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171:-rich lands of eastern Colorado and western Kansas, becoming increasingly belligerent over the tide of white immigration across their lands, particularly in the Smoky Hill River country of Kansas, along which whites had opened a new trail to the gold fields. Cheyennes opposed to the treaty said that it had been signed by a small minority of the chiefs without the consent or approval of the rest of the tribe, that the signatories had not understood what they signed, and that they had been bribed to sign by a large distribution of gifts. The whites, however, claimed the treaty was a "solemn obligation" and considered that those Indians who refused to abide by it were hostile and planning a war.
306:"Beginning at the mouth of the Sandy Fork of the Arkansas River and extending westwardly along the said river to the mouth of Purgatory River; thence along up the west bank of the Purgatory River to the northern boundary of the Territory of New Mexico; thence west along said boundary to a point where a line drawn due south from a point on the Arkansas River, five miles east of the mouth of the Huerfano River, would intersect said northern boundary of New Mexico; thence due north from that point on said boundary of the Sandy Fork to the place of the beginning."
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tribes. A significant proportion of
Cheyennes opposed this treaty on the grounds that only a minority of Cheyenne chiefs had signed, and without the consent or approval of the rest of the tribe. Different responses to the treaty became a source of conflict between whites and Indians, leading to the
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The new reserve, less than one-thirteenth the size of the 1851 reserve, was located in eastern
Colorado along the Arkansas River between the northern boundary of New Mexico and Sand Creek. Some bands of Cheyenne including the
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of 1864–1865. On
November 29, 1864, troops under Chivington attacked a peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho camp at Sand Creek on the reserve established for them under the Treaty of Fort Wise. This event became known as the
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that had evolved beginning in the 1830s, were angry at those chiefs who had signed the treaty, disavowing the treaty and refusing to abide by its constraints. They continued to live and hunt in the
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between the United States and various tribes including the
Cheyenne and Arapaho, the Cheyenne and Arapaho were recognized to hold a vast territory encompassing the lands between the
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and a consequent flood of white emigration across
Cheyenne and Arapaho lands. Colorado territorial officials pressured federal authorities to redefine the extent of
490:
112:
452:
Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1904, pp. 807–811 . Through Oklahoma State University Library, Electronic Publishing Center.
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Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1904, pp. 594–596 . Through Oklahoma State University Library, Electronic Publishing Center.
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On
February 18, 1861, six chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne and four of the Arapaho signed the Treaty of Fort Wise with the United States, at
139:, in which they ceded to the United States most of the lands designated to them by the Fort Laramie treaty. The Cheyenne chiefs were
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12 Stat. 1163, Feb. 15, 1861. Ratified Aug. 6, 1861; proclaimed Dec. 5, 1861. In
Charles J. Kappler, compiler and editor,
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Treaty between the United States of
America and the Arapahoe and Cheyenne Indians of the Upper Arkansas River
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treaty lands, and in the fall of 1860 A.B. Greenwood, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, arrived at
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returned to Colorado Territory and were mounted as a home guard under the command of Colonel
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of 1861 was a treaty entered into between the United States and six chiefs of the Southern
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297:"Treaty with the Arapaho and Cheyenne, 1861" (Treaty of Fort Wise). 12 Stat. 1163, p. 810.
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1861 treaty between the United States and representatives of the Cheyenne and Arapaho
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Campaigns and Commanders Series, vol. 3. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
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241:"Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux, Etc., 1851." 11 Stats. 749, Sept. 17, 1851.
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11 Stats. 749, Sept. 17, 1851. In Charles J. Kappler, compiler and editor,
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197:. In March 1862, the Coloradans defeated the Texas Confederate Army in the
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409:. Ed. by Savoie Lottinville. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
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Approximate territory of the Arapaho and Cheyenne Indian tribes in 1851
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adopted a hard line against Indians. Continuing escalation led to the
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Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes 1850-1890
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446:"Treaty with the Arapaho and Cheyenne, 1861" (Treaty of Fort Wise).
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151:, Little Wolf, Tall Bear, and Left Hand; the Arapaho chiefs were
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Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties — Vol. II: Treaties.
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Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties — Vol. II: Treaties.
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in 1861 led to the organization of military forces in
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along the Arkansas River to negotiate a new treaty.
424:. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company.
377:Washita, The Southern Cheyenne and the U.S. Army.
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436:"Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux, Etc., 1851."
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213:. Chivington and Colorado territorial governor
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407:Life of George Bent Written from His Letters
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99:in Colorado (then part of the western
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175:Colorado War and Sand Creek Massacre
155:, Storm, Shave-Head, and Big Mouth.
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392:The Peace Chiefs of the Cheyennes
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360:Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
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420:Michno, Gregory F. (2003).
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375:Greene, Jerome A. (2004).
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119:Treaty of Fort Wise (1861)
59:By the terms of the 1851
27:and four of the Southern
405:Hyde, George E. (1968).
315:Greene 2004, pp. 12-13.
199:Battle of Glorieta Pass
39:of 1864, including the
71:and eastward from the
61:Treaty of Fort Laramie
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189:The beginning of the
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501:1861 in American law
471:US Statutes at Large
390:Hoig, Stan. (1980).
285:Greene 2004, p. 12.
259:Greene 2004, p. 27.
224:Sand Creek Massacre
185:Sand Creek massacre
41:Sand Creek Massacre
21:Treaty of Fort Wise
333:Hyde 1968, p. 118.
195:Colorado Territory
191:American Civil War
87:, most of eastern
65:North Platte River
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342:Hoig 1980, p. 63.
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153:Little Raven
141:Black Kettle
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129:Big Timbers
75:to western
480:Categories
357:. (1970).
355:Brown, Dee
349:References
215:John Evans
203:New Mexico
469:) in the
230:Footnotes
149:Lean Bear
137:Fort Wise
105:gold rush
486:Cheyenne
89:Colorado
85:Nebraska
25:Cheyenne
165:Lakotas
109:Indians
95:in the
81:Wyoming
29:Arapaho
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77:Kansas
32:Indian
169:bison
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