1060:
shadows. Symbolic color was also very prevalent; a black face represented honesty, a red one bravery. The rods used to control
Cantonese puppets were attached perpendicular to the puppets' heads. Thus, they were not seen by the audience when the shadow was created. Pekingese puppets were more delicate and smaller. They were created out of thin, translucent leather (usually taken from the belly of a peacock). They were painted with vibrant paints, thus they cast a very colorful shadow. The thin rods which controlled their movements were attached to a leather collar at the neck of the puppet. The rods ran parallel to the bodies of the puppet then turned at a ninety degree angle to connect to the neck. While these rods were visible when the shadow was cast, they laid outside the shadow of the puppet; thus they did not interfere with the appearance of the figure. The rods attached at the necks to facilitate the use of multiple heads with one body. When the heads were not being used, they were stored in a muslin book or fabric lined box. The heads were always removed at night. This was in keeping with the old superstition that if left intact, the puppets would come to life at night. Some puppeteers went so far as to store the heads in one box and the bodies in another, to further reduce the possibility of reanimating puppets. Shadow puppetry is said to have reached its highest point of artistic development in the seventh century before becoming a tool of the government.
785:
793:
only woman known to have owned a private theatre troupe. Developing a private theatre troupe represented a huge investment; the owners first pick potential actors from poor families or slave households and from performing schools, with more emphasis on their looks. and the owners would invest in further training for these people. The troupe leaders may hire retired actors to teach the actors, and some were trained actors themselves. The actors underwent strict training in singing, dancing, and role-playing techniques, which may take as long as eight years. While the performers were highly skilled, they were also regarded to be of low status in Ming society, as it was common practice for them to provide sexual services, both heterosexual and homosexual. Some actresses become their owners' wives or concubines The common career span for actors were ten years. When actors passed their teenage years, they had the freedom to retire.
810:
199:
979:
354:
458:
26:
491:
837:, also became popular, and the mixing of Huizhou and Hanju produced the Peking Opera. Peking opera inherited many stories form Kunqu opera, but other styles of opera, such as the Clapper opera, which were popular with the common people had greater influence on its development. Teahouses which sprang up in Beijing staged Peking operas. The popularity of Kunqu, referred to as Yabu (雅部, "elegant drama"), declined as it came under competition from a variety of operas including
691:
2614:
940:
2624:
236:(reigned 141–87 BC). While most probably this was also a spectator sport, both textual and archaeological evidence suggests that performers were dressed in fixed roles and performed according to a plot. One such story the wrestlers re-enacted was the battle between a tiger and a magician named "Lord Huang from the East Sea" (東海黃公). Han-period murals discovered from an aristocratic tomb in
311:(踏謡娘), which relates the story of a wife battered by her drunken husband, the song and dance drama was initially performed by a man dressed as a woman. The stories told in of these song-and-dance dramas are simple, but they are thought to be the earliest pieces of musical theatre in China, and the precursors to the more sophisticated later forms of Chinese opera.
193:
When they dance in two rows and lunge in all directions with their weapons, they are spreading the awe of his military might throughout the
Central States. When they divide up and advance in twos, it indicates that the enterprise has now been successfully accomplished. When they stand for a long time
796:
Professional public troupes did not thrive until Ming elite class started to collapse. Due to the Ming's
Confucian influence of gender separation, public theatres were dominated by males. Confucian influences extended to the plays; Ming plays often conveyed Confucian teachings, especially in private
792:
Private theatre troupes featured prominently during Ming China, and government officials, rich merchants, and eunuchs may manage private theatre troupes to entertainment guests in stages built in their private residences, or a sign of status. A female courtesan in late Ming named Ma
Xianglan was the
752:
tunes lacked formal rules, was more uninhibited and exciting, therefore more appealing to the local classes and easily fused with local musical styles and produced many high-pitched tunes in numerous local operas. Another important development was the emergence of
Shaanxi Opera in the Northwest with
365:, popular plays involving drama and music began to be developed, and by the 12th century, the term xìqǔ (戲曲) to mean Chinese opera began to be used this new form of theatrical entertainment. The development of theatre during the Song dynasty may also have been influenced by a Tang Buddhist tradition
1059:
performed by the puppets. Both styles generally performed plays depicting great adventure and fantasy, rarely was this very stylized form of theatre used for political propaganda. Cantonese shadow puppets were the larger of the two. They were built using thick leather which created more substantial
990:
Modern
Chinese theatre and drama has changed quite a lot compared to the past. The influences of the modern world affected the form of music/ theatre/ drama the Chinese were having. The rapid development of the country affected theater plays. The current Chinese theater has been developed to a new
800:
The standard types of Ming actors includes Cai, Hui, and Zhi. Cai is extraordinary talent, and Hui is the wisdom that enables them to utilize their skills with flexibility. The most important one is Zhi, the ability to combine practical and abstract beauty on stage. As for techniques, the actors
130:
employed professional entertainers which included not only dancers and musicians but also actors. The earliest court actors were likely clowns who pantomimed, danced, sang, and performed comedy. One of the most famous actors from this period was You Meng or Jester Meng (優孟), a giant who served
860:
In various regions, local forms of opera flourished, and became popular in major cities by the end of the Qing dynasty and early
Republican era. Some of these may developed from folk song-and-dance performances that evolved from "The Dancing Singing Woman" (踏謡娘) style of theatre, such as the
775:
The Ming imperial court enjoyed opera, and Ming emperors generally kept their music entertainments within the palace. Ming theatre, however, had less freedom than the previous dynasty, Yuan. In the Yuan and early Song period, some plays may include a role of the emperor, however, Ming
Emperor
885:
By the early 20th century, non-singing theatrical forms began to appear under the influence of
Western dramas and stage plays. Shanghai, where Western drama was first staged by Western expatriate communities in China in 1850, was the birthplace of modern Chinese stage plays. Students of
326:
extraction — was so passionate about theatre that he enjoyed acting himself. During his reign, he appointed three actors to prefect-ship and in the process alienated his army. In 926, after just 3 years on the throne, he was killed in a mutiny led by a former actor named
1050:
first emerged as a recognized form of theatre in China. There were two distinct forms of shadow puppetry, Pekingese (northern) and
Cantonese (southern). The two styles were differentiated by the method of making the puppets and the positioning of the rods on the
556:) characters, with the singing courtesans playing the main male or female characters, but some are played exclusively by male actors. Over time subcategories of male and female roles (such as lead and supporting roles, young, old or comic roles) also emerged.
369:(變文), which mixed speech with song and used by monks to communicate Buddhist idea to the illiterate masses, but became popular entertainment during the Song dynasty. The narrative ballad and story-telling forms influenced Song dramas. Buddhist stories such as
955:
era, the government set up a special department for the improvement of drama. The first national opera festival was organized where numerous operas from around country as well as operas identified as "model plays" were performed. Opera was modified, and
1037:"What festival is this, with lamps filling in the hall, And golden hair pins dancing by night alongside of flowery lutes? A fragrance breeze flutters the sleeve and a red haze arises, While jade wrists flit round and round in mazy flight."
139:, the late prime minister of Chu, he is said to have spent a year imitating Sunshu Ao's speech and mannerism. Finally he performed his role at a banquet and successfully appealed to King Zhuang who then granted land to Sunshu Ao's son.
1028:
Sleeve movements were an important feature of dancing technique in ancient China and were considered essential to add the grace of the performer. There are many references to the beauty of a dancer's sleeves to be found in old
991:
form: people do not watch plays from theater, they watch it at homes or on their TV. In addition to music theater, the modern world inspired new forms of drama, including what became known as the spoken drama (
2579:
780:
prohibited actors from impersonating any imperial members, high officials, or well-respected figures, although such restrictions were not always observed by opera troupes who performed for commoners in public
970:, Model opera had monopolized the theatre. However, after the Cultural Revolution, traditional forms were revived and with less restrictions, new plays influenced by Western theatre also began to be staged.
931:
entered a golden age, with numerous new plays being written. Peking Opera also became popular in Shanghai, where new dramas in the form serialized dramas emerged. The best-known actor of Peking opera was
829:'s reign. The Huizhou opera troupes, which performed operas with diverse tune patterns including Kunqu, Clapper Opera and the Erhuang melody prove to be the most popular. Hanju Opera, popular along the
2589:
2503:
47:
in nature. Chinese theatre can trace its origin back a few millennia to ancient China, but the Chinese opera started to develop in the 12th century. Western forms like the spoken drama,
2548:
1871:
Liu Xuan刘轩,《牡丹亭·写真》昆剧舞台演出史考略 (On A History of the Performance of Kunqu Opera Portrait in The Peony Pavilion), 中华戏曲(Chinese Traditional Opera) 2017, (02), 197-213 (February 2017)
2338:
1597:王园园, “明代戏曲中女性德行意识” (Female Virtue Consciousness in the Opera of Ming Dynasty), 闽西职业技术学院学报(Journal of Minxi Vocational and Technical College) 2018, 20(04), 80-84 (April 2018).
2584:
801:
needed to excel in singing, dancing, and role-playing. These actors developed outstanding singing and dancing techniques to serve the ultimate goal of creating a character.
797:
theatre troupes. For instance, as women desired more equality towards late Ming, Wang Tingne wrote a play called Shi Hou Ji (狮吼记) that emphasized male authority over women.
2543:
631:
of the Song and Yuan dynasties was considered a low art form due to its unsophisticated literary style, and its plays were often written by anonymous authors. The first
2553:
2498:
2418:
2278:
2508:
2483:
2398:
2378:
2328:
1657:
Shen, Grant. "Acting in the Private Theatre of the Ming Dynasty," in HIEA 124 Life in Ming China, edited by Sarah Schneewind, p. 289-311 (Imprints, 2019, p. 290.
825:
became popular. Peking opera developed from different opera styles. In 1790. various local opera troupes performed in Beijing in celebration of the 55th year of
2594:
2468:
784:
540:
in the Yuan dynasty became a more sophisticated form that has a four- or five-act structure with a prologue. Each act is a musical piece based on a different
2538:
2488:
2423:
772:
During the Ming period (1368-1644), Chinese theatre may be divided into three categories by audience: imperial court, social elite, and the general public.
2428:
2558:
2458:
2393:
2373:
2323:
2308:
2303:
2599:
2478:
2433:
2333:
2438:
2358:
906:. Student plays proliferated, with students playing an important role in the development spoken theater (話劇, Huaju), and notable dramatists such as
741:
who used Kunshan tunes. Kunqu was regarded as an elegant part of the culture; it was promoted by scholars, and therefore became highly influential.
738:
328:
714:
2188:
2182:
1779:
Xu, Peng (2015). "The Music Teacher: The Professionalization of Singing and the Development of Erotic Vocal Style During Late Ming China".
899:
809:
1376:
410:
from local folk customs and musical forms. This has a set length and a full narrative, and the actors performed with speech and songs.
1075:
performers usually clap with the audience at the end of a performance; the return applause is a sign of appreciation to the audience.
276:
are thought to be the forerunners of the fixed role categories of later Chinese opera, particularly of its comic chou (丑) characters.
2528:
1984:
669:
and other regional forms, such as such as Haiyan, Yuyao, an Yiyang tunes developed in Zhejiang, gradually replaced the northern
2143:
Fong, Kuang-Yu and Kaplin, Stephen. "Theatre on a Tabletop: Puppetry for Small Spaces". Charlottesville, New Plays, Inc. 2003.
898:) in 1899, and in 1900, students of Nanyang College staged three plays based on contemporary events, such as one based on the
2134:
2255:
264:
dynasty (319–351). In its early form, it was a simple comic drama involving only two performers, where a corrupt officer,
248:, offer strong proof that entertainers performed at banquets in the homes of higher-ranking ministers during this period.
198:
1781:
1550:
1348:
1316:
887:
189:. The Great Warrior Dance not only depicted a full story, but was also filled with symbolism, as Confucius explained:
2219:
2201:
2111:
2088:
2065:
2024:
1968:
1427:
962:
2658:
1269:
944:
19:
717:
created Kunshan tunes modified from tunes of Haiyan from near Hangzhou and Yiyang of Jiangxi, and he combined the
1000:
575:
414:
spread widely in the Southern Song, and theatrical entertainment flourished in its capital Lin'an (present day
381:
143:
992:
952:
1712:, edited by Sarah Schneewind, p. 149-69 (The United States of America: Society for Ming Studies), p. 154-62
873:
on the other hand developed from a form of opera popular south of the Yangtze River called Tanhuang, while
1918:
1899:
1632:
1600:
1516:
1500:
1468:
1452:
1436:
841:
known collectively as Huabu (花部, "flowery drama"). A range of other regional operas also emerged, such as
753:
a two-phrase structure and clapper-based instrumentation, introducing a new form of musical style called
340:
1745:
Mi Zhao, “Ma Xianglan and Wang Zhideng Onstage and Offstage,” Asian Theatre Journal 34 #1 (Spring 2017).
1683:, edited by Sarah Schneewind, p. 149-69 (The United States of America: Society for Ming Studies), p. 150
1398:
2448:
2193:
2057:
1934:
1699:, edited by Sarah Schneewind, p. 149-69 (The United States of America: Society for Ming Studies), p.151
1616:
1484:
978:
353:
2663:
1084:
983:
371:
72:
2270:
2248:
918:
began honed their craft on campus. Among the most important plays produced in the early period was
68:
48:
2653:
2463:
194:
in their dancing positions, they are waiting for the arrival of the rulers of the various states.
457:
2388:
2383:
707:
The Ming dynasty play writers were mostly educated and hold relatively high social status, and
565:
127:
1071:
is a style of traditional Chinese comedic performance in the form of a monologue or dialogue.
2298:
2288:
2014:
1958:
1928:
1912:
1642:
1626:
1610:
1540:
1526:
1510:
1494:
1478:
1462:
1446:
1417:
1338:
430:
1944:
1384:
1306:
1287:
2648:
2473:
2348:
544:. It was performed by courtesans for the amusement of court or local government officials.
442:
375:
became themes in plays, and the one on Mulian was the first Chinese drama of great length.
123:
as possible lyrics of songs accompanying court dances from the early or mid-Zhou dynasty.
117:, shamans performed with music and costumes. Some scholars have identified poems from the
8:
2568:
2443:
2413:
2313:
2241:
2126:
967:
920:
424:
2513:
2408:
2293:
2283:
1798:
1575:
700:
593:
357:
Mural from a Song dynasty tomb in Henan, depicting a dancer and accompanying musicians.
132:
1251:
287:
dynasty, a masked dance called the Big Face (大面, which can mean "mask", alternatively
39:
has a long and complex history. Traditional Chinese theatre, generally in the form of
2623:
2493:
2363:
2215:
2197:
2130:
2107:
2084:
2061:
2020:
1964:
1802:
1546:
1423:
1344:
1312:
709:
679:
618:
502:
307:
that tells the story of a grieving son who sought a tiger that killed his father. In
233:
119:
95:
64:
865:
Opera; for example, Huangxiao Flower-Drum opera of Hubei evolved into Chuju (楚劇) in
465:, showing two women playing male roles, a popular convention during the Song dynasty
446:(丑, clown) appeared in the Song era, and scripts referred to the roles such as the
2518:
2453:
2368:
2343:
2050:
1790:
826:
637:
215:
156:
2403:
2353:
2153:
2045:
928:
903:
854:
506:
398:
304:
174:
44:
1056:
1030:
777:
658:
490:
2165:
Towards a Modern Zen Theatre: Gao Xingjian and Chinese Theatre Experimentalism
861:
Flower-Drum (花鼓) Opera, Flower-Lantern (花燈) Opera, Tea-Picking (採茶) Opera and
532:
was also known as Northern tune (北曲) to distinguish it from the Southern form
25:
2642:
2617:
830:
296:
280:
78:
40:
915:
850:
842:
838:
822:
766:
662:
654:
560:
517:
495:
362:
186:
182:
100:
1794:
2627:
1542:
Chinese Theories of Theater and Performance from Confucius to the Present
1340:
Chinese Theories of Theater and Performance from Confucius to the Present
1047:
957:
933:
846:
690:
606:
588:
344:
284:
211:
114:
86:
1579:
1273:
232:) flourished and became one of the so-called "Hundred Shows" (百戲) under
1068:
762:
580:
570:
386:
315:
261:
939:
788:
Chinese theatre production pre-1912, and probably in Shandong province
483:
with its own independent development. Music is incidental to Song Jin
2177:
2167:. University of London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 2000.
2103:
2080:
911:
870:
436:
152:
148:
136:
479:
was a small-scale comic form of theatre, and was distinct from Yuan
272:, was ridiculed by a jester named Grey Hawk (蒼鶻). The characters in
642:
475:
began to be developed in the Song and Jin dynasties. Song and Jin
415:
319:
269:
237:
203:
2233:
2160:. From 1840 to the Present Day. London, Thames & Hudson, 1975.
251:
1052:
834:
765:
who ended the Ming dynasty, later influencing the development of
758:
605:
are considered one of the important forms of Chinese literature,
525:
521:
407:
30:
936:, whose performances spread the fame of Peking opera worldwide.
2207:
1008:
907:
874:
862:
598:
418:). Among the earliest surviving scripts is Southern Song work,
323:
223:
164:
155:(551–479 BC) explaining the Great Warrior Dance or Dawu Dance (
109:
90:
52:
1566:
Sun, Mei (1998). "The Division between 'Nanxi' and 'Chuanqi".
960:
with political message was created. The first Model Opera was
181:
1046 BC, and how he founded the Zhou dynasty with the help of
2044:
Dolby, William (1983). "Early Chinese Plays and Theater". In
1072:
866:
726:
695:
684:
622:
245:
241:
214:(206 BC–220 AD), a wrestling show called Horn-Butting Show (
135:(reigned 613–591 BC). After meeting the impoverished son of
1653:
1651:
890:
were known to have performed the first modern Chinese play
471:
348:
1691:
1689:
725:
where plucked string instruments are preferred. The first
677:
had developed into a more complex dramatic form known as
1648:
299:
who went into battle wearing a mask. Another was called
1686:
206:
which depicts entertainers at an aristocratic banquet.
18:"Chinese theatre" redirects here. For other uses, see
2052:
Chinese Theatre: From Its Origins to the Present Day
2012:
1419:
Chinese Theater: From Its Origins to the Present Day
1708:Tian Yuan Tan, "The Sovereign and the Theatre," in
1695:Tian Yuan Tan, “The Sovereign and the Theatre,” in
1679:Tian Yuan Tan, “The Sovereign and the Theatre,” in
559:Among the best-known dramatists of the period were
379:(西廂記諸宮調) by Dong Jieyuan (董解元) (later adapted into
279:Various song and dance dramas developed during the
2049:
1867:
1865:
1863:
877:Opera formed from Lianhualao and Yangge in Hebei.
260:(參軍戲, or Adjutant Play) which originated from the
99:mentions shamanistic dancing and singing. For the
1904:
1902:
1538:
1336:
721:rhythms which often used flute, and the northern
2640:
1343:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 28–29.
1097:
334:
55:did not arrive in China until the 20th century.
1860:
1415:
1304:
516:became the dominant form of theatre during the
377:The Romance of the Western Chamber Zhu Gongdiao
252:Six Dynasties, Tang dynasty, and Five Dynasties
77:Theatre in China dates back to as early as the
2249:
2174:. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 2002.
1593:
1591:
1589:
1311:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–12.
1234:
1232:
303:(撥頭, also 缽頭), a masked dance drama from the
1545:. University of Michigan Press. p. 41.
126:The Zhou royal court as well as the various
2074:
2019:. North Charleston: BookSurge. p. 55.
1838:
1836:
1175:
1115:
113:suggests that in the 4th or 3rd century BC
89:records reference rain dances performed by
2256:
2242:
1586:
1262:
1229:
748:tunes fused with Kunqu and spread widely.
548:plays were focused on the principal male (
973:
673:, and by the middle of the Ming dynasty,
202:Part of a second-century tomb mural from
2123:Historical Dictionary of Chinese Theater
1833:
1809:
1565:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1020:
977:
938:
808:
783:
713:works were created mainly by scholars.
689:
653:, and was highly regarded by the first
489:
456:
396:In Southern Song, a form of play called
352:
197:
24:
2075:Siu, Wang-Ngai; Lovrick, Peter (1997).
2016:China, Japan, Korea Culture and Customs
2002:. London: Simson Shand LTD. p. 96.
1391:
982:Scene from a public performance in the
2641:
2100:Elite Theatre in Ming China, 1368–1644
1848:
1399:"The Early History of Chinese Theatre"
757:(板腔). Its spread was facilitated by a
563:(many of his works survive, including
256:An early form of Chinese drama is the
2237:
1997:
1325:
177:'s overthrow of the Shang dynasty in
107:1046 BC – 256 BC), evidence from the
1046:During the dynasty of Empress Ping,
454:rather than the characters' names.
2263:
2189:heatre and the Actor in Performance
2158:The Chinese Theatre in Modern Times
1956:
1668:Culture, Courtiers, and Competition
1568:American Journal of Chinese Studies
1559:
1403:Asian Traditional Theatre and Dance
1308:Music from the Tang Court: Volume 5
1292:Asian Traditional Theatre and Dance
645:, written in the late Yuan period.
13:
2206:
1940:
1924:
1908:
1782:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1778:
1772:
1638:
1622:
1606:
1522:
1506:
1490:
1474:
1458:
1442:
1103:
892:A Shameful Story About Officialdom
869:. Wuxi Opera, Shanghai Opera, and
853:, Shandong Laizhou clapper opera,
422:(張協狀元). Specialised roles such as
14:
2675:
2229:
2077:Chinese Opera: Images and Stories
2043:
1960:中国舞台上的塞缪尔·贝克特:跨文化戏剧演出研究:1964~2011
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
963:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy
295:, 蘭陵王), was created in honour of
2622:
2613:
2612:
2097:
1893:
1854:
1842:
1827:
1815:
1766:
1754:
1733:
1721:
694:A scene from the most famous of
20:Chinese theatre (disambiguation)
2150:. Berlin, Henschelverlag, 1963.
2037:
2013:Brown, Ju; Brown, John (2006).
2006:
1991:
1977:
1950:
1887:
1882:Cross Dressing in Chinese Opera
1874:
1821:
1760:
1748:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1702:
1673:
1660:
1539:Faye Chunfang Fei, ed. (2002).
1532:
1409:
1369:
1357:
1337:Faye Chunfang Fei, ed. (2002).
1298:
1280:
1244:
1217:
1205:
880:
804:
683:, which further developed into
612:
2580:British Indian Ocean Territory
2214:. Cambridge University Press.
2120:
2048:; Wichmann, Elizabeth (eds.).
2000:The Classical Theatre Of China
1422:. University of Hawaii Press.
1363:
1238:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1041:
1017:) of the transatlantic stage.
1013:
1004:
996:
744:In the Ming dynasty, southern
583:(whose representative work is
576:Romance of the Western Chamber
382:Romance of the Western Chamber
228:
169:
144:Records of the Grand Historian
29:Performers in a production in
1:
2098:Shen, Grant Guangren (2005).
1416:Colin Mackerras, ed. (1988).
1381:China Culture Information Net
1305:Laurence Picken, ed. (1985).
1090:
1063:
335:Song, Jin, and Yuan dynasties
178:
104:
82:
1288:"The Tang Dynasty (618–907)"
1055:, as opposed to the type of
635:work with a known author is
501:stage c. 1324, found in the
487:with incomplete narratives.
420:The No. 1 Scholar Zhang Xie
7:
1078:
945:The Red Detachment of Women
469:A form of theatre known as
341:History of the Song dynasty
318:(923–937) founding emperor
291:代面, and it was also called
173:), which told the story of
10:
2680:
2194:Cambridge University Press
2058:University of Hawaii Press
953:People's Republic of China
616:
338:
62:
58:
17:
2608:
2567:
2527:
2269:
1973:– via Google Books.
1432:– via Google Books.
1085:List of theatres in China
984:Jade Dragon Snow Mountain
821:During the Qing dynasty,
769:during the Qing dynasty.
528:and Lin'an. Yuan dynasty
372:Mulian Rescues His Mother
309:The Dancing Singing Woman
219:
160:
151:contains a passage about
73:Timeline of Chinese music
2329:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
661:. It became a model for
520:in major cities such as
69:History of Chinese dance
2659:Chinese performing arts
2590:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
927:In the Republican era,
649:elevated the status of
322:(885–926) — who was of
1985:"Modern Chinese Drama"
1039:
987:
974:Modern Chinese theatre
948:
818:
817:(貴妃醉酒) in Peking Opera
789:
704:
566:The Injustice to Dou E
510:
494:A mural depicting the
466:
358:
207:
196:
33:
2172:Acting the Right Part
1795:10.1353/jas.2015.0016
1710:Long Live the Emperor
1697:Long Live the Emperor
1681:Long Live the Emperor
1387:on December 25, 2013.
1276:on February 24, 2007.
1035:
981:
942:
815:The Drunken Concubine
812:
787:
693:
493:
460:
356:
339:Further information:
293:The Prince of Lanling
201:
191:
63:Further information:
28:
2504:United Arab Emirates
1998:Scott, A.C. (1957).
896:Guan Chang Chou Shi'
731:Washing Silken Gauze
585:Autumn in Han Palace
283:period. During the
2531:limited recognition
2127:The Scarecrow Press
1001:traditional Chinese
968:Cultural Revolution
601:. Verses from Yuan
389:) was created from
49:western-style opera
2163:Zhao, Henry Y. H.
2146:Obraszow, Sergei.
993:simplified Chinese
988:
949:
888:St. John's College
857:and Fujian opera.
819:
790:
705:
701:The Peony Pavilion
594:The Orphan of Zhao
511:
467:
428:(旦, dàn, female),
406:(戲文) developed in
359:
208:
133:King Zhuang of Chu
81:(16th century BC?–
34:
2636:
2635:
2573:other territories
2136:978-0-8108-5514-4
1024:, sleeve movement
813:A performance of
737:) was created by
619:Chuanqi (theatre)
503:Guangsheng Temple
120:Classic of Poetry
96:Book of Documents
65:Chinese shamanism
2671:
2664:Theatre of China
2626:
2616:
2615:
2585:Christmas Island
2271:Sovereign states
2258:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2225:
2154:Mackerras, Colin
2148:Theater in China
2140:
2121:Ye, Tan (2008).
2117:
2094:
2071:
2055:
2046:Mackerras, Colin
2031:
2030:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1954:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1922:
1916:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1646:
1636:
1630:
1620:
1614:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1536:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1472:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1383:. Archived from
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1272:. Archived from
1266:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1015:
1006:
998:
986:Open Air Theatre
827:Qianlong Emperor
647:Tale of the Pipa
638:Tale of the Pipa
591:(best known for
230:
221:
180:
171:
162:
106:
84:
37:Theatre of China
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2604:
2572:
2563:
2544:Northern Cyprus
2530:
2523:
2265:
2264:Theatre of Asia
2262:
2232:
2222:
2212:Chinese Theatre
2170:Chen, Xiaomei.
2137:
2114:
2091:
2068:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2011:
2007:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1939:
1935:
1923:
1919:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1880:Leung Li, Siu.
1879:
1875:
1870:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:, pp. 129, 132.
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1637:
1633:
1621:
1617:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1587:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1469:
1457:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1335:
1326:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1270:"Sichuan Opera"
1268:
1267:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1176:Siu and Lovrick
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1116:Siu and Lovrick
1114:
1110:
1106:, pp. 1–6.
1102:
1098:
1093:
1081:
1066:
1048:shadow puppetry
1044:
1026:
976:
929:Cantonese opera
904:Boxer Rebellion
883:
855:Cantonese opera
807:
625:
617:Main articles:
615:
507:Shanxi province
351:
337:
305:Western Regions
254:
175:King Wu of Zhou
75:
61:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2654:Opera in China
2651:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2230:External links
2228:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2204:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2118:
2112:
2095:
2089:
2072:
2066:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2005:
1990:
1976:
1969:
1949:
1933:
1917:
1898:
1886:
1873:
1859:
1847:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1789:(2): 259–297.
1771:
1759:
1747:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1701:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1647:
1631:
1615:
1599:
1585:
1558:
1552:978-0472089239
1551:
1531:
1515:
1499:
1483:
1467:
1451:
1435:
1428:
1408:
1390:
1368:
1356:
1350:978-0472089239
1349:
1324:
1318:978-0521347761
1317:
1297:
1279:
1261:
1243:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1065:
1062:
1043:
1040:
1025:
1019:
975:
972:
902:(六君子) and the
882:
879:
871:Shaoxing Opera
806:
803:
614:
611:
552:) and female (
336:
333:
253:
250:
128:ancient states
60:
57:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2676:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:South Ossetia
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2223:
2221:9780521186667
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:0-521-57090-5
2199:
2195:
2192:. Cambridge,
2191:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2113:0-415-34326-7
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2090:0-7748-0592-7
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2067:0-8248-0813-4
2063:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2028:
2026:1-4196-4893-4
2022:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1970:9787310049905
1966:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1851:
1845:, pp. 59, 63.
1844:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1666:Lam, Joseph.
1663:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1574:(2): 248–56.
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1429:9787310049905
1425:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:Chinese poems
1023:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1002:
994:
985:
980:
971:
969:
965:
964:
959:
954:
947:
946:
941:
937:
935:
930:
925:
923:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:Six Gentlemen
897:
893:
889:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:Yangtze River
828:
824:
816:
811:
802:
798:
794:
786:
782:
779:
773:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:
703:
702:
697:
692:
688:
686:
682:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:
634:
630:
624:
620:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
572:
568:
567:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
508:
504:
500:
497:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:
464:
461:Song dynasty
459:
455:
453:
449:
445:
444:
439:
438:
433:
432:
427:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
383:
378:
374:
373:
368:
364:
355:
350:
346:
342:
332:
330:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Gao Changgong
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:Six Dynasties
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
225:
217:
213:
205:
200:
195:
190:
188:
184:
176:
172:
166:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:
140:
138:
134:
129:
124:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
80:
79:Shang dynasty
74:
70:
66:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:Chinese opera
38:
32:
27:
21:
16:
2569:Dependencies
2499:Turkmenistan
2464:Saudi Arabia
2318:
2211:
2187:
2181:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2147:
2122:
2099:
2076:
2051:
2038:Bibliography
2015:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1979:
1959:
1957:施清婧 (2015).
1952:
1936:
1920:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1850:
1823:
1818:, pp. 49–51.
1811:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1762:
1757:, pp. 36-40.
1750:
1741:
1729:
1724:, pp. 28–29.
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1634:
1618:
1602:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1541:
1534:
1518:
1502:
1486:
1470:
1454:
1438:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1385:the original
1380:
1371:
1359:
1339:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1274:the original
1264:
1255:
1246:
1219:
1214:, pp. 11–12.
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1166:, pp. 10–11.
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1067:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1012:
989:
961:
950:
943:
926:
921:Thunderstorm
919:
916:Gao Xingjian
895:
891:
884:
881:20th century
859:
843:Shanxi opera
839:Peking Opera
823:Peking opera
820:
814:
805:Qing dynasty
799:
795:
791:
774:
771:
767:Peking Opera
754:
749:
745:
743:
739:Liang Chenyu
734:
730:
722:
718:
708:
706:
699:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:Ming dynasty
650:
646:
636:
632:
628:
626:
613:Ming dynasty
602:
592:
584:
574:
564:
561:Guan Hanqing
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
518:Yuan dynasty
513:
512:
498:
484:
480:
476:
470:
468:
462:
451:
447:
441:
435:
429:
423:
419:
411:
403:
397:
395:
390:
380:
376:
370:
366:
363:Song dynasty
360:
329:Guo Congqian
313:
308:
300:
292:
288:
278:
274:Canjun Opera
273:
265:
258:Canjun Opera
257:
255:
227:
209:
192:
187:Duke of Shao
183:Duke of Zhou
168:
142:
141:
125:
118:
115:State of Chu
108:
101:Zhou dynasty
94:
93:, while the
76:
36:
35:
15:
2649:Asian drama
2628:Asia portal
2529:States with
2449:Philippines
2389:South Korea
2384:North Korea
2279:Afghanistan
1963:. 南开大学出版社.
1943:, pp.
1927:, pp.
1911:, pp.
1641:, pp.
1625:, pp.
1609:, pp.
1525:, pp.
1509:, pp.
1477:, pp.
1461:, pp.
1445:, pp.
1202:, pp. 9–10.
1042:Shadow play
958:Model opera
934:Mei Lanfang
924:by Cao Yu.
851:Hebei opera
847:Henan opera
735:Huan Sha Ji
715:Wei Liangfu
589:Ji Junxiang
573:(who wrote
434:(生, male),
345:Nanxi opera
285:Northern Qi
212:Han dynasty
210:During the
87:Oracle bone
2643:Categories
2509:Uzbekistan
2484:Tajikistan
2399:Kyrgyzstan
2379:Kazakhstan
2299:Bangladesh
2289:Azerbaijan
1493:, p.
1142:, pp. 8–9.
1091:References
1069:Xiangsheng
1064:Xiangsheng
763:Li Zicheng
581:Ma Zhiyuan
571:Wang Shifu
440:(净,) and
387:Wang Shifu
316:Later Tang
262:Later Zhao
234:Emperor Wu
85:1046 BC).
2595:Hong Kong
2549:Palestine
2474:Sri Lanka
2469:Singapore
2349:Indonesia
2183:Chinese T
2178:Riley, Jo
2104:Routledge
2081:UBC Press
1803:193410120
1377:"Theatre"
1366:, p. 336.
966:. By the
912:Hong Shen
153:Confucius
149:Sima Qian
137:Sunshu Ao
2618:Category
2539:Abkhazia
2489:Thailand
2444:Pakistan
2424:Mongolia
2419:Maldives
2414:Malaysia
2314:Cambodia
2210:(2012).
2196:, 1997,
1896:, p. 99.
1857:, p. 67.
1830:, p. 45.
1769:, p. 38.
1670:. p. 290
1580:44288587
1226:, p. 12.
1190:, p. 11.
1079:See also
781:theatre.
755:banqiang
698:operas,
657:Emperor
643:Gao Ming
587:, 漢宮秋),
542:gongdiao
416:Hangzhou
320:Li Cunxu
270:adjutant
238:Dahuting
229:Jiǎodǐxì
204:Dahuting
2514:Vietnam
2429:Myanmar
2409:Lebanon
2339:Georgia
2294:Bahrain
2284:Armenia
2208:Fu, Jin
1941:Fu 2012
1925:Fu 2012
1909:Fu 2012
1884:. p. 57
1639:Fu 2012
1623:Fu 2012
1607:Fu 2012
1523:Fu 2012
1507:Fu 2012
1491:Fu 2012
1475:Fu 2012
1459:Fu 2012
1443:Fu 2012
1256:中國文化研究院
1252:"唐代參軍戲"
1241:, p. 3.
1178:, p. 5.
1154:, p. 9.
1130:, p. 8.
1118:, p. 4.
1104:Fu 2012
1073:Chinese
1053:puppets
951:In the
894:(官场丑事,
835:Hanshui
759:Shaanxi
729:opera,
710:chuanqi
687:Opera.
680:chuanqi
665:drama.
597:), and
526:Luoyang
522:Kaifeng
408:Wenzhou
391:bianwen
367:bianwen
361:In the
289:daimian
268:or the
216:Chinese
170:Dàwǔ Wǔ
157:Chinese
91:shamans
59:History
45:musical
31:Chengdu
2559:Taiwan
2494:Turkey
2459:Russia
2394:Kuwait
2374:Jordan
2364:Israel
2324:Cyprus
2309:Brunei
2304:Bhutan
2218:
2200:
2133:
2110:
2087:
2064:
2023:
1967:
1801:
1578:
1549:
1426:
1347:
1315:
1011::
1009:pinyin
1003::
995::
914:, and
908:Cao Yu
875:Pingju
863:Yangge
761:rebel
750:Yiyang
746:yiyang
733:(浣紗記,
659:Hongwu
609:(元曲).
607:yuanqu
599:Bai Pu
347:, and
324:Shatuo
266:Canjun
226::
224:pinyin
218::
167::
165:pinyin
159::
110:Chu Ci
71:, and
53:ballet
51:, and
2600:Macau
2519:Yemen
2479:Syria
2454:Qatar
2434:Nepal
2369:Japan
2344:India
2334:Egypt
2319:China
1929:79–81
1913:75–75
1799:S2CID
1643:68–73
1611:48–50
1576:JSTOR
1527:22–33
1511:24–25
1479:20–23
1463:16–18
1447:12–13
1224:Dolby
1212:Dolby
1200:Dolby
1188:Dolby
1164:Dolby
1152:Dolby
1140:Dolby
1128:Dolby
1014:Huàjù
867:Wuhan
778:Taizu
727:Kunqu
719:nanxi
696:kunqu
685:Kunqu
675:nanxi
667:Nanxi
651:nanxi
633:nanxi
629:nanxi
623:Kunqu
550:Sheng
534:nanxi
452:Sheng
431:Sheng
412:Nanxi
404:Xiwen
399:nanxi
301:Botou
246:Henan
242:Xinmi
43:, is
2439:Oman
2404:Laos
2359:Iraq
2354:Iran
2216:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2021:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1894:Shen
1855:Shen
1843:Shen
1828:Shen
1816:Shen
1767:Shen
1755:Shen
1734:Shen
1722:Shen
1547:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1057:play
1022:Hsiu
833:and
723:zaju
671:zaju
655:Ming
627:The
621:and
603:zaju
546:Zaju
538:Zaju
530:zaju
514:Zaju
499:zaju
496:Yuan
485:zaju
481:zaju
477:zaju
472:zaju
463:zaju
443:Chou
437:Jing
349:Zaju
314:The
185:and
2571:and
1945:3–4
1791:doi
641:by
579:),
569:),
554:Dan
505:of
450:or
448:Dan
425:Dan
402:or
385:by
220:角觝戲
161:大武舞
147:by
2645::
2180:.
2156:.
2129:.
2125:.
2106:.
2102:.
2083:.
2079:.
2060:.
2056:.
1901:^
1862:^
1835:^
1797:.
1787:75
1785:.
1688:^
1650:^
1627:66
1588:^
1570:.
1495:23
1401:.
1379:.
1364:Ye
1327:^
1290:.
1254:.
1239:Ye
1231:^
1007:;
1005:話劇
999:;
997:话剧
910:,
849:,
845:,
536:.
524:,
393:.
343:,
331:.
244:,
240:,
222:;
179:c.
163:;
105:c.
83:c.
67:,
2257:e
2250:t
2243:v
2224:.
2186:.
2139:.
2116:.
2093:.
2070:.
2029:.
1987:.
1947:.
1931:.
1915:.
1805:.
1793::
1645:.
1629:.
1613:.
1582:.
1572:5
1555:.
1529:.
1513:.
1497:.
1481:.
1465:.
1449:.
1405:.
1353:.
1321:.
1294:.
1258:.
1033:.
509:.
103:(
22:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
