in their assigned iqtas, and exercised power on their behalf, ultimately took over control of the iqtas for themselves, ruled their lands independently with nominal allegiance to the Sultan, fought and allied with each other to install and depose Seljuk princes to the throne, and increased their lands at the expense of the imperial domain. Syria was lost to the
40:
230:
610:
drove out the
Khrarizmian forces from the province. Toghrul III next married Innach Khatun, mother of Qutlug Innach and Amirin Umar, as part of the peace agreement on her request, however, she was executed after the discovery of a plot to poison the Sultan. The Sultan returned to Hamadan, Qutlug Innach fled to Zanjan, from where he sent messages to Shah Tekish, and Caliph
547:
as the Seljuk Sultan of Iraq, and reinforced by troops sent by the Caliph now invaded
Hamadan, Toghrul, unable to resist the invasion, first retreated to Isphahan, then to Urmia. He was joined by an army led by his brother in law Hasan Kipchiq, and Toghrul also tried to get help from the Ayyubids and
417:
Arslan Shah lived in
Hamadan, he was looked after by his younger half-brothers, and fathered Toghril, in 1168. Arslan Shah II did send aid to Seljuk Prince Arslan Shah b. Toghrul of Kirman to battle his brother Bahram Shah in 1174, which resulted in the Seljuk Sultanate of Kirman being split in two,
659:
who tried to assert direct rule over his domain. His resources were limited to the Amirs who rallied to him, the domain Jibal was comparatively poor, and the
Atabegs of Fars and Yazd, nominally loyal to the throne, never came to his aid. The Sultan faced tough odds as he literally was surrounded by
433:
in western Iran. Arslan Shah resented domination of the
Eldiguzids, and he raised an army with the help of discounted Amirs and marched towards Azerbaijan to confront his half-brother, but at Zinjan, he died suddenly at the age of 43, maybe a victim of poisoning, and the seven year old Toghrul III
614:
also asked the Shah to move against
Toghrul. Toghrul again moved east in 1194 and defeated Qutlug Innach in battle despite the presence of 7,000 Khwarazmian troops aiding Qutlug Innach. Qutlug Innach and other survivors moved east and joined up with the main Khwarizmian army led by Shah Tekish at
609:
Toghrul felt threatened with the presence of a hostile force in Rey, which was a strategic town commanding communication with Jibal and
Azerbaijan was unacceptable to the Sultan. The Sultan marched towards Rey with his available forces in March 1193, defeated and killed Tamghach, captured Rey and
505:
ruled Rey, Isphahan and parts of
Western Persia under the supervision of their uncle Qizil Arslan. They had sworn to obey Qizil Arslan and never to rebel against Toghrul III. When Jahan Pahlvan died, Qizil Arslan assumed his position, which was contested by his brother's widow, Innach Khatun, who
1174:
The ruler is usually identified as Sultan
Tughril III of Iraq (r. 1176–94), who was killed near Rayy and buried there (Mujmal al-tava¯rı¯kh 2001, p. 465). Pope (Pope and Ackerman, eds. 1938–39, vol. 2, p. 1306) and Wiet (1932b, pp. 71–72) wrote Tughril II but intended Tughril
744:
The ruler is usually identified as Sultan Tughril III of Iraq (r. 1176–94), who was killed near Rayy and buried there (Mujmal al-tava¯rı¯kh 2001, p. 465). Pope (Pope and Ackerman, eds. 1938–39, vol. 2, p. 1306) and Wiet (1932b, pp. 71–72) wrote Tughril II but intended Tughril
514:
as his heir, Toghrul III, who resented the harsh treatment he received from Qizil Arslan, joined the rebels. This conflict possibly prevented Toghrul III and Qizil Arslan from aiding Muhammad b. Bahram Shah, the last Seljuk Sultan of Kirman, who had been driven from Kirman by
572:
near Qazvin on June 22, 1192, and won over a large part of the enemy soldiers after his victory. Qutlug-Inach and Amiran Omar then attacked Abu Bakr in Azerbaijan and was beaten, Aimiran Umar sought refuge with his father in law Shirvanshah
527:
The rebel army consisted of the forces of the Amirs of Zenjan and Maragha, the retainers of both Kamal Ai-Aba, head of the Mamluks, and of Saif al-Din Rus, husband of Innach Khatun, while Toghrul himself received significant support from
216:
were thus half-brothers of Arslan Shah, but despite close ties with the Royal Seljuk house, Eldiguz had remain aloof of the royal politics, concentrating on repelling the Georgians and consolidating his power. In 1160, Sultan
446:
581:
1160–1196), while Qutlug-Inach moved to Rey. Toghrul occupied Hamadan, secured the treasury and came to rule over Isphahan and Jibal, but did not attempt to negotiate an agreement with
672:
One of his wives was the sister of Izz al-Din Hasan Qipchaq, one of the powerful amirs of the time. They married in 1188–9. Another wife was Inanj Khatun. She was the daughter of Amir
623:
Sultan Toghrul marched towards Rey, and on his way he received a letter from the Senior Hajib to the Khwarizm Shah Tekish, Shihab ad-Din Mas‘ud, advising the Sultan to march south to
365:
with the support of other Atabegs, and Eldiguzid took the title "Atabeg Al Azam (Supreme Atabeg)" and supervised the new Sultan, who now married Khatun-i-Kirmani, the widow of Sultan
1740:
532:, and their combined army forced Qizil Arslan to leave Hamadan after some clashes. Toghrul undertook two diplomatic ventures in 1187, he journeyed to Mazandaran to request aid from
651:
Toghrul was seven years old when he came to the throne, and being disgruntled with the harsh treatment of Qizil Arslan, availed the first opportunity at the age of 19 to break the
1785:
373:, the Seljuk Sultan of Kerman. The Sultan was a figurehead, Eldiguz commanded the army, controlled the treasury and awarded the iqta's as he saw fit along with fighting the
490:
457:
Toghrul III was seven years old when he began his reign, he was well treated by Jahan Pahlvan, who remained the effective ruler of the empire, with his brother
1820:
1790:
688:. She died in September–October 1192. Toghrul and at least two sons and two daughters. Malik Berqyaruq and his brother Alp Arslan were taken as hostages to
635:
who displayed it at the Nubi Gate in front of his palace, while his body was hanged at Rey. The Empire that had been founded by his namesake and ancestor
564:
Toghrul eluded the pursuers sent by Abu Bakr and quickly assembled an army from his supporters and Turkmens, then marched east and defeated the army of
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enemies and the Atabegs were not willing to support a strong Sultan, having installed and deposed figurehead Sultans at will since the death of
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ended with his death, the titles and domains of Seljuk Sultan of Iraq and Great Seljuk Sultan went extinct, and his domain became part of the
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1565:
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and western Persia and was dependent on the loyalty of independent Amirs like Eldiguz to enforce his authority. Atabegs like the
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438:, Jahan Pahlvan then defeated the attempt of Muhammad, the elder brother of Arslan Shah, to dethrone his nephew.
221:
named Arslan Shah his heir and gave him governorship of Arran and Azerbaijan, fearful of the power of Eldiguz.
700:
in 1220 to prevent their falling in the hands of the Mongols. One of his daughters married Yunus Khan, son of
1558:
425:
continued the same policy towards his half-brother Sultan Arslan Shah II, and he shifted his capital from
418:
with Bahran Shah retaining one-third of the territory, and Arslan Shah b. Toghrul received the remainder.
1800:
1705:
485:. Problems cropped up after Jahan Pahlavan died in 1186, as he had appointed his four sons as governors,
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149:
84:
17:
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661:
181:
473:, who had advanced as far as Lake Van, but turned back when news arrived that Seyfettin Beytemür (
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Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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713:
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Sultan Toghrul opened negotiations with Shah Tekish, and eventually agreed to become a vassal of
482:
422:
314:
209:
536:
Husam al-Daula Ardashir, and received troops from him, and Toghrul also sent messages to Caliph
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to succeed his father, as she was afraid the childless Qizil Arslan would nominate his favorite
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for aid, and Tekish invaded and captured Rey in 1192, forcing Qutlug Innach to flee the city.
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assumed the throne in 1161. He nominally reigned over the territories in Azerbaijan,
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and future Atabeg of Azerbaijan. After she had been divorced from him, she married
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309:, Palestine and much of Lebanon to the Crusaders, other Seljuk families controlled
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469:, one of the sons of Jahan Pahlvan. Jahan Pahlvan managed to stop the invasion of
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with an army of 20,000 cavalry and installed the 28 year old Arslan Shah II (
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1341:(in Turkish). Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi. pp. 161–63
1311:. Bibliotheca Persica. Bibliotheca Persica. pp. 259, 264, 268 n. 71.
196:
1135/36–1175) as atabeg of his nephew Arslan-Shah, the son of his brother
2010:
1730:
1608:
1281:
The History of the Seljuq Turks: The Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishpuri
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when needed. He also fought other Atabegs between 1161–1175, and brought
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45:
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1990:
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1489:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
1985:
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1421:
A History of The Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids 1097 – 1231
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under his control. His vassals included feudal lords of Shriven,
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708:. Another daughter, Shams Malika Khatun, was first married to
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53:
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1172:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 76–77, 314 note 3.
742:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 76–77, 314 note 3.
229:
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817:
History of the East. Vol. 2. The East in the Middle Ages
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shackles and become the first Seljuk ruler after Sultan
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was appointed to rule Hamadan, sons of the daughter of
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200:, and transferred Arran to his nephew's possession as
1440:
The Empire of The Steppes: A History of Central Asia
1192:
1180:
1037:
1013:
980:
952:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936
932:
915:
891:
27:
Last sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire (r.1176–1194)
1524:
1366:. Bibliotheca Indica. Asiatic Society. p. 296.
1131:
1116:
1070:
974:
864:
819:. Eastern Literature, Russian Academy of Sciences.
793:
776:
1461:(10th ed.). The Mcmillan Press Ltd., London.
1505:
1085:
1031:
909:
2038:
1487:Peacock, A.C.S.; Yıldız, Sara Nur, eds. (2013).
1456:
1239:
858:
560:Probable depiction of Tughril III and his court.
1418:
1254:
1215:
1154:
720:in 1225, and her former husband died of grief.
224:
1437:
1227:
885:
814:
1559:
1486:
1266:
1097:
1055:
522:
441:
273:in the south. The empire had fragmented when
756:
317:, the eastern lands were taken over by the
1566:
1552:
1357:
1355:
1302:
1300:
344:
38:
1362:Asiatic Society (Kolkata, India) (1881).
1339:"Irak Selçuklu Sultanlarının Evlilikleri"
692:, and they were executed on the order of
592:
519:rebels driven out from Khurasan in 1186.
2062:12th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1475:
1309:Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia
1278:
1007:
555:
445:
421:After death of Eldiguz in 1175, his son
233:Breakup of Great Seljuk Empire 1077–1160
228:
208:, the widow of Toghril II, and his sons
1383:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5
1352:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1306:
1297:
14:
2039:
551:
1547:
1380:
1283:. Taylor & Francis. p. 153.
1198:
1186:
1043:
1019:
995:
938:
926:
897:
870:
815:Alaev, L.B.; Ashrafyan, K.Z. (1994).
802:
787:
604:
1336:
1325:
543:Qizil Arslan had declared Sanjar b.
237:The Great Seljuk Empire, founded by
204:in 1136. Eldiguz eventually married
1573:
459:Muzzafar Al-Din Qizil Arslan Uthman
361:1161–1176) as the Seljuk Sultan of
165:
24:
1402:A Historical Atlas of Central Asia
757:Luther, K.A. (December 15, 1987).
631:sent Toghrul's head to the Caliph
329:after the defeat of Seljuk Sultan
25:
2073:
839:
618:
1272:
1160:
944:
481:had accepted the suzerainty of
423:Nusrat al-Din Muhammad Pahlavan
210:Nusrat al-Din Muhammad Pahlavan
1385:. Cambridge University Press.
833:
808:
750:
730:
241:and significantly expanded by
176:and the last Seljuk Sultan of
13:
1:
723:
646:
578:
474:
358:
193:
185:
1529:. Rossendale Books, London.
1525:Zardabli, Ismail B. (2014).
1479:Studies in Caucasian History
1442:. Rutgers University Press.
489:ruled Azerbaijan and Arran,
461:as his chief subordinate in
369:and daughter of Muhammad b.
353:in 1161, Eldiguz marched on
225:Status of the Empire in 1160
7:
1476:Minorsky, Vladimir (1953).
434:was installed as Sultan at
349:After the murder of Sultan
168:) (died 1194) was the last
10:
2078:
1506:Zaporozhets, V. M (2012).
1381:Boyle, J. A., ed. (1968).
1374:
523:Events between 1187 – 1190
442:Reign as figurehead Sultan
1930:
1887:
1844:
1764:
1719:
1617:
1581:
1527:The History of Azerbaijan
1482:. Taylor’s Foreign Press.
1457:Hitti, Philip K. (1970).
1267:Peacock & Yıldız 2013
1098:Peacock & Yıldız 2013
1056:Peacock & Yıldız 2013
667:
465:, who was also Atabeg of
301:, (Atabegs of Mosul) and
285:(Atabegs of Azerbaijan),
188:1134–1152) had appointed
180:. His great uncle Sultan
145:
131:
123:
110:
102:
98:
90:
80:
72:
61:
37:
32:
1419:Buniyatov, Z.M. (2015).
1307:Lambton, A.K.S. (1988).
1132:Zardabli, Ismail B. 2014
1117:Zardabli, Ismail B. 2014
1071:Zardabli, Ismail B. 2014
975:Zardabli, Ismail B. 2014
2057:People killed in action
1438:Grousset, Rene (2005).
846:Encyclopedia Britannica
759:"Atabakan-e Ādarbayjan"
714:Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan
686:Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan
680:. She was the widow of
566:Qutlugh Inanch Muhammad
508:Qutlugh Inanch Muhammad
499:Qutlugh Inanch Muhammad
483:Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan
345:Reign of Arslan Shah II
293:(Atabegs of Luristan),
1086:Zaporozhets, V. M 2012
1032:Zaporozhets, V. M 2012
910:Zaporozhets, V. M 2012
718:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
698:Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
657:Muhammad II ibn Mahmud
593:Truce with Shah Tekish
561:
467:Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr
454:
257:in the east, from the
234:
44:Probable depiction of
1400:Bregel, Yuri (2003).
1279:Bosworth, E. (2013).
1240:Hitti, Philip K. 1970
859:Hitti, Philip K. 1970
662:Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud
559:
477:1185–1193), ruler of
449:
232:
182:Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud
1459:History of The Arabs
1337:Ayan, Ergin (2008).
1255:Buniyatov, Z.M. 2015
1216:Buniyatov, Z.M. 2015
1155:Buniyatov, Z.M. 2015
763:Encyclopedia Iranica
190:Shams ad-Din Eldiguz
1510:. Döring, Hanover.
1423:. IICAS Samarkand.
1228:Grousset, Rene 2005
886:Grousset, Rene 2005
684:and before that of
552:Events of 1192–1194
450:Tughril III in the
341:rebellion in 1153.
323:Khwarazmian dynasty
289:(Atabegs of Fars),
253:in the west to the
214:Qizil Arslan Uthman
174:Great Seljuk Empire
141:Shams Malika Khatun
1364:Bibliotheca Indica
712:, youngest son of
706:Khwarazmian Empire
676:, the governor of
641:Khwarazmian Empire
605:Breaking the Truce
562:
455:
452:Majma' al-tawarikh
379:Iranian Azerbaijan
375:Kingdom of Georgia
235:
48:(1176–1194), from
2034:
2033:
1536:978-1-291-97131-6
1430:978-9943-357-21-1
1404:. Brill, Boston.
1392:978-0-521-06936-6
1318:978-0-88706-133-2
1290:978-1-136-75258-2
702:Ala al-Din Tekish
696:, mother of Shah
629:Ala ad-Din Tekish
587:Ala ad-Din Tekish
269:in the north and
245:, stretched from
155:
154:
16:(Redirected from
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1981:Kilij Arslan III
1836:Muhammad-Shah II
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754:
748:
747:
734:
580:
570:Amir Amiran Umar
503:Amir Amiran Umar
476:
360:
337:in 1141 and the
335:Battle of Qatwan
255:Ghaznavid Empire
195:
187:
167:
94:Office abolished
42:
30:
29:
21:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2006:Kilij Arslan IV
1966:Kilij Arslan II
1926:
1883:
1840:
1811:Muhammad-Shah I
1760:
1715:
1613:
1582:Early Seljukids
1577:
1575:House of Seljuk
1572:
1537:
1518:
1499:
1469:
1450:
1431:
1412:
1399:
1393:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1335:
1326:
1319:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1138:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
981:
973:
966:
954:, BRILL, 1987,
950:Houtsma, M. T.
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
877:
869:
865:
857:
853:
840:Cahen, Claude.
838:
834:
827:
813:
809:
801:
794:
786:
777:
767:
765:
755:
751:
736:
735:
731:
726:
670:
649:
621:
607:
595:
554:
525:
506:wanted her son
444:
347:
295:Atabegs of Yazd
227:
140:
138:
137:Malik Berqyaruq
115:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Kaykhusraw III
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:Kilij Arslan I
1948:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1932:Sultans of Rum
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1826:Arslan-Shah II
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1691:Malik-Shah III
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1604:Arslan Isra'il
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1522:
1517:978-3925268441
1516:
1503:
1498:978-1848858879
1497:
1491:. I.B.Tauris.
1484:
1473:
1467:
1454:
1448:
1435:
1429:
1416:
1410:
1397:
1391:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1351:
1324:
1317:
1296:
1289:
1271:
1269:, p. 110.
1259:
1244:
1242:, p. 482.
1232:
1230:, p. 167.
1220:
1203:
1201:, p. 182.
1191:
1189:, p. 172.
1179:
1159:
1136:
1134:, p. 171.
1121:
1119:, p. 170.
1102:
1100:, p. 120.
1090:
1088:, p. 190.
1075:
1073:, p. 169.
1060:
1058:, p. 119.
1048:
1046:, p. 174.
1036:
1034:, p. 189.
1024:
1022:, p. 171.
1012:
1010:, p. 148.
1000:
998:, p. 180.
979:
977:, p. 167.
964:
943:
941:, p. 173.
931:
929:, p. 178.
914:
902:
900:, p. 176.
890:
888:, p. 158.
875:
873:, p. 112.
863:
861:, p. 480.
851:
832:
825:
807:
805:, p. 177.
792:
790:, p. 170.
775:
749:
728:
727:
725:
722:
669:
666:
648:
645:
620:
617:
606:
603:
594:
591:
553:
550:
524:
521:
443:
440:
346:
343:
275:Arslan Shah II
226:
223:
206:Mu’mina Khatun
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
135:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
114:March 19, 1194
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
59:
58:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2074:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Seljuk rulers
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Kaykhusraw II
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Turan-Shah II
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Arslan-Shah I
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1765:Governors of
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:Governors of
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Suleiman-Shah
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Malik-Shah II
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:Seljuk Empire
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1468:0-333-09871-4
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1449:0-8135-0627-1
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1411:90-04-12321-0
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1257:, p. 43.
1256:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1218:, p. 42.
1217:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1157:, p. 41.
1156:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1008:Minorsky 1953
1004:
997:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
976:
971:
969:
961:
960:90-04-08265-4
957:
953:
947:
940:
935:
928:
923:
921:
919:
912:, p. 33.
911:
906:
899:
894:
887:
882:
880:
872:
867:
860:
855:
847:
843:
836:
828:
826:5-02-018102-1
822:
818:
811:
804:
799:
797:
789:
784:
782:
780:
764:
760:
753:
746:
741:
740:
733:
729:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:Terken Khatun
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:Ïnanch Sonqur
665:
663:
658:
654:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
619:Battle of Rey
616:
613:
602:
600:
590:
588:
584:
576:
571:
567:
558:
549:
546:
545:Suleiman-Shah
541:
539:
535:
531:
520:
518:
513:
509:
504:
500:
496:
495:Ïnanch Sonqur
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
468:
464:
460:
453:
448:
439:
437:
432:
428:
424:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Arslan Shah I
368:
364:
356:
352:
351:Suleiman-Shah
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:Ghurid Empire
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
231:
222:
220:
219:Suleiman-Shah
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
191:
183:
179:
175:
171:
163:
159:
151:
148:
144:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:Seljuk Empire
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2026:Kayqubad III
1971:Kaykhusraw I
1816:Toghrul-Shah
1796:Turan-Shah I
1756:Ahmad Sanjar
1751:Arslan-Argun
1710:
1671:Ahmad Sanjar
1642:Malik-Shah I
1526:
1507:
1488:
1478:
1458:
1439:
1420:
1401:
1382:
1363:
1343:. Retrieved
1308:
1280:
1274:
1262:
1235:
1223:
1194:
1182:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1093:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
951:
946:
934:
905:
893:
866:
854:
845:
842:"Alp-Arslan"
835:
816:
810:
766:. Retrieved
762:
752:
743:
738:
732:
682:Qizil Arslan
671:
650:
622:
608:
596:
563:
542:
526:
456:
451:
420:
415:Arzan-ar-Rum
348:
331:Ahmed Sanjar
271:Persian Gulf
236:
157:
156:
127:Inanj Khatun
116:killed near
2047:1194 deaths
2011:Kayqubad II
1976:Suleiman II
1934:(1092–1307)
1922:Sultan-Shah
1895:(1086–1117)
1852:(1076–1105)
1821:Bahram-Shah
1791:Sultan-Shah
1781:Kerman-Shah
1769:(1048–1188)
1746:Toghan-Shah
1741:Arslan-Shah
1724:(1040–1118)
1711:Toghrul III
1706:Arslan-Shah
1696:Muhammad II
1625:(1037–1194)
1609:Musa Yabghu
1508:The Seljuks
768:October 28,
367:Muhammad II
327:Qara Khitai
291:Hazaraspids
263:Caspian Sea
158:Toghrul III
150:Arslan Shah
85:Arslan Shah
81:Predecessor
46:Tughril III
33:Toghrul III
18:Tughril III
2041:Categories
2001:Kaykaus II
1991:Kayqubad I
1956:Malik-Shah
1946:Suleiman I
1917:Alp Arslan
1736:Alp Arslan
1681:Tughril II
1662:Muhammad I
1637:Alp Arslan
1345:2024-01-06
1199:Boyle 1968
1187:Boyle 1968
1044:Boyle 1968
1020:Boyle 1968
996:Boyle 1968
939:Boyle 1968
927:Boyle 1968
898:Boyle 1968
871:Boyle 1968
803:Boyle 1968
788:Boyle 1968
724:References
704:, Shah of
647:Assessment
575:Akhsitan I
427:Nakhchivan
399:Mazandaran
287:Salghurids
283:Eldiguzids
243:Alp Arslan
198:Toghrul II
139:Alp Arslan
1986:Kaykaus I
1941:Qutalmish
1902:Aq Sunqur
1889:Governors
1874:Tutush II
1846:Governors
1801:Iran-Shah
1667:Mahmud II
1652:Berkyaruq
1632:Tughril I
962:, p. 1053
653:Eldiguzid
303:Ahmadilis
267:Syr Darya
91:Successor
76:1176–1194
2021:Mesud II
1907:Tutush I
1864:Tutush I
1850:Damascus
1722:Khorasan
1647:Mahmud I
633:Al-Nasir
615:Semnan.
612:Al-Nasir
599:Khwarizm
583:Abu Bakr
538:Al-Nasir
534:Bavandid
530:Turkmens
512:Abu Bakr
487:Abu Bakr
325:and the
311:Anatolia
265:and the
247:Anatolia
166:طغرل سوم
1961:Mesud I
1731:Chaghri
1621:of the
1619:Sultans
1375:Sources
690:Gurganj
637:Tughril
471:Saladin
436:Hamadan
431:Hamadan
403:Isfahan
391:Hamadan
355:Hamadan
333:in the
307:Zangids
299:Zengids
239:Tughril
172:of the
162:Persian
124:Consort
65:of the
1912:Ridwan
1893:Aleppo
1879:Irtash
1786:Husein
1776:Qawurd
1767:Kerman
1599:Mikail
1594:Seljuk
1533:
1514:
1495:
1465:
1446:
1427:
1408:
1389:
1315:
1287:
958:
823:
668:Family
479:Akhlat
463:Tabriz
413:, and
321:, the
315:Kerman
170:sultan
146:Father
63:Sultan
1869:Duqaq
1859:Atsiz
1686:Masud
1676:Dawud
1589:Tuqaq
710:Ozbeg
517:Oghuz
491:Ozbeg
411:Ahlat
395:Gilan
387:Jibal
383:Arran
339:Oghuz
259:Black
251:Syria
133:Issue
106:1169?
73:Reign
1669:and
1531:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1175:III.
956:ISBN
821:ISBN
770:2010
745:III.
625:Sawa
568:and
501:and
405:and
363:Iraq
279:Iraq
261:and
249:and
212:and
202:iqta
178:Iraq
111:Died
103:Born
54:Iran
50:Rayy
1891:of
1848:of
678:Ray
429:to
407:Rey
118:Rey
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
