409:
33:
2286:
579:
producer had recouped a certain percentage of his exploration and development costs. The windfall profits levy was incorporated into the
Petroleum Profit Taxation Law, 5771-2011, which passed in March 2011. The law set the "recoup" percentage at 280% for the Tamar field and 200% for the Leviathan field and any field that would be developed later. State income from the windfall profits levy will be set aside in a
433:
40:
625:. Langotsky sued Steinmetz after the Tamar discovery in 2010, claiming that Steinmetz dropped out of the partnership two months before drilling began, causing Langotsky to lose his rights to the field. In July 2013 the court ruled in Langotsky's favor, ordering Steinmetz to pay Langotsky NIS 50 million (appx. US$ 14 million) in compensation.
525:. Public controversy arose over the location of a plant to clean and process the gas from Tamar. Communities in the Carmel region brought a petition to Israel's High Court in March 2010, demanding that alternative sites be considered. In July 2010, the High Court issued an injunction that the Ministry explain its decision. In August,
455:, who was part of the acquisition deal made by Mubadala in 2021, exercised his option to purchase half of the shares (11% of the gas field) for $ 525 million. This deal also included all the cash flow from the gas field from early 2021 until the date set for the transfer of rights, valued at an additional $ 75 million.
607:
In May 2011, Energy
Minister Uzi Landau instructed the pricing commission of the ministry to evaluate regulating the price of gas. In May, 2012, the commission published its conclusion that gas should be a regulated commodity and that the commission would monitor contracts to determine whether prices
603:
began. Within weeks, the
Egyptian-Israeli gas pipeline had been sabotaged, and in April the former Egyptian petroleum minister had been arrested for alleged corruption related to the sale of gas to Israel. The cessation of gas from Egypt meant that the Tamar project would come on-line as the sole gas
590:
The owners of the Tamar and
Leviathan licenses lobbied against the law, claiming that it represented a breach of contract and would scare off future investors in Israel; Uzi Landau, Minister of Energy, argued against applying the law to the Tamar field in particular, saying it would delay the field's
554:
Through 2009, Egypt increased the price of gas being sold to the Israel
Electric Company, and the Israeli joint venture of Noble and Delek Energy, producing from the Yam Tethys field, followed suit. Higher prices enabled Yam Tethys profits for the third quarter of 2009 to reach new records, prompting
462:
and the Israel
Infrastructure Fund) for approximately 970 million shekels ($ 272 million), reflecting a total gas field value of about 32 billion shekels (approx. $ 8.5 billion). With this purchase, Frenkel's direct holding in the Tamar gas field increased to about 14.5%. Additionally, he holds about
559:
stated that the government revenue from oil sales, as set in the
Petroleum Law (1952), was relevant in an era when exploration risks were high and profits low, which was no longer the case in 2009. Gideon Tadmor, chairman of Delek Energy, claimed that changing the tax and royalty regime would freeze
485:
Production is carried out by eight wells connected by a 93 miles (150 km) long subsea double pipe tie-back to a gas processing platform located offshore
Ashkelon. First commercial gas delivery took place on 1 April 2013 after three years of development work. Total initial delivery capacity was
578:
The main recommendations of the committee included: 1) eliminating the tax allowance for "depreciation" of a field's value as its gas and oil was produced; 2) leaving the royalty rate unchanged at 12.5%; and 3) imposing a windfall profits levy, which would reach 50% of a producer's profits once the
331:
of 200 billion cubic metres (7.1 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas, while the adjoining Tamar South field has 23 billion cubic metres (810 billion cubic feet). Together, they may have an additional 84 BCM of "probable" reserves and up to 49 BCM of "possible" reserves (reserves
620:
An early promoter of the project was
Israeli oil geologist Joseph Langotsky, who named the Tamar and Dalit fields after his daughter and granddaughter. Langotsky had a small share of STX, a limited partnership that had a small share of the Tamar license from 2001 through 2008. The primary owner of
545:
in Sinai which supplied natural gas to Israel from Egypt. This, as well as declining production from the Israel Yam Tethys field, reduced the gas supplies to the Israel
Electric Corporation and other large users, who turned to much more expensive liquid fuels until Tamar development was completed.
364:
preliminary exploratory permits to deep-sea blocks that included the Tamar field. In December 2000, BG received an exploratory license, in a partnership that included three Israeli industrial companies, Mashav (15.6%, Dor Chemicals (7.2%), and Israel Petrochemical Enterprises (7.2%). In May 2001,
420:
Tamar 1 was drilled to a depth of 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) at a cost of $ 92 million. The partners announced the discovery on January 17, 2009. On July 7, 2009, the partners announced a second successful appraisal drilling at Tamar 2, increasing the estimated reserves of the field by 26%. In
428:
to supply it with 42 billion cubic meters (BCM) of natural gas, with an option to increase the gas purchases up to $ 23 billion. By March 2012, the consortium developing Tamar had signed deals worth up to a total of $ 32 billion with six Israeli companies, committing up to 133BCM. According to a
404:
Noble Energy joined as operator in 2006. In 2006, the license was extended to December 31, 2008, despite the failure to begin drilling, and despite the statutory seven-year limit on oil licenses set by Israel's Oil Law. Isramco reported in 2006 that exploratory drilling was expected to cost $ 69
376:
In May 2002, the BG license was extended by the Oil Commissioner, on the condition that drilling begin no later than September 2003. In February 2003, the Commissioner extended the deadline to December 2004, and in December 2004 a further extension was given to June 2005. During this period, BG
517:, announced that the Ministry would rely on an analysis by Noble Energy to determine how pipelines from Tamar would connect to the national gas infrastructure. On September 22, Noble presented its analysis for connecting Tamar at a site on the Israeli coast, either adjacent to
380:
In April 2005, BG announced that it was abandoning its stake. According to some reports, BG quit after being unable to conclude an agreement to supply gas to the Israel Electric Company. (Israel in mid-2005 reached an agreement to receive gas from Egypt for US$ 2.75 per
416:
Drilling of Tamar 1 began in November 2008. At the time, seismic studies indicated that there was a 35% chance that the formation contained gas. The studies further indicated that if there was gas, the median estimate for the producible quantity was 107 BCM.
555:
several Knesset members to consider the need for revising the country's tax and royalty regime. On February 23, 2010, the Knesset Economics Committee held a session to discuss options for increasing taxes and royalties. During the session, committee member
608:
were fair. A study sponsored by the commission showed that the Tamar partners annual after-tax returns could be expected to be 54% of assets, as opposed to the 19% annual return projected by the Sheshinski Committee. In February 2014, Knesset Member
646:, indicating that it considered the Tamar and Leviathan gas fields to be outside Lebanese territory (though it indicated other prospective fields in the region may be within Lebanese territory). The US expressed support for Lebanon's proposal.
604:
supplier to Israel. By the end of 2011, the Tamar group had raised the price of gas in its contract with IEC, effectively restoring to the partners most or all of the profit that they had expected before the passage of the Profit Taxation Law.
429:
study commissioned by the government, the prices set were significantly higher than the price that would be demanded under comparable circumstances elsewhere. In 2012, Tamar was found to be the largest air polluting plant in Israel.
1437:
637:
made statements threatening Israel against developing the sites, and Israeli officials made counter threats against Lebanese intervention. In August 2010, the issue was largely resolved when Lebanon submitted to the
372:
In December 2001, BG completed 3D seismic studies that indicated the potential of the Tamar field and of the adjoining Dalit field. BG recommended drilling an exploratory well at an estimated cost of $ 40 million.
529:, Minister of Energy and Water Resources, announced that the connection would be to Ashdod, a move that was expected to allow Noble to complete the project by the end of 2012, in line with the original deadline.
2015:
1713:
496:
annually. This was increased in 2015 to 1,100 million cu ft (31 million m) per day with the addition of compressors in the Ashdod reception terminal. In 2016, the reservoir produced
1411:
424:
In September 2010, Noble announced that development of the Tamar field was beginning at an expected cost of $ 3 billion. In March 2012 the Tamar partners signed a 15-year, US$ 14 billion deal with the
1963:
998:
332:
having a 10% probability of extraction). At the time of discovery, Tamar was the largest find of gas or oil in the Levant basin of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and the largest discovery by
501:
billion cubic metre of gas, a 12% increase over the previous year. In 2018, the output from the Tamar gas field yields more than 60% of Israel's electricity. In 2022, Tamar produced 10.25
940:
591:
development. Nevertheless, when Tamar production began on schedule in April 2013, both Landau and Noble CEO Charlie Davidson claimed that the project had been completed in record time.
1217:
389:), a price that BG stated it was not willing to match.) In May 2005, the Oil Commissioner extended the license to December 2006 and allowed the remaining partners, STX,
1488:
1287:
440:
In January 2018, Tamar Petroleum acquired 7.5% of Noble Energy's holdings in the Tamar gas field, increasing its total holdings to 16.75%. In September 2021,
1588:
1762:
568:
686:
issued a notice to the Tamar partners not to proceed with signing export contracts until it is granted permission to do so by the Israeli government.
2026:
1099:
622:
401:, on the condition that a contract for drilling be concluded by June 2006. (According to one source, Avner bought its stake from BG for one dollar).
1970:
1005:
740:
32:
408:
421:
mid-2011, four more appraisal wells were drilled, with additional gas found at Tamar 3. In September 2011, Noble began production development.
2119:
1203:
463:
25% of Tamar Petroleum shares, which in turn owns 16.75% of the Tamar gas field, effectively adding an additional 4.2% to Frenkel's holdings.
2246:
1336:
1790:
1262:
1052:
671:
1248:
102:
1462:
612:
issued an open letter to the government, berating it for not setting fair gas prices that could reduce the country's cost of living.
1386:
1562:
1512:
1737:
1662:
667:
542:
1538:
1224:
1893:[The state fell asleep in development, the old gas fields dried up, and the electricity rate skyrocketed] (in Hebrew).
1362:
473:
On 9 October 2023, production at the gas field was temporary suspended by the Israeli government following the outbreak of the
2357:
1993:
474:
1438:"MoU signed for the sale of Delek Drilling's stake in the Tamar gas field offshore Israel to Abu Dhabi's Mubadala Petroleum"
336:. Since Tamar's discovery, large gas discoveries have been made in other analogous geological formations dating back to the
787:
2362:
514:
999:"CONCLUSIONS OF THE COMMITTEE FOR THE EXAMINATION OF THE FISCAL POLICY WITH RESPECT TO OIL AND GAS RESOURCES IN ISRAEL"
2239:
871:
855:
1638:
835:
770:
633:
Following the discovery in 2009, some Lebanese leaders, particularly officials of the Lebanese Shi'a Islamist group
1816:
834:
Needham, Daniel L.; Pettingill, Henry S.; Christensen, Christopher J.; Ffrench, Jonathan; Karcz, Zvi (Kul) (2017).
546:
The direct economic costs alone to the Israeli economy of the energy crisis have been estimated at NIS 20 billion.
1412:"Sale and Purchase Agreement Signed for the Sale of Delek Drilling's Stake in the Tamar Gas Field Offshore Israel"
2202:
2174:
2146:
2072:
1687:
1312:
964:
1614:
458:
In March 2024, Frenkel acquired an additional 3.5% of the Tamar gas field from Everest (a partnership between
1842:
538:
571:
was appointed to head the committee. By the time the committee presented its findings in January, 2011, the
2232:
1714:"Tamar Petroleum Ltd Reports Earnings Results for the First Quarter Ended March 31, 2024 - MarketScreener"
1103:
1951:
600:
445:
425:
164:
1123:
715:
1890:
584:
567:
established a committee to consider the country's fiscal policy regarding its gas and oil resources.
320:
1056:
987:
Isramco Negev 2 Limited Partnership FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2006, 10-K,· EX-99.1
977:
Isramco Negev 2 Limited Partnership FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2006, 10-K,· EX-99.1
931:
Isramco Negev 2 Limited Partnership FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2005, 10-K,· EX-99.1
920:
911:
Isramco Negev 2 Limited Partnership FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS AT DECEMBER 31, 2004, 10-K,· EX-99.1
1124:
Israel began drilling in the Tamar natural gas fields despite the presence of Turkish warships
720:
663:
580:
2100:
344:
epoch in the Levant basin. Because Tamar was the first such discovery, these gas containing
1916:
1877:
1176:
1147:
1134:
1087:
1030:
382:
470:(25%), Tamar Petroleum (16.75%), Aaron Frenkel (14.5%), Mubadala (11%), and Dor Gas (4%).
8:
2305:
710:
572:
467:
152:
137:
2285:
2207:
2179:
2151:
2077:
1920:
1152:
900:
609:
1994:"Sheshinski eases proposed tax for gas exploration firms" Jerusalem Post, Jan 4, 2011.
1242:
1076:
851:
836:"The Tamar Giant Gas Field: Opening the Subsalt Miocene Gas Play in the Levant Basin"
700:
675:
643:
369:, Clal Industries, and Granit-Sonol, the latter two leaving the partnership in 2004.
312:
308:
74:
2004:
1589:"Mubadala da a Aaron Frenkel una opción sobre el 11 % de los derechos de Tamar"
2300:
2270:
1489:"Mubadala Petroleum finalises $ 1bn deal for 22% stake in Israel's Tamar gas field"
843:
809:
327:
in waters 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) deep. The Tamar field is considered to have
2005:[Hebrew] "Natural Gas is good news for Israel's periphery" March 19, 2013.
1866:
563:
On 12 April 2010, in response to the Knesset concerns, Israel's Treasury Minister
2320:
2275:
2059:
774:
695:
518:
459:
328:
2336:
951:
744:
705:
639:
564:
398:
345:
177:
1919:[Reversal of fortune: Egypt requests Israel to guarantee gas supply].
941:
March 2005, BG announced that it was quitting the Gal natural gas partnership.
2351:
2310:
847:
490:
452:
441:
386:
159:
117:
104:
69:
2037:
556:
333:
1940:
986:
679:
599:
In January 2011, as the Knesset was debating the Profit Taxation Law, the
767:
659:
522:
493:
486:
985 million cu ft (27.9 million m) per day or 10
1539:"Aaron Frenkel Buys 11% of the Tamar gas reservoir for USD 520 million"
683:
526:
377:
conducted negotiations for selling gas to the Israel Electric Company.
324:
2224:
2048:
1894:
1337:"Noble Energy to sell $ 800 million stake of Tamar natural-gas field"
1204:"Consultants: IEC paying too much in gas deal with Tamar partnership"
634:
444:
g signed an agreement to sell the remainder of its holdings (22%) to
337:
901:
BG Group to invest $ 40 million on drilling off Haifa Coast (Hebrew)
833:
361:
1941:"If Egypt renegotiates contracts with IEC, we won't stand by idly"
870:
Israel Government Yalkut Reshumot, 4953, 18 January 2001, p.1312
2124:
1891:"המדינה נרדמה בפיתוח, מאגרי הגז הישנים התרוקנו ותעריף החשמל זינק"
813:
741:"Israel Begins Gas Production at Tamar Field in Boost to Economy"
390:
366:
341:
147:
2256:
2203:"Energy minister warns Tamar partners not to sign export deals"
1817:"בשל סדק שהתגלה במאגר תמר: אספקת הגז למשק מהמאגר נפסקה לחלוטין"
921:
IEC confirms negotiating natural gas contract with Isramco, BG.
655:
654:
Delek Energy held talks on exporting natural gas from Tamar to
432:
316:
1288:"Report: Noble Energy sells entire holding in Tamar Petroleum"
1263:"Tamar Petroleum buying 7.5% of Tamar field from Noble Energy"
513:
On June 14, 2009, Shaul Tzemach, Director General of Israel's
466:
The stakeholders in the Tamar gas field are Isramco (28.75%),
394:
59:
2120:"U.S. backs Lebanon on maritime border dispute with Israel"
2073:"Steinmetz to pay Langotsky NIS 50m compensation for Tamar"
810:"Tamar offshore field promises even more gas than expected"
2175:"Daewoo hires Hoegh to design Tamar floating gas terminal"
2101:"Landau: Israel willing to use force to protect gas finds"
1791:"Israel shuts down major offshore gas field amid violence"
532:
1077:
Noble Energy Successfully Appraises Tamar Offshore Israel
1463:"Abu Dhabi's Mubadala buys Delek Drilling's Tamar stake"
2070:
594:
738:
436:
Known oil and gas fields in the Levant Basin (US EIA)
393:, Dor Exploration, and Dor Chemicals to bring in the
2147:"Tamar partners in talks on exporting gas to Cyprus"
739:
Solomon, Shoshanna; Ackerman, Gwen (30 March 2013).
1639:"Aaron Frenkel exercises option to buy Tamar stake"
1563:"Aaron Frenkel exercises option to buy Tamar stake"
1513:"Aaron Frenkel exercises option to buy Tamar stake"
1363:"ENERGY: Noble agrees to sell down its Tamar stake"
768:
Haifa Gas Discovery Bumped to 5 Trillion Cubic Feet
365:Mashav left the partnership and BG brought in STX,
2049:Yachimovich to government on gas price regulations
1789:Bousso, Ron; Rabinovitch, Ari (October 10, 2023).
1738:"Aaron Frenkel increases stake in Tamar gas field"
1688:"Frenkel again increases stake in Tamar gas field"
1663:"Frenkel again increases stake in Tamar gas field"
508:
1788:
790:. Isramco Negev 2, LP. 1 February 2014. p. 2
2349:
1917:"גלגל מסתובב: מצרים מבקשת שישראל תבטיח הזרמת גז"
1313:"Noble Energy divests 7.5% stake in Tamar Field"
1615:"Saudis, Israelis await Biden deal-making tour"
1177:"Isramco: Tamar Gas Potential Upped to 9.71TCF"
628:
1784:
1782:
1711:
682:. In March, 2013, Israeli Minister of Energy,
16:Israeli natural gas field in the Mediterranean
2240:
2071:Barkat, Amiram; Ma'anit, Chen (3 July 2013).
952:BG says it will not return to Israel (Hebrew)
348:formations have become collectively known as
323:, roughly 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of
672:Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering
2117:
1779:
360:In 1999, Israel's Oil Commissioner granted
2247:
2233:
2200:
1964:"Sheshinski Committee Report January 2011"
47:Location of Tamar gas field offshore Egypt
2098:
1952:Protocol 194, Knesset Economics Committee
1763:"Israel's Aaron Frenkel Ups Tamar Stakes"
1145:
1586:
1387:"Noble Energy Announces Tamar Sell-Down"
891:Israel Government Yalkut Reshumot, 5359.
549:
431:
407:
2254:
1536:
882:Israel Government Yalkut Reshumot, 4989
780:
668:floating liquefied natural gas terminal
541:which began in 2011 led to sabotage of
533:Energy crisis and economic consequences
39:
2350:
2172:
2038:"No Price Regulation planned" (Hebrew)
1914:
1888:
1840:
1486:
1247:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1174:
2228:
2144:
1612:
763:
761:
1841:Sijnja, Jennifer (1 November 2018).
1435:
1409:
840:Giant Fields of the Decade 2000–2010
2201:Yeshayahou, Kobi (March 12, 2013).
2173:Barkat, Amiram (December 4, 2011).
1915:Barkat, Amiram (25 December 2013).
1031:"Delek Drilling 2009 Annual Report"
615:
595:Monopoly position of Tamar partners
515:Energy and Water Resources Ministry
319:. The field is located in Israel's
13:
1843:"Yossi Abu, CEO of Delek Drilling"
1814:
1360:
1201:
1148:"Daewoo to Liquify Gas from Tamar"
758:
14:
2374:
662:. Shipments to Asia would be by
475:October 2023 Gaza–Israel conflict
258:Year of current production of gas
2284:
2099:Goldstein, Tani (24 June 2010).
2016:Egyptian gas to Israel uncertain
1889:Gutman, Lior (15 October 2013).
1146:Katzowitz, Guy (24 March 2012).
1088:Tamar Field--Offshore Technology
642:its official view regarding the
451:About a year later, billionaire
38:
31:
2194:
2166:
2138:
2111:
2092:
2064:
2053:
2042:
2031:
2020:
2009:
1998:
1987:
1956:
1945:
1934:
1908:
1882:
1871:
1860:
1834:
1808:
1755:
1730:
1705:
1680:
1655:
1631:
1613:Cohen, Sam Zieve (2022-06-13).
1606:
1580:
1555:
1530:
1505:
1487:Glover, Felicity (2021-09-02).
1480:
1455:
1429:
1403:
1379:
1354:
1329:
1305:
1280:
1255:
1210:
1195:
1175:Noyman, Nadav (23 March 2012).
1168:
1139:
1128:
1117:
1100:"A Noble boast offshore Israel"
1092:
1081:
1070:
1045:
1023:
991:
980:
971:
957:
945:
934:
925:
914:
905:
777:Oil In Israel, 10 February 2009
649:
509:Pipeline connection controversy
397:-owned partnerships, Avner and
1878:Gas to Flow to Ashdod (Hebrew)
1341:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
1292:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
894:
885:
876:
864:
827:
802:
732:
678:of the terminal to be done by
521:or 5 km farther north at
1:
2145:Baron, Lior (April 1, 2009).
1712:MarketScreener (2024-05-23).
1004:. p. 141. Archived from
726:
560:exploration and development.
505:billion cubic metres of gas.
480:
383:million British thermal units
2358:Natural gas fields in Israel
1587:Hashomer, Arí (2021-11-22).
1537:Nishlis, Idan (2023-01-01).
629:Maritime border with Lebanon
621:STX was Israeli businessman
7:
1391:markets.businessinsider.com
689:
601:Egyptian Revolution of 2011
426:Israel Electric Corporation
10:
2379:
2363:Natural gas field disputes
2118:Barak Ravid (2011-07-10).
716:List of natural gas fields
575:had also been discovered.
355:
2329:
2293:
2282:
2263:
1135:Tamar Development Begins.
293:
265:
257:
210:Current production of gas
209:
204:
196:
188:
183:
173:
143:
133:
96:
88:
80:
65:
55:
26:
21:
848:10.1306/13572009M1133688
412:Gas field (illustration)
169:Dor Gas Exploration (4%)
157:Tamar Petroleum (16.75%)
1053:"Delek Energy web site"
788:"Tamar Reserves Update"
446:Mubadala Energy company
321:exclusive economic zone
1718:www.marketscreener.com
967:. globes. 4 June 2012.
585:Israeli Citizens' Fund
437:
413:
223: cu ft/d (31
2027:IEC overpays for gas.
721:Natural gas in Israel
676:Front-end engineering
664:Liquified Natural Gas
581:sovereign wealth fund
550:Sheshinski Commission
435:
411:
118:33.07833°N 33.95139°E
1317:Power World Analysis
448:for $ 1.05 billion.
294:Producing formations
1867:Tamar project plans
711:Leviathan gas field
573:Leviathan gas field
519:Moshav Ma'ayan Tzvi
253: cu ft/a)
197:Start of production
174:Service contractors
165:Mubadala Investment
114: /
1593:Noticias de Israel
1442:www.prnewswire.com
1416:www.prnewswire.com
773:2016-03-28 at the
670:would be built by
610:Shelly Yachimovich
438:
414:
123:33.07833; 33.95139
2345:
2344:
1692:Virtual Jerusalem
1436:Drilling, Delek.
1410:Drilling, Delek.
1361:fm (2018-07-03).
701:Economy of Israel
315:off the coast of
313:Mediterranean Sea
309:natural gas field
301:
300:
289: cu ft)
75:Mediterranean Sea
2370:
2288:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2068:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1969:. Archived from
1968:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1847:The CEO Magazine
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1367:Financial Mirror
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
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1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1223:. Archived from
1222:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1102:. Archived from
1096:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1055:. Archived from
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1003:
995:
989:
984:
978:
975:
969:
968:
961:
955:
949:
943:
938:
932:
929:
923:
918:
912:
909:
903:
898:
892:
889:
883:
880:
874:
868:
862:
861:
831:
825:
824:
822:
821:
806:
800:
799:
797:
795:
784:
778:
765:
756:
755:
753:
751:
736:
616:Langotsky claims
569:Eytan Sheshinski
504:
500:
489:
285:
284:
275:
274:
249:
248:
239:
238:
229:
228:
219:
218:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
89:Offshore/onshore
42:
41:
35:
19:
18:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2325:
2289:
2280:
2259:
2253:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2116:
2112:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1815:תשתיות, מערכת.
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1747:
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1710:
1706:
1697:
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1685:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1444:(Press release)
1434:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1418:(Press release)
1408:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1335:
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1330:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1310:
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1297:
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1286:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1218:"Archived copy"
1216:
1215:
1211:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1144:
1140:
1133:
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1118:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1011:on 4 March 2016
1008:
1001:
997:
996:
992:
985:
981:
976:
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963:
962:
958:
950:
946:
939:
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926:
919:
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910:
906:
899:
895:
890:
886:
881:
877:
869:
865:
858:
832:
828:
819:
817:
808:
807:
803:
793:
791:
786:
785:
781:
775:Wayback Machine
766:
759:
749:
747:
737:
733:
729:
696:Energy Triangle
692:
652:
644:maritime border
631:
623:Benny Steinmetz
618:
597:
552:
539:crisis in Egypt
535:
511:
502:
498:
487:
483:
460:Harel Insurance
358:
329:proven reserves
305:Tamar gas field
282:
280:
272:
270:
266:Recoverable gas
246:
244:
236:
234:
233: m/d) 10.3
226:
224:
216:
214:
168:
163:
158:
156:
151:
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
72:
51:
50:
49:
48:
45:
44:
43:
22:Tamar gas field
17:
12:
11:
5:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
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2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
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2290:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2193:
2165:
2137:
2110:
2091:
2063:
2052:
2041:
2030:
2019:
2008:
1997:
1986:
1955:
1944:
1933:
1907:
1881:
1870:
1859:
1833:
1807:
1778:
1754:
1729:
1704:
1679:
1654:
1630:
1605:
1579:
1554:
1529:
1504:
1479:
1454:
1428:
1402:
1378:
1353:
1328:
1304:
1279:
1254:
1209:
1194:
1167:
1138:
1127:
1116:
1091:
1080:
1069:
1044:
1022:
990:
979:
970:
956:
944:
933:
924:
913:
904:
893:
884:
875:
863:
856:
826:
801:
779:
757:
730:
728:
725:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
706:Sarah and Myra
703:
698:
691:
688:
666:, for which a
651:
648:
640:United Nations
630:
627:
617:
614:
596:
593:
565:Yuval Steinitz
551:
548:
534:
531:
510:
507:
482:
479:
399:Delek Drilling
357:
354:
299:
298:
295:
291:
290:
267:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
243: m/a (360
211:
207:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
181:
180:
178:Aker Solutions
175:
171:
170:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
46:
37:
36:
30:
29:
28:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2361:
2359:
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2355:
2353:
2338:
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2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:Sara and Myra
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:Resources in
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2210:
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2204:
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2182:
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2127:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2060:Oil in Israel
2056:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1976:on 2016-03-04
1972:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1896:
1892:
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1318:
1314:
1308:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1230:on 2018-06-29
1226:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1202:BarEli, Avi.
1198:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1106:on 2016-04-07
1105:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1059:on 2016-06-10
1058:
1054:
1048:
1032:
1026:
1007:
1000:
994:
988:
983:
974:
966:
960:
953:
948:
942:
937:
928:
922:
917:
908:
902:
897:
888:
879:
872:
867:
859:
857:9780891813934
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
815:
811:
805:
789:
783:
776:
772:
769:
764:
762:
746:
742:
735:
731:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
647:
645:
641:
636:
626:
624:
613:
611:
605:
602:
592:
588:
586:
582:
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
558:
547:
544:
540:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
506:
495:
492:
478:
476:
471:
469:
464:
461:
456:
454:
453:Aaron Frenkel
449:
447:
443:
442:Delek Drillin
434:
430:
427:
422:
418:
410:
406:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
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351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
292:
288:
279: m (10.8
278:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
242:
232:
222:
212:
208:
203:
200:30 March 2013
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:Field history
182:
179:
176:
172:
166:
161:
160:Aaron Frenkel
154:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
127:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:Matan licence
83:
79:
76:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
34:
25:
20:
2315:
2212:. Retrieved
2206:
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2178:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2150:
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2123:
2113:
2104:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2076:
2066:
2055:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2011:
2000:
1989:
1978:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1958:
1947:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1884:
1873:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1744:. 2023-07-24
1741:
1732:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:
1707:
1696:. Retrieved
1694:. 1970-01-01
1691:
1682:
1671:. Retrieved
1669:. 2024-03-19
1666:
1657:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:
1633:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1595:(in Spanish)
1592:
1582:
1571:. Retrieved
1569:. 2022-12-21
1566:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1543:Israel Desks
1542:
1532:
1521:. Retrieved
1519:. 2022-12-21
1516:
1507:
1496:. Retrieved
1493:The National
1492:
1482:
1471:. Retrieved
1469:. 2021-02-09
1466:
1457:
1446:. Retrieved
1441:
1431:
1420:. Retrieved
1415:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1390:
1381:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:
1356:
1345:. Retrieved
1343:. 2018-01-30
1340:
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1294:. 2018-10-03
1291:
1282:
1271:. Retrieved
1269:. 2018-01-30
1266:
1257:
1232:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1212:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1180:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1151:
1141:
1130:
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1094:
1083:
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:the original
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1033:. p. 42
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1006:the original
993:
982:
973:
959:
947:
936:
927:
916:
907:
896:
887:
878:
866:
839:
829:
818:. Retrieved
816:. 2009-08-12
804:
792:. Retrieved
782:
748:. Retrieved
734:
653:
650:Export plans
632:
619:
606:
598:
589:
577:
562:
557:Carmel Shama
553:
543:the pipeline
536:
512:
484:
472:
465:
457:
450:
439:
423:
419:
415:
403:
379:
375:
371:
359:
349:
334:Noble Energy
304:
302:
286:
276:
250:
240:
230:
220:
192:January 2009
70:Levant basin
2294:Natural gas
1852:21 December
1826:21 December
1800:October 10,
1619:The Circuit
1183:(in Hebrew)
1156:(in Hebrew)
965:"Tamar-Mor"
660:South Korea
583:called the
494:cubic metre
350:Tamar sands
297:Tamar sands
121: /
97:Coordinates
2352:Categories
2186:4 December
2131:2012-01-30
1980:2014-09-30
1926:24 January
1900:24 January
1772:2024-06-28
1748:2024-06-28
1723:2024-06-28
1698:2024-06-28
1673:2024-06-28
1648:2024-06-28
1624:2024-06-28
1599:2024-06-28
1573:2024-06-28
1548:2024-06-28
1523:2024-06-28
1498:2024-06-28
1473:2024-06-28
1448:2024-06-28
1422:2024-06-28
1396:2024-06-28
1372:2024-06-28
1347:2024-06-28
1322:2024-06-28
1298:2024-06-28
1273:2024-06-28
1234:2018-06-28
1110:2014-09-28
1063:2012-07-07
820:2009-08-12
794:2 February
727:References
684:Uzi Landau
527:Uzi Landau
523:Moshav Dor
481:Production
325:Alexandria
205:Production
109:33°57′05″E
106:33°04′42″N
2306:Leviathan
1895:Calcalist
1037:15 August
745:Bloomberg
680:Höegh LNG
635:Hezbollah
405:million.
338:Oligocene
189:Discovery
2337:Dead Sea
2214:21 March
2105:Ynetnews
1821:Tashtion
1243:cite web
1187:24 March
1160:24 March
771:Archived
750:30 March
690:See also
362:BG Group
150:(28.75%)
144:Partners
134:Operator
92:Offshore
73:Eastern
66:Location
2158:14 June
2125:Haaretz
2084:19 July
1795:Reuters
814:Haaretz
674:, with
658:and to
491:billion
468:Chevron
391:Isramco
385:($ 9.4/
367:Isramco
356:History
346:presalt
342:Miocene
311:in the
162:(14.5%)
153:Chevron
148:Isramco
138:Chevron
56:Country
2330:Potash
2301:Karish
2271:Heletz
2257:Israel
2208:Globes
2180:Globes
2152:Globes
2078:Globes
1921:Globes
1742:Globes
1667:Globes
1567:Globes
1517:Globes
1467:Globes
1267:Globes
1181:Globes
1153:Globes
1015:30 Sep
854:
656:Cyprus
503:
499:
488:
317:Israel
2321:Tanin
2316:Tamar
2276:Meged
1974:(PDF)
1967:(PDF)
1228:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
1009:(PDF)
1002:(PDF)
395:Delek
307:is a
213:1,100
167:(11%)
155:(25%)
81:Block
60:Egypt
2216:2013
2188:2011
2160:2010
2086:2013
1928:2015
1902:2015
1854:2018
1828:2018
1802:2023
1767:MEES
1249:link
1189:2012
1162:2012
1039:2015
1017:2014
852:ISBN
796:2014
752:2013
537:The
303:The
261:2018
2264:Oil
844:doi
497:9.3
387:MWh
269:307
2354::
2205:.
2177:.
2149:.
2122:.
2103:.
2075:.
1845:.
1819:.
1793:.
1781:^
1765:.
1740:.
1716:.
1690:.
1665:.
1643:LM
1641:.
1617:.
1591:.
1565:.
1541:.
1515:.
1491:.
1465:.
1440:.
1414:.
1389:.
1365:.
1339:.
1315:.
1290:.
1265:.
1245:}}
1241:{{
1179:.
1150:.
850:.
842:.
838:.
812:.
760:^
743:.
587:.
477:.
352:.
283:10
273:10
247:10
237:10
227:10
217:10
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