Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo

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Dajabón, comunicó al presidente Boyer que la bandera de Haití había sido enarbolada en aquella ciudad y cinco días después, una junta popular organizada en Santiago denunció la obra de Núñez de Cáceres como "antisocial", llamando en su auxilio a Boyer. (...) En Haití, donde el movimiento unionista de los pueblos del Cibao Central y fronterizos había sido recibido calurosamente, el movimiento independentista de Núñez de Cáceres no encontró simpatía. Por ello, el periódico La Concordia "gazeta del gobierno de Haití" (...) censura la proclamación de la independencia de Núñez de Cáceres, cuestionando la confederación del nuevo Estado con Colombia. El periódico resaltaba que la confederación debió hacerse con Haití pues a su entender era "la confederación legítima preparada por la naturaleza"... (...) Boyer salió de Puerto Príncipe a finales de enero con su ejército que se dividió en dos partes: una que cruzó la frontera por el Norte y otra por el Sur, y el día 9 de febrero de 1822 hizo su entrada a la ciudad de Santo Domingo, donde luego de los actos de recibimiento oficiales de rigor que encabezó el Dr. Núñez de Cáceres, que envolvieron un tedéum en la Catedral y la entrega de la llave de la ciudad, que no quiso aceptar expresando «que no había entrado en ella como conquistador sino por la voluntad de sus habitantes»; poco después, en acto público solemne efectuado en la plaza principal, tomó su primera ejecutoria como Gobernador del territorio antiguamente español, proclamando la abolición de la esclavitud.

1109: 79: 65: 2773: 646: 843: 1313: 333: 1199: 938: 96: 308: 930:(administrative districts) and communes. The departments established in the west were, Nord, Ouest, Sud, and Artibonite, while the east was divided into Ozama and Cibao. This period led to large-scale land expropriations and failed efforts to force production of export crops, impose military services, restrict the use of the Spanish language, and suppress traditional customs . There was also a resurgence of the decades-old rivalries between the governing Haitian elite ( 681: 721: 1036:, to send formally enslaved Africans from the United States to Haiti was supported and embraced by the Haitian government in attempts to "blacken" the eastern Dominican side and make Haiti seem like a safe haven for black people. Various trips were made from the United States to Haiti, and in 1824, the largest trip to the Dominican side consisted of 6,000 enslaved Africans, went to Samana, creating the 910: 1040:. Black refugees who had been subjected to slavery in other foreign territories (including Puerto Rico and Martinique) escaped to Santo Domingo and successfully claimed freedom under Haitian law. They testified to local Dominican officials (who now worked for the Haitian government) that they had sought to travel to Santo Domingo because they viewed it as a "free country" after annexation by Haiti. 885:. In contrast, the white and multiracial populations, however, found themselves split on the idea of merging with the neighboring country. After deals with Bolivar fell through and receiving messages of economic and military support from Boyer, Caceres found himself more obliged to side with Creole Haiti. The idea had been gaining some traction among members of the military, and in 1821 Governor 758:, thereby reestablishing Spanish sovereignty. During his government he harshly repressed any independence attempt, acting with total impunity. Sanchez convened the board of Bondillo, which established new laws and declared null and void the Treaty of Basel. So the board confirmed the permanence of Santo Domingo in Spanish hands. Santo Domingo was declared Spanish by Ramírez in July 1809. 612:. On his retreat from Santo Domingo, Dessalines arrived in Santiago on 12 April 1805. While in Santiago, Haitian forces set fire to the town, including churches and convents. The army killed approximately 400 inhabitants including some priests and took prisoners to Haiti. More people were killed on Dessalines' orders in the French-held portions of the island, including the towns of 1075:(ACS) noticed the recruitment effort. Concerned that free blacks could never assimilate to the United States, its members founded their society in 1816 to send American blacks to Africa and elsewhere. It was an uneasy collaboration between abolitionists and slaveholders, who approached the issue from differing viewpoints. The ACS planned colonization in what became 1051:: restrictions of movement, prohibition to run for public office, night curfews, inability to travel in groups, banning of civilian organizations, and the indefinite closure of the state university (on the alleged grounds of its being a subversive organization) all led to the creation of movements advocating a forceful separation from Haiti with no compromises. 1215:

Haitian soldiers tried to gain back control of lost territory, but this effort was to no avail as the Dominicans would go on to decisively win every battle henceforth. In March 1844, a 30,000-strong two-pronged attack by Haitians was successfully repelled by an under-equipped Dominican army under the

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instituted in 1838. In the rural and rugged mountainous areas, the Haitian administration was usually too inefficient to enforce its own laws. It was in the city of Santo Domingo that the effects of the occupation were most acutely felt, and it was there that the movement for independence originated.

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occupied by the French since 1793. However, due to the near chaotic situation in Saint-Domingue resulting from uprisings by mulattos and freedmen since 1791, the expected armed opposition of the Spanish settlers of Santo Domingo who feared the abolition of slavery if the French were to take over, and

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Santo Domingo was regionally divided with many rival and competing provincial leaders. During this period, the Spanish crown had limited influence in the colony. Dominican military leaders had become rulers, where the "law of machete" governed the land. On November 9, 1821, the former captain general

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arose because of "scarce population, low value of the land, the absence of officials qualified to survey the lands, and the difficulty of dividing up the ranch in such a way that each would receive a share of the grasslands, forests, streams, palm groves, and small agricultural plots that, only when

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discovered that some of the Dominican military officers in Azua and Santo Domingo had already become part of the plan for unification with Haiti. A defining moment took place on November 15, 1821, when the leaders of several Dominican frontier towns, particularly Dajabón and Montecristi, adopted the

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La actividad de los agentes haitianos, más los pronunciamentos de los pueblos de la zona Norte y de otras en la zona fronteriza, en favor de la unidad con Haití, y los constantes rumores sobre la entrada a la colonia del ejército de Boyer,... (...) El 15 de diciembre, Andrés Amarante, comandante de

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with 12,000 soldiers in February 1822, against a significantly smaller, untrained army serving some 70,000 Dominican souls (Haiti had a population around 600,000 people). On 9 February 1822, Boyer formally entered the capital city, Santo Domingo after its ephemeral independence. The island was thus

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region were opposed to the union with Gran Colombia and also sided with Haiti. Boyer, on the other hand, had several objectives in the island that he proclaimed to be "one and indivisible": to maintain Haitian independence against potential French or Spanish attack or reconquest and to maintain the

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Haitian rebel leaders encouraged fugitive African slaves to move into Hispaniola and they formed communities such as San Lorenzo de Los Mina, which is currently part of the "city" of Santo Domingo. Fugitives arrived from other parts of the West Indies as well, especially from the various islands of

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To raise funds for the huge indemnity of 150 million francs that Haiti agreed to pay the former French colonists, and which was subsequently lowered to 60 million francs, the Haitian government imposed heavy taxes on the Dominicans. Since Haiti was unable to adequately provision its army, the

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rang with the shots of the plotters, who had emerged from their meetings to openly challenge the Haitians. Their efforts were successful, and for the next ten years, Dominican military strongmen fought to preserve their country's independence from the Haitian government. After ousting the Haitian

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to recruit emigrants, starting in New York. The organization hoped to resettle 100,000 free blacks within 10 years. Haiti was recommended as the ideal black homeland, due to its moderate weather conditions and black government. After Dewey wrote to Boyer to determine if he was still interested in

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of Spanish colonial power in the New World, had long fallen into decline. The economy was stalled, the land largely unexploited and used for subsistence agriculture and cattle ranching, and the population was much lower than in Saint-Domingue. The accounts by the Dominican essayist and politician

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through Cotuí as well as to other territories of the Spanish Antilles. Prisoners rounded up by the troups were forced to accompany the army back to Haiti, where, once they arrived, were either killed or forced to work on plantations. In total, over the course of a few weeks, nearly half of Santo

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However, Ramirez established the slave system, which had been abolished by the Haitians, and the poor population grew in Santo Domingo. So several attempts coup d'état to expel to Sánchez Ramírez of the Santo Domingo's government took place. The people who rebelled against their government were

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Under Toussaint Louverture's government, slavery was abolished for the first time on the eastern portion of Hispaniola until the colony was ceded to France. While the French had lost their former colony of Saint-Domingue by 1804, the French commander of the former Spanish side had been able to

901:. The Haitian military had been hardened after decades of conflict with European powers and rival political factions in Haiti, and memories of the numerous racial massacres of the Revolution were still fresh in the mind of Haitian troops, increasing their determination to never lose a battle. 1091:

The ACS sent Boyer questions related to its goal of a colony for American free blacks. Boyer was confident that his government would be able to receive these people. The ACS tried to negotiate to have the Haitian government pay transportation costs for the emigrants. Boyer responded that the

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Sánchez Ramírez, an agricultural landowner, had already fought against the French in the War of the Convention, and in 1803 he had emigrated to Puerto Rico, from where he returned in 1807 to foment the insurrection. To do this, he requested the help of the governor of Puerto Rico,

878:, the Haitian capital. The Dominicans were unaware that Boyer made a concession to the French, and agreed to pay France 150 million gold francs destined to compensated the former French slave owners. Thus, Haiti would essentially be forced into paying reparations for its freedom. 481:

which led to the eventual removal of the French and the independence of Haiti. Following the independence of Haiti, massive portions of the remaining French population were murdered. The eastern portion of the island was preparing itself for an eventual separation from Spain.

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seized control of Santo Domingo on 27 February 1844. The Haitian forces, unprepared for a significant uprising, surrendered to the Dominican rebels, effectively ending Haitian rule of eastern Hispaniola. In March Rivière-Hérard attempted to reimpose his authority, but the

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government would pay for those who could not afford it, but the ACS would have to take care of the rest of the finances. Beginning in September 1824, nearly 6,000 Americans, mostly free blacks, migrated to the island within a year, with ships departing from New York,

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Gaspar de Arredondo y Pichardo wrote, "40 children had their throats cut at the church in Moca, and the bodies found at the presbytery, which is the space that encircles the church's altar..." Survivors from the raids fled to western locations including

658:. The white families who stayed on the island did not consider owning slaves due to the political crisis in the island but the few rich white elites that did, fled the colony. Many of these white families that stayed on the island settled in the 747:, and of Dominican settlers who had fled to that island, with whose forces he revolted against the French troops of general and governor Jean-Louis Ferrand, whom he defeated on 11 July 1808 in the battle of Palo Hincado. 653:

Due to the political instability and volatile environment in the island, many of the wealthiest white families in Santo Domingo fled between 1795 and 1820. They settled in Venezuela, Puerto Rico, and Cuba resulting in a

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During the second half of the eighteenth century, Saint-Domingue quickly developed into the most prosperous plantation colony of the New World. As a result of the sugar plantations of the French colony worked by

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was also spoken; eventually becoming Haitian territories; however, these cities would often be disputed between the two countries. The boundary was finally set in 1929, and demarcated in 1935–1936.

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occupying force from the country, Dominican nationalists fought against a series of attempted Haitian invasions that served to consolidate their independence from 1844 to 1856. Under the command of

897:, having at their disposal only an untrained infantry force. Haiti's population was eight to ten times larger than that of the Dominican population, and the Dominicans had to also contend with a 862:

A group of Dominican politicians and military officers in the frontier region favored uniting the newly independent nation with Haiti, as they sought political support from Haitian president

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with the French slave-masters who had exploited them before independence, confiscated all church property, deported all foreign clergy, and severed the ties of the remaining clergy to the

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Santo Domingo attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. Dominican nationalists led an insurrection against the Haitians. On the morning of 27 February 1844, the gates of

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families" at that era, specially during the slave revolts. Nevertheless, during the Dominican independence movement many whites returned back to the island to reclaim their territory.

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decided to delay the occupation until such time as it had enough military and naval forces to take possession of the eastern part of the island. This was to occur in January 1801 when

2731: 1285: 473:, governed by Spain, occupying the eastern two-thirds of Hispaniola. By the 1790s, large-scale rebellions erupted in the western portion of the island, spearheaded by men such as 592:. Unable to overpower the Spanish–French defense, and intimidated by the arrival of a French fleet in support of Borgella in Santo Domingo, the army of Dessalines along with 881:

Support of the unification found itself to be more popular among the Black population who believed that Boyers government would usher an era of social reform, including the

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While appeasing the Dominican frontier officers, Jean-Pierre Boyer was already in negotiations with France to prevent an attack by fourteen French warships stationed near

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Haiti's constitution also forbade white elites from owning land, and the major landowning families were forcibly deprived of their properties. Many emigrated to

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He suspended the confiscations that the French government had executed against the colony. He also allowed the British to trade in the ports of Santo Domingo.

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to concede. In the most thorough and intense encounter of all, Dominicans armed with swords sent Haitian troops into flight on all three fronts in 1855.

708:); and immediately they started a series of wars to take over the other's side. The internal military conflicts lasted until 1820 when Haitian president 3432: 2534:, from Girard Alphonse Firire, PhD, "HAITI AND ITS DIASPORA: NEW HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC FRONTIERS", 27 August 1999, accessed 15 January 2010 1379:

was known during this period. "Dominican Republic" only began to be used as the most common name for the country in English in the early 20th century.

2031: 1674: 3166: 2828: 2823: 818:, the colony's former administrator, and the rebels proclaimed independence from the Spanish crown on 1 December 1821. The new nation was known as 1481: 1145:

to gain independence from Haiti. After they revealed themselves as revolutionaries working for Dominican independence, the new Haitian president,

3966: 3951: 2911: 1697:. Book digitized by Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the Internet Archive. Imprenta de Garcia hermanos. pp. 3519: 1268:), among others, remained isolated with little communication with the Dominican capital while there were a growing Haitian influence, as the 3284: 3006: 3001: 2950: 2721: 2527: 922:

united from "Cape Tiburon to Cape Samana in possession of one government." Upon unification of both French-side (Haitï) and Spanish-side (

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had been the indigenous name of the island. On 1 December 1821 a constitutive act was ordered to petition the union of Spanish Haiti with

3257: 2996: 2906: 2762: 2660: 1987: 795: 3976: 3030: 538:, then still loyal to France, occupied Santo Domingo in the name of the French Republic. In 1804 the leader of the Haitian revolution, 3095: 3067: 3057: 2813: 2568: 697: 17: 712:

finally unified both the South and North of Haiti. After this, Boyer aimed his sights on the struggling Spanish-side of the island.

2889: 2848: 2843: 2798: 2324: 2230: 2014: 1988:"José Núñez de Cáceres – Enciclopedia – Virtual de Cáceres. (José Núñez de Cáceres – Encyclopedia – Virtual Cáceres) (In Spanish)" 1958: 1731: 2984: 2615: 2479: 1043:

Several resolutions and written dispositions were expressly aimed at converting average Dominicans into second-class citizens as

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under French rule was to be the chief justification of the freed Haitians in their quest to reunite the island under their rule.

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the French lost the western part of the island, while remaining in control of the eastern part of the island until the Spanish

790:(Foolish Spain), in which the Ramirez government punished all those who promoted or fought for the independence of the colony. 426:, decided to overthrow the Spanish government and declared independence from Spain. Meanwhile the mulatto president of Haiti, 3395: 2916: 501:; sugar had become an indispensable commodity in Europe. By contrast, Santo Domingo, the eastern side that had once been the 2385: 2351: 917:

After promising his full support to several Dominican frontier governors and securing their allegiance, Boyer ceremoniously

3780: 1220:. Four years later, Dominican fleets attacked Haitian towns, and land reinforcements in the south to force the determined 1003: 847: 762: 754:, he managed to take the capital of the island. He was therefore appointed captain general and mayor of the island by the 78: 3464: 3052: 3016: 2901: 2833: 2793: 2781: 2689: 893:

The Dominican nationalists who were against the unification of the island were at a serious disadvantage compared to the

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Ramírez was ill and died on February 11, 1811, at the age of fifty, while still ruling the colony, and was buried in the

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In an uprising timed to preempt Báez, on February 27, 1844, the Trinitarios declared independence from Haiti, backed by

962:), which had arisen with the ranching economy, and some people resented being forced to grow cash crops under Boyer and 926:

Spanish Haiti) nations under the Haitian flag, Boyer divided the island into six departments, that were subdivided into

700:(a title created by Dessalines himself), so they went separate ways: Christophe took the North of Haiti (which he named 3611: 3252: 3072: 2940: 2935: 2879: 2862: 2711: 2655: 2608: 1649: 1141: 502: 470: 453:

In the Dominican Republic Independence Day is celebrated on February 27, the day of revolt against Haitian occupation.

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Moya, Pons Frank. 1977. Historia Colonial de Santo Domingo. 3rd ed. Santiago: Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra.

2273: 1362: 886: 95: 2090: 1136: 1120: 994:, usually with the encouragement of Haitian officials, who acquired their lands. The Haitians, who associated the 3956: 3911: 3750: 3621: 3504: 3226: 3130: 3042: 2818: 2803: 2143: 1084: 815: 507: 423: 521:

of 22 July 1795, ceded its two-thirds of the island to France in exchange for the evacuation of the province of

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receiving American immigrants, Boyer proposed that Haiti would seek blacks exclusively from the United States.

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occupying forces largely survived by commandeering or confiscating food and supplies at gunpoint . Attempts to

514:, mulattos, freedmen, and a few black slaves. Saint-Domingue, on the other hand, was nearing a million slaves. 3380: 3375: 3671: 3125: 2923: 2716: 1326: 1193: 1181: 1072: 1033: 1010:, lacking both students and teachers had to close down, and thus the country suffered from a massive case of 579: 247: 1888: 1162: 630: 3981: 3484: 3390: 1712: 1252: 2035: 894: 64: 3699: 3604: 3242: 3175: 1294: 1146: 1021:

throughout the island, and led to the abolition of slavery as an institution in what became known as the

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inflicted heavy losses. Rivière-Hérard was removed from office by the mulatto hierarchy on May 3, 1844.

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Ramírez also tried to restore the Dominican economy, but Spain was engaged in the war against the then

597: 546:. Independence did not come easily given the fact that Haiti had been France's most profitable colony. 531: 1360:

To which the Spanish-speaking inhabitants of the island were also incorporated by, are today known as

3723: 3594: 3180: 2928: 2726: 2706: 2701: 1318: 819: 810:

Jose Nuñez de Cáceres, the first and only governor of The Republic of Spanish Haiti from 1821 to 1822

728: 551: 387: 313: 2128: 739:, resulting in a victory against the French, and the return of Santo Domingo to Spanish governance. 3875: 3577: 3499: 3459: 1666: 963: 527: 326: 1698: 688:

On October 17, 1806, Dessalines was assassinated, an act which was instigated by his own generals

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Yves Benot, "Comment Santo Domingo n'a pas été occupé par la République française en 1795–1796",

1165:, was negotiating with the French Consul-General for the establishment of a French protectorate. 1128: 1112: 585: 539: 478: 372: 3813: 1546: 1246: 1071:

Boyer was heavily involved with the massive migration of black Americans to island in 1824. The

645: 430:, offered his support to the frontier governors, and thus they allowed him to enter the city of 3676: 3640: 3474: 3346: 2667: 2521: 1719:. Digitized by Harvard University on May 25, 2007. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. pp. 212–213. 1590: 736: 1991: 1611: 814:

On 9 November 1821, Spanish colonial rule over Santo Domingo was overthrown by a group led by

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Under his government, Santo Domingo again traded with the allied countries to Spain, and the

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After losing the support of the elites, the Haitian president Boyer was ousted in 1843, with

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under Spanish administration was first ceded to France and merged with the French colony of

3681: 3666: 3570: 3489: 3479: 3264: 2672: 1766:. Digitized by Indiana University on Aug 28, 2008. Editora Universitaria. pp. 137–139. 1431:

Bulletin, Issue 52. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1892. Digitized 14 August 2012. p. 3.

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Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present

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In the aftermath of the war between the new French Republic and Spain, the latter, by the

8: 3961: 3880: 3850: 3560: 3410: 3306: 2752: 1797: 1407: 398:, that lasted twenty-two years, from February 9, 1822, to February 27, 1844. The part of 158: 1821:

Francisco del Rosario Sánchez One of the Padres de la Patria / Fathers of the Patriotism

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The Dominican Racial Imaginary: Surveying the Landscape of Race and Nation in Hispaniola

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After the annexation of the whole island by Haiti, United States' efforts headed by the

696:. Afterward, both Christophe and Pétion failed to agree on who was going to be the next 693: 605: 3845: 3828: 3775: 3745: 3709: 3616: 3550: 3442: 3301: 2631: 2453: 2116: 1739: 1738:(in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Multimedios del Caribe. Archived from 1539: 1376: 1331: 1022: 1007: 543: 447: 411: 351: 165: 2741: 441:

replacing him as president. Nationalist Dominican forces in eastern Hispaniola led by

3885: 3870: 3860: 3760: 3533: 3514: 3405: 3062: 2485: 2457: 2391: 2357: 2330: 2279: 2149: 2096: 1964: 1843: 1801: 1645: 1615: 1604: 1221: 1212: 1132: 1116: 1044: 972: 863: 851: 842: 709: 442: 427: 187: 153: 2677: 2176: 1909: 1763:

Notas para la historia de Moca: 1er centenario de la Provincia Espaillat (1885–1985)

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repulse the attacks of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, but in 1808, the Dominicans, led by

3904: 3865: 3790: 3765: 3704: 3694: 3654: 3363: 3321: 3291: 3274: 3234: 2747: 2445: 1341: 1026: 934:) and the masses of the black population, most notably throughout the western end. 931: 755: 701: 689: 593: 2449: 2434:"All Spirits Are Roused: The 1822 Antislavery Revolution in Haitian Santo Domingo" 3818: 3808: 3755: 3269: 2737: 2531: 2203: 1871: 1833: 1791: 1761: 1639: 1080: 995: 639: 601: 45: 2433: 2214:(in Spanish) (8th ed.). Santo Domingo: Ediciones Taller. pp. 175–178. 750:

Shortly after, with the help of the English fleet that came to support him from

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with around 10,000 soldiers in February 1822 which lead to the occupation.

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a Dominican general commanded the troops that fought against the French in

704:), while Pétion got for himself the South part of Haiti (the newly created 384: 2059: 1264: 662:

region owning land. Historians state that "Santo Domingo lost most of its

510:

cite the Spanish colony's population at around 80,000, mainly composed of

3798: 1963:. Academia Dominicana de la Historia. Editorial Doce Calles. p. 97. 1520: 1240: 983: 971:

Dominican citizens also had more rights than the Haitians who were under

955: 613: 609: 1572: 3494: 2808: 1778:

Memoria de mi salida de la isla de Santo Domingo el 28 de abril de 1805

1453:

First Report of the United States – Board of Geographic Names 1890–1891

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Depiction of Dominican general Jose M. Cabral in the battle of Santome.

720: 680: 669: 588:, invaded from the southern route in opposition of French-led approved 555: 462: 399: 380: 109: 773:

executed by the army, which was at the service of Ramirez, or sent to

2511:. Mt. Pleasant, Michigan: Central Michigan University. pp. 2–50. 2145:

Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint: Nation, State, and Race on Hispaniola

1793:

Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint: Nation, State, and Race on Hispaniola

1093: 625: 566:. However, this short period under which the whole of Hispaniola was 522: 1823:– Colonial Zone-Dominican Republic (DR) – Retrieved 3 November 2012. 909: 1889:"A Case of Mistaken Identity: Antihaitianismo in Dominican Culture" 1449: 1375:"Santo Domingo" is the name under which what today constitutes the 1173: 999: 918: 724:

Portrait of Juan Sánchez Ramírez, painted in the early 19th century

274: 2506: 2313:

transl. Stephen Ault Pg. 83 (Johns Hopkins Press: Baltimore, 1982)

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combined, made possible the exploitation of the ranch." (Hoetink,

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Notes on Haiti: Made During a Residence in that Republic, Volume 1

1017:

Although the occupation instated a constitution modeled after the

617: 3191: 1876:. Washington, DC: American University. pp. 37–38, 40, 51–52. 1780:(Memoirs of my leaving the island of Santo Domingo 28 April 1805) 1076: 751: 143: 1842:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. Santo Domingo: CSIC. pp. 50–51. 1516: 1514: 1123:

are remembered as the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic

2757: 1990:. Encyclopedia – Virtual Cáceres. July 29, 2010. Archived from 1234: 945: 806: 634:

Domingo's population were slaughtered by the Haitian soldiers.

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and approximately 500 people of the northern town of Moca. The

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had done with the Haitian peasantry under the aforementioned

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against their enemies. A large faction based in the northern

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https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahrf_0003-4436_1998_num_311_1_2089

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who worked on his estates. This marked the beginning of the

975:'s code rural, and often functioned as their own overseers. 530:

would seize Santo Domingo if the transfer was effected, the

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Peasants and Poverty (Routledge Revivals): A Study of Haiti

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Bernard-Philippe-Alexis Carrié (1832 – February 1843)

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History of Haiti § The_struggle_for_unity_(1806–1820)

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land conflicted with the system of communal land tenure (

2256:""Huyó todo el que pudo" tras invasión haitiana de 1822" 1910:"'Boyer Invades Eastern Hispaniola' by Juan Camilo Vera" 2349: 2032:"The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic" 1575:(Haiti: A Country Study ed.). Library of Congress. 786:

colonies. His mismanagement led to the period known as

2311:

The Dominican People: Notes for a Historical Sociology

2231:"Is it time for France to pay its real debt to Haiti?" 2034:. All Empires Online History Community. Archived from 1127:

In 1838 a group of educated nationalists, among them,

715: 554:, revolted and the following year, with the help of a 1723: 1439:(Dominican Republic) as it is officially designated." 485: 27:

Haitian rule in the Dominican Republic (1822 to 1844)

2088: 1570: 1308: 1272:

circulated and in addition to the Spanish language,

670:

1806: Struggle to unite the South and North of Haiti

1826: 1729: 1690: 1603: 1538: 2419:"Expedition Magazine | the Samana Americans" 2383: 1673:(in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 1456:. Washington Government Printing Office. p. 1450:United States Geographic Board, ed. (1890–1891). 3938: 2012: 1956: 1606:The Americas in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1850 1541:The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume 3 801: 2630: 2504: 2271: 2228: 2202: 1832: 562:of the city of Santo Domingo. Spanish rule was 1960:Historia de la República Dominicana, Volumen 2 1869: 1730:Martínez Fernández, Héctor (2012-01-28). 1633: 1631: 1587:Annales historiques de la Révolution française 1232:Neighboring towns and cities like Hincha (now 573: 3207: 2616: 2477: 1658: 1434: 465:had been divided into two European colonies: 236:• Dominican Declaration of Independence 2135: 2089:Gates, Henry Louis; Appiah, Anthony (1999). 1814: 1686: 1684: 1573:"Haiti: Growth and Structure of the Economy" 1400:"Dominican Republic – The first colony" 837: 596:raided through the interior Dominican towns 37: 2084: 2082: 2080: 1952: 1950: 1628: 1188:Aftermath and Dominican Independence (1844) 1054: 410:in 1795. However, with the outbreak of the 3214: 3200: 2623: 2609: 2267: 2265: 2023: 2019:. Imprenta de Garcia Hermanos. p. 22. 2006: 1891:. St. Louis, Missouri: Webster University. 1392: 94: 2546:The African Experience in Spanish America 2198: 2196: 2177:"1818–1843 The rule of Jean-Pierre Boyer" 1931: 1929: 1886: 1711: 1681: 1664: 1482:"World Leaders Index: Dominican Republic" 1300:Léo Hérard (1843 – 27 February 1844) 2077: 1947: 1644:. Rutgers University Press. p. 28. 1197: 1107: 944: 936: 908: 841: 805: 719: 679: 644: 584:In February 1805, Haitian forces, under 2262: 2168: 2141: 2054: 2052: 1789: 1637: 1601: 1545:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1536: 1227: 469:, in the west, governed by France; and 461:By the late 18th century the island of 14: 3952:19th century in the Dominican Republic 3939: 2431: 2387:The Haitian Revolution and Its Effects 2193: 1982: 1980: 1926: 1530: 1104:Resistance and subsequent Independence 369:Occupation haïtienne de Saint-Domingue 3195: 2604: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1863: 1759: 1433:"...the Republic of Santo Domingo or 913:Jean-Pierre Boyer, the ruler of Haiti 3433:List of revolutions and coups d'état 2543: 2537: 2322: 2229:Tharoor, Ishaan, ed. (11 May 2015). 2049: 2016:Los restos de Colón en Santo Domingo 1691:del Monte y Tejada, Antonio (1890). 1216:command of the wealthy rancher Gen. 1161:mahogany exporter and deputy in the 2432:Walker, Andrew (12 February 2019). 2210:Período de Integración con Haití". 2174: 1977: 1873:Dominican Republic: A Country Study 1839:Historia de la República Dominicana 1244:), San Rafael de La Angostura (now 1149:, exiled or imprisoned the leading 716:Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo 684:Map of Hispaniola from 1808 to 1820 365:Ocupación haitiana de Santo Domingo 361:Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo 100:Map of Hispaniola from 1822 to 1844 24: 3967:Dominican Republic–Haiti relations 3253:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 3221: 2722:Spanish occupation 1861–1865 2029: 1895: 1571:Haggerty, Richard A., ed. (1989). 846:19th-century French print showing 486:First unification under the French 25: 3993: 3977:Former countries in the Caribbean 2594:Dominican Republic-Haiti Boundary 2544:Rout, Leslie B. (July 30, 1976). 1610:. Yale University Press. p. 1337:History of the Dominican Republic 1250:), San Miguel de la Atalaya (now 941:Map of the island of Haiti (1839) 763:Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino 2771: 2508:From North America to Hispaniola 2350:Trouillot, Michel-Rolph (1990). 1776:Gaspar de Arredondo y Pichardo, 1677:from the original on 2014-12-20. 1311: 1176:who commanded a private army of 1172:, a wealthy cattle-rancher from 1139:founded a secret society called 377:Okipasyon ayisyen nan Sen Domeng 331: 306: 77: 63: 2732:U.S. occupation 1916–1924 2587: 2561: 2552: 2515: 2498: 2471: 2425: 2411: 2377: 2343: 2316: 2299: 2248: 2222: 1880: 1783: 1770: 1753: 1705: 1665:Domínguez, Ángel (2014-04-03). 1595: 1579: 1564: 1553: 1029:persisted in Haitian society. 899:severely underdeveloped economy 3369:Anti-Duvalier protest movement 2326:Historical Dictionary of Haiti 2278:. Bloomsbury. pp. 51–52. 2212:Historia del Pueblo Dominicano 1667:"Opinión: El Degüello de Moca" 1499: 1474: 1443: 1422: 1369: 1354: 871:freedom of its former slaves. 858:to compensate French planters. 13: 1: 3972:Dominican War of Independence 2450:10.1080/0144039X.2019.1565438 2272:Coupeau, Steeve, ed. (2008). 1386: 1327:Dominican War of Independence 1288:(9 February 1822 – 1832) 1194:Dominican War of Independence 1182:Dominican War of Independence 1137:Francisco del Rosario Sánchez 1121:Francisco del Rosario Sánchez 1073:American Colonization Society 1034:American Colonization Society 904: 802:1821: Independence from Spain 735:between 1808 and 1809 in the 580:Siege of Santo Domingo (1805) 544:declared Haiti's independence 456: 248:Dominican War of Independence 2204:Franco Pichardo, Franklin J. 1937:"Governors of Santo Domingo" 1589:, 1998, No. 311, pp. 79–81. 1279: 7: 2569:"Groupe Immobilier d'Haiti" 2548:. CUP Archive. p. 285. 2478:Lundahl, Mats, ed. (2015). 2353:Haiti: State Against Nation 2092:Dominican-Haitian Relations 1760:Julia, Julio Jaime (1985). 1602:Langley, Lester D. (1996). 1429:Hand Book of Santo Domingo: 1410:; Federal Research Division 1304: 1079:for former slaves. In 1817 887:Sebastián Kindelán y Oregon 824:República del Haití Español 574:1805: Haitian slave revolts 10: 3998: 2484:. Routledge. p. 350. 2384:Bryan, Patrick E. (1984). 2060:"Haiti – Historical Flags" 1732:"1805: ¿Degüello en Moca?" 1638:Ricourt, Milagros (2016). 1560:Dominican Independence Day 1286:Jérôme-Maximilien Borgella 1191: 1064: 1058: 1019:United States Constitution 1004:Santo Domingo's university 673: 649:Haitians in Santo Domingo. 577: 532:Committee of Public Safety 526:under the belief that the 489: 3898: 3789: 3731: 3722: 3662: 3653: 3541: 3532: 3450: 3441: 3342:Unification of Hispaniola 3233: 3153: 3086: 3038: 3029: 2972: 2963: 2870: 2861: 2789: 2780: 2769: 2707:Unification of Hispaniola 2639: 2505:Hidalgo, Dennis (2003) . 2390:. Heinemann. p. 43. 2356:. NYU Press. p. 48. 2323:Hall, Michael R. (2012). 2142:Matibag, Eugenio (2003). 2013:Tejera, Emiliano (1878). 1957:Moya Pons, Frank (2010). 1694:Historia de Santo domingo 1319:Dominican Republic portal 1253:Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye 1163:Haitian National Assembly 838:Prelude to the occupation 820:Republic of Spanish Haiti 422:in charge of the colony, 388:Republic of Spanish Haiti 347: 314:Republic of Spanish Haiti 285: 273: 262: 258: 244: 234: 224: 220: 212: 208: 193: 178: 174: 164: 152: 142: 129: 119: 105: 93: 59: 54: 32: 18:Unification of Hispaniola 3455:Administrative divisions 1537:Bethell, Leslie (1984). 1347: 1055:American black migration 964:Joseph Balthazar Inginac 919:marched into the country 416:recaptured Santo Domingo 327:First Dominican Republic 2438:Slavery & Abolition 1870:Thomas E. Weil (1973). 1525:Encyclopædia Britannica 1508:. David Marley, 1998. 856:150 million francs 586:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 540:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 479:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 195:• 1843–1844 180:• 1822–1843 3957:19th-century conflicts 3391:2010s cholera outbreak 3352:Post-imperial Republic 2668:Devastations of Osorio 2148:. Palgrave Macmillan. 1914:islandluminous.fiu.edu 1435: 1295:Charles Rivière-Hérard 1203: 1147:Charles Rivière-Hérard 1124: 950: 949:La Trinitaria meeting. 942: 914: 859: 811: 737:Battle of Palo Hincado 725: 685: 650: 439:Charles Rivière-Hérard 376: 368: 364: 203:Charles Rivière-Hérard 38: 3947:19th century in Haiti 3401:Crisis (2018–present) 1262:), and Veladero (now 1238:), Juana Méndez (now 1201: 1111: 948: 940: 912: 845: 816:José Núñez de Cáceres 809: 765:(UASD) was reopened. 723: 683: 674:Further information: 648: 508:José Núñez de Cáceres 424:José Núñez de Cáceres 130:Common languages 3814:Citadelle Laferrière 3781:Water and sanitation 3520:World Heritage Sites 3265:Atlantic slave trade 3078:Water and sanitation 2525:, Philadelphia, 1824 2275:The History of Haiti 2181:The History of Haiti 1436:República Dominicana 1228:Territorial disputes 1153:. At the same time, 1012:human capital flight 1006:, the oldest in the 883:abolition of slavery 729:Juan Sánchez Ramírez 656:human capital flight 560:ended French control 552:Juan Sánchez Ramírez 536:Toussaint Louverture 475:Toussaint Louverture 250:(end of occupation) 3982:Military occupation 3605:Chamber of Deputies 3588:Commanders-in-chief 2890:Chamber of Deputies 2753:Dominican Civil War 2717:War of Independence 2329:. Scarecrow Press. 1798:Springer Publishing 1790:Matibag, E (2003). 1408:Library of Congress 1256:), Las Caobas (now 988:Spanish possessions 406:as a result of the 226:• Established 159:Military occupation 3886:The Unknown Maroon 3700:Telecommunications 3302:Haitian Revolution 3285:Colonial governors 3258:Colonial governors 3007:Telecommunications 2690:Spanish reconquest 2661:Colonial governors 2632:Dominican Republic 2530:2013-09-10 at the 2306:Terrenos comuneros 2258:. 2 February 2018. 2064:Flags of the World 1943:. 9 November 2006. 1941:El Rincón del Vago 1713:Mackenzie, Charles 1377:Dominican Republic 1332:Haitian Revolution 1204: 1129:Matías Ramón Mella 1125: 1113:Matías Ramón Mella 1023:Dominican Republic 1008:Western Hemisphere 960:terrenos comuneros 951: 943: 915: 860: 812: 726: 686: 651: 412:Haitian Revolution 352:Dominican Republic 39:République d'Haïti 3934: 3933: 3894: 3893: 3871:Sans-Souci Palace 3718: 3717: 3649: 3648: 3612:Political parties 3556:Foreign relations 3528: 3527: 3428:List of massacres 3418:COVID-19 pandemic 3396:Hurricane Matthew 3189: 3188: 3149: 3148: 3025: 3024: 2959: 2958: 2946:Political parties 2907:Foreign relations 2857: 2856: 2763:COVID-19 pandemic 2030:Lancer, Jalisco. 1994:on April 17, 2009 1213:Faustin Soulouque 1155:Buenaventura Báez 1133:Juan Pablo Duarte 1117:Juan Pablo Duarte 986:(these two being 973:Jean-Pierre Boyer 864:Jean-Pierre Boyer 796:National Pantheon 710:Jean-Pierre Boyer 706:Republic of Haiti 443:Juan Pablo Duarte 428:Jean-Pierre Boyer 396:Republic of Haiti 357: 356: 343: 342: 339: 338: 319: 318: 254:February 27, 1844 188:Jean-Pierre Boyer 136: 34:Republic of Haiti 16:(Redirected from 3989: 3914: 3907: 3729: 3728: 3690: 3660: 3659: 3539: 3538: 3448: 3447: 3381:2004 coup d'état 3376:1991 coup d'état 3364:Duvalier dynasty 3275:Peace of Ryswick 3216: 3209: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3169: 3162: 3036: 3035: 2980: 2970: 2969: 2868: 2867: 2787: 2786: 2775: 2748:Parsley massacre 2625: 2618: 2611: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2571:. 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Archived from 1478: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1396: 1380: 1373: 1367: 1358: 1342:History of Haiti 1321: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1061:Samaná Americans 1038:Samaná Americans 1027:forms of slavery 990:at the time) or 895:Haitian military 854:to agree to pay 791: 778: 756:Junta of Seville 702:Kingdom of Haiti 694:Alexandre Pétion 690:Henri Christophe 606:Alexandre Pétion 594:Henri Christophe 385:then-independent 335: 334: 323: 322: 310: 309: 303: 302: 287: 286: 240:January 16, 1844 230:February 9, 1822 198: 183: 134: 98: 81: 67: 49: 41: 30: 29: 21: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3890: 3876:Public holidays 3866:National anthem 3785: 3714: 3688: 3645: 3578:Law enforcement 3524: 3460:Arrondissements 3437: 3423:2021 earthquake 3386:2010 earthquake 3357:U.S. occupation 3248:Taíno chiefdoms 3229: 3220: 3190: 3185: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3145: 3082: 3068:Public holidays 3021: 2978: 2955: 2853: 2829:Protected areas 2804:Ciudad Colonial 2776: 2767: 2742:Héctor Trujillo 2727:Restoration War 2635: 2629: 2599: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2542: 2538: 2532:Wayback Machine 2520: 2516: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2430: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2321: 2317: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2270: 2263: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2235:Washington Post 2227: 2223: 2208:Capítulo XVIII: 2201: 2194: 2185: 2183: 2173: 2169: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2140: 2136: 2124: 2123: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2095:. 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Domingo 389: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 353: 350: 348:Today part of 346: 330: 328: 325: 324: 321: 315: 312: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 284: 281: 278: 276: 275:ISO 3166 code 272: 268: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 243: 239: 233: 229: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 204: 201: 192: 189: 186: 177: 173: 169: 167: 163: 160: 157: 155: 151: 147: 145: 141: 132: 128: 125: 124:Santo Domingo 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: 104: 97: 92: 86: 80: 72: 66: 58: 53: 47: 40: 31: 19: 3804:Coat of arms 3771:Social class 3741:Demographics 3672:Central bank 3566:Human rights 3546:Constitution 3341: 3312:First Empire 3111:Coat of arms 3048:Demographics 2990:Central Bank 2912:Human rights 2897:Constitution 2694: 2682: 2648: 2589: 2577:. 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" 2127:ignored ( 2117:cite book 1736:El Caribe 1363:Dominican 1280:Governors 1265:Belladère 1094:Baltimore 932:mulattoes 626:barrister 523:Guipuzcoa 418:in 1809. 166:President 55:1822–1844 3921:Category 3761:Religion 3583:Military 3534:Politics 3515:Wildlife 3406:Gang war 3243:Timeline 3227:articles 3176:Category 3073:Religion 3063:Language 2941:Politics 2936:Military 2880:Congress 2863:Politics 2849:Wildlife 2528:Archived 2463:9 August 1836:(2010). 1715:(1830). 1675:Archived 1414:June 19, 1305:See also 1174:El Seibo 850:forcing 608:invaded 604:, while 598:Santiago 512:criollos 263:Currency 3905:Outline 3819:Cuisine 3791:Culture 3724:Society 3705:Tourism 3695:Poverty 3687:Gourde 3655:Economy 3500:Islands 3322:Kingdom 3292:Slavery 3270:Maroons 3235:History 3160:Outline 3116:Cuisine 3088:Culture 3031:Society 3012:Tourism 2965:Economy 2875:Cabinet 2839:Regions 2814:Islands 2678:Maroons 2641:History 1547:267–269 1521:"Haiti" 1077:Liberia 1000:Vatican 752:Jamaica 622:La Vega 568:de jure 528:British 246:• 213:History 182:(first) 148:Haitian 138:Spanish 133:French 120:Capital 110:Annexed 3926:Portal 3809:Cinema 3766:People 3756:Health 3600:Senate 3510:Rivers 3470:Cities 3465:Border 3225: 3181:Portal 3141:Sports 3136:People 3106:Cinema 3096:Anthem 3058:Health 3002:Energy 2885:Senate 2844:Rivers 2799:Cities 2794:Border 2758:DOMREP 2738:Rafael 2579:25 May 2488: 2456: 2394: 2360: 2333: 2291:10 May 2282: 2152: 2099: 2069:12 May 1967: 1855:23 May 1846: 1804: 1648: 1618: 1297:(1843) 1270:gourde 1235:Hinche 1119:, and 848:Mackau 826:), as 631:Higüey 267:Gourde 216: 197:(last) 170: 106:Status 46:French 42: 3912:Index 3856:Music 3851:Media 3736:Crime 3317:State 3223:Haiti 3167:Index 3131:Music 3043:Crime 2985:Banks 2977:Peso 2454:S2CID 1701:–198. 1348:Notes 1178:peons 1157:, an 1045:Boyer 868:Cibao 852:Boyer 828:Haiti 775:Ceuta 660:Cibao 618:Cotuí 269:(HTG) 114:Haiti 3824:Flag 3634:List 3622:List 3121:Flag 2740:and 2581:2014 2486:ISBN 2465:2022 2405:2015 2392:ISBN 2371:2015 2358:ISBN 2331:ISBN 2293:2017 2280:ISBN 2242:2015 2150:ISBN 2129:help 2097:ISBN 2071:2017 2000:2010 1965:ISBN 1857:2013 1844:ISBN 1802:ISBN 1646:ISBN 1616:ISBN 1465:2015 1416:2008 1159:Azua 1135:and 1096:and 980:Cuba 924:then 692:and 664:best 638:the 620:and 610:Azua 602:Moca 600:and 477:and 359:The 71:Flag 3799:Art 3101:Art 2924:Law 2446:doi 1699:196 1612:136 966:'s 112:to 3943:: 2452:. 2442:40 2440:. 2436:. 2264:^ 2233:. 2195:^ 2179:. 2121:: 2119:}} 2115:{{ 2079:^ 2062:. 2051:^ 1979:^ 1949:^ 1928:^ 1912:. 1897:^ 1796:. 1734:. 1683:^ 1669:. 1630:^ 1614:. 1523:, 1513:^ 1467:. 1458:45 1406:. 1402:. 1184:. 1131:, 1115:, 1100:. 1025:, 1014:. 1002:. 982:, 834:. 798:. 642:. 616:, 542:, 375:: 371:; 280:HT 3215:e 3208:t 3201:v 2744:) 2624:e 2617:t 2610:v 2583:. 2494:. 2467:. 2448:: 2421:. 2407:. 2373:. 2339:. 2295:. 2244:. 2189:. 2164:. 2131:) 2111:. 2073:. 2045:. 2002:. 1973:. 1922:. 1859:. 1810:. 1749:. 1654:. 1624:. 1549:. 1527:. 1495:. 1418:. 1365:. 777:. 48:) 44:( 20:)

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