203:
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105:
548:
839:. Some of those companies have slowed their investments in Angola's pre-salt reserves, and some wells have been closed and abandoned. The combination of disappointing results and geological complexity, compounded by the low-oil-price environment, has resulted in reduced investment in Angola's pre-salt areas.
79:, the oil and natural gas reserves lie below an approximately 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) thick layer of salt, which in turn is beneath more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) of post-salt sediments in places, which in turn is under water depths between 2,000 and 3,000 metres (6,600 and 9,800 ft) in the
634:
alone, which are located in the BM-S-11 block, Petrobras already estimates that there are 8 to 12 billion barrels of recoverable oil. This block alone can almost double the current
Brazilian
20:
784:
made the first recent pre-salt discovery in the Kwanza Basin in late 2011 with the Azul well on Block 23. Maersk continues to study the results of the well and plans to appraise it.
612:
Some estimates give the total area of the pre-salt as 122,000 km. Of this total, concessions have already been granted for 41,000 km, and 71,000 km have not yet been tendered.
615:
Pre-salt oil is of good quality, although it is found in reserves that are in deep-sea areas and under thick layers of salt, requiring large-scale investment to extract it.
601:
In this province, there may be large oil and natural gas reserves located under salt layers that extend for 800 kilometers along the
Brazilian coast – from the coast of
807:). In January 2011, Angola announced that it awarded 11 pre-salt offshore blocks in the Kwanza basin, following a closed licensing round in which a few selected
1009:
598:, implicate reserves of over 50 billion barrels of oil, a volume four times greater than the current national reserves, roughly 14 billion barrels.
787:
Cobalt
International has had the most success with pre-salt exploration in Angola, making multiple pre-salt well discoveries in Blocks 20 and 21 (
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in the south, where the ocean depths range from 1,000 to 2,000 meters, and is found between 4,000 and 6,000 meters deep in the
954:
724:
169:
696:
141:
23:
The pre-salt layer was formed in restricted basins in the South
Atlantic due to the break-up of Gondwana and arid climates
703:
148:
920:
891:
743:
188:
59:
that was generated from sediments in the pre-salt layer has not migrated upward to the post-salt layers above due to
681:
587:, thus reaching up to 8,000 meters below sea level, including a salt layer ranging from 200 to 2,000 meters thick.
673:
122:
710:
155:
677:
126:
83:. Because of this, drilling through the rock and salt to extract the pre-salt oil and gas is very expensive.
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Brazil As an
Economic Superpower?: Understanding Brazil's Changing Role in the Global Economy
571:
of Brazil. They are reserves with oil considered of medium to high quality, according to the
40:
717:
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245:
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403:
8:
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36:
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and other companies in the province of the pre-salt, located in the
Brazilian
71:. Total pre-salt oil reserves are thought to be a significant fraction of the
1076:
824:
484:
216:
1055:"Regulatory political conferencing of geological for exploitation pre-salt"
635:
619:
575:. The set of pre-salt oil fields extends along the coast from the state of
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396:
250:
72:
552:
364:
32:
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781:
769:
343:
129: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
336:
202:
19:
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at the time, and the Baleia-1A well on Block 20 in 1996, operated by
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1037:"Pre-Salt Reservoirs Offshore Brazil: Perspectives and Challenges"
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626:. All these oil wells have been successful. At the prospects of
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811:(IOCs) were invited. IOCs that were awarded blocks include
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were the Denden-1 well in Block 9 in 1983, operated by
878:
Brainard, Lael; Martinez-Diaz, Leonardo, eds. (2009).
618:
Since 2006, Petrobras has drilled 11 oil wells in the
877:
47:, characterized by the deposition of thick layers of
772:). Both blocks are now operated by the U.S.-based
1074:
1010:"Brazil Map of Pre-Salt Oil And Gas Activities"
551:Schematic diagram showing pre-salt layers and
855:
75:. According to Brazilian oil and gas company
63:. This is especially common off the coast of
567:are within the maritime area considered the
680:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
555:, the movement of salt over geologic time.
744:Learn how and when to remove this message
189:Learn how and when to remove this message
546:
18:
35:series of geological formations on the
1075:
906:
815:, Maersk Oil, Cobalt International,
678:adding citations to reliable sources
645:
127:adding citations to reliable sources
98:
563:found in the pre-salt layer of the
13:
856:Idel Waisberg (December 3, 2011).
756:The first pre-salt discoveries in
14:
1104:
1002:
937:"Entenda o que é a camada pré-sal
650:
201:
103:
1042:. November 2007. Archived from
1012:. December 2010. Archived from
114:needs additional citations for
980:
947:
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900:
871:
849:
1:
1083:Geology of the Atlantic Ocean
1057:. August 2010. Archived from
1029:"Pre-Salt Oil & Gas News"
842:
609:– and are up to 200 km wide.
43:formed after the break-up of
7:
809:International Oil Companies
774:Cobalt International Energy
10:
1109:
957:"A importância do Pré-Sal"
907:Selley, R.C., ed. (1997).
590:The current findings from
90:
858:"Brazil's Pre-Salt Layer"
641:
200:
86:
579:in the north, as far as
93:Brazilian pre-salt layer
988:"A produção no pré-sal"
569:exclusive economic zone
556:
24:
884:Brookings Institution
550:
22:
16:Geological formations
674:improve this section
624:Rio de Janeiro state
123:improve this article
73:world's oil reserves
37:continental shelves
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41:extensional basins
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1093:Geology of Brazil
1088:Geology of Angola
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915:. p. 180.
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886:. p. 33.
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603:Santa Catarina
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55:. Some of the
29:pre-salt layer
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659:This section
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134:Find sources:
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112:This section
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84:
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1063:. Retrieved
1059:the original
1044:the original
1018:. Retrieved
1014:the original
994:, 31/08/2009
991:
987:
982:
971:. Retrieved
967:the original
960:
956:
949:
943:, 31/08/2008
941:Folha Online
940:
936:
931:
908:
902:
879:
873:
861:. Retrieved
851:
786:
755:
740:
731:
721:
714:
707:
700:
688:
672:Please help
660:
636:oil reserves
620:Santos Basin
617:
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589:
561:oil reserves
558:
537:
528:
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398:Minas Gerais
236:Central-West
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185:
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159:
152:
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133:
121:Please help
116:verification
113:
28:
26:
961:Pré-Sal.org
553:halokinesis
373:Mato Grosso
366:Mato Grosso
33:diachronous
1077:Categories
1065:2012-04-24
1020:2013-01-24
973:2020-02-10
843:References
782:Maersk Oil
770:ExxonMobil
704:newspapers
440:Rio Grande
345:Pernambuco
329:Rio Grande
149:newspapers
61:salt domes
49:evaporites
813:Petrobras
661:does not
592:Petrobras
573:API scale
540:Venezuela
450:Argentina
405:SĂŁo Paulo
294:Tocantins
241:Southeast
231:Northeast
77:Petrobras
57:petroleum
51:, mostly
913:Elsevier
863:April 9,
780:company
734:May 2015
522:Suriname
504:Paraguay
477:Colombia
384:District
331:do Norte
301:MaranhĂŁo
287:RondĂ´nia
259:Amazonas
209:Atlantic
45:Gondwana
837:Statoil
793:Mavinga
718:scholar
682:removed
667:sources
622:, near
585:subsoil
531:Uruguay
459:Bolivia
382:Federal
359:Sergipe
352:Alagoas
338:ParaĂba
273:Roraima
218:Pacific
163:scholar
919:
890:
835:, and
821:Repsol
803:, and
801:Bicuar
797:Lontra
789:Cameia
778:Danish
776:. The
758:Angola
720:
713:
706:
699:
691:
642:Angola
495:Guyana
442:do Sul
426:Paraná
375:do Sul
165:
158:
151:
144:
136:
87:Brazil
69:Brazil
65:Africa
1047:(PDF)
1040:(PDF)
768:(now
766:Mobil
725:JSTOR
711:books
468:Chile
391:Goiás
322:Ceará
315:PiauĂ
308:Bahia
280:Amapá
246:South
226:North
220:Ocean
211:Ocean
170:JSTOR
156:books
31:is a
917:ISBN
888:ISBN
865:2014
805:Orca
697:news
665:any
663:cite
632:Iara
630:and
628:Tupi
559:The
513:Peru
266:Pará
252:Acre
142:news
67:and
53:salt
27:The
939:",
829:Eni
676:by
125:by
39:of
1079::
990:.
959:,
911:.
882:.
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823:,
819:,
817:BP
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791:,
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963:"
955:"
925:.
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867:.
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741:(
736:)
732:(
722:·
715:·
708:·
701:·
684:.
670:.
192:)
186:(
181:)
177:(
167:·
160:·
153:·
146:·
119:.
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