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352:. From the stage of digestion it was concluded that the man had eaten 12 to 24 hours prior to his death. Porridges were common for people of this time. Because neither meat nor fresh fruit was found in the last meal, it is suggested that the meal was eaten in winter or early spring when these items were not available.
319:. The rope left visible furrows in the skin beneath his chin and at the sides of his neck. There was no mark, however, at the back of the neck where the knot of the noose would have been located. After a re-examination in 2002, forensic scientists found further evidence to support these initial findings. Although the
386:
in
Denmark, although only the head is original. Because conservation techniques for organic material were insufficiently advanced in the early 1950s for the entire body to be preserved, the forensic examiners suggested the head be severed and the rest of the body remain unpreserved. Subsequently, the
236:
animal hide was drawn tight around his neck and trailed down his back. Other than these, the body was naked. His hair was cropped so short as to be almost entirely hidden by his cap. There was short stubble (1 mm in length) on his chin and upper lip, suggesting that he was usually
296:
and hair to compare. They were only able to measure up to a year because of his hair being short. The results contained only small differences in strontium isotope proportions, suggesting that he spent his final year in
237:
clean-shaven, but had not shaved on the day of his death. The
Tollund Man was approximately 40 years old. The Tollund Man's last meal consisted of a porridge with barley, flax, wild weed seeds, and some fish.
387:
body was desiccated and the tissue disappeared. In 1987, the
Silkeborg Museum reconstructed the body using the skeletal remains as a base. As displayed today, the original head is attached to a
308:
estimated his age as approximately 40 years and height at 1.61 m (5 ft 3 in), a relatively short stature even for the time. It is likely that the body had shrunk in the bog.
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181:. Scholars believe the man was a human sacrifice, rather than an executed criminal, because of the arranged position of his body, and his eyes and mouth being closed.
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made from grains and seeds, both cultivated and wild. Approximately 40 kinds of seeds were identified, but the porridge was primarily composed of four types: barley,
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were undamaged (these vertebrae are often damaged as a result of hanging), radiography showed that the tongue was distended—an indication of death by hanging.
721:
Nielsen, Nina H.; Henriksen, Peter Steen; Mortensen, Morten
Fischer; Enevold, Renée; Mortensen, Martin N.; Scavenius, Carsten; and Enghild, Jan J. (2021).
456:'s peat bogs, finding contemporary political relevance in the relics of the ritualistic killings. Heaney's poem "The Tollund Man", published in his
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The
Tollund Man lay 60 m (200 ft) away from firm ground, buried under 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) of peat, his body arranged in a
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cutters Viggo and Emil
Hojgaard discovered a corpse in the peat layer of the Bjældskovdal peat bog, 12 km (7.5 mi) west of
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to measure the exact quantities to get an accurate idea of where he may have travelled before his death. They took samples from his
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of
Tollund Man indicated that he died circa 405–380 BCE. The preserved tender soft tissues of his body are the consequence of the
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768:
Van Der Plicht, J.; Van Der Sanden, W.A.B; Aerts, A.T; Streurman, H.J (1 April 2004). "Dating bog bodies by means of 14C-AMS".
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Examinations and X-rays showed that the man's head was undamaged, and his heart, lungs and liver were well preserved. The
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The stomach and intestines were examined and tests were carried out on their contents. Scientists identified the man's
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contained in their cell walls. Due to the acidity of peat, bones are typically dissolved rather than preserved.
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433:. Approximately 30 of these bog bodies are housed and/or displayed in Danish museums for continued research.
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658:
Hart, Edward, dir. "Ghosts of
Murdered Kings". NOVA. Prod. Edward Hart and Dan McCabe, PBS, 29 January 2014
1302:
1804:
812:
Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jackson. "L'importance écologique et économique des
Bryophytes".
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209:, which was so well preserved that they at first believed they had discovered a recent murder victim.
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Tollund Man was mentioned in the episode "Mummy in the Maze" of the
American television series
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532:, who writes letters to an English woman, musing on the life and death of the Tollund Man.
479:, uses her characters' obsession with the Tollund Man to provide a satirical criticism of
466:". Heaney wrote an excerpt from the poem in the Tollund Man exhibit's guest book in 1973.
462:
collection, compares the ritual sacrifice to those who died in the sectarian violence of "
8:
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913:, Silkeborg Museum and Amtscentret for Undervisning, Silkeborg Public Library (SPL), 2004
499:
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301:, and that he may have moved at least 30 kilometres (20 mi) in his last six months.
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Image of the facial reconstruction to show what Tollund Man had looked when he was alive
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Both feet and the right thumb, being well conserved by the peat, were also preserved in
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166:. The man's physical features were so well preserved that he was mistaken for a recent
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263:. The acid in the peat, needed for the preservation of a human body, is caused by a
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942:, Silkeborg Museum and Amtscentret for Undervisning, Silkeborg Public Library, 2004
891:, Silkeborg Museum and Amtscentret for Undervisning, Silkeborg Public Library, 2004
869:, Silkeborg Museum and Amtscentret for Undervisning, Silkeborg Public Library, 2004
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have been recovered. Specimens from Jutland include the relatively well-preserved
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On the initial autopsy report in 1950, doctors concluded that Tollund Man died by
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of a man who lived during the 5th century BCE, during the period characterised in
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in the peat, along with the lack of oxygen underneath the surface and the cold
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analysis, making Tollund Man's thumbprint one of the oldest prints on record.
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In Denmark, more than 500 bog bodies and skeletal remains dating to the
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1189:. Translated by Rupert Bruce-Mitford. New York: New York Review Books.
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Tollundmanden: gaven til guderne: mosefund fra Danmarks forhistorie
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The remains of the Tollund Man shortly after his discovery in 1950
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828:"Europe's Famed Bog Bodies Are Starting to Reveal Their Secrets"
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thong, and a smooth hide belt around his waist. Additionally, a
723:"The last meal of Tollund Man: new analyses of his gut content"
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528:. One of the primary characters is a fictional curator at the
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victim. Twelve years before his discovery, another bog body,
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1165:. Dir. Marita Grabiak. Fox. 30 Oct. 2007. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.
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for later examination. In 1976, the Danish police made a
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1019:"Who Were the Ancient Bog Mummies? Surprising New Clues"
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in which a bog body was found in the Shetland Islands.
1224:
People of the Wetlands: Bogs, Bodies and Lake-Dwellers
1077:"The Nobel Prize Winner's Poem about the Tollund Man"
1203:
Mosefolket: Jernalderens Mennesker bevaret i 2000 År
1139:
Bodies in the Bog and the Archaeological Imagination
1265:
https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/46717
1245:(in Danish). Silkeborg, Denmark: Silkeborg Museum.
983:Silkeborg Public Library; Silkeborg Museum (2004).
952:Silkeborg Public Library; Silkeborg Museum (2004).
694:Silkeborg Public Library; Silkeborg Museum (2004).
609:Silkeborg Public Library; Silkeborg Museum (2004).
585:. New York: New York Review of Books. p. 304.
452:'s study of the mummified Iron Age bodies found in
1182:
989:The Tollund Man – A Face from Prehistoric Denmark
958:The Tollund Man – A Face from Prehistoric Denmark
615:The Tollund Man – A Face from Prehistoric Denmark
1751:
1141:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 254–55.
1083:. Silkeborg Public Library. 2004. Archived from
1055:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–196.
177:The cause of death has been determined to be by
1050:
1016:
1342:
1277:Tollund Man – A Face from Prehistoric Denmark
1108:"A New Literary Hero: The Limp, Silent Type"
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277:fights against degradation due to resistant
520:He is also the subject of the modern novel
486:Tollund Man is featured in several songs: "
1349:
1335:
1221:
991:. Silkeborg Public Library. Archived from
960:. Silkeborg Public Library. Archived from
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698:. Silkeborg Public Library. Archived from
617:. Silkeborg Public Library. Archived from
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1053:The Cambridge Companion to Seamus Heaney
511:and was also mentioned in the 2016 film
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150:. He was found in 1950, preserved as a
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1261:Bog Bodies, Face to Face with the Past
1185:The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved
1161:Williams, Scott. "Mummy in the Maze".
1041:
1017:Dell'Amore, Christine (18 July 2014).
945:
825:
583:The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved
241:Scientific examination and conclusions
1785:Archaeological discoveries in Denmark
1330:
1201:Translated from the Danish original:
1105:
675:from the original on 28 November 2020
649:, Archaeological Institute of America
604:
602:
573:
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556:from the original on 18 November 2020
552:. Public Broadcasting System – NOVA.
547:
436:
1317:September 2007: "Tales From the Bog"
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448:wrote a series of poems inspired by
1222:Coles, Bryony; Coles, John (1989).
1118:from the original on 5 October 2017
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490:" (1995) by the American folk band
13:
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838:from the original on 22 April 2021
599:
568:
498:" (2004) by the English rock band
138:(died 405–384 BCE) is a naturally
14:
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1795:Germanic archaeological artifacts
1270:
985:"Preservation of the Tollund Man"
770:Journal of Archaeological Science
696:"The Tollund Man: Hair and beard"
401:List of bog bodies § Denmark
128:161 cm (5 ft 3 in)
1293: (archived 1 September 2000)
816:(2012): p. 705, 17 October 2014.
216:. He wore a pointed skin cap of
37:The Tollund Man's preserved head
31:
1775:1950 archaeological discoveries
1707:Wetland deposits in Scandinavia
1205:, 1965. The Knowledge article:
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261:climate of the Nordic countries
224:, fastened under his chin by a
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669:"The discovery of Tollund Man"
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429:, and the similarly conserved
375:The Tollund Man on display at
16:Iron Age bog body from Denmark
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1304:The Tollund Man in Springtime
1226:. London: Thames and Hudson.
814:Campbell Biologie 4th Edition
382:The body is displayed at the
174:, was found in the same bog.
57:
46:
1661:Windover archaeological site
1106:Boxer, Sarah (2 June 1991).
1051:O'Donoghue, Bernard (2009).
859:The Tollund Man's Appearance
535:
184:
63:present-day Tollund, Denmark
7:
1241:Fischer, Christian (2007).
903:Was the Tollund Man Hanged?
826:Levine, Joshua (May 2017).
10:
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1800:May 1950 events in Europe
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800:10.1016/j.jas.2003.09.012
124:
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68:
53:
42:
30:
23:
645:18 November 2012 at the
548:Lewis, Susan K. (2006).
496:Curse of the Tollund Man
284:Scientists conducted an
1810:Human sacrifice victims
1424:Girl of the Uchter Moor
1259:Giles, Melanie (2020).
1137:Sanders, Karin (2009).
640:"Violence in the Bogs"
379:
249:
194:
60:405–384 BCE (aged ~40)
1770:5th-century BC people
1765:5th-century BC deaths
1760:5th-century BC births
1636:Wittmoor bog trackway
522:Meet Me at the Museum
399:Further information:
374:
248:
192:
1624:Archaeological sites
1367:(approx. deathdates)
964:on 23 September 2007
832:Smithsonian Magazine
739:10.15184/aqy.2021.98
671:. Museum Silkeborg.
473:, in her 1989 novel
444:-winning Irish poet
109:56.16444°N 9.39278°E
1712:Gundestrup cauldron
1315:National Geographic
1087:on 20 February 2016
1029:on 18 November 2020
1023:National Geographic
782:2004JArSc..31..471V
483:'s modern England.
476:A Natural Curiosity
105: /
69:Cause of death
1805:Pre-Roman Iron Age
1692:List of bog bodies
1666:Little Salt Spring
1594:Amcotts Moor Woman
1282:Tollund Man at PBS
1112:The New York Times
938:2017-04-30 at the
929:Silkeborg Museum,
909:2011-07-19 at the
900:Silkeborg Museum,
887:2011-07-19 at the
878:Silkeborg Museum,
865:2011-07-19 at the
856:Silkeborg Museum,
733:(383): 1195–1212.
621:on 9 December 2013
492:The Mountain Goats
437:In popular culture
380:
321:cervical vertebrae
279:phenolic compounds
253:Radiocarbon dating
250:
195:
148:Pre-Roman Iron Age
89:Silkeborg, Denmark
1815:Deaths by hanging
1747:
1746:
1252:978-87-7739-966-4
1233:978-0-500-02112-5
1148:978-0-226-73404-0
1062:978-0-521-83882-5
592:978-1-59017-090-8
481:Margaret Thatcher
132:
131:
114:56.16444; 9.39278
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1739:Ritual sacrifice
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530:Silkeborg Museum
471:Margaret Drabble
431:Haraldskær Woman
423:Moesgaard Museum
415:Huldremose Woman
411:Borremose bodies
384:Silkeborg Museum
377:Silkeborg Museum
306:Silkeborg Museum
286:isotope analysis
140:mummified corpse
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1484:Old Croghan Man
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1298:The Tollund Man
1291:Wayback Machine
1287:The Tollund Man
1273:
1263:. Open Access,
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1216:Further reading
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1172:General sources
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995:on 4 March 2016
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954:"Finger-Prints"
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940:Wayback Machine
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881:Latest Research
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1570:54 BC–128 AD)
1565:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1544:Weerdinge Men
1542:
1535:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1515:
1514:Grauballe Man
1512:
1505:
1504:Damendorf Man
1502:
1495:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1455:
1454:Kayhausen Boy
1452:
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1435:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1400:3320–3220 BC)
1395:
1392:
1390:3920–3650 BC)
1385:
1382:
1375:
1374:Koelbjerg Man
1372:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
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1333:
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1309:Seamus Heaney
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1196:1-59017-090-3
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932:The Last Meal
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702:on 1 May 2012
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584:
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555:
551:
550:"Tollund Man"
544:
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531:
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526:Anne Youngson
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459:Wintering Out
455:
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446:Seamus Heaney
443:
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428:
424:
420:
419:Grauballe Man
416:
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392:
391:of the body.
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317:strangulation
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162:peninsula in
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56:
52:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1721:
1697:List of bogs
1631:Cladh Hallan
1606:(14th c. AD)
1604:Bocksten Man
1534:Lindow Woman
1494:Elling Woman
1463:
1384:Luttra Woman
1314:
1303:
1297:
1260:
1242:
1223:
1206:
1202:
1184:
1162:
1157:
1138:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1111:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1080:
1071:
1052:
1031:. Retrieved
1027:the original
1022:
999:22 September
997:. Retrieved
993:the original
988:
978:
968:22 September
966:. Retrieved
962:the original
957:
947:
931:
902:
896:
880:
874:
858:
852:
840:. Retrieved
831:
821:
813:
808:
773:
769:
763:
730:
726:
716:
704:. Retrieved
700:the original
689:
677:. Retrieved
663:
654:
635:
625:22 September
623:. Retrieved
619:the original
614:
582:
560:22 September
558:. Retrieved
543:
521:
519:
512:
506:
504:
500:The Darkness
485:
474:
468:
464:the Troubles
457:
440:
404:
395:Other bodies
381:
354:
343:
325:
315:rather than
310:
303:
283:
274:
268:
251:
211:
196:
176:
172:Elling Woman
135:
133:
75:(presumably
18:
1671:Lindow Moss
1616:18th c. AD)
1600:200–400 AD)
1584:Osterby Man
1500:350–150 BC)
1490:362–175 BC)
1480:392–201 BC)
1464:Tollund Man
1460:400–300 BC)
1450:470–120 BC)
1444:Gallagh Man
1430:764–515 BC)
1179:Glob, P. V.
1122:20 February
1091:20 November
679:16 February
488:Tollund Man
442:Nobel Prize
361:fingerprint
144:Scandinavia
136:Tollund Man
112: /
49:445–420 BCE
25:Tollund Man
1790:Bog bodies
1754:Categories
1729:Peter Glob
1702:Bog butter
1646:Nydam Mose
1590:70–220 AD)
1524:Lindow Man
1520:3rd c. BC)
1470:4th c. BC)
1404:Cashel Man
1365:Bog bodies
1358:Bog bodies
706:10 October
450:P. V. Glob
87:8 May 1950
1676:Chat Moss
1656:Falbygden
1574:Windeby I
1181:(2004) .
786:CiteSeerX
755:238030730
747:0003-598X
727:Antiquity
536:Citations
514:Sacrifice
350:knotgrass
328:last meal
290:strontium
265:bryophyte
218:sheepskin
203:Silkeborg
185:Discovery
156:Silkeborg
100:9°23′34″E
97:56°9′52″N
1685:See also
1564:Yde Girl
1410:2000 BC)
1380:8000 BC)
1116:Archived
1033:13 March
936:Archived
907:Archived
885:Archived
863:Archived
842:22 April
836:Archived
673:Archived
643:Archived
581:(2004).
579:Glob, P.
554:Archived
407:Iron Age
357:formalin
332:porridge
275:Sphagnum
270:Sphagnum
232:made of
152:bog body
1510:300 BC)
1440:490 BC)
1420:770 BC)
1289:at the
778:Bibcode
454:Jutland
389:replica
367:Display
313:hanging
299:Denmark
234:plaited
207:Denmark
179:hanging
164:Denmark
160:Jutland
158:on the
154:, near
146:as the
73:Hanging
1249:
1230:
1193:
1145:
1059:
788:
753:
745:
589:
427:Aarhus
348:) and
267:named
168:murder
125:Height
1734:Mummy
1163:Bones
751:S2CID
524:, by
508:Bones
494:and "
425:near
336:gruel
294:femur
230:noose
1301:and
1247:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1124:2017
1093:2015
1057:ISBN
1035:2017
1001:2007
970:2007
844:2021
743:ISSN
708:2009
681:2021
627:2007
587:ISBN
562:2007
340:flax
257:acid
226:hide
222:wool
220:and
199:peat
134:The
54:Died
43:Born
1307:by
796:doi
735:doi
334:or
330:as
1756::
1614:c.
1598:c.
1588:c.
1578:c.
1568:c.
1558:c.
1548:c.
1538:c.
1528:c.
1518:c.
1508:c.
1498:c.
1488:c.
1478:c.
1468:c.
1458:c.
1448:c.
1438:c.
1428:c.
1418:c.
1408:c.
1398:c.
1388:c.
1378:c.
1114:.
1110:.
1079:.
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1021:.
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956:.
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774:31
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780::
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564:.
79:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
