Venus - Knowledge

2476: 1688: 2560: 18995: 2602: 3764: 1891: 2211: 1605: 2716:—an apparent weak illumination of its dark side, seen when the planet is in the crescent phase. The first claimed observation of ashen light was made in 1643, but the existence of the illumination has never been reliably confirmed. Observers have speculated it may result from electrical activity in the Venusian atmosphere, but it could be illusory, resulting from the physiological effect of observing a bright, crescent-shaped object. The ashen light has often been sighted when Venus is in the evening sky, when the evening terminator of the planet is towards Earth. 2082:. Clouds at different levels have different compositions and particle size distributions. These clouds reflect, similar to thick cloud cover on Earth, about 70% of the sunlight that falls on them back into space, and since they cover the whole planet they prevent visual observation of Venus's surface. The permanent cloud cover means that although Venus is closer than Earth to the Sun, it receives less sunlight on the ground, with only 10% of the received sunlight reaching the surface, resulting in average daytime levels of illumination at the surface of 14,000 1296: 2985: 4207: 3840: 105: 19227: 1490: 1394: 2020:

have formed before this event, there is speculation on the possibility that life exists in the upper cloud layers of Venus, 50 km (30 mi) up from the surface, where the atmospheric conditions are the most Earth-like in the Solar System, with temperatures ranging between 303 and 353 K (30 and 80 °C; 86 and 176 °F), and the pressure and radiation being about the same as at Earth's surface, but with acidic clouds and the carbon dioxide air. Venus's atmosphere could also have a potential thermal

2904: 1673:. Three of the spots were observed in more than one successive orbit. These spots are thought to represent lava freshly released by volcanic eruptions. The actual temperatures are not known, because the size of the hot spots could not be measured, but are likely to have been in the 800–1,100 K (527–827 °C; 980–1,520 °F) range, relative to a normal temperature of 740 K (467 °C; 872 °F). In 2023, scientists reexamined topographical images of the Maat Mons region taken by the 1729: 2411: 2041: 2247: 1836:. The core is thought to be electrically conductive and, although its rotation is often thought to be too slow, simulations show it is adequate to produce a dynamo. This implies that the dynamo is missing because of a lack of convection in Venus's core. On Earth, convection occurs in the liquid outer layer of the core because the bottom of the liquid layer is much higher in temperature than the top. On Venus, a global resurfacing event may have shut down plate tectonics and led to a reduced 1764:. Like that of Earth, the Venusian core is most likely at least partially liquid because the two planets have been cooling at about the same rate, although a completely solid core cannot be ruled out. The slightly smaller size of Venus means pressures are 24% lower in its deep interior than Earth's. The predicted values for the moment of inertia based on planetary models suggest a core radius of 2,900–3,450 km. This is in line with the first observation-based estimate of 3,500 km. 283: 19221: 3702: 51: 17340: 2523: 17350: 19233: 2895: 3245: 19951: 3310: 3408: 18971: 4297: 18983: 4325: 19963: 4311: 3548:, a gas not known to be produced by any known chemical processes on the Venusian surface or atmosphere, in the upper levels of the planet's clouds. One proposed source for this phosphine is living organisms. The phosphine was detected at heights of at least 30 miles (48 km) above the surface, and primarily at mid-latitudes with none detected at the poles. The discovery prompted 19939: 2112:" that bore a strong resemblance to terrestrial snow. This substance likely formed from a similar process to snow, albeit at a far higher temperature. Too volatile to condense on the surface, it rose in gaseous form to higher elevations, where it is cooler and could precipitate. The identity of this substance is not known with certainty, but speculation has ranged from elemental 4488:

mean that the two planets are closest over time. Essentially because Mercury is closer to the Sun than Venus, Mercury spends more time in proximity to Earth; it could, therefore, be said that Mercury is the planet that is "closest to Earth when averaged over time". However, using this time-average definition of "closeness", it turns out that Mercury is the closest planet to

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retained. Atmospheric erosion by the solar wind could have led to the loss of most of Venus's water during the first billion years after it formed. However, the planet may have retained a dynamo for its first 2–3 billion years, so the water loss may have occurred more recently. The erosion has increased the ratio of higher-mass

4712: 2086:, comparable to that on Earth "in the daytime with overcast clouds". Strong 300 km/h (185 mph) winds at the cloud tops go around Venus about every four to five Earth days. Winds on Venus move at up to 60 times the speed of its rotation, whereas Earth's fastest winds are only 10–20% rotation speed. 2052:

hour, but because of the high density of the atmosphere at the surface, they exert a significant amount of force against obstructions, and transport dust and small stones across the surface. This alone would make it difficult for a human to walk through, even without the heat, pressure, and lack of oxygen.

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by humans. The genre reached its peak between the 1930s and 1950s, at a time when science had revealed some aspects of Venus, but not yet the harsh reality of its surface conditions. Findings from the first missions to Venus showed reality to be quite different and brought this particular genre to an

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in Venus's atmosphere, with no known pathway for abiotic production, led to speculation in September 2020 that there could be extant life currently present in the atmosphere. Later research attributed the spectroscopic signal that was interpreted as phosphine to sulphur dioxide, or found that in fact

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Venus "overtakes" Earth every 584 days as it orbits the Sun. As it does so, it changes from the "Evening Star", visible after sunset, to the "Morning Star", visible before sunrise. Although Mercury, the other inferior planet, reaches a maximum elongation of only 28° and is often difficult to discern

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Although Venus has no seasons, in 2019 astronomers identified a cyclical variation in sunlight absorption by the atmosphere, possibly caused by opaque, absorbing particles suspended in the upper clouds. The variation causes observed changes in the speed of Venus's zonal winds and appears to rise and

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This massive volcanic activity is fuelled by a superheated interior, which models say could be explained by energetic collisions from when the planet was young. Impacts would have had significantly higher velocity than on Earth, both because Venus's orbit is faster due to its closer proximity to the

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Several claims of transit observations made by mediaeval Islamic astronomers have been shown to be sunspots. Avicenna did not record the date of his observation. There was a transit of Venus within his lifetime, on 24 May 1032, although it is questionable whether it would have been visible from his

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Several hymns praise Inanna in her role as the goddess of the planet Venus. Theology professor Jeffrey Cooley has argued that, in many myths, Inanna's movements may correspond with the movements of the planet Venus in the sky. The discontinuous movements of Venus relate to both mythology as well as

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like Mercury was believed to be at the time; but other researchers had detected a significant quantity of heat coming from the planet's nightside, suggesting a quick rotation (a high surface temperature was not suspected at the time), confusing the issue. Later work in the 1950s showed the rotation

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is −4.14 with a standard deviation of 0.31. The brightest magnitude occurs during the crescent phase about one month before or after an inferior conjunction. Venus fades to about magnitude −3 when it is backlit by the Sun. The planet is bright enough to be seen in broad daylight, but is more easily

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caused the evaporation of the original water and the current atmosphere. A runaway greenhouse effect was created once a critical level of greenhouse gases (including water) was added to its atmosphere. Although the surface conditions on Venus are no longer hospitable to any Earth-like life that may

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radiation. The solar wind then supplies energy that gives some of these ions sufficient velocity to escape Venus's gravity field. This erosion process results in a steady loss of low-mass hydrogen, helium, and oxygen ions, whereas higher-mass molecules, such as carbon dioxide, are more likely to be

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Almost a thousand impact craters on Venus are evenly distributed across its surface. On other cratered bodies, such as Earth and the Moon, craters show a range of states of degradation. On the Moon, degradation is caused by subsequent impacts, whereas on Earth it is caused by wind and rain erosion.

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Greaves, J. S.; Richards, A. M. S.; Bains, W.; Rimmer, P. B.; Sagawa, H.; Clements, D. L.; Seager, S.; Petkowski, J. J.; Sousa-Silva, Clara; Ranjan, Sukrit; Drabek-Maunder, Emily; Fraser, Helen J.; Cartwright, Annabel; Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo; Zhan, Zhuchang; Friberg, Per; Coulson, Iain; Lee, E'lisa;

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It is important to be clear about the meaning of "closeness". In the astronomical literature, the term "closest planets" often refers to the two planets that approach each other the most closely. In other words, the orbits of the two planets approach each other most closely. However, this does not

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that human cultures have known and identified throughout history, particularly for being the third brightest object in Earth's sky after the Sun and the Moon. Because the movements of Venus appear to be discontinuous (it disappears due to its proximity to the sun, for many days at a time, and then

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caused the Venusian moon gradually to spiral inward until it collided with Venus. If later impacts created moons, these were removed in the same way. An alternative explanation for the lack of satellites is the effect of strong solar tides, which can destabilize large satellites orbiting the inner

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effects on its dense atmosphere, a change that would have occurred over the course of billions of years. The rotation period of Venus may represent an equilibrium state between tidal locking to the Sun's gravitation, which tends to slow rotation, and an atmospheric tide created by solar heating of

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and the transfer of heat by winds in the lower atmosphere mean that the temperature of Venus's surface does not vary significantly between the planet's two hemispheres, those facing and not facing the Sun, despite Venus's slow rotation. Winds at the surface are slow, moving at a few kilometres per

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One possibility is that Venus has no solid inner core, or that its core is not cooling, so that the entire liquid part of the core is at approximately the same temperature. Another possibility is that its core has already been completely solidified. The state of the core is highly dependent on the

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million years ago, followed by a decay in volcanism. Whereas Earth's crust is in continuous motion, Venus is thought to be unable to sustain such a process. Without plate tectonics to dissipate heat from its mantle, Venus instead undergoes a cyclical process in which mantle temperatures rise until

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Villanueva, Geronimo; Cordiner, Martin; Irwin, Patrick; de Pater, Imke; Butler, Bryan; Gurwell, Mark; Milam, Stefanie; Nixon, Conor; Luszcz-Cook, Statia; Wilson, Colin; Kofman, Vincent; Liuzzi, Giuliano; Faggi, Sara; Fauchez, Thomas; Lippi, Manuela; Cosentino, Richard; Thelen, Alexander; Moullet,

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Fukuhara, Tetsuya; Futaguchi, Masahiko; Hashimoto, George L.; Horinouchi, Takeshi; Imamura, Takeshi; Iwagaimi, Naomoto; Kouyama, Toru; Murakami, Shin-ya; Nakamura, Masato; Ogohara, Kazunori; Sato, Mitsuteru; Sato, Takao M.; Suzuki, Makoto; Taguchi, Makoto; Takagi, Seiko; Ueno, Munetaka; Watanabe,

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Lee, Yeon Joo; Jessup, Kandis-Lea; Perez-Hoyos, Santiago; Titov, Dmitrij V.; Lebonnois, Sebastien; Peralta, Javier; Horinouchi, Takeshi; Imamura, Takeshi; Limaye, Sanjay; Marcq, Emmanuel; Takagi, Masahiro; Yamazaki, Atsushi; Yamada, Manabu; Watanabe, Shigeto; Murakami, Shin-ya; Ogohara, Kazunori;

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The impenetrable Venusian cloud cover gave science fiction writers free rein to speculate on conditions at its surface; all the more so when early observations showed that not only was it similar in size to Earth, it possessed a substantial atmosphere. Closer to the Sun than Earth, the planet was

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activity on Venus. Sulfur dioxide concentrations in the upper atmosphere dropped by a factor of 10 between 1978 and 1986, jumped in 2006, and again declined 10-fold. This may mean that levels had been boosted several times by large volcanic eruptions. It has been suggested that Venusian lightning

1482:", which look somewhat like pancakes and range in size from 20 to 50 km (12 to 31 mi) across, and from 100 to 1,000 m (330 to 3,280 ft) high; radial, star-like fracture systems called "novae"; features with both radial and concentric fractures resembling spider webs, known as " 13863:

O'Rourke, Joseph G.; Wilson, Colin F.; Borrelli, Madison E.; Byrne, Paul K.; Dumoulin, Caroline; Ghail, Richard; Gülcher, Anna J. P.; Jacobson, Seth A.; Korablev, Oleg; Spohn, Tilman; Way, M. J.; Weller, Matt; Westall, Frances (2023). "Venus, the Planet: Introduction to the Evolution of Earth's

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With the Magellan synthetic-aperture radar full-resolution radar map left- and right-look global mosaics at 75 m-per-pixel resolution, we developed a global catalogue of volcanoes on Venus that contains ~85,000 edifices, ~99% of which are <5 km in diameter. We find that Venus hosts far more

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of 1.6 years, do not produce a transit of Venus above Earth. Consequently, Venus transits above Earth only occur when an inferior conjunction takes place during some days of June or December, the time where the orbits of Venus and Earth cross a straight line with the Sun. This results in Venus

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appearance indicates a pattern associated with weather activity. According to these measurements, the lightning rate is at least half that on Earth, however other instruments have not detected lightning at all. The origin of any lightning remains unclear, but could originate from clouds or

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in the Solar System, meaning that it is a rocky body like Earth. It is similar to Earth in size and mass and is often described as Earth's "sister" or "twin". Venus is close to spherical due to its slow rotation. Venus has a diameter of 12,103.6 km (7,520.8 mi)—only 638.4 km

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Speculation on the possibility of life on Venus's surface decreased significantly after the early 1960s when it became clear that conditions were extreme compared to those on Earth. Venus's extreme temperatures and atmospheric pressure make water-based life, as currently known, unlikely.

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from the Sun, and appears at its brightest in the night sky. The planet presents a much larger thin "crescent" in telescopic views as it passes along the near side between Earth and the Sun. Venus displays its largest size and "new phase" when it is between Earth and the Sun (at inferior

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Seager, Sara; Petkowski, Janusz J.; Gao, Peter; Bains, William; Bryan, Noelle C.; Ranjan, Sukrit; Greaves, Jane (14 September 2020). "The Venusian Lower Atmosphere Haze as a Depot for Desiccated Microbial Life: A Proposed Life Cycle for Persistence of the Venusian Aerial Biosphere".

3892:, unlike any other deity, Inanna is able to descend into the netherworld and return to the heavens. The planet Venus appears to make a similar descent, setting in the West and then rising again in the East. An introductory hymn describes Inanna leaving the heavens and heading for 6817:

volcanoes than previously mapped, and that although they are distributed across virtually the entire planet, size–frequency distribution analysis reveals a relative lack of edifices in the 20–100 km diameter range, which could be related to magma availability and eruption rate.

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Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere could have been much more like the one surrounding the early Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface. After a period of 600 million to several billion years,

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Davies, M. E.; Abalakin, V. K.; Bursa, M.; Lieske, J. H.; Morando, B.; Morrison, D.; Seidelmann, P. K.; Sinclair, A. T.; Yallop, B.; Tjuflin, Y. S. (1994). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites".

3912:, Shukaletuda is described as scanning the heavens in search of Inanna, possibly searching the eastern and western horizons. In the same myth, while searching for her attacker, Inanna herself makes several movements that correspond with the movements of Venus in the sky. 1939:'s, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar 3564:). Observations of the atmosphere of Venus at other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in which a phosphine absorption line would be expected did not detect phosphine. By late October 2020, re-analysis of data with a proper subtraction of background did not show a 1616:

Much of the Venusian surface appears to have been shaped by volcanic activity. Venus has several times as many volcanoes as Earth, and it has 167 large volcanoes that are over 100 km (60 mi) across. The only volcanic complex of this size on Earth is the

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conjunction). Its atmosphere is visible through telescopes by the halo of sunlight refracted around it. The phases are clearly visible in a 4" telescope. Although naked eye visibility of Venus's phases is disputed, records exist of observations of its crescent.

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Wood, B. E.; Hess, P.; Lustig-Yaeger, J.; Gallagher, B.; Korwan, D.; Rich, N.; Stenborg, G.; Thernisien, A.; Qadri, S. N.; Santiago, F.; Peralta, J.; Arney, G. N.; Izenberg, N. R.; Vourlidas, A.; Linton, M. G.; Howard, R. A.; Raouafi, N. E. (9 February 2022).

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Subsequent analysis of the data-processing used to identify phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus has raised concerns that the detection-line may be an artefact. The use of a 12th-order polynomial fit may have amplified noise and generated a false reading (see

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of less than 0.01. Simulations of the early solar system orbital dynamics have shown that the eccentricity of the Venus orbit may have been substantially larger in the past, reaching values as high as 0.31 and possibly impacting early climate evolution.

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period, the planet Venus was known as Ninsi'anna, and later as Dilbat. The name "Ninsi'anna" translates to "divine lady, illumination of heaven", which refers to Venus as the brightest visible "star". Earlier spellings of the name were written with the

1532:. The original prime meridian passed through the radar-bright spot at the centre of the oval feature Eve, located south of Alpha Regio. After the Venera missions were completed, the prime meridian was redefined to pass through the central peak in the 6547:

Kenneth Seidelmann, P.; Archinal, B. A.; A'hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Krasinsky, G. A.; Neumann, G.; Oberst, J.; Stooke, P.; Tedesco, E. F.; Tholen, D. J.; Thomas, P. C.; Williams, I. P. (July 2007).

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Hashimoto, George L.; Roos-Serote, Maarten; Sugita, Seiji; Gilmore, Martha S.; Kamp, Lucas W.; Carlson, Robert W.; Baines, Kevin H. (31 December 2008). "Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data".

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Arielle; Hartogh, Paul; Molter, Edward; Charnley, Steve; Arney, Giada; Mandell, Avi; Biver, Nicolas; Vandaele, Ann; de Kleer, Katherine; Kopparapu, Ravi (2021). "No evidence of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus from independent analyses".

12790:. Proceedings of the Joint Discussion-17 at the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, Organised by the Commission 41 (History of Astronomy), Held in Kyoto, 25–26 August 1997. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. 11718:

Stockman, Tom; Monroe, Gabriel; Cordner, Samuel (2019). "Venus is not Earth's closest neighbour | Calculations and simulations confirm that on average, Mercury is the nearest planet to Earth-and to every other planet in the solar system".

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Bains, William; Petkowski, Janusz J.; Seager, Sara; Ranjan, Sukrit; Sousa-Silva, Clara; Rimmer, Paul B.; Zhan, Zhuchang; Greaves, Jane S.; Richards, Anita M. S. (2021). "Phosphine on Venus Cannot be Explained by Conventional Processes".

4274:), and since polished copper has been used for mirrors from antiquity the symbol for Venus has sometimes been called Venus mirror, representing the mirror of the goddess, although this origin has been discredited as an unlikely origin. 2290:'s 176 Earth days — the 116-day figure is close to the average number of days it takes Mercury to slip underneath the Earth in its orbit [the number of days of Mercury's synodic orbital period]). One Venusian year is about 1.92 1844:

effect would cause the mantle temperature to increase, thereby reducing the heat flux out of the core. As a result, no internal geodynamo is available to drive a magnetic field. Instead, the heat from the core is reheating the crust.

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While the surface conditions of Venus are inhospitable, the atmospheric pressure, temperature, and solar and cosmic radiation 50 km above the surface are similar to those at Earth's surface. With this in mind, Soviet engineer

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in twilight, Venus is hard to miss when it is at its brightest. Its greater maximum elongation means it is visible in dark skies long after sunset. As the brightest point-like object in the sky, Venus is a commonly misreported "

1924: mi) under Earth's ocean surfaces. The density at the surface is 65 kg/m (4.1 lb/cu ft), 6.5% that of water or 50 times as dense as Earth's atmosphere at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F) at sea level. The 5068:

Archinal, B. A.; Acton, C. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Duxbury, T.; Hestroffer, D.; Hilton, J. L.; Kirk, R. L.; Klioner, S. A.; McCarthy, D.; Meech, K.; Oberst, J.; Ping, J.; Seidelmann, P. K. (2018).

6619: 5565:"Billions of Years Ago, Venus May Have Had a Key Earthlike Feature – A new study makes the case that the solar system's hellish second planet once may have had plate tectonics that could have made it more hospitable to life" 5424:"Rivers of Lava on Venus Reveal a More Volcanically Active Planet - New software let scientists re-examine old radar images, providing some of the strongest evidence yet that volcanoes continue to reshape the hellish planet" 3621:

Venus is the place of the first interplanetary human presence, mediated through robotic missions, with the first successful landings on another planet and extraterrestrial body other than the Moon. Currently in orbit is

2954:, and when it is closest to the Sun in the sky, it shows as a crescent or full phase. This could be possible only if Venus orbited the Sun, and this was among the first observations to clearly contradict the Ptolemaic 1719:

are slowed so much by the atmosphere that they do not create an impact crater. Incoming projectiles less than 50 m (160 ft) in diameter will fragment and burn up in the atmosphere before reaching the ground.

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other planets in the solar system. For that reason, arguably, the proximity-definition is not particularly helpful. An episode of the BBC Radio 4 programme "More or Less" explains the different notions of proximity

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changes in the atmosphere of the planet Venus caused by "unknown absorbers", which may be chemicals or even large colonies of microorganisms high up in the atmosphere of the planet, affect the climate. Their

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Dartnell, Lewis R.; Nordheim, Tom Andre; Patel, Manish R.; Mason, Jonathon P.; Coates, Andrew J.; Jones, Geraint H. (September 2015). "Constraints on a potential aerial biosphere on Venus: I. Cosmic rays".

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swung by Venus to bend its path towards Mercury and took ultraviolet photographs of the clouds, revealing the extraordinarily high wind speeds in the Venusian atmosphere. This was the first interplanetary

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Oliver Hawkins, more or less alumnus and statistical legend, wrote some code for us, which calculated which planet was closest to the Earth on each day for the past 50 years, and then sent the results to

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Lincowski, Andrew P.; Meadows, Victoria S.; Crisp, David; Akins, Alex B.; Schwieterman, Edward W.; Arney, Giada N.; Wong, Michael L.; Steffes, Paul G.; Parenteau, M. Niki; Domagal-Goldman, Shawn (2021).

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reappears on the other horizon), some cultures did not recognize Venus as a single entity; instead, they assumed it to be two separate stars on each horizon: the morning and evening star. Nonetheless, a

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of Hawaii. More than 85,000 volcanoes on Venus were identified and mapped. This is not because Venus is more volcanically active than Earth, but because its crust is older and is not subject to the same

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million years old. Venus has some unique surface features in addition to the impact craters, mountains, and valleys commonly found on rocky planets. Among these are flat-topped volcanic features called

3149:, launched in 1966, became humanity's first probe and lander to reach and impact another celestial body other than the Moon, but could not return data as it crashed into the surface of Venus. In 1967, 2567:

When Venus is sufficiently bright with enough angular distance from the sun, it is easily observed in a clear daytime sky with the naked eye, though most people do not know to look for it. Astronomer

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from solar nebula have been proposed to explain the enrichment. However, the atmosphere is depleted of radiogenic argon, a proxy for mantle degassing, suggesting an early shutdown of major magmatism.

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Radar observations in the 1970s revealed details of the Venusian surface for the first time. Pulses of radio waves were beamed at the planet using the 300 m (1,000 ft) radio telescope at

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On Venus, about 85% of the craters are in pristine condition. The number of craters, together with their well-preserved condition, indicates the planet underwent a global resurfacing event 300–600

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Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets".

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The lack of an intrinsic magnetic field on Venus was surprising, given that it is similar to Earth in size and was expected to contain a dynamo at its core. A dynamo requires three things: a

7584: 1914:. The mass of its atmosphere is 92 times that of Earth's, whereas the pressure at its surface is about 93 times that at Earth's—a pressure equivalent to that at a depth of nearly 1 km ( 11460: 7553: 2832:(early fifth century) was probably responsible for this discovery. Though they recognized Venus as a single object, the ancient Romans continued to designate the morning aspect of Venus as 2101:, is therefore the coolest point on Venus, with a temperature of about 655 K (380 °C; 715 °F) and an atmospheric pressure of about 4.5 MPa (45 bar). In 1995, the 1860:

the Earth's "Moon-forming" impact) left the core of Venus stratified from the core's incremental formation, and without the forces to initiate/sustain convection, and thus a "geodynamo".

2097:—less than 3°, compared to 23° on Earth—also minimizes seasonal temperature variation. Altitude is one of the few factors that affect Venusian temperatures. The highest point on Venus, 14301: 13752: 14926: 14274: 8696: 4249:, describing women and men stereotypically as being so different that they can be understood as coming from different planets, an understanding popularized in 1992 by the book titled 2270:

by up to 20 minutes. Venus's equator rotates at 6.52 km/h (4.05 mph), whereas Earth's rotates at 1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph). Venus's rotation period measured with

4725:—Select "Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements", "Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02". ("Target Body: Venus" and "Center: Sun" should be set to default.) Results are instantaneous 3512:

While the surface conditions of Venus make the hypothesis of life there implausible, the clouds of Venus are a different story altogether. As was pointed out some years ago, water,

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operated between 1983 and 1984 in orbit, conducting detailed mapping of 25% of Venus's terrain (from the north pole to 30°N latitude), the Soviet Venera programme came to a close.

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over five synodic periods, shifting every period by 144°. This pentagram of Venus is sometimes referred to as the petals of Venus due to the path's visual similarity to a flower.

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Herbst, Konstantin; Banjac, Saša; Atri, Dimitra; Nordheim, Tom A. (24 December 2019). "Revisiting the cosmic-ray induced Venusian radiation dose in the context of habitability".

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Little more was discovered about Venus until the 20th century. Its almost featureless disc gave no hint what its surface might be like, and it was only with the development of

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sign si4 (= SU, meaning "to be red"), and the original meaning may have been "divine lady of the redness of heaven", in reference to the colour of the morning and evening sky.

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Mallama, Anthony; Krobusek, Bruce; Pavlov, Hristo (2017). "Comprehensive wide-band magnitudes and albedos for the planets, with applications to exo-planets and Planet Nine".

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Venus, pictured centre-right, is always brighter than all other planets or stars at their maximal brightness, as seen from Earth. Jupiter is visible at the top of the image.

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Jacobson, Seth A.; Rubie, David C.; Hernlund, John; Morbidelli, Alessandro; Nakajima, Miki (2017). "Formation, stratification, and mixing of the cores of Earth and Venus".

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The weak magnetosphere around Venus means that the solar wind is interacting directly with its outer atmosphere. Here, ions of hydrogen and oxygen are being created by the

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Way, M. J.; Del Genio, Anthony D. (2020). "Venusian Habitable Climate Scenarios: Modeling Venus Through Time and Applications to Slowly Rotating Venus-Like Exoplanets".

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to publicly call for a new focus on the study of Venus, describing the phosphine find as "the most significant development yet in building the case for life off Earth".

1450:, the highest mountain on Venus, lies on Ishtar Terra. Its peak is 11 km (7 mi) above the Venusian average surface elevation. The southern continent is called 10846: 10310: 6937:

Marcq, Emmanuel; Bertaux, Jean-Loup; Montmessin, Franck; Belyaev, Denis (January 2013). "Variations of sulphur dioxide at the cloud top of Venus's dynamic atmosphere".

13934: 5753: 12316: 12148: 1567:, implying that habitable condition had existed on early Venus with large bodies of water at some point. However, the nature of tessera terrains is far from certain. 18669: 2693:. The transit could be watched live from many online outlets or observed locally with the right equipment and conditions. The preceding pair of transits occurred in 14648: 14381:

Snellen, I. A. G.; Guzman-Ramirez, L.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Hygate, A. P. S.; van der Tak, F. F. S. (2020). "Re-analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus".

2066:, which is formed by sulphur dioxide and water through a chemical reaction resulting in sulfuric acid hydrate. Additionally, the clouds consist of approximately 1% 1679:

orbiter. Using computer simulations, they determined that the topography had changed during an 8-month interval, and concluded that active volcanism was the cause.

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compared to that of Earth. This enrichment indicates an early divergence from Earth in evolution. An unusually large comet impact or accretion of a more massive

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goddess of love, and is the larger of the two highland regions at roughly the size of South America. A network of fractures and faults covers much of this area.

136: 10484: 11491: 10698: 9910: 6982:"Volcanoes on Venus Might Still Be Smoking - Planetary science experiments on Earth suggest that the sun's second planet might have ongoing volcanic activity" 2441:

conjunction, it makes the closest approach to Earth of any planet at an average distance of 41 million km (25 million mi). Because of the

1434:

make up the rest of its surface area, one lying in the planet's northern hemisphere and the other just south of the equator. The northern continent is called

13388: 3715: 14181: 9508: 8334: 12525: 6701:

Gilmore, Martha; Treiman, Allan; Helbert, Jörn; Smrekar, Suzanne (1 November 2017). "Venus Surface Composition Constrained by Observation and Experiment".

1775:. This results in reduced heat loss from the planet, preventing it from cooling and providing a likely explanation for its lack of an internally generated 1430:

About 80% of the Venusian surface is covered by smooth, volcanic plains, consisting of 70% plains with wrinkle ridges and 10% smooth or lobate plains. Two

1255:(inside of Earth's orbit), it always appears close to the Sun in Earth's sky, as either a "morning star" or an "evening star". While this is also true for 20003: 11742:

Petropoulos, Anastassios E.; Longuski, James M.; Bonfiglio, Eugene P. (2000). "Trajectories to Jupiter via Gravity Assists from Venus, Earth, and Mars".

11421: 9679: 8771:

Way, M. J.; Del Genio, Anthony D.; Kiang, Nancy Y.; Sohl, Linda E.; Grinspoon, David H.; Aleinov, Igor; Kelley, Maxwell; Clune, Thomas (28 August 2016).

8218: 6760: 5226: 13075: 4964: 19733: 17205: 8170: 2192:

mission observed bow-shaped objects in the atmosphere of Venus. This was considered direct evidence of the existence of perhaps the largest stationary

10871: 10615: 8887: 5314: 2394:, with a suspected origin either from Venus–trailing asteroids, interplanetary dust migrating in waves, or the remains of the Solar System's original 11905: 11240: 11197: 8447: 6864: 11816: 10287: 6991: 1224:

is just under two Venusian days long. The orbits of Venus and Earth are the closest between any two Solar System planets, approaching each other in

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direction as viewed from above Earth's north pole. Most planets rotate on their axes in an anticlockwise direction, but Venus rotates clockwise in

1767:

The principal difference between the two planets is the lack of evidence for plate tectonics on Venus, possibly because its crust is too strong to

14096: 11398: 11032: 10975: 6753:"A new catalog pinpoints volcanic cones in the best available surface images of Venus – those gathered 30 years ago by NASA's Magellan spacecraft" 5574: 1935:

in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F). This makes the Venusian surface hotter than

19713: 15996:

Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the pentagram that the orbit of Venus traces when Earth is held fixed at the centre of the coordinate system

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with a different rotation period and obliquity, reaching its current state because of chaotic spin changes caused by planetary perturbations and

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spacecraft data over a 500-day period is smaller than the rotation period measured during the 16-year period between the Magellan spacecraft and

1910:, 3.5% nitrogen—both exist as supercritical fluids at the planet's surface with a density 6.5% that of water—and traces of other gases including 11452: 10725: 3508:

article that tiny objects detected in Venus's clouds might be organisms similar to Earth's bacteria (which are of approximately the same size):

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of Venus were first carried out in the 1960s, and provided the first measurements of the rotation period, which were close to the actual value.

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at the boundaries of tectonic plates, and has an average age of about 100 million years, whereas the Venusian surface is estimated to be 300–600

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lasts therefore longer than a Venusian year (243 versus 224.7 Earth days). Slowed by its strong atmospheric current the length of the day also

15979: 12549:

Enn Kasak, Raul Veede. Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia. Folklore Vol. 16. Mare Kõiva & Andres Kuperjanov, Eds. ISSN 1406-0957

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1 to 5383, there are 526 approaches less than 40 million km (25 million mi); then, there are none for about 60,158 years.

18457: 14297: 13742: 13514: 12126: 11577: 9003: 8851: 8688: 6276: 3603:. For this purpose, space missions are categorized into five groups. Due to the harsh surface environment of Venus, Venus has been under the 14918: 14266: 12240: 5662:

Jakosky, Bruce M. (1999). "Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets". In Beatty, J. Kelly; Petersen, Carolyn Collins; Chaikin, Andrew (eds.).

5433: 4679: 1419:

landers in 1975 and 1982 returned images of a surface covered in sediment and relatively angular rocks. The surface was mapped in detail by

19743: 11513:

Bazsó, A.; Eybl, V.; Dvorak, R.; Pilat-Lohinger, E.; Lhotka, C. (2010). "A survey of near-mean-motion resonances between Venus and Earth".

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Donahue, T. M.; Hoffman, J. H.; Hodges, R. R.; Watson, A. J. (1982). "Venus Was Wet: A Measurement of the Ratio of Deuterium to Hydrogen".

6130:

Basilevsky, Alexander T.; Head, James W. III (1995). "Global stratigraphy of Venus: Analysis of a random sample of thirty-six test areas".

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end. As scientific knowledge of Venus advanced, science fiction authors tried to keep pace, particularly by conjecturing human attempts to

3134:, passing on 14 December 1962 at 34,833 km (21,644 mi) above the surface of Venus and gathering data on the planet's atmosphere. 1650:). In January 2020, astronomers reported evidence that suggests that Venus is currently volcanically active, specifically the detection of 1260: 15299: 10251: 5201: 2131:

The existence of lightning in the atmosphere of Venus has been controversial since the first suspected bursts were detected by the Soviet

18602: 15871: 15796: 14710: 12871: 12654: 11515: 9251: 4825: 2873:

observed "two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun"; these were thought to be the transits of Venus and Mercury by 13th-century

15481: 15106: 15027: 14797: 13689: 12832: 11977: 10921: 10012: 6192: 3668:, with better return or abort flight windows, and less or the same amount of radiation exposure from the flight as direct Mars flights. 19133: 16768: 14609: 11794: 9029: 7606:

Nimmo, F. (2002). "Crustal analysis of Venus from Magellan satellite observations at Atalanta Planitia, Beta Regio, and Thetis Regio".

3008:. Schröter found when the planet was a thin crescent, the cusps extended through more than 180°. He correctly surmised this was due to 2571:

calculated its maximum naked eye brightness in 1716, when many Londoners were alarmed by its appearance in the daytime. French emperor

17417: 13647: 7336:

Herrick, R. R.; Phillips, R. J. (1993). "Effects of the Venusian atmosphere on incoming meteoroids and the impact crater population".

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and therefore grandchildren of Aphrodite. Though by the Roman era they were recognized as one celestial object, known as "the star of

3270:

landers transmitted the first images from the surface of Venus, which were in black and white. NASA obtained additional data with the

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in 1768 to record the third observed transit of Venus, which subsequently resulted in the exploration of the east coast of Australia.

1220:) by the currents and drag of its atmosphere. It takes 224.7 Earth days for Venus to complete an orbit around the Sun, and a Venusian 18368: 14887: 14347: 10517: 9412: 7796: 7257: 5938: 5776: 3727: 3696: 3607:

category two. This indicates that there is only a remote chance that spacecraft-borne contamination could compromise investigations.

2414:

Earth is positioned at the centre of the diagram, and the curve represents the direction and distance of Venus as a function of time.

2310:

the thick Venusian atmosphere. The 584-day average interval between successive close approaches to Earth is almost exactly equal to 5

13036:

Transits of Venus: New Views of the Solar System and Galaxy, Proceedings of IAU Colloquium #196, held 7–11 June 2004 in Preston, U.K

12095: 11939: 11641: 6446: 5915: 2865:(although there is some doubt about it), which later astronomers took as confirmation of Ptolemy's theory. In the 12th century, the 2623:. Since the orbit of Venus is slightly inclined relative to Earth's orbit, most inferior conjunctions with Earth, which occur every 19728: 19698: 17210: 13711: 7175: 7078: 5701: 4986:

Margot, Jean-Luc; Campbell, Donald B.; Giorgini, Jon D.; et al. (29 April 2021). "Spin state and moment of inertia of Venus".

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like the Moon, varying from crescent to gibbous to full and vice versa. When Venus is furthest from the Sun in the sky, it shows a

10782: 10584: 10043: 9877: 7141: 6620:"Surface brightness variations seen by VIRTIS on Venus Express and implications for the evolution of the Lada Terra region, Venus" 19718: 19708: 17195: 16016: 12764: 10755: 7864: 4251: 3904: 3746: 3432:

December 2015. Additionally, several flybys by other probes have been performed and studied Venus on their way, including NASA's

8546:

Pepin, Robert O. (1 July 1991). "On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles".

1563:, mineral assemblage. The mechanism to generate a large amount of felsic crust usually requires the presence of water ocean and 19880: 18523: 18168: 18153: 18133: 17439: 17386: 16830: 11355: 9324: 8980: 8244: 2760:

indicate that the ancient Sumerians already knew that the morning and evening stars were the same celestial object. In the Old

2725: 2142: 2093:; it retains a constant temperature not only between the two hemispheres but between the equator and the poles. Venus's minute 17435: 17420: 10458: 10071:"Long-term Variations of Venus's 365 nm Albedo Observed by Venus Express, Akatsuki, MESSENGER, and the Hubble Space Telescope" 3637:

to the surface of Venus has been the Soviet Union, which has been used by Russian officials to call Venus a "Russian planet".

1752:

of Venus. The similarity in size and density between Venus and Earth suggests that they share a similar internal structure: a

18467: 18200: 18163: 18158: 17429: 15912: 15710: 15677: 15652: 15627: 15602: 15520: 15458: 15433: 15408: 15368: 15280: 15255: 15100: 15063: 14994: 14836: 14586: 14580: 13926: 13683: 12947: 12865: 12826: 12799: 12648: 12598: 11857: 10915: 10842: 10819: 10432: 10359: 10006: 8317: 8212: 7986:

Svedhem, Håkan; Titov, Dmitry V.; Taylor, Fredric W.; Witasse, Olivier (November 2007). "Venus as a more Earth-like planet".

7734: 7701: 7440: 7384: 7311: 7112: 6840: 6403: 6227: 6186: 6070: 5981: 5887: 5671: 4707: 3254:

lander). Black-and-white image of barren, black, slate-like rocks against a flat sky. The ground and the probe are the focus.

12064: 11863: 5815: 5745: 4145:', "the Great Star". The cycles of Venus were important to their calendar and were described in some of their books such as 19993: 18893: 18830: 18484: 18205: 18143: 18138: 17428: 16806: 16446: 16441: 16413: 16408: 16129: 16124: 16007: 12895: 12324: 8266: 6596: 6481: 5400: 5339:

Mallama, Anthony; Hilton, James L. (October 2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac".

2314:

Venusian solar days (5.001444 to be precise), but the hypothesis of a spin-orbit resonance with Earth has been discounted.

1498: 1486:"; and "coronae", circular rings of fractures sometimes surrounded by a depression. These features are volcanic in origin. 1272: 1123: 17426: 17423: 17419: 17415: 10540:

Shigeto; Yamada, Manabu; Yamazaki, Atsushi (16 January 2017). "Large stationary gravity wave in the atmosphere of Venus".

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Dolginov, Sh.; Eroshenko, E. G.; Lewis, L. (September 1969). "Nature of the Magnetic Field in the Neighborhood of Venus".

5640: 5538: 5494: 3533:

is almost identical to that of micro-organisms in Earth's clouds. Similar conclusions have been reached by other studies.

2452:

While Venus approaches Earth the closest, Mercury is more often the closest to Earth of all planets. Venus has the lowest

2286:

on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day, at 116.75 Earth days (making the Venusian solar day shorter than

1465:

flow on Venus (2024), such as flows on Sif Mons, a shield volcano, and on Niobe Planitia, a flat plain. There are visible

19885: 19047: 18148: 17270: 16043: 14640: 13473: 13005: 9745: 7771: 5969: 2487:, Venus appears as a white point of light brighter than any other planet or star (apart from the Sun). The planet's mean 17433: 17425: 11659: 4541: 17422: 15945: 15931: 14539: 14063: 11611: 10282: 10039: 5841: 5040:"Report on the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets and satellites" 4127: 3738:. Among the many engineering challenges for any human presence in the atmosphere of Venus are the corrosive amounts of 3248:

First view and first clear 180-degree panorama of Venus's surface as well as any other planet than Earth (1975, Soviet

2438: 2367: 17440: 17436: 14671: 12034: 8524: 4931: 18296: 18269: 17431: 14436:"The statistical reliability of 267-GHZ JCMT observations of Venus: No significant evidence for phosphine absorption" 12000: 10480: 7400:

Goettel, K. A.; Shields, J. A.; Decker, D. A. (16–20 March 1981). "Density constraints on the composition of Venus".

3596: 3402: 3282:, orbiting Venus between 1978 and 1992. In 1982 the first colour images of the surface were obtained with the Soviet 1000: 15572: 13965: 9459:

Snellen, I. A. G.; Guzman-Ramirez, L.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Hygate, A. P. S.; van der Tak, F. F. S. (December 2020).

2579:. Another historical daytime observation of the planet took place during the inauguration of the American president 19905: 18684: 17441: 16020: 14856: 13381: 13317: 12857:

Thought Experiments: Popular Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Physics, Ethics, Computer Science & Mathematics

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the origins of the solar system and Earth, and if systems and planets like ours are common or rare in the universe.

3418:

as large dark patch, through the clouds, which prohibit such observations on the dayside when they are illuminated.

1518: 16038: 7197:

Shalygin, E. V.; Markiewicz, W. J.; Basilevsky, A. T.; Titov, D. V.; Ignatiev, N. I.; Head, J. W. (17 June 2015).

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influence that the morning star and an evening star were one and the same. The Egyptians knew the morning star as

2563:

Venus is often visible to the naked eye in daytime, as seen just prior to the lunar occultation of 7 December 2015

1279:

in 1970. These probes demonstrated the extreme surface conditions, an insight that has informed predictions about

16071: 15960: 9603:

Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A. (2006). "Chemical composition of Venus atmosphere and clouds: Some unsolved problems".

9460: 8357: 8270: 6900: 6328: 6243: 1356: 475: 19496: 18212: 12512: 11913: 9767: 9740: 7852: 7629: 3055:

of light from Venus, but found he could not detect any rotation. He surmised the planet must have a much longer

19126: 18863: 18279: 18113: 13224: 13171: 10879: 9938: 8949: 8386: 8196: 8041:. 21st EGU General Assembly, EGU2019, Proceedings from the conference held 7–12 April 2019 in Vienna, Austria. 6361: 2422:

of 13:8 (Earth orbits eight times for every 13 orbits of Venus). Therefore, they approach each other and reach

1335:(396.7 mi) less than Earth's—and its mass is 81.5% of Earth's, making it the third-smallest planet in the 1217: 1166: 941: 332: 17: 15149: 12446: 12212:"The quantity of the Sun's parallax, as deduced from the observations of the transit of Venus on June 3, 1769" 12187: 9671: 6618:

Helbert, Jörn; Müller, Nils; Kostama, Petri; Marinangeli, Lucia; Piccioni, Giuseppe; Drossart, Pierre (2008).

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the first private interplanetary space craft, to look for organics by entering the atmosphere of Venus with a

2651:

Historically, transits of Venus were important, because they allowed astronomers to determine the size of the

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have been identified at its cloud layers. Venus may have had liquid surface water early in its history with a

19781: 19640: 18388: 18284: 16029: 13067: 11388: 9933: 6782:

Hahn, Rebecca M.; Byrne, Paul K. (April 2023). "A Morphological and Spatial Analysis of Volcanoes on Venus".

6752: 5564: 4956: 124: 18801: 8123: 4384:

km/h by reliable sources. The simplest way to determine the correct figure is to multiply Earth's radius of

3896:, what could be presumed to be, the mountains, replicating the rising and setting of Inanna to the West. In 3195:

data, analysed by a combined Soviet–American science team in a series of colloquia over the following year.

3163:

had calculated, at almost 500 °C (932 °F), determined that the atmosphere was 95% carbon dioxide (

2670:

Only seven Venus transits have been observed so far, since their occurrences were calculated in the 1621 by

2542:

view. The planet appears as a small and "full" disc when it is on the opposite side of the Sun (at superior

1687: 19998: 19816: 18888: 18443: 18423: 18318: 13500: 10607: 9790:

Normile, Dennis (7 May 2010). "Mission to probe Venus's curious winds and test solar sail for propulsion".

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years later, according to the study, another impact reversed the planet's spin direction and the resulting

2295: 1364: 18806: 17438: 15941: 13413:

Goldstein, R. M.; Carpenter, R. L. (1963). "Rotation of Venus: Period Estimated from Radar Measurements".

1711:

Venusian craters range from 3 to 280 km (2 to 174 mi) in diameter. No craters are smaller than 3

19806: 18963: 18489: 18418: 18383: 17416: 17410: 17265: 17243: 11824: 10273: 9605: 9074: 8879: 6981: 5516: 3592: 2298:

and set in the east, although Venus's opaque clouds prevent observing the Sun from the planet's surface.

1715:

km, because of the effects of the dense atmosphere on incoming objects. Objects with less than a certain

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Besides the Venus symbol, many other symbols have been associated with Venus, other common ones are the

3155:

was launched and successfully deployed science experiments in the Venusian atmosphere before impacting.

19929: 19205: 18878: 18679: 18562: 18545: 18511: 17437: 17379: 15178:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences

14086: 10226: 7693: 6255: 5423: 4748: 3105: 2753: 2505: 2391: 12585:. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 398. 11001: 10944: 6671: 2430:

of 584 days, on average. The path that Venus makes in relation to Earth viewed geocentrically draws a

19890: 19142: 19119: 18721: 18696: 18506: 17325: 17320: 16693: 16622: 16587: 13199: 12183: 10721: 10643: 10180:

Kranopol'skii, V. A. (1980). "Lightning on Venus according to Information Obtained by the Satellites

8640: 8410: 4624: 4590: 3616: 3565: 3448: 3205: 3099: 3037: 2809: 2355: 1944: 1733: 1402: 1398: 1388: 1210: 1142:

cloud cover. At the surface it has a mean temperature of 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F) and a

142: 17434: 14732:

Izenberg, Noam R.; McNutt, Ralph L.; Runyon, Kirby D.; Byrne, Paul K.; MacDonald, Alexander (2021).

10309:

Russell, C. T.; Zhang, T. L.; Delva, M.; Magnes, W.; Strangeway, R. J.; Wei, H. Y. (November 2007).

7460: 7281:"The frequency-area distribution of volcanic units on Venus: Implications for planetary resurfacing" 4893: 1096:

for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the negative hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°.

19430: 19012: 18617: 17048: 16494: 16398: 16114: 15976: 12640: 12347: 8309: 7718: 6830: 6132: 6100: 4513: 4043: 3275: 2853:

theorized that both Mercury and Venus were located between the Sun and the Earth. The 11th-century

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to be much weaker than that of Earth. This magnetic field is induced by an interaction between the

1483: 701: 13524: 13497:

Preliminary Report, COSPAR Twelfth Plenary Meeting and Tenth International Space Science Symposium

12118: 11569: 9833:

Lorenz, Ralph D.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Withers, Paul G.; McKay, Christopher P. (1 February 2001).

9011: 3524:

In August 2019, astronomers led by Yeon Joo Lee reported that long-term pattern of absorbance and

3085:

in its disk, suggesting a slow rotation, and some astronomers concluded based on this that it was

1146:

of 92 times that of Earth's at sea level. These extreme conditions compress carbon dioxide into a

19801: 19393: 18701: 18528: 18175: 18079: 17986: 17686: 17536: 17427: 17418: 17190: 17107: 16572: 16214: 16182: 15480:. American lectures on the history of religions. Vol. 10. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 300. 4675: 4629: 4595: 4552: 4517: 3786: 3654: 3646: 3067: 2543: 2453: 2267: 1229: 680: 514: 421: 374: 321: 307: 16034: 12211: 6012:(9 March 1984). "Sulfur Dioxide: Episodic Injection Shows Evidence for Active Venus Volcanism". 5170: 4618: 4137:

considered Venus to be the most important celestial body after the Sun and Moon. They called it

3414:

visible light footage (2021) of the nightside, showing the hot faintly glowing surface, and its

3337:

for the first time achieving atmospheric flight outside Earth by employing inflatable balloons.

1658:

Sun and because objects would require higher orbital eccentricities to collide with the planet.

19748: 19738: 18706: 18644: 18592: 18582: 18567: 18518: 18378: 18308: 17724: 17412: 17215: 17200: 16647: 16607: 16011: 15995: 15702: 15543: 15307: 10220: 9642:"Why Is Venus So Bright? Here's How Its Proximity to Earth, Highly Reflected Clouds Affects It" 9560:

Krasnopolsky, V. A.; Parshev, V. A. (1981). "Chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus".

8124:"The deep atmosphere of Venus and the possible role of density-driven separation of CO2 and N2" 6550:"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006" 6095: 5171:"Radiative energy balance of Venus based on improved models of the middle and lower atmosphere" 4888: 4821:"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006" 4184: 4003:", the traditional two Greek names continued to be used, though usually translated to Latin as 3898: 3805: 3763: 3650: 2951: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2660: 2559: 2547: 2188:

In December 2015, and to a lesser extent in April and May 2016, researchers working on Japan's

2044:

Types of cloud layers, as well as temperature and pressure change by altitude in the atmosphere

2016: 1814: 1608:

Radar mosaic of two 65 km (40 mi) wide (and less than 1 km (0.62 mi) high)

1587: 1575: 1522: 1241: 1206: 1182: 35: 18627: 17432: 17424: 17421: 15937: 15806: 15512: 15475: 15053: 14702: 12855: 12634: 9664: 2920:, despite remaining near the Sun in Earth's sky (first image). This proved that it orbits the 1501:

are named after historical and mythological women. Exceptions are Maxwell Montes, named after

19983: 19918:

Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned.

19900: 19875: 19854: 19703: 19610: 19261: 19255: 19168: 19072: 18999: 18873: 18726: 18689: 18577: 18572: 17372: 17249: 17238: 17130: 17074: 17042: 17037: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16763: 16758: 16363: 16333: 15090: 15019: 14789: 13673: 13599: 12816: 11969: 11098: 10905: 10875: 10809: 10805: 9994: 9727:

100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds

7145: 6176: 5510: 4960: 4637: 4603: 4189: 3692: 3623: 3561: 3424: 3371: 3342: 3279: 3271: 3237:

regions. The observations revealed a bright region attributed to mountains, which was called

2962: 2605: 2601: 2102: 1876:

to lower-mass hydrogen in the atmosphere 100 times compared to the rest of the solar system.

1741: 1675: 1554: 1409:

The Venusian surface was a subject of speculation until some of its secrets were revealed by

1303: 815: 487: 18741: 15694: 15504: 15247: 14404: 11786: 9618: 9486: 9198: 9087: 9052: 8297: 7956: 7784: 7428: 6145: 5362: 5286: 4792: 4761: 1547:

have consistently lower thermal emissivity than the surrounding basaltic plains measured by

1339:. Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense 19616: 18634: 18587: 18244: 17696: 17661: 17656: 17550: 17501: 17474: 17430: 17409: 17164: 17081: 16683: 16667: 15185: 14745: 14497: 14400: 14328: 14138: 13997: 13873: 13819: 13608: 13555: 13422: 13352: 13290: 13255: 13208: 13153: 13106: 13039: 12979: 12904: 12722: 12586: 12521: 12477: 12388: 11751: 11676: 11534: 11318: 11259: 11206: 11157: 11138:

Sheppard, Scott S.; Trujillo, Chadwick A. (July 2009). "A Survey for Satellites of Venus".

11107: 11066: 11016: 10959: 10662: 10549: 10327: 10235: 10197: 10144: 10092: 9947: 9853: 9849: 9799: 9754: 9614: 9569: 9539: 9482: 9374: 9300: 9194: 9128: 9083: 9044: 8925: 8860: 8794: 8737: 8653: 8602: 8555: 8484: 8472:"Possible cometary origin of heavy noble gases in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth and Mars" 8423: 8138: 8069: 8042: 7995: 7952: 7907: 7840: 7780: 7670: 7617: 7537: 7475: 7409: 7345: 7295: 7212: 7028: 6946: 6909: 6791: 6710: 6634: 6561: 6513: 6438: 6337: 6285: 6141: 6087: 6023: 5710: 5616: 5470: 5358: 5282: 5185: 5135: 5082: 5071:"Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015" 5005: 4880: 4834: 4788: 4757: 4147: 4047: 3604: 3348: 3346:

operated in orbit until deorbiting, mapping the surface of Venus. Furthermore, probes like

3017: 2874: 2620: 2423: 2239: 2079: 1829: 1604: 1380: 1355:), and the average surface temperature is 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F), above the 1323: 1143: 976: 343: 17413: 17411: 14324: 13643: 7763: 7429: 7249: 5946: 5784: 5261:"Revisiting the cosmic-ray induced Venusian radiation dose in the context of habitability" 3047:

Spectroscopic observations in the 1900s gave the first clues about the Venusian rotation.

2825: 2445:, the minimum distances will become greater over tens of thousands of years. From the year 8: 19374: 19086: 18975: 18813: 18786: 18736: 18540: 17998: 17691: 17543: 17353: 17088: 16627: 16562: 16119: 16064: 12087: 11645: 11360: 10507: 9530:

Moshkin, B. E.; Ekonomov, A. P.; Golovin, Iu. M. (1979). "Dust on the surface of Venus".

8298: 6427: 5907: 5879: 4302: 4218: 4087: 3940: 3781:

Venus is a primary feature of the night sky, and so has been of remarkable importance in

3661: 3634: 3491: 3354: 3226: 3109: 3013: 2997: 2946:

first observed the planet with a telescope in the early 17th century, he found it showed

2878: 2616: 2259: 1885: 1502: 1360: 1147: 1131: 432: 17894: 17773: 15189: 14749: 14501: 14142: 14001: 13877: 13823: 13612: 13559: 13426: 13356: 13294: 13259: 13212: 13157: 13110: 13043: 12983: 12908: 12726: 12590: 12481: 12392: 11755: 11680: 11538: 11322: 11263: 11210: 11161: 11111: 11070: 11020: 10963: 10666: 10576: 10553: 10331: 10239: 10201: 10148: 10096: 9951: 9857: 9803: 9758: 9573: 9543: 9378: 9304: 9132: 9048: 8929: 8864: 8798: 8741: 8657: 8606: 8559: 8488: 8427: 8142: 8073: 8046: 7999: 7911: 7844: 7674: 7621: 7541: 7479: 7413: 7349: 7299: 7216: 7074: 7032: 6950: 6913: 6795: 6714: 6638: 6565: 6517: 6442: 6341: 6289: 6091: 6027: 5714: 5620: 5474: 5189: 5139: 5086: 5009: 4884: 4838: 2431: 1295: 19967: 19955: 19895: 19821: 19185: 19066: 18936: 18883: 18761: 18731: 18639: 18452: 17583: 17414: 16632: 16577: 16567: 16547: 16421: 16313: 16220: 15852: 15844: 15825:

Stearn, William T. (May 1968). "The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology".

15767: 15734: 15217: 15209: 14961: 14771: 14513: 14487: 14447: 14416: 14390: 14247: 14221: 14162: 14128: 14055: 14027: 13907: 13840: 13807: 13624: 13579: 13446: 13122: 12997: 12920: 12738: 12693: 12493: 12297: 12289: 12232: 11947: 11909: 11700: 11550: 11524: 11393: 11336: 11308: 11277: 11249: 11173: 11147: 10778: 10751: 10652: 10403: 10351: 10110: 10082: 10035: 9963: 9869: 9834: 9718: 9585: 9500: 9472: 9429: 9392: 9364: 9316: 9290: 9218: 9184: 9154: 9069: 9025: 8823: 8784: 8772: 8727: 8591:"Volcanic degassing of argon and helium and the history of crustal production on Venus" 8516: 8349: 8162: 8101: 8019: 7968: 7942: 7641: 7491: 7230: 7051: 7014: 6986: 6962: 6807: 6734: 6529: 6392: 6353: 6301: 6157: 6047: 5726: 5632: 5569: 5428: 5374: 5348: 5306: 5272: 5151: 5125: 5021: 4995: 4316: 4117: 4091: 4057:

In India, Shukra Graha ("the planet Shukra") is named after the powerful saint Shukra.

4051: 3964: 3719: 3680: 3541: 3499: 3433: 2929: 2881:, though this cannot be true as there were no Venus transits in Ibn Bajjah's lifetime. 2749: 2664: 2572: 2488: 2395: 2383: 2363: 2332: 2151: 2075: 2004: 1841: 1708:

million years, subduction occurs on an enormous scale, completely recycling the crust.

1647: 1599: 1570:

Studies reported on 26 October 2023 suggest for the first time that Venus may have had

1455: 1431: 1331: 1306:

beside the Sun, arranged by the order of their orbits outward from the Sun (from left:

1300: 1178: 1119: 1088:

Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts

929: 17867: 17830: 13032:

Mikhail Lomonosov and the discovery of the atmosphere of Venus during the 1761 transit

12756: 11028: 10971: 9959: 9425: 9095: 7825: 7792: 4563: 3955:, and later depicting it two-headed with human or falco heads, and associated it with 3454:

Venus has been identified for future research as an important case for understanding:

3005: 2028:

and higher elevations exceeding evaporation temperature. The putative detection of an

19664: 19553: 19548: 19543: 18926: 18496: 18438: 18229: 18118: 18044: 17979: 17708: 17349: 17315: 17174: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16845: 16662: 16652: 16597: 16592: 16557: 15908: 15772: 15754: 15706: 15695: 15673: 15648: 15623: 15598: 15537: 15516: 15505: 15454: 15429: 15404: 15400: 15276: 15251: 15221: 15201: 15141: 15096: 15059: 14832: 14775: 14763: 14576: 14517: 14420: 14251: 14239: 14166: 14154: 13911: 13899: 13845: 13679: 13628: 13571: 13438: 13126: 13001: 12943: 12924: 12861: 12822: 12795: 12742: 12644: 12594: 12497: 12438: 12281: 12236: 11853: 11767: 11704: 11692: 11554: 11340: 11281: 11272: 11235: 11219: 11192: 11078: 10911: 10815: 10639:"Could the Migration of Jupiter Have Accelerated the Atmospheric Evolution of Venus?" 10407: 10343: 10247: 10162: 10114: 10002: 9815: 9772: 9504: 9433: 9396: 9320: 9222: 9210: 9158: 9146: 8941: 8937: 8828: 8810: 8753: 8669: 8620: 8571: 8567: 8508: 8500: 8439: 8313: 8208: 8166: 8154: 8093: 8085: 8011: 7972: 7856: 7730: 7697: 7633: 7608: 7525: 7495: 7436: 7380: 7376: 7056: 7019: 6836: 6811: 6738: 6726: 6652: 6533: 6399: 6357: 6223: 6182: 6039: 6014: 6009: 5977: 5903: 5883: 5677: 5667: 5636: 5601: 5486: 5456: 5310: 5298: 5155: 5098: 5070: 5025: 4819:

Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; et al. (2007).

4584: 4278: 4134: 4000: 3848: 3839: 3821: 3813: 3782: 3731: 3580: 3364:(2006/2007) visited Venus with flybys en route to other destinations. In April 2006, 3241:. These three features are now the only ones on Venus that do not have female names. 3001: 2989: 2966: 2740: 2656: 2652: 2539: 2419: 2219: 2181:

of Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to "the ion tail seen streaming from a

1932: 1745: 1410: 1069: 1063: 993: 733: 690: 498: 313: 297: 31: 17950: 16025: 15954: 15856: 14758: 14733: 14059: 13583: 13546:

Campbell, D. B.; Dyce, R. B.; Pettengill, G. H. (1976). "New radar image of Venus".

13450: 12711:

Goldstein, Bernard R. (March 1972). "Theory and Observation in Medieval Astronomy".

12301: 11177: 11057:

Gold, T.; Soter, S. (1969). "Atmospheric Tides and the Resonant Rotation of Venus".

9967: 9873: 9278: 8972: 8353: 8105: 7645: 7234: 6966: 6161: 6051: 5730: 5378: 3461:

how planetary bodies evolve from their primordial states to today's diverse objects.

2210: 2146: 1704:

they reach a critical level that weakens the crust. Then, over a period of about 100

19647: 19533: 19226: 18987: 18791: 18781: 18674: 18649: 18059: 18029: 17874: 17748: 17588: 17453: 17300: 17295: 16850: 16750: 16730: 16688: 16527: 16522: 16348: 16134: 16091: 15970: 15836: 15762: 15746: 15243: 15193: 14957: 14864: 14824: 14753: 14568: 14505: 14457: 14408: 14231: 14146: 14047: 14038: 14005: 13889: 13881: 13835: 13827: 13616: 13563: 13430: 13360: 13263: 13216: 13161: 13114: 13047: 12987: 12912: 12730: 12685: 12485: 12273: 12224: 11759: 11724: 11684: 11626: 11542: 11326: 11267: 11214: 11165: 11115: 11074: 11024: 10967: 10670: 10557: 10454: 10393: 10355: 10335: 10318: 10243: 10152: 10100: 9955: 9861: 9811: 9807: 9762: 9710: 9622: 9589: 9577: 9490: 9421: 9382: 9308: 9202: 9136: 9091: 8933: 8849:; Bullock, M. A. (October 2007). "Searching for Evidence of Past Oceans on Venus". 8818: 8802: 8745: 8661: 8610: 8563: 8520: 8492: 8431: 8146: 8077: 8023: 8003: 7960: 7915: 7848: 7788: 7726: 7625: 7545: 7483: 7353: 7303: 7220: 7137: 7046: 7036: 6954: 6917: 6799: 6718: 6642: 6569: 6521: 6345: 6293: 6149: 6105: 6078: 6031: 5718: 5624: 5607: 5478: 5461: 5366: 5290: 5193: 5143: 5090: 5013: 4898: 4871: 4842: 4796: 4726: 4426:

h. But the correct speed must be relative to inertial space, so the stellar day of

4338: 4330: 4267: 4177: 4109: 3790: 3773: 3768: 3758: 3530: 3504: 3333:

missions carried the last entry probes and carried the first ever extraterrestrial

3074:

radiation. He suggested this was due to a dense, yellow lower atmosphere with high

3021: 2970: 2955: 2933: 2862: 2596: 2399: 2351: 2294:

Venusian solar days. To an observer on the surface of Venus, the Sun would rise in

2287: 2108:

imaged a highly reflective substance at the tops of the highest mountain peaks, a "

1936: 1822: 1757: 1533: 1384: 1376: 1307: 1284: 1256: 1248: 1194: 1158: 1057: 956: 791: 654: 464: 290: 240: 202: 147: 77: 16248: 15360: 14979: 14562: 14412: 13567: 13465: 12938:

Fegley Jr, B. (2003). "Venus". In Holland, Heinrich D.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.).

10422: 9495: 9206: 7280: 7100: 6305: 6297: 6113: 6035: 5294: 4801: 4776: 3599:. Among their responsibilities is the development of recommendations for avoiding 1779:. Instead, Venus may lose its internal heat in periodic major resurfacing events. 1665:, in the form of four transient localized infrared hot spots within the rift zone 1661:

In 2008 and 2009, the first direct evidence for ongoing volcanism was observed by

1517:. The last three features were named before the current system was adopted by the 1489: 1393: 1267:

and the Sun. In 1961, Venus became the target of the first interplanetary flight,

19849: 19563: 19367: 18858: 18756: 18664: 18555: 18533: 18330: 18274: 18264: 18054: 18034: 18003: 17991: 17945: 17933: 17837: 17820: 17780: 17758: 17753: 16990: 16888: 16740: 16612: 16602: 16582: 16552: 16537: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16190: 15983: 15902: 15827: 15394: 14564:

Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Venus Missions: Letter Report

14298:"NASA chief calls for prioritizing Venus after surprise find hints at alien life" 14009: 13519: 13434: 12056: 11847: 11169: 9141: 9114:"Constraints on a potential aerial biosphere on Venus: II. Ultraviolet radiation" 8846: 8665: 8081: 7661: 7549: 7459:

Dumoulin, C.; Tobie, G.; Verhoeven, O.; Rosenblatt, P.; Rambaux, N. (June 2017).

7307: 7253: 7075:"Early, Energetic Collisions Could Have Fueled Venus Volcanism: Study | Sci.News" 6066: 5197: 5147: 4568: 4271: 4246: 4206: 4105: 4101: 4064: 3872: 3825: 3801: 3553: 3415: 3138: 3131: 3082: 3056: 2978: 2947: 2943: 2917: 2913: 2817: 2671: 2580: 2531: 2517: 2493: 2322: 2318: 2067: 2048: 2029: 1911: 1818: 1761: 1618: 1571: 1564: 1544: 1451: 1252: 1186: 1162: 1093: 1039: 1021: 909: 746: 668: 647: 11735: 8274: 6590: 6475: 5807: 5392: 5370: 1216:

The rotation of Venus has been slowed and turned against its orbital direction (

555: 282: 19988: 19754: 19111: 18842: 18622: 18612: 18550: 18413: 18340: 18301: 18222: 18195: 18049: 18023: 17913: 17884: 17862: 17852: 17842: 17795: 17343: 16735: 16657: 16642: 16532: 16459: 16454: 16431: 16426: 16368: 16328: 16308: 16258: 16243: 16057: 15735:"Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree" 15507:

The Japanese numbers game: the use and understanding of numbers in modern Japan

14509: 14091: 13894: 13885: 13747: 13669: 12916: 12713: 12689: 12578: 10943:

Correia, Alexandre C. M.; Laskar, Jacques; De Surgy, Olivier Néron (May 2003).

10683: 10105: 10070: 9387: 9348: 9107: 9105: 8914:"Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus" 8305: 7964: 7405: 5628: 5482: 5017: 4282: 4238: 4113: 4094: 3920: 3880: 3852: 3797: 3658: 3627: 3517: 3513: 3318: 3238: 3219: 3086: 2854: 2624: 2457: 2427: 2205: 2098: 2071: 2021: 1952: 1907: 1810: 1794: 1776: 1753: 1716: 1583: 1537: 1529: 1447: 1280: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1154: 1135: 1009: 392: 354: 276: 121: 19811: 15750: 14872: 14828: 14725: 13052: 12992: 12964: 11546: 10157: 10132: 9626: 9312: 9113: 8435: 7015:"Present-day volcanism on Venus as evidenced from weathering rates of olivine" 6722: 6574: 6549: 6256:(27 May 2024) Rivers of Lava on Venus Reveal a More Volcanically Active Planet 5530: 5094: 4847: 4820: 3995:(Ἕσπερος), meaning "Western one", for the evening star, both children of dawn 3730:" in the Venusian atmosphere, an alternative to the popular idea of living on 3451:

as well as multiple proposed missions still in their early conceptual stages.

2214:

Venus is the second planet from the Sun, making a full orbit in about 224 days

19977: 19287: 19199: 18941: 18921: 18501: 18234: 18217: 18038: 17955: 17918: 17889: 17879: 17847: 17825: 17805: 17768: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17310: 17113: 16816: 16617: 16542: 16474: 16464: 16318: 16298: 16278: 16162: 15950: 15801: 15758: 15426:

Hindu Rites, Rituals, Customs and Traditions: A to Z on the Hindu Way of Life

15205: 15145: 14919:"Colonization of the Venusian Clouds: Is 'Surfacism' Clouding Our Judgement?" 14767: 14462: 14435: 13903: 13220: 13166: 12619: 12442: 12285: 11771: 11728: 11696: 11688: 10901: 10166: 9776: 9214: 9150: 8909: 8814: 8757: 8673: 8624: 8575: 8504: 8443: 8158: 8089: 8039:

Prospects for an ancient dynamo and modern crustal remnant magnetism on Venus

7860: 7637: 6730: 6656: 6219: 5490: 5302: 5102: 4367:

Misstated as "Ganiki Chasma" in the press release and scientific publication.

4242: 4230: 4222: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4035: 3916: 3739: 3487: 3474: 3437: 3366: 3063: 3052: 3048: 2903: 2772:

The Chinese historically referred to the morning Venus as "the Great White" (

2745: 2568: 2326: 2255: 2137: 2125: 2063: 2012: 1806: 1691: 1627: 1549: 1479: 1470: 1348: 1202: 1174: 1139: 987: 891: 405: 128: 19220: 15477:

Religion in China: universism. a key to the study of Taoism and Confucianism

14531: 14032: 13309: 12893:

Palmieri, Paolo (2001). "Galileo and the discovery of the phases of Venus".

12027:"Inferential Evidence for the Pre-telescopic Sighting of the Crescent Venus" 11603: 11484:"Parker Solar Probe Captures First Complete View of Venus Orbital Dust Ring" 10069:

McClintock, William M.; Holsclaw, Gregory; Roman, Anthony (26 August 2019).

9102: 8764: 5681: 4556: 4075:, it is held to affect wealth, pleasure and reproduction; it was the son of 3571:

Members of the team around Greaves, are working as part of a project by the

3378:

provided unprecedented observation of Venus's atmosphere. ESA concluded the

2262:

once every 243 Earth days—the slowest rotation of any planet. This Venusian

2246: 2040: 19943: 19859: 19019: 19005: 18796: 18751: 18408: 18291: 18185: 18125: 18108: 17928: 17906: 17857: 17815: 17800: 17785: 17651: 17610: 17575: 17395: 17220: 17056: 17025: 16811: 16484: 16479: 16353: 16338: 16268: 16253: 16195: 15776: 15197: 14975: 14243: 14158: 13856: 13849: 13575: 13442: 12489: 12277: 12228: 12026: 11331: 11296: 10347: 9819: 8945: 8832: 8512: 8471: 8097: 8015: 7357: 7060: 7041: 6829:

Karttunen, Hannu; Kroger, P.; Oja, H.; Poutanen, M.; Donner, K. J. (2007).

6546: 6109: 6043: 5871: 5457:"Evidence of ongoing volcanic activity on Venus revealed by Magellan radar" 4923: 4902: 4214: 4201: 4039: 3860: 3701: 3672: 3537: 3484: 3075: 3016:

observed a complete ring around the dark side of the planet when it was at

2840:, both of which are literal translations of their traditional Greek names. 2675: 2371: 2302: 2263: 2193: 2162: 1890: 1749: 1666: 1609: 1582:. Venus has gained interest as a case for research into the development of 1435: 1336: 1190: 1089: 1033: 15092:

Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

14235: 14150: 12262:

Woolley, Richard (1969). "Captain Cook and the Transit of Venus of 1769".

11002:"Long-Term Evolution of the Spin of Venus, Part II: Numerical Simulations" 10398: 10385: 9170: 9168: 8689:"Venus was once more Earth-like, but climate change made it uninhabitable" 2575:

once witnessed a daytime apparition of the planet while at a reception in

1856:

Another possibility is that the absence of a late, large impact on Venus (

1748:, little direct information is available about the internal structure and 1694:

on the surface of Venus (false-colour image reconstructed from radar data)

19192: 19060: 19054: 18837: 18825: 18820: 18771: 18746: 18716: 18711: 18659: 18654: 18479: 18393: 18352: 18313: 18190: 18015: 17938: 17901: 17790: 17137: 16469: 16393: 16343: 16293: 16283: 16233: 16228: 16157: 15564: 15336: 14888:"A Look Into Whether Humans Should Try to Colonize Venus Instead of Mars" 13957: 13831: 11750:(6). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA): 776–783. 10675: 10638: 10637:

Kane, S. R.; Vervoort, P.; Horner, J.; Pozuelos, P. J. (September 2020).

9865: 9835:"Titan, Mars and Earth: Entropy Production by Latitudinal Heat Transport" 9239: 8806: 8749: 7487: 7225: 7198: 6922: 6891: 6803: 6647: 5722: 5455:

Sulcanese, Davide; Mitri, Giuseppe; Mastrogiuseppe, Marco (27 May 2024).

4245:. This gendered association of Venus and Mars has been used to pair them 4234: 3928: 3464:

the development of conditions leading to habitable environments and life.

3441: 3230: 3041: 2713: 2475: 2464: 2362:, but most were determined to be stars in the vicinity. Alex Alemi's and 2025: 1895: 1868: 1654:, a volcanic product that would weather quickly on the planet's surface. 1528:

The longitude of physical features on Venus is expressed relative to its

1506: 1092:

in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the

828: 809: 798: 771: 50: 15965: 15238:

Quack, Joachim Friedrich (23 May 2019). "The Planets in Ancient Egypt".

14348:"Update: Life Above Hell? Serious doubt cast on Venus phosphine finding" 13743:"Venus Express Out Of Gas; Mission Concludes, Spacecraft On Death Watch" 11234:

De la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; De la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (November 2012).

10781:. Canadian Astronomy, Satellite Tracking and Optical Research (CASTOR). 10339: 10311:"Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere" 8007: 6322:

Strom, Robert G.; Schaber, Gerald G.; Dawson, Douglas D. (25 May 1994).

4100:

In Chinese the planet is called Jīn-xīng (金星), the golden planet of the

3951:), calling it "the crosser" or "star with crosses", associating it with 3847:

a symbol used in some cultures for Venus, and sometimes combined into a

3229:, and the echoes revealed two highly reflective regions, designated the 19583: 19578: 19331: 19079: 19026: 18766: 18345: 17923: 17017: 16943: 16918: 16703: 16698: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16358: 16288: 16238: 16200: 16172: 16167: 15872:"Love/Hate Reads: 'Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus,' Revisited" 15848: 15390: 15020:"Aphrodite and the Gods of Love: Roman Venus (Getty Villa Exhibitions)" 14948:

Whitney, Charles A. (September 1986). "The Skies of Vincent van Gogh".

14703:"Astronauts bound for Mars should swing by Venus first, scientists say" 14023: 13620: 12697: 12377:

Baum, R. M. (2000). "The enigmatic ashen light of Venus: an overview".

10910:. Translated by Dunlop, Storm. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. 9722: 9165: 8880:"NASA Study: Massive Volcanism May Have Altered Ancient Venus' Climate" 6525: 6153: 4348: 4226: 3982: 3977: 3576: 3495: 3386: 3234: 3213: 3175:), and discovered that Venus's atmosphere was considerably denser than 3062:

The first ultraviolet observations were carried out in the 1920s, when

3009: 2925: 2870: 2866: 2829: 2821: 2576: 2341: 2178: 2109: 2094: 2090: 1948: 1940: 1903: 1833: 1802: 1798: 1631: 1579: 1514: 1510: 1352: 1340: 1221: 1170: 983: 872: 726: 544: 14868: 14380: 14051: 12293: 11453:"What Scientists Found After Sifting Through Dust in the Solar System" 11294: 11233: 9458: 8615: 8590: 7919: 7658: 7577:"We've measured the size of Venus's planetary core for the first time" 7142:"Transient hot spots on Venus: Best evidence yet for active volcanism" 6349: 4818: 2808:

The ancient Greeks initially believed Venus to be two separate stars:

1427:

in the atmosphere may indicate that there have been recent eruptions.

1423:

in 1990–91. The ground shows evidence of extensive volcanism, and the

1232:

of any pair of Solar System planets. This allows Venus to be the most

19776: 19771: 19573: 19568: 19558: 19538: 19481: 19476: 19471: 19466: 19461: 19381: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19326: 19311: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19232: 19040: 19033: 18462: 18428: 18259: 18180: 18103: 18098: 18069: 17810: 17763: 17632: 17615: 17290: 17100: 17010: 17003: 16996: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16908: 16893: 16883: 16323: 16303: 16273: 16263: 15595:

The Book of Chumayel: The Counsel Book of the Yucatec Maya, 1539–1638

15213: 10561: 10512: 9581: 8496: 8150: 6958: 5842:"Here's Carl Sagan's original essay on the dangers of climate change" 4072: 3972: 3856: 3809: 3545: 3360: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3266: 3191: 3126: 2766: 2761: 2736: 2609: 2484: 2283: 2223: 2113: 2033: 2000: 1873: 1837: 1670: 912: 894: 381: 197: 57: 18064: 15989: 15840: 13776:"Parker Solar Probe Captures Visible Light Images of Venus' Surface" 13194: 13141: 11295:

De la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; De la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (June 2013).

10538: 9714: 8913: 8382: 6323: 6274:

Nimmo, F.; McKenzie, D. (1998). "Volcanism and Tectonics on Venus".

4745: 3718:(Сергей Житомирский, 1929–2004) in 1971 and NASA aerospace engineer 2024:

at elevations of 54 to 48 km, with lower elevations inhibiting

19723: 19622: 19456: 19451: 19446: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19410: 19321: 19305: 19266: 19093: 18931: 18398: 18254: 18239: 17974: 17681: 17529: 17305: 17169: 17159: 16948: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16913: 16903: 16898: 16863: 16798: 16373: 15670:

Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate

15129: 14572: 14492: 14452: 14395: 14226: 14133: 13365: 13340: 13267: 13118: 12734: 12426: 12179: 11763: 11120: 11093: 10657: 10427: 10087: 9477: 9369: 9295: 9189: 8789: 8732: 8204: 7947: 5602:"Venus's atmospheric nitrogen explained by ancient plate tectonics" 5353: 5277: 5130: 5043: 5000: 4516:

has brought the only non-Soviet probes to enter the atmosphere, as

4422:

km/h is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by 24

4213:

The symbol of a circle with a small cross beneath is the so-called

4068: 4010: 3991: 3868: 3844: 3723: 3260: 3250: 3244: 3200: 3151: 3145: 3113: 3071: 2894: 2858: 2845: 2837: 2813: 2230:), and completes an orbit every 224.7 days. Although all planetary 1789: 1642: 1344: 1276: 1268: 1015: 448: 15620:

Star Gods of The Mayans: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars

13798: 13339:

Mayer, C. H.; McCullough, T. P.; Sloanaker, R. M. (January 1958).

13195:"A Spectrographic Investigation of the Rotation Velocity of Venus" 11529: 11313: 11254: 11152: 3923:

possibly knew by the second millennium BC or at the latest by the

3767:

Venus is portrayed just to the right of the large cypress tree in

3664:, demonstrating that they should be quicker and safer missions to 3309: 2410: 2173:

layer exists high in the atmosphere of Venus. On 29 January 2013,

1728: 19670: 18335: 18323: 18249: 17642: 17620: 17495: 17480: 17154: 16637: 14332: 12559:

Heimpel, W. (1982). "A catalogue of Near Eastern Venus deities".

11809: 9852:, University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory: 415–418. 9112:

Patel, M.R.; Mason, J.P.; Nordheim, T.A.; Dartnell, L.R. (2022).

7196: 5697: 5259:

Herbst, K.; Banjac, S; Atri D.; Nordheim, T. A (1 January 2020).

4259: 4004: 3876: 3864: 3683:

crewed flyby missions to Venus, though they were never realized.

3407: 3334: 2850: 2833: 2467:

on Earth, after the Moon and the Sun, though significantly less.

2235: 1894:

Cloud structure of the Venusian atmosphere, made visible through

1850: 1772: 1768: 1651: 1623: 1466: 1443: 1424: 858: 633: 458: 15622:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 200–204, 383. 13038:. Vol. 2004. Cambridge University Press. pp. 209–219. 12348:"Transits of Venus, Six Millennium Catalog: 2000 BCE to 4000 CE" 11227: 11191:

Mikkola, S.; Brasser, R.; Wiegert, P.; Innanen, K. (July 2004).

8037:

O'Rourke, Joseph; Gillmann, Cedric; Tackley, Paul (April 2019).

7458: 3124:

The first successful interplanetary mission, also to Venus, was

2984: 2704:

The next transit will occur in December 2117 and December 2125.

2619:

of Venus is the appearance of Venus in front of the Sun, during

2546:). Venus shows a larger disc and "quarter phase" at its maximum 1473:, demonstrating that the surface is relatively young, at 300–600 19837: 19517: 19512: 19491: 19486: 19387: 19361: 19356: 19316: 18776: 17967: 17962: 17676: 17671: 17637: 17625: 17570: 17522: 17515: 17490: 17485: 17364: 17094: 17066: 17061: 17030: 16857: 14476: 13862: 12676:

Dobbin, Robert (2002). "An Ironic Allusion at "Aeneid" 1.374".

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Shapiro, I. I.; Campbell, D. B.; De Campli, W. M. (June 1979).

7932: 6617: 4546: 4263: 4059: 4031: 4023: 3989:(Ἠωσϕόρος), meaning "dawn-bringer"), for the morning star, and 3968: 3952: 3829: 3817: 3525: 3490:

might exist in the cooler, acidic upper layers of the Venusian

3390: 3329: 3323: 3313:

Global topographic map of Venus, with all probe landings marked

3118: 3028:

from the motions of markings on the planet's apparent surface.

3004:. Venus's atmosphere was observed in 1790 by German astronomer 2712:

A long-standing mystery of Venus observations is the so-called

2679: 2522: 2218:

Venus orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 0.72

2132: 2117: 1646:(discussed below) could originate from volcanic activity (i.e. 1560: 1439: 1415: 1359:

of both major constituents and making the surface atmosphere a

1343:

is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being

1111: 1045: 844: 782: 581: 13804: 12514:

The Exact Transmission of Texts in the First Millennium B.C.E.

12001:"What equipment do you need to see and photograph the planets" 11787:"Welcome to Cloud City: The case for going to Venus, not Mars" 6435:

Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXII

5219: 5067: 3012:

of sunlight in a dense atmosphere. Later, American astronomer

2238:, Venus's orbit is currently the closest to circular, with an 1213:

evaporated any water and turned Venus into its present state.

255: 223: 180: 86: 18093: 17666: 17598: 17508: 17463: 12618:. Translated by Healy, John F. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: 11512: 7526:"Venus' internal structure, temperature and core composition" 7431:

Introduction to planetary science: the geological perspective

6936: 4730: 4079:, preceptor of the Daityas, and guru of the Asuras. The word 4076: 4019: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3833: 3749:

is a mission concept that proposed a crewed aerostat design.

3706: 3411: 2663:

of a Venus transit (after history's first observed planetary

2492:

visible when the Sun is low on the horizon or setting. As an

2282:

minutes. Because of the retrograde rotation, the length of a

2231: 2182: 2170: 1311: 1198: 1127: 1027: 300: 162: 14524: 13495:"Report on the Activities of the COSPAR Working Group VII". 11741: 11629:, professor of planetary geosciences at the Open University. 11604:"BBC Radio 4—More or Less, Sugar, Outdoors Play and Planets" 11190: 10608:"Venus Smiled, With a Mysterious Wave Across Its Atmosphere" 6700: 5454: 4862:

Konopliv, A. S.; Banerdt, W. B.; Sjogren, W. L. (May 1999).

4616: 4120:

cultures refer to the planet literally as the "metal star" (

3222:

ever used, a technique which would be used by later probes.

3070:

revealed considerable detail that was absent in visible and

1228:

of 1.6 years. Venus and Earth have the lowest difference in

211: 17719: 17603: 17468: 14355: 14267:"Scientists find gas linked to life in atmosphere of Venus" 10747: 9768:

10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2053:CTWFVO>2.0.CO;2

8469:

Owen, Tobias; Bar-Nun, Akiva; Kleinfeld, Idit (July 1992).

8036: 7853:

10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0987:WDVLAM>2.0.CO;2

7630:

10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0987:WDVLAM>2.0.CO;2

5976:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology. 5258: 4927: 4376:

The equatorial speed of Earth is given as both about 1674.4

4027: 3960: 3735: 3665: 3549: 2958:

that the Solar System was concentric and centred on Earth.

2820:

credited the realization that they were a single object to

2535: 2370:

shows Venus likely had at least one moon created by a huge

2306: 2227: 1574:

during ancient times and, as a result, may have had a more

1462: 1319: 1315: 1283:

on Earth. This finding ended the theories and then popular

1264: 1051: 606: 261: 258: 226: 214: 183: 171: 168: 92: 19938: 15726: 15587: 14440:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

14117: 13986: 13704: 12119:"Planet Venus Visible in Daytime Sky Today: How to See It" 11642:"Venus Close Approaches to Earth as predicted by Solex 11" 10945:"Long-Term Evolution of the Spin of Venus, Part I: Theory" 10845:. Venus Express. European Space Agency. 10 February 2012. 10636: 9353:

in the Clouds of Venus is Consistent with Mesospheric SO2"

9345: 9275: 9111: 8773:"Was Venus the first habitable world of our solar system?" 8631: 8199:. In Tilman, Spohn; Breuer, Doris; Johnson, T. V. (eds.). 8059: 7199:"Active volcanism on Venus in the Ganiki Chasma rift zone" 6828: 6595:. California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory. pp. 99–100. 5972:. In Tilman, Spohn; Breuer, Doris; Johnson, T. V. (eds.). 5666:(4th ed.). Boston: Sky Publishing. pp. 175–200. 2526:

The phases of Venus and evolution of its apparent diameter

159: 19842: 17448: 14731: 14560: 13597:

Colin, L.; Hall, C. (1977). "The Pioneer Venus Program".

13406: 13379: 12583:

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10691:"The length of a day on Venus is always changing – Space" 10067: 7985: 7402:

Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference

7250:"Why the Discovery of an Active Volcano on Venus Matters" 6502: 4985: 3996: 3676: 3572: 3208:

and the first to transmit data from there back to Earth.

3121:

programme flying to Venus, but it lost contact en route.

2921: 2497: 2366:'s 2006 study of models of the early Solar System at the 2174: 2083: 2070:. Other possible constituents of the cloud particles are 1817:

provides negligible protection to the atmosphere against

1115: 454: 246: 208: 153: 16049: 14812: 13338: 12468:

Sachs, A. (1974). "Babylonian Observational Astronomy".

11422:"NASA's Parker Solar Probe Sees Venus Orbital Dust Ring" 11091: 9832: 9676:

ESA Blog Navigator – Navigator page for active ESA blogs

9174: 7896:

tidal Love number from Magellan and PVO tracking data".

5042:. International Astronomical Union. 2000. Archived from 3981:(Φωσϕόρος), meaning "light-bringer" (whence the element 3836:, who has been associated with the Roman goddess Venus. 3422:

As of 2023, the only active mission at Venus is Japan's

3382:

mission in December 2014 deorbiting it in January 2015.

2358:

and numerous sightings were reported over the following

14210: 13808:"Parker Solar Probe Imaging of the Night Side of Venus" 11664: 10308: 10173: 9672:"Venus and Earth: worlds apart – Transit of Venus blog" 9461:"Re-analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus" 9244:"Possible sign of life on Venus stirs up heated debate" 8188: 8137:(7). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 473–477. 8122:

Lebonnois, Sebastien; Schubert, Gerald (26 June 2017).

8030: 5876:

Volcanic worlds: exploring the Solar System's volcanoes

5693: 5691: 3630:

manoeuvres capturing some data about Venus on the way.

3483:

Some scientists have speculated that thermoacidophilic

2836:, literally "Light-Bringer", and the evening aspect as 2456:

difference to Earth than any other planet, needing the

15264: 13545: 13488: 9738: 9529: 9413:"More doubts cast on potential signs of life on Venus" 9271: 9269: 8711: 8638:

O'Rourke, Joseph G.; Korenaga, Jun (1 November 2015).

6178:

Planetology: Unlocking the Secrets of the Solar System

6058: 4861: 3908:

appear to parallel the motion of the planet Venus. In

2794:), and the evening Venus as "the Excellent West One" ( 2719: 1275:, such as the first soft landing on another planet by 19927: 12821:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 75. 12524:, Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. 11849:

NightWatch: A Practical Guide to Viewing the Universe

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9739:

Rossow, W. B.; del Genio, A. D.; Eichler, T. (1990).

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In an early example of space cooperation the data of

3044:

observations that more of its secrets were revealed.

2795: 2784: 2773: 2655:, and hence the size of the Solar System as shown by 1446:

goddess of love, and is about the size of Australia.

264: 252: 229: 205: 186: 174: 165: 95: 89: 30:

This article is about the planet. For the deity, see

15904:

Symbols: Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms

15176:

Parker, R. A. (1974). "Ancient Egyptian Astronomy".

14734:"Venus Exploration in the New Human Spaceflight Age" 14470: 14016: 13662: 13539: 10532: 10213: 10211: 9741:"Cloud-tracked winds from Pioneer Venus OCPP images" 8637: 8468: 7710: 7652: 7568: 7435:. Springer eBook collection. Springer. p. 201. 7399: 6822: 6670:

Petkowski, Janusz; Seager, Sara (18 November 2021).

6123: 5688: 4520:

only briefly signals were received from the surface.

4292: 3824:), all of whom were associated with the planet. The 3024:

and Schröter incorrectly estimated periods of about

2843:

In the second century, in his astronomical treatise

2735:

Venus is in Earth's sky bright enough to be visible

2254:

All planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in an

2250:

Venus and its rotation in respect to its revolution.

243: 220: 150: 83: 14374: 12808: 11940:"Venus: Twelve year planetary ephemeris, 1995–2006" 11184: 10936: 9992: 9559: 9523: 9452: 9266: 8783:(16). American Geophysical Union (AGU): 8376–8383. 8582: 7882: 7364: 7272: 6419: 5599:Weller, Matthew B.; et al. (26 October 2023). 5254: 5252: 4582: 3726:

for crewed exploration and possibly for permanent "

3697:

Floating cities and islands in fiction § Venus

2884: 249: 217: 156: 80: 14610:"Parker Solar Probe Primed for Fourth Venus Flyby" 14204: 14031: 13872:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 10. 13412: 13097:Russell, H. N. (1899). "The Atmosphere of Venus". 12757:"AVICENNA viii. Mathematics and Physical Sciences" 12210: 11946:. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from 10219: 9826: 9732: 9596: 9411: 8639: 8470: 8409: 8053: 7979: 7420: 6694: 6611: 6391: 6321: 5600: 5598: 5329: 4951: 4949: 4768: 4617: 4583: 4344:Physical properties of planets in the Solar System 4067:means "clear, pure" or "brightness, clearness" in 2628:transiting above Earth in a sequence of currently 1947:, Venus has been identified by scientists such as 15442: 15240:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science 14782: 14316: 14111: 13332: 13146:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12171: 11356:"Double Impact May Explain Why Venus Has No Moon" 11301:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11241:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11198:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11000:Laskar, Jacques; De Surgy, Olivier Néron (2003). 10208: 10179: 10133:"Lightning detection on Venus: a critical review" 8871: 8641:"Thermal evolution of Venus with argon degassing" 8121: 7132: 7130: 7093: 6865:"Have Venusian volcanoes been caught in the act?" 6426:Batson, R.M.; Russell, J. F. (18–22 March 1991). 5168: 4979: 4703:"Horizons Web-Interface for Venus (Major Body=2)" 1165:. Venus lacks an internal dynamo, and its weakly 61:. A cloud layer permanently obscures the surface. 19975: 19141: 13590: 12265:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 11193:"Asteroid 2002 VE68: A Quasi-Satellite of Venus" 11137: 11050: 10126: 10124: 10063: 10061: 9925: 8845: 7889:Konopliv, A. S.; Yoder, C. F. (1996). "Venusian 6064: 5864: 5249: 5032: 4814: 4812: 3851:arrangement. Here the eight pointed star is the 3595:is a scientific organization established by the 3536:In September 2020, a team of astronomers led by 3403:List of missions to Venus § Future missions 3081:It had been noted that Venus had no discernible 2354:reported a moon orbiting Venus, which was named 2317:Venus has no natural satellites. It has several 1397:Color-coded elevation map, showing the elevated 1259:, Venus appears more prominent, since it is the 17408: 15271:Cattermole, Peter John; Moore, Patrick (1997). 15270: 15171: 15169: 15167: 15047: 15045: 14910: 13030:Marov, Mikhail Ya. (2004). Kurtz, D. W. (ed.). 12613: 12380:Journal of the British Astronomical Association 12217:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 12079: 11839: 10499: 10414: 10217: 10001:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–120. 8462: 7721:. In Shirley, J. H.; Fainbridge, R. W. (eds.). 7687: 7574: 7454: 7452: 7335: 6669: 6469: 6467: 5558: 5556: 5169:Haus, R.; Kappel, D.; Arnoldb, G. (July 2016). 4946: 4034:spoke of the star and its light. Poets such as 3707:High Altitude Venus Operational Concept (HAVOC) 3159:showed the surface temperature was hotter than 2015:from rising luminosity of the Sun and possibly 1169:is caused by atmospheric interactions with the 1134:of the terrestrial planets, composed mostly of 15790: 15788: 15786: 15467: 15233: 15231: 15130:"Inana and Šukaletuda: A Sumerian Astral Myth" 15095:. The British Museum Press. pp. 108–109. 14984:: A History of Matter and a Matter of History" 14850: 14848: 14322: 13635: 13341:"Observations of Venus at 3.15-cm Wave Length" 13281:Martz, Edwin P. Jr. (1934). "Venus and life". 12965:"William Crabtree's Venus transit observation" 12814: 12427:"Inana and Šukaletuda: A Sumerian Astral Myth" 11897: 11597: 11595: 11085: 10999: 9931: 9694: 9234: 9232: 7755: 7716: 7164: 7127: 6856: 6129: 5835: 5833: 5594: 5592: 4534: 4083:is also associated with semen, or generation. 3793:throughout history and in different cultures. 3031: 338:0.723332 AU (108.21 million km) 326:0.718440 AU (107.48 million km) 19127: 17569: 17380: 16065: 15863: 15529: 15453:(2nd ed.). Lotus Press. pp. 65–74. 15448: 15084: 15082: 14941: 14601: 14427: 14173: 14087:"Could microbes be affecting Venus' climate?" 14022: 13980: 13949: 13712:"Welcome to the Galileo Orbiter Archive Page" 13668: 13186: 13090: 12626: 12571: 12552: 12339: 12255: 12202: 12110: 11933: 11931: 11561: 11413: 11133: 11131: 10894: 10835: 10473: 10455:"ESA finds that Venus has an ozone layer too" 10302: 10121: 10058: 10036:""Heavy metal" snow on Venus is lead sulfide" 9895: 9037:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 8964: 8852:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 8588: 8401: 8326: 7888: 7370: 7278: 6582: 6425: 6277:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 6273: 6002: 5930: 5768: 5338: 5109: 4924:"Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics" 4864:"Venus Gravity: 180th Degree and Order Model" 4809: 4774: 4121: 3796:The English name of Venus was originally the 3520:—are plentiful in the vicinity of the clouds. 3396: 3385:In 2010, the first successful interplanetary 2800: 2789: 2778: 2437:When Venus lies between Earth and the Sun in 2062:layer are thick clouds, consisting mainly of 15329:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (12 September 2005). 15164: 15042: 14879: 14818: 14641:"Venus is a Russian planet—say the Russians" 14289: 14078: 13734: 13246:Ross, F. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 47. 13507: 13373: 13239: 13023: 12704: 12636:Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism 12420: 12418: 12416: 12414: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12402: 12370: 12141: 11928: 11671:"Venus is not Earth's closest neighbour". 11475: 11128: 10814:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. 10577:"Venus wave may be Solar System's biggest" 10483:. European Space Agency. 29 January 2013. 10377: 10266: 8539: 8289: 8233: 7819: 7817: 7599: 7517: 7427:Faure, Gunter; Mensing, Teresa M. (2007). 7371:Morrison, David; Owens, Tobias C. (2003). 7136: 6883: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6071:"The Recent Evolution of Climate on Venus" 5870: 5737: 5162: 5063: 5061: 4258:The Venus symbol was also used in Western 3494:. Such speculations go back to 1967, when 1782: 1559:, indicating a different, possibly a more 1251:and in the history of astronomy. Orbiting 49: 16001: 15766: 15611: 15597:. Richard Luxton. 1899. pp. 6, 194. 15542:. Doubleday, Page & company. p. 15417: 15294: 15292: 15275:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 14916: 14757: 14694: 14632: 14554: 14491: 14461: 14451: 14394: 14225: 14132: 13893: 13839: 13596: 13364: 13165: 13051: 12991: 12937: 12886: 12710: 12085: 11962: 11845: 11528: 11330: 11312: 11288: 11271: 11253: 11236:"On the Dynamical Evolution of 2002 VE68" 11218: 11151: 11119: 11056: 10674: 10656: 10630: 10457:. European Space Agency. 6 October 2011. 10447: 10397: 10156: 10104: 10086: 9766: 9494: 9476: 9386: 9368: 9294: 9188: 9140: 8822: 8788: 8731: 8614: 8300:Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System 8259: 7946: 7761: 7719:"Venus: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere" 7224: 7050: 7040: 7012: 6930: 6921: 6781: 6646: 6573: 6312: 6099: 5709:(E5). Advancing Earth and Space Science. 5523: 5352: 5276: 5129: 4999: 4916: 4892: 4846: 4800: 4217:, gaining its name for being used as the 2973:, at each of their respective homes, on 4 2496:, it always lies within about 47° of the 2463:Tidally Venus exerts the third strongest 1999:Venus's atmosphere is rich in primordial 1931:-rich atmosphere generates the strongest 1879: 18906:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 15961:Image catalogue from the Venera missions 15900: 15797:"The Male and Female Symbols of Biology" 15617: 15473: 15121: 14433: 14258: 14084: 13773: 13641: 13463: 13307: 12892: 12847: 11998: 11903: 11634: 11567: 10861: 10740: 10508:"Venus Can Have 'Comet-Like' Atmosphere" 10218:Russell, C. T.; Phillips, J. L. (1990). 9550: 8971:Tillman, Nola Taylor (18 October 2018). 8902: 8720:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 8595:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 8407: 8332: 8117: 8115: 7688:Kivelson, G. M.; Russell, C. T. (1995). 7468:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 6784:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 6213: 6207: 6008: 5774: 5702:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 5227:"Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures" 4741: 4739: 4673: 3838: 3762: 3700: 3428:, having achieved orbital insertion on 7 3406: 3308: 3243: 2983: 2600: 2558: 2521: 2474: 2443:decreasing eccentricity of Earth's orbit 2409: 2245: 2209: 2039: 1889: 1727: 1686: 1603: 1488: 1392: 1294: 19102:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 18130:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 15934:at NASA's Solar System Exploration site 15870:Brammer, John Paul (10 February 2020). 15869: 15813: 15636: 15535: 15322: 14947: 14663: 14638: 14607: 14339: 14179: 13955: 13382:Mariner-Venus 1962 Final Project Report 13192: 13096: 12931: 12853: 12632: 12577: 12558: 12399: 12345: 12261: 12208: 12116: 12025:Goines, David Lance (18 October 1995). 11976:. 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NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 4638:participating institution membership 4604:participating institution membership 4418:km/h. The incorrect figure of 1669.8 4183:often depicted as warmer, but still 3939:. They depicted Venus at first as a 3905:Inanna's Descent into the Underworld 2969:and observed by him and his friend, 2730: 2124:fall in time with the Sun's 11-year 2089:The surface of Venus is effectively 1201:. 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The symbol is of 4086:Venus is known as Kejora in 3601:interplanetary contamination 3447:There are currently several 3093: 2965:was accurately predicted by 2418:Earth and Venus have a near 1593: 1461:There is recent evidence of 1370: 1365:supercritical carbon dioxide 7: 19994:Planets of the Solar System 18964:Outline of the Solar System 18727:Interplanetary medium/space 17271:Artificial objects on Venus 17266:Geological mapping of Venus 15951:Soviet Exploration of Venus 15361:"Eospheros & Hespheros" 15242:. Oxford University Press. 15128:Cooley, Jeffrey L. (2008). 14413:10.1051/0004-6361/202039717 12425:Cooley, Jeffrey L. (2008). 12315:Boyle, Alan (5 June 2012). 11821:Science Mission Directorate 10804:Bakich, Michael E. (2000). 10754:. L'Observatoire de Paris. 9960:10.1088/0034-4885/66/10/R04 9606:Planetary and Space Science 9496:10.1051/0004-6361/202039717 9207:10.1051/0004-6361/201936968 9075:Planetary and Space Science 8195:Taylor, Fredric W. 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In 3617:List of missions to Venus 3566:statistically significant 3189:was joined with the 1967 3100:List of missions to Venus 2801: 2790: 2779: 2583:in Washington, D.C., on 4 2511: 2406:Orbit in respect to Earth 1945:runaway greenhouse effect 1499:Venusian surface features 1389:Surface features of Venus 1330:Venus is one of the four 1299:Venus to scale among the 1236:destination and a useful 1211:runaway greenhouse effect 1126:to its orbital neighbour 1078: 999: 973: 968: 954: 939: 927: 907: 889: 822: 808: 781: 768: 742: 724: 714: 699: 678: 666: 645: 630: 605: 580: 553: 543: 512: 507: 497: 485: 473: 431: 419: 402: 390: 355:Orbital period (sidereal) 352: 342: 330: 320: 306: 296: 289: 275: 135: 115: 71: 66: 48: 19431:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe 19013:Local Interstellar Cloud 17725:other near-Earth objects 17049:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe 16399:List of coronae on Venus 16039:Eötvös Loránd University 15618:Milbrath, Susan (1999). 15424:Bhalla, Prem P. (2006). 14744:. 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(1994). 6133:Earth, Moon, and Planets 4518:atmospheric entry probes 4514:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe 4354: 4229:, adopted by biology as 4063:which is used in Indian 4044:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 4018:Classical poets such as 3935:and the evening star as 3568:detection of phosphine. 3449:probes under development 3276:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe 2932:and disproved Ptolemy's 2812:, the morning star, and 2758:First Babylonian dynasty 2163:atmospheric polar vortex 1867:of water molecules from 1840:through the crust. This 1612:in Venus's Eistla region 1291:Physical characteristics 1153:Internally, Venus has a 942:Absolute magnitude 702:Sidereal rotation period 508:Physical characteristics 393:Orbital period (synodic) 19802:European Venus Explorer 18976:Solar System portal 18702:Giant-impact hypothesis 18309:Trans-Neptunian objects 17191:European Venus Explorer 16807:Venus-crosser asteroids 14857:"Colonization of Venus" 14405:2020A&A...644L...2S 13387:(Report). SP-59. NASA. 13193:Slipher, V. M. (1903). 9619:2006P&SS...54.1352K 9487:2020A&A...644L...2S 9199:2020A&A...633A..15H 9127:. Elsevier BV: 114796. 9088:1999P&SS...47.1487C 8296:Lewis, John S. (2004). 7957:2017E&PSL.474..375J 7785:2003E&PSL.208....1S 6146:1995EM&P...66..285B 5943:Encyclopedia of Science 5775:Lawrence, Pete (2005). 5515:: CS1 maint: bibcode ( 5363:2018A&C....25...10M 5341:Astronomy and Computing 5287:2020A&A...633A..15H 4793:2012A&A...543A.133S 4762:1994A&A...282..663S 4630:Oxford University Press 4596:Oxford University Press 4553:Oxford University Press 3828:and these goddesses is 3647:crewed missions to Mars 3340:Between 1990 and 1994, 3068:ultraviolet photographs 2739:, making it one of the 2454:gravitational potential 2350:. In the 17th century, 2226:; 67 million 2222:(108 million 1783:Magnetic field and core 1505:, and highland regions 1230:gravitational potential 681:Synodic rotation period 291:Orbital characteristics 237:or Venerean / Venerian 18864:Possible dwarf planets 18707:Gravitational collapse 18645:Circumstellar envelope 17444: 17051: / Pioneer 13 17045: / Pioneer 12 16012:U.S. Geological Survey 16002:Cartographic resources 15957:at Mentallandscape.com 15511:. Routledge. pp. 15503:Crump, Thomas (1992). 15198:10.1098/rsta.1974.0009 14536:Venus Cloud Life – MIT 14463:10.1093/mnrasl/slaa187 13464:Mitchell, Don (2003). 13308:Mitchell, Don (2003). 13167:10.1093/mnras/2.11.78d 12490:10.1098/rsta.1974.0008 12346:Espenak, Fred (2004). 12278:10.1098/rsnr.1969.0004 12229:10.1098/rstl.1771.0054 11938:Espenak, Fred (1996). 9934:"The surface of Venus" 9909:. NASA. 19 June 2000. 8243:. NASA. Archived from 7408:. pp. 1507–1516. 7358:10.1006/icar.1994.1180 7042:10.1126/sciadv.aax7445 6676:Venus Cloud Life – MIT 6110:10.1006/icar.2000.6570 5968:Mueller, Nils (2014). 4903:10.1006/icar.1999.6086 4729:values at the precise 4210: 3910:Inanna and Shukaletuda 3899:Inanna and Shukaletuda 3884: 3778: 3710: 3645:Studies of routes for 3419: 3314: 3255: 3130:of the United States' 2993: 2981:in use at that time). 2612: 2564: 2527: 2480: 2415: 2251: 2215: 2045: 1899: 1880:Atmosphere and climate 1832:liquid, rotation, and 1737: 1695: 1613: 1523:planetary nomenclature 1494: 1406: 1327: 1304:planetary-mass objects 1242:interplanetary flights 1122:and is the closest in 36:Venus (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 19611:Venus Orbiter Mission 19262:Pioneer Venus Orbiter 19073:Laniakea Supercluster 18690:Sample-return mission 17443: 17043:Pioneer Venus Orbiter 16364:Scalloped margin dome 16334:Quetzalpetlatl Corona 16026:Venus crater database 15982:19 March 2012 at the 15668:Dick, Steven (2001). 14236:10.1089/ast.2020.2244 14151:10.1089/ast.2020.2352 14030:(16 September 1967). 13866:Space Science Reviews 13600:Space Science Reviews 13248:Astrophysical Journal 13099:Astrophysical Journal 12684:(6). Brill: 736–738. 11658:Numbers generated by 11099:Astrophysical Journal 10876:The Planetary Society 10399:10.1038/news.2007.297 9242:(14 September 2020). 9183:. EDP Sciences: A15. 9008:Astrobiology Magazine 7146:The Planetary Society 6832:Fundamental Astronomy 6703:Space Science Reviews 5812:Fourmilab Switzerland 4961:The Planetary Society 4549:UK English Dictionary 4233:for female, like the 4209: 3842: 3826:weekday of the planet 3802:their goddess of love 3766: 3704: 3693:Colonization of Venus 3410: 3401:Further information: 3372:European Space Agency 3312: 3280:Pioneer Venus Orbiter 3272:Pioneer Venus project 3247: 3198:On 15 December 1970, 3098:Further information: 3051:tried to measure the 2987: 2963:1639 transit of Venus 2606:2012 transit of Venus 2604: 2562: 2525: 2478: 2413: 2387:terrestrial planets. 2249: 2213: 2196:in the solar system. 2043: 1893: 1742:reflection seismology 1731: 1690: 1607: 1576:habitable environment 1492: 1469:. The planet has few 1432:highland "continents" 1413:in the 20th century. 1396: 1298: 1273:interplanetary firsts 1207:habitable environment 1167:induced magnetosphere 1138:with a thick, global 1001:Composition by volume 816:blackbody temperature 19795:Cancelled / concepts 18988:Astronomy portal 18889:Solar System objects 18635:Circumplanetary disk 15809:on 23 November 2021. 15693:Seed, David (2005). 15643:Miller, Ron (2003). 15539:The passing of Korea 15339:on 12 September 2005 13832:10.1029/2021GL096302 13818:(3): e2021GL096302. 13716:PDS Atmospheres Node 12761:Encyclopædia Iranica 12522:University of Sydney 12209:Hornsby, T. (1771). 11916:on 11 September 2012 11332:10.1093/mnras/stt454 10724:. IERS. p. 19. 9866:10.1029/2000GL012336 9850:Ames Research Center 9613:(13–14): 1352–1359. 9254:on 14 September 2020 8807:10.1002/2016gl069790 8750:10.1029/2019je006276 8363:on 20 September 2019 8247:on 29 September 2006 7941:. Elsevier BV: 375. 7729:. pp. 905–907. 7488:10.1002/2016JE005249 7373:The Planetary System 7226:10.1002/2015GL064088 6923:10.1029/1998JE000619 6804:10.1029/2023JE007753 6790:(4): e2023JE007753. 6648:10.1029/2008GL033609 6242:National Geographic 5723:10.1029/2008JE003134 5664:The New Solar System 4619:"Venerean, Venerian" 4461:2π(6378.137 km) 4453:(23 h 56 m 4.0989 s) 4266:(like the symbol of 4148:Maya Codex of Mexico 4048:Alfred Lord Tennyson 3820:(which is Ishtar in 3657:missions with Venus 3605:planetary protection 3587:Planetary protection 3258:In 1975, the Soviet 3018:inferior conjunction 2816:, the evening star. 2685:The latest pair was 2644:, forming cycles of 2621:inferior conjunction 2555:Daylight apparitions 2424:inferior conjunction 2080:phosphoric anhydride 1744:or knowledge of its 1381:Geodynamics of Venus 1150:at Venus's surface. 19999:Terrestrial planets 19143:Spacecraft missions 19087:Observable universe 18884:Solar System models 18814:Protoplanetary disk 18737:Interstellar medium 18697:Frost/Ice/Snow line 16008:Map-a-Planet: Venus 15745:(7531): 1509–1510. 15190:1974RSPTA.276...51P 14750:2021AcAau.180..100I 14502:2021NatAs...5..631V 14143:2021AsBio..21.1277B 14046:(5107): 1259–1260. 14028:Morowitz, Harold J. 14002:2015Icar..257..396D 13895:20.500.11850/598198 13878:2023SSRv..219...10O 13824:2022GeoRL..4996302W 13718:. 18 October 1989. 13613:1977SSRv...20..283C 13560:1976Sci...193.1123C 13554:(4258): 1123–1124. 13527:on 21 December 2008 13427:1963Sci...139..910G 13357:1958ApJ...127....1M 13295:1934PA.....42..165M 13260:1928ApJ....68...57R 13213:1903AN....163...35S 13158:1832MNRAS...2...78H 13140:Hussey, T. (1832). 13111:1899ApJ.....9..284R 13044:2005tvnv.conf..209M 12984:2005tvnv.conf...34K 12909:2001JHA....32..109P 12727:1972Isis...63...39G 12591:1959scc3.book.....N 12482:1974RSPTA.276...43S 12393:2000JBAA..110..325B 12352:Transits of the Sun 11910:Sky & Telescope 11887:Sky & Telescope 11756:2000JSpRo..37..776P 11681:2019PhT..2019c0593. 11539:2010CeMDA.107...63B 11394:Sky & Telescope 11361:Scientific American 11323:2013MNRAS.432..886D 11264:2012MNRAS.427..728D 11211:2004MNRAS.351L..63M 11162:2009Icar..202...12S 11112:1979ApJ...230L.123S 11071:1969Icar...11..356G 11021:2003Icar..163...24C 10964:2003Icar..163....1C 10907:Solar System Voyage 10882:on 18 February 2006 10667:2020PSJ.....1...42K 10554:2017NatGe..10...85F 10340:10.1038/nature05930 10332:2007Natur.450..661R 10240:1990AdSpR..10e.137R 10202:1980CosRe..18..325K 10149:2018PEPS....5...34L 10097:2019AJ....158..126L 9999:Planetary Tectonics 9952:2003RPPh...66.1699B 9858:2001GeoRL..28..415L 9804:2010Sci...328..677N 9759:1990JAtS...47.2053R 9574:1981Natur.292..610K 9544:1979CosRe..17..232M 9379:2021ApJ...908L..44L 9305:2021NatAs...5..655G 9248:National Geographic 9133:2022Icar..37314796P 9070:Cockell, Charles S. 9049:2003JBIS...56..250L 9026:Landis, Geoffrey A. 8930:1988Icar...74..472K 8865:2007DPS....39.6109G 8847:Grinspoon, David H. 8799:2016GeoRL..43.8376W 8742:2020JGRE..12506276W 8658:2015Icar..260..128O 8607:1998JGR...103.3655N 8560:1991Icar...92....2P 8489:1992Natur.358...43O 8428:2013GeCoA.105..146H 8197:"Venus: Atmosphere" 8143:2017NatGe..10..473L 8074:1982Sci...216..630D 8047:2019EGUGA..2118876O 8008:10.1038/nature06432 8000:2007Natur.450..629S 7912:1996GeoRL..23.1857K 7845:2002Geo....30..987N 7675:1969CosRe...7..675D 7622:2002Geo....30..987N 7542:2012Icar..218..967A 7480:2017JGRE..122.1338D 7414:1982LPSC...12.1507G 7350:1994Icar..112..253H 7300:2009Icar..203...13R 7217:2015GeoRL..42.4762S 7033:2020SciA....6.7445F 6951:2013NatGe...6...25M 6914:1999JGR...10418899G 6908:(E8): 18899–18906. 6796:2023JGRE..12807753H 6757:skyandtelescope.org 6715:2017SSRv..212.1511G 6639:2008GeoRL..3511201H 6566:2007CeMDA..98..155S 6518:1996CeMDA..63..127D 6443:1991pggp.rept..490B 6342:1994JGR....9910899S 6336:(E5): 10899–10926. 6290:1998AREPS..26...23N 6254:The New York Times 6119:on 23 October 2003. 6092:2001Icar..150...19B 6067:Grinspoon, David H. 6028:1984Sci...223.1072E 6022:(4640): 1072–1074. 5880:Springer Publishing 5872:Lopes, Rosaly M. C. 5715:2008JGRE..113.0B24H 5621:2023NatAs...7.1436W 5475:2024NatAs.tmp..101S 5190:2016Icar..272..178H 5140:2017Icar..282...19M 5087:2018CeMDA.130...22A 5010:2021NatAs...5..676M 4930:. 5 November 2008. 4885:1999Icar..139....3K 4839:2007CeMDA..98..155S 4701:Yeomans, Donald K. 4628:(Online ed.). 4594:(Online ed.). 4455:must be used. Thus 4303:Solar System portal 4219:astronomical symbol 3742:in the atmosphere. 3716:Sergey Zhitomirskiy 3317:In 1985 the Soviet 3227:Arecibo Observatory 3110:robotic space probe 3014:Chester Smith Lyman 2998:atmosphere of Venus 2918:Venus showed phases 2879:Qotb al-Din Shirazi 2260:retrograde rotation 2143:whistler mode waves 1960: 1886:Atmosphere of Venus 1638:million years old. 1503:James Clerk Maxwell 1361:supercritical fluid 1332:terrestrial planets 1148:supercritical state 45: 19896:Manned Venus flyby 19186:Parker Solar Probe 19067:Virgo Supercluster 19048:Milky Way subgroup 18879:Natural satellites 18762:Nebular hypothesis 18742:Interstellar space 18732:Interstellar cloud 18640:Circumstellar disc 18230:Near-Earth objects 18114:names and meanings 17445: 16422:Guinevere Planitia 16314:Nightingale Corona 15403:. pp. 53–70. 15310:on 24 January 2020 14821:Inner Solar System 14790:"Архив фантастики" 14532:"Rocket Lab Probe" 13621:10.1007/BF02186467 11970:"Identifying UFOs" 10752:"Useful Constants" 10676:10.3847/PSJ/abae63 10612:The New York Times 9277:Hoge, Jim (2020). 9014:on 16 August 2014. 8383:"The Planet Venus" 6987:The New York Times 6526:10.1007/BF00693410 6154:10.1007/BF00579467 6065:Bullock, Mark A.; 6010:Esposito, Larry W. 5949:on 31 October 2021 5904:Squyres, Steven W. 5570:The New York Times 5429:The New York Times 5237:on 27 January 2023 4676:"Venus Fact Sheet" 4572:. Merriam-Webster. 4317:Outer space portal 4211: 4161:Estrella Solitaria 4071:. One of the nine 4054:wrote odes to it. 4052:William Wordsworth 3967:was together with 3965:Hellenistic period 3885: 3845:eight-pointed star 3779: 3732:planetary surfaces 3720:Geoffrey A. Landis 3711: 3681:Manned Venus flyby 3562:Runge's phenomenon 3542:Cardiff University 3500:Harold J. Morowitz 3434:Parker Solar Probe 3420: 3315: 3256: 3139:radar observations 2994: 2930:heliocentric model 2750:Jemdet Nasr period 2613: 2573:Napoleon Bonaparte 2565: 2534:like those of the 2528: 2489:apparent magnitude 2481: 2416: 2396:circumstellar disc 2384:tidal deceleration 2252: 2216: 2200:Orbit and rotation 2152:Venusian volcanoes 2076:aluminium chloride 2046: 2005:primary atmosphere 1959:Venus temperature 1958: 1906:composed of 96.5% 1902:Venus has a dense 1900: 1809:as in the Earth's 1740:Without data from 1738: 1736:structure of Venus 1724:Internal structure 1696: 1648:volcanic lightning 1614: 1600:Volcanism on Venus 1588:their habitability 1584:Earth-like planets 1495: 1456:Greek mythological 1407: 1328: 1301:Inner Solar System 1193:, the other being 1120:terrestrial planet 930:Apparent magnitude 738:177.36° (to orbit) 535:0.9499 Earths 43: 19925: 19924: 19831:Program overviews 19790: 19789: 19685:Proposed missions 19680: 19679: 19665:Venus Life Finder 19592: 19591: 19215: 19214: 19109: 19108: 18954: 18953: 18950: 18949: 18927:Lagrangian points 18899:by discovery date 18497:Human spaceflight 18468:historical models 18361: 18360: 17980:S/2015 (136472) 1 17362: 17361: 17279: 17278: 17175:Venus Life Finder 16846:Sputnik programme 16825: 16824: 16712: 16711: 16209: 16208: 15977:Transits of Venus 15938:Missions to Venus 15914:978-91-972705-0-2 15712:978-1-4051-1218-5 15679:978-0-521-79912-6 15654:978-0-7613-2359-4 15629:978-0-292-79793-2 15604:978-0-89412-244-6 15522:978-0-415-05609-0 15460:978-0-940985-51-3 15435:978-81-223-0902-7 15410:978-0-14-200116-5 15401:Harper Publishing 15282:978-0-521-49652-0 15257:978-0-19-064792-6 15102:978-0-7141-1705-8 15065:978-0-313-29497-6 14978:(December 1984). 14869:10.1063/1.1541418 14838:978-3-319-19568-1 14738:Acta Astronautica 14676:Popular Mechanics 14582:978-0-309-10150-9 14220:(10): 1206–1223. 14127:(10): 1277–1304. 14052:10.1038/2161198a0 13685:978-0-521-03373-2 13675:Planetary Mapping 13421:(3558): 910–911. 13283:Popular Astronomy 12949:978-0-08-043751-4 12867:978-1-329-00342-2 12828:978-0-387-92790-9 12801:978-1-4020-0657-9 12680:. Fourth series. 12650:978-0-674-53918-1 12622:. pp. 15–16. 12600:978-0-521-05801-8 11974:Night Sky Network 11950:on 17 August 2000 11859:978-1-55209-302-3 10917:978-0-521-80724-1 10821:978-0-521-63280-5 10777:Earl, Michael A. 10750:(13 March 2021). 10542:Nature Geoscience 10326:(7170): 661–662. 10221:"The Ashen Light" 10008:978-0-521-76573-2 9995:"Venus tectonics" 9946:(10): 1699–1734. 9753:(17): 2053–2084. 9568:(5824): 610–613. 9082:(12): 1487–1501. 9058:on 7 August 2011. 8616:10.1029/97JE03032 8601:(E2): 3655–3677. 8319:978-0-12-446744-6 8214:978-0-12-415845-0 8131:Nature Geoscience 8068:(4546): 630–633. 7994:(7170): 629–632. 7920:10.1029/96GL01589 7906:(14): 1857–1860. 7736:978-1-4020-4520-2 7703:978-0-521-45714-9 7442:978-1-4020-5233-0 7386:978-0-8053-8734-6 7377:Benjamin Cummings 7211:(12): 4762–4769. 7138:Lakdawalla, Emily 6939:Nature Geoscience 6842:978-3-540-34143-7 6405:978-0-521-47770-3 6350:10.1029/94JE00388 6229:978-0-7167-2379-0 6188:978-1-4262-0121-9 5983:978-0-12-415845-0 5889:978-3-540-00431-8 5781:Digitalsky.org.uk 5673:978-0-933346-86-4 5615:(12): 1436–1444. 4957:"Planetary Facts" 4636:(Subscription or 4602:(Subscription or 4559:on 23 March 2020. 4247:heteronormatively 3917:Ancient Egyptians 3849:star and crescent 3822:Akkadian religion 3814:Sumerian religion 3771:'s 1889 painting 3358:(1998/1999), and 3132:Mariner programme 3104:Humanity's first 3002:Mikhail Lomonosov 2990:black drop effect 2967:Jeremiah Horrocks 2826:Diogenes Laërtius 2741:classical planets 2731:Early observation 2657:Jeremiah Horrocks 2653:astronomical unit 2420:orbital resonance 2141:clearly detected 2116:to lead sulfide ( 1997: 1996: 1943:. Because of its 1933:greenhouse effect 1849:concentration of 1746:moment of inertia 1626:process. Earth's 1411:planetary science 1403:features of Venus 1105: 1104: 1070:hydrogen fluoride 1064:hydrogen chloride 885: 884: 695:1 Venus solar day 32:Venus (mythology) 16:(Redirected from 20011: 19966: 19965: 19964: 19954: 19953: 19952: 19942: 19941: 19933: 19891:List of missions 19807:Inspiration Mars 19689: 19688: 19601: 19600: 19597:Planned missions 19534:Tyazhely Sputnik 19245: 19244: 19235: 19229: 19223: 19158: 19157: 19136: 19129: 19122: 19113: 19112: 19103: 19101: 19092: 19085: 19078: 19071: 19065: 19059: 19053: 19046: 19039: 19032: 19025: 19018: 19011: 18998: 18997: 18996: 18986: 18985: 18984: 18974: 18973: 18972: 18675:Exozodiacal dust 18365: 18364: 18331:Detached objects 17567: 17566: 17563: 17562: 17407: 17389: 17382: 17375: 17366: 17365: 17352: 17342: 17341: 17244:Inspiration Mars 16836: 16835: 16721: 16720: 16694:Surface features 16349:Sacajawea Patera 16148: 16147: 16135:Mapping of Venus 16105: 16104: 16092:Outline of Venus 16074: 16067: 16060: 16051: 16050: 15971:The Nine Planets 15919: 15918: 15898: 15892: 15891: 15889: 15887: 15867: 15861: 15860: 15822: 15811: 15810: 15792: 15781: 15780: 15770: 15730: 15724: 15723: 15721: 15719: 15700: 15690: 15684: 15683: 15665: 15659: 15658: 15640: 15634: 15633: 15615: 15609: 15608: 15591: 15585: 15584: 15582: 15580: 15565:"Sao Kim – VOER" 15561: 15555: 15554: 15552: 15550: 15533: 15527: 15526: 15510: 15500: 15494: 15493: 15491: 15489: 15471: 15465: 15464: 15446: 15440: 15439: 15421: 15415: 15414: 15387: 15381: 15380: 15378: 15376: 15359:Atsma, Aaron J. 15356: 15350: 15348: 15346: 15344: 15335:. Archived from 15332:De Natura Deorum 15326: 15320: 15319: 15317: 15315: 15296: 15287: 15286: 15268: 15262: 15261: 15235: 15226: 15225: 15173: 15162: 15161: 15159: 15157: 15125: 15119: 15118: 15116: 15114: 15086: 15077: 15076: 15074: 15072: 15049: 15040: 15039: 15037: 15035: 15016: 15010: 15009: 15007: 15005: 14999: 14988: 14972: 14966: 14965: 14945: 14939: 14938: 14936: 14934: 14914: 14908: 14907: 14905: 14903: 14883: 14877: 14876: 14875:on 11 July 2012. 14871:. Archived from 14852: 14843: 14842: 14816: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14805: 14794:Архив фантастики 14786: 14780: 14779: 14761: 14729: 14723: 14722: 14720: 14718: 14698: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14687: 14667: 14661: 14660: 14658: 14656: 14636: 14630: 14629: 14627: 14625: 14605: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14594: 14558: 14552: 14551: 14549: 14547: 14538:. 7 March 2023. 14528: 14522: 14521: 14495: 14480:Nature Astronomy 14474: 14468: 14467: 14465: 14455: 14431: 14425: 14424: 14398: 14378: 14372: 14371: 14369: 14367: 14343: 14337: 14336: 14325:"Life on Venus?" 14320: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14309: 14293: 14287: 14286: 14284: 14282: 14262: 14256: 14255: 14229: 14208: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14197: 14177: 14171: 14170: 14136: 14115: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14104: 14082: 14076: 14075: 14073: 14071: 14035: 14020: 14014: 14013: 13984: 13978: 13977: 13975: 13973: 13953: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13942: 13922: 13916: 13915: 13897: 13864:Sister Planet". 13860: 13854: 13853: 13843: 13802: 13796: 13795: 13793: 13791: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13760: 13738: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13727: 13708: 13702: 13701: 13699: 13697: 13666: 13660: 13659: 13657: 13655: 13639: 13633: 13632: 13594: 13588: 13587: 13543: 13537: 13536: 13534: 13532: 13511: 13505: 13504: 13492: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13481: 13461: 13455: 13454: 13410: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13399: 13393: 13386: 13377: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13336: 13330: 13329: 13327: 13325: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13278: 13272: 13271: 13243: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13232: 13190: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13179: 13169: 13137: 13131: 13130: 13094: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13083: 13064: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13027: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13016: 13010: 12995: 12969: 12960: 12954: 12953: 12935: 12929: 12928: 12890: 12884: 12883: 12881: 12879: 12851: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12812: 12806: 12805: 12783: 12777: 12776: 12774: 12772: 12753: 12747: 12746: 12708: 12702: 12701: 12673: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12662: 12630: 12624: 12623: 12611: 12605: 12604: 12575: 12569: 12568: 12556: 12550: 12547: 12541: 12540: 12538: 12536: 12530: 12519: 12508: 12502: 12501: 12465: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12454: 12422: 12397: 12396: 12374: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12363: 12343: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12332: 12323:. Archived from 12312: 12306: 12305: 12259: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12214: 12206: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12195: 12175: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12164: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12114: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12083: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12061:www.fourmilab.ch 12053: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12022: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12011: 11996: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11966: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11935: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11912:. Archived from 11901: 11895: 11894: 11882: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11843: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11832: 11813: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11802: 11782: 11776: 11775: 11739: 11733: 11732: 11715: 11709: 11708: 11668: 11662: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11648:on 9 August 2012 11644:. Archived from 11638: 11632: 11631: 11627:David A. Rothery 11621: 11619: 11599: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11532: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11479: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11448: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11437: 11417: 11411: 11410: 11408: 11406: 11384: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11334: 11316: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11275: 11257: 11231: 11225: 11224: 11222: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11155: 11135: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11054: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11037: 11006: 10997: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10980: 10949: 10940: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10898: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10878:. Archived from 10868: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10854: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10779:"Rotation Speed" 10774: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10706: 10687: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10660: 10634: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10603: 10597: 10596: 10594: 10592: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10562:10.1038/ngeo2873 10536: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10477: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10451: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10440: 10418: 10412: 10411: 10401: 10392:(450): 633–660. 10381: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10364: 10358:. Archived from 10315: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10223: 10215: 10206: 10205: 10177: 10171: 10170: 10160: 10128: 10119: 10118: 10108: 10090: 10065: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10020: 9990: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9882: 9839: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9770: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9637: 9631: 9630: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9582:10.1038/292610a0 9557: 9548: 9547: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9498: 9480: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9415: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9390: 9372: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9298: 9283:Nature Astronomy 9273: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9250:. Archived from 9236: 9227: 9226: 9192: 9172: 9163: 9162: 9144: 9118: 9109: 9100: 9099: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9043:(7–8): 250–254. 9034: 9022: 9016: 9015: 9010:. Archived from 8999: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8875: 8869: 8868: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8826: 8792: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8735: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8693:The Conversation 8684: 8678: 8677: 8643: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8618: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8543: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8497:10.1038/358043a0 8474: 8466: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8413: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8362: 8356:. Archived from 8339: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8304:(2nd ed.). 8303: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8277:on 26 April 2012 8263: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8175: 8151:10.1038/ngeo2971 8128: 8119: 8110: 8109: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8034: 8028: 8027: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7950: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7830: 7821: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7801: 7768: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7727:Chapman and Hall 7714: 7708: 7707: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7504: 7474:(6): 1338–1352. 7465: 7456: 7447: 7446: 7434: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7316: 7285: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7228: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7140:(18 June 2015). 7134: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7077:. 20 July 2023. 7071: 7065: 7064: 7054: 7044: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6959:10.1038/ngeo1650 6934: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6892:"Transport of SO 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6709:(3): 1511–1540. 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6650: 6624: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6471: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6451: 6432: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6397: 6387: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6319: 6310: 6309: 6271: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6112:. Archived from 6103: 6075: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5937:Darling, David. 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5783:. Archived from 5772: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5695: 5686: 5685: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5608:Nature Astronomy 5604: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5560: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5514: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5462:Nature Astronomy 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5356: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5280: 5256: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5206: 5175: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5133: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5003: 4988:Nature Astronomy 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4953: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4905:. Archived from 4896: 4868: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4816: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4743: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4671: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4621: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4599: 4587: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4560: 4555:. Archived from 4538: 4521: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4485: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4339:Outline of Venus 4333: 4331:Astronomy portal 4328: 4327: 4326: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4178:Venus in fiction 4126:), based on the 4125: 4124: 3971:identified with 3871:of their father 3808:goddess of love 3774:The Starry Night 3769:Vincent van Gogh 3759:Venus in culture 3531:light absorbance 3431: 3181: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3090:was retrograde. 3027: 3022:Giovanni Cassini 2976: 2971:William Crabtree 2956:geocentric model 2934:geocentric model 2906: 2897: 2863:transit of Venus 2804: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2647: 2643: 2642:121.5 years 2639: 2635: 2634:105.5 years 2631: 2597:Transit of Venus 2586: 2448: 2400:planetary system 2398:that formed the 2381: 2377: 2361: 2352:Giovanni Cassini 2349: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2329: 2319:trojan asteroids 2313: 2293: 2281: 2061: 2055:Above the dense 1961: 1957: 1930: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1823:cosmic radiation 1714: 1707: 1702: 1637: 1545:tessera terrains 1476: 1385:Mapping of Venus 1377:Geology of Venus 1249:in human culture 1179:active volcanism 1177:escapes through 1097: 1086: 1058:carbonyl sulfide 964: 957:Angular diameter 920: 902: 824: 823: 770:North pole 758: 749: 744:North pole 709: 708:−243.0226 d 688: 641: 620: 618: 595: 593: 570: 568: 536: 531: 530: 528: 465:invariable plane 446: 444: 414: 377: 372: 365: 285: 271: 270: 267: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 195: 193: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 177: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 111: 110: 109: 108: 101: 98: 97: 94: 91: 88: 85: 82: 53: 46: 42: 21: 20019: 20018: 20014: 20013: 20012: 20010: 20009: 20008: 19974: 19973: 19972: 19962: 19960: 19950: 19948: 19936: 19928: 19926: 19921: 19910: 19864: 19826: 19786: 19760: 19676: 19653: 19628: 19588: 19527:Failed launches 19522: 19501: 19435: 19399: 19375:Cassini–Huygens 19293: 19236: 19230: 19224: 19211: 19174: 19154:Active missions 19149: 19140: 19110: 19105: 19099: 19097: 19096: 19090: 19083: 19076: 19069: 19063: 19057: 19051: 19044: 19037: 19030: 19023: 19016: 19009: 18994: 18992: 18982: 18980: 18970: 18968: 18955: 18946: 18910: 18847: 18831:vs. Hill sphere 18757:Molecular cloud 18685:Sample curation 18665:Detached object 18604: 18597: 18441: 18433: 18370: 18357: 18302:Neptune trojans 18085: 18083: 18081: 18074: 18010: 17703: 17574: 17556: 17442: 17405: 17398: 17393: 17363: 17358: 17330: 17275: 17254: 17231: 17225: 17179: 17143: 17118: 17089:Cassini–Huygens 16991:Mariner program 16821: 16793: 16745: 16708: 16672: 16489: 16445: 16436: 16412: 16403: 16219: 16217: 16205: 16191:Aphrodite Terra 16177: 16139: 16096: 16083: 16078: 16044:Google Venus 3D 16004: 15984:Wayback Machine 15955:Image catalogue 15942:Image catalogue 15928: 15923: 15922: 15915: 15899: 15895: 15885: 15883: 15868: 15864: 15841:10.2307/1217734 15823: 15814: 15793: 15784: 15731: 15727: 15717: 15715: 15713: 15691: 15687: 15680: 15666: 15662: 15655: 15641: 15637: 15630: 15616: 15612: 15605: 15593: 15592: 15588: 15578: 15576: 15563: 15562: 15558: 15548: 15546: 15534: 15530: 15523: 15501: 15497: 15487: 15485: 15472: 15468: 15461: 15447: 15443: 15436: 15422: 15418: 15411: 15388: 15384: 15374: 15372: 15357: 15353: 15342: 15340: 15327: 15323: 15313: 15311: 15298: 15297: 15290: 15283: 15269: 15265: 15258: 15236: 15229: 15174: 15165: 15155: 15153: 15126: 15122: 15112: 15110: 15103: 15087: 15080: 15070: 15068: 15066: 15050: 15043: 15033: 15031: 15018: 15017: 15013: 15003: 15001: 14997: 14986: 14973: 14969: 14946: 14942: 14932: 14930: 14923:Vision Learning 14915: 14911: 14901: 14899: 14884: 14880: 14853: 14846: 14839: 14817: 14813: 14803: 14801: 14788: 14787: 14783: 14730: 14726: 14716: 14714: 14699: 14695: 14685: 14683: 14668: 14664: 14654: 14652: 14637: 14633: 14623: 14621: 14606: 14602: 14592: 14590: 14583: 14559: 14555: 14545: 14543: 14530: 14529: 14525: 14475: 14471: 14432: 14428: 14379: 14375: 14365: 14363: 14344: 14340: 14321: 14317: 14307: 14305: 14294: 14290: 14280: 14278: 14263: 14259: 14209: 14205: 14195: 14193: 14178: 14174: 14116: 14112: 14102: 14100: 14092:Earth & Sky 14083: 14079: 14069: 14067: 14021: 14017: 13985: 13981: 13971: 13969: 13954: 13950: 13940: 13938: 13923: 13919: 13861: 13857: 13803: 13799: 13789: 13787: 13772: 13768: 13758: 13756: 13739: 13735: 13725: 13723: 13710: 13709: 13705: 13695: 13693: 13686: 13670:Greeley, Ronald 13667: 13663: 13653: 13651: 13640: 13636: 13595: 13591: 13544: 13540: 13530: 13528: 13513: 13512: 13508: 13494: 13493: 13489: 13479: 13477: 13462: 13458: 13411: 13407: 13397: 13395: 13391: 13384: 13378: 13374: 13337: 13333: 13323: 13321: 13306: 13302: 13279: 13275: 13244: 13240: 13230: 13228: 13191: 13187: 13177: 13175: 13138: 13134: 13095: 13091: 13081: 13079: 13066: 13065: 13061: 13028: 13024: 13014: 13012: 13008: 12967: 12961: 12957: 12950: 12936: 12932: 12891: 12887: 12877: 12875: 12868: 12852: 12848: 12838: 12836: 12829: 12813: 12809: 12802: 12794:. p. 137. 12784: 12780: 12770: 12768: 12755: 12754: 12750: 12709: 12705: 12674: 12670: 12660: 12658: 12651: 12643:. p. 307. 12631: 12627: 12612: 12608: 12601: 12579:Needham, Joseph 12576: 12572: 12557: 12553: 12548: 12544: 12534: 12532: 12528: 12517: 12509: 12505: 12476:(1257): 43–50. 12466: 12462: 12452: 12450: 12423: 12400: 12375: 12371: 12361: 12359: 12344: 12340: 12330: 12328: 12327:on 18 June 2013 12313: 12309: 12260: 12256: 12246: 12244: 12207: 12203: 12193: 12191: 12176: 12172: 12162: 12160: 12155:. 8 June 2004. 12147: 12146: 12142: 12132: 12130: 12115: 12111: 12101: 12099: 12084: 12080: 12070: 12068: 12055: 12054: 12050: 12040: 12038: 12023: 12019: 12009: 12007: 11997: 11993: 11983: 11981: 11968: 11967: 11963: 11953: 11951: 11936: 11929: 11919: 11917: 11902: 11898: 11883: 11879: 11869: 11867: 11860: 11844: 11840: 11830: 11828: 11815: 11814: 11810: 11800: 11798: 11783: 11779: 11740: 11736: 11716: 11712: 11670: 11669: 11665: 11651: 11649: 11640: 11639: 11635: 11617: 11615: 11600: 11593: 11583: 11581: 11566: 11562: 11511: 11507: 11497: 11495: 11480: 11476: 11466: 11464: 11449: 11445: 11435: 11433: 11418: 11414: 11404: 11402: 11385: 11381: 11371: 11369: 11352: 11348: 11293: 11289: 11232: 11228: 11189: 11185: 11136: 11129: 11090: 11086: 11055: 11051: 11041: 11039: 11035: 11004: 10998: 10994: 10984: 10982: 10978: 10947: 10941: 10937: 10927: 10925: 10918: 10899: 10895: 10885: 10883: 10870: 10869: 10862: 10852: 10850: 10841: 10840: 10836: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10802: 10798: 10788: 10786: 10775: 10771: 10761: 10759: 10745: 10741: 10731: 10729: 10718: 10714: 10704: 10702: 10689: 10688: 10684: 10635: 10631: 10621: 10619: 10604: 10600: 10590: 10588: 10573: 10569: 10537: 10533: 10523: 10521: 10504: 10500: 10490: 10488: 10479: 10478: 10474: 10464: 10462: 10453: 10452: 10448: 10438: 10436: 10419: 10415: 10382: 10378: 10368: 10366: 10365:on 4 March 2016 10362: 10313: 10307: 10303: 10293: 10291: 10272: 10271: 10267: 10257: 10255: 10216: 10209: 10190:Cosmic Research 10178: 10174: 10129: 10122: 10066: 10059: 10049: 10047: 10032: 10028: 10018: 10016: 10009: 9991: 9987: 9977: 9975: 9930: 9926: 9916: 9914: 9901: 9900: 9896: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9837: 9831: 9827: 9788: 9784: 9737: 9733: 9715:10.2307/3960800 9700: 9699: 9695: 9685: 9683: 9678:. 31 May 2012. 9670: 9669: 9665: 9655: 9653: 9638: 9634: 9601: 9597: 9558: 9551: 9528: 9524: 9514: 9512: 9457: 9453: 9443: 9441: 9408: 9404: 9352: 9344: 9340: 9330: 9328: 9274: 9267: 9257: 9255: 9237: 9230: 9173: 9166: 9116: 9110: 9103: 9067: 9063: 9055: 9032: 9023: 9019: 9000: 8996: 8986: 8984: 8969: 8965: 8955: 8953: 8907: 8903: 8893: 8891: 8876: 8872: 8844: 8840: 8769: 8765: 8716: 8712: 8702: 8700: 8685: 8681: 8636: 8632: 8587: 8583: 8544: 8540: 8530: 8528: 8483:(6381): 43–46. 8467: 8463: 8453: 8451: 8406: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8381: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8360: 8337: 8331: 8327: 8320: 8294: 8290: 8280: 8278: 8265: 8264: 8260: 8250: 8248: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8215: 8193: 8189: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8126: 8120: 8113: 8058: 8054: 8035: 8031: 7984: 7980: 7931: 7927: 7895: 7887: 7883: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7839:(11): 987–990. 7828: 7822: 7815: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7766: 7760: 7756: 7746: 7744: 7737: 7715: 7711: 7704: 7686: 7682: 7662:Cosmic Research 7657: 7653: 7616:(11): 987–990. 7604: 7600: 7590: 7588: 7573: 7569: 7559: 7557: 7522: 7518: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7463: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7425: 7421: 7404:. Houston, TX: 7398: 7394: 7387: 7369: 7365: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7283: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7246: 7242: 7195: 7191: 7181: 7179: 7178:on 19 June 2015 7170: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7135: 7128: 7118: 7116: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7084: 7082: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7027:(1): eaax7445. 7011: 7007: 6997: 6995: 6978: 6974: 6935: 6931: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6827: 6823: 6780: 6776: 6766: 6764: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6699: 6695: 6685: 6683: 6668: 6664: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6602: 6600: 6587: 6583: 6545: 6541: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6472: 6465: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6430: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6388: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6320: 6313: 6272: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6222:. p. 204. 6212: 6208: 6198: 6196: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6128: 6124: 6116: 6073: 6063: 6059: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5984: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5838: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5787:on 11 June 2012 5773: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5742: 5738: 5696: 5689: 5674: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5597: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5561: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5508: 5507: 5500: 5498: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5337: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5257: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5173: 5167: 5163: 5114: 5110: 5066: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5033: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4912:on 26 May 2010. 4909: 4894:10.1.1.524.5176 4866: 4860: 4856: 4817: 4810: 4773: 4769: 4744: 4737: 4718: 4716: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4672: 4645: 4635: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4581: 4577: 4562: 4561: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4380:km/h and 1669.8 4377: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4329: 4324: 4322: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4272:element mercury 4204: 4198: 4190:terraform Venus 4180: 4174: 4168:depicts Venus. 4065:Vedic astrology 3863:of her brother 3761: 3755: 3728:floating cities 3699: 3689: 3643: 3619: 3613: 3589: 3554:Jim Bridenstine 3502:suggested in a 3477: 3471: 3469:Search for life 3429: 3416:Aphrodite Terra 3405: 3399: 3355:Cassini–Huygens 3294:landers. After 3179: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3102: 3096: 3057:rotation period 3034: 3025: 3006:Johann Schröter 2979:Julian calendar 2974: 2944:Galileo Galilei 2940: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2936:(second image). 2914:Galileo Galilei 2909: 2908: 2907: 2899: 2898: 2887: 2818:Pliny the Elder 2733: 2728: 2722: 2710: 2672:Johannes Kepler 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2599: 2593: 2584: 2581:Abraham Lincoln 2557: 2520: 2518:Phases of Venus 2514: 2494:inferior planet 2473: 2446: 2428:synodic periods 2408: 2392:dust ring-cloud 2379: 2375: 2364:David Stevenson 2359: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2325: 2323:quasi-satellite 2311: 2291: 2279: 2208: 2202: 2068:ferric chloride 2060: 2056: 2049:Thermal inertia 2030:absorption line 1968: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1912:sulphur dioxide 1888: 1882: 1785: 1726: 1712: 1705: 1700: 1685: 1635: 1602: 1596: 1572:plate tectonics 1565:plate tectonics 1474: 1452:Aphrodite Terra 1391: 1375:Main articles: 1373: 1357:critical points 1293: 1226:synodic periods 1197:, that have no 1187:plate tectonics 1181:, resulting in 1101: 1100: 1094:right-hand rule 1087: 1083: 1074: 1040:carbon monoxide 1022:sulphur dioxide 991: 979: 962: 959: 947: 932: 922: 918: 910:equivalent dose 900: 804: 774: 764: 756: 750: 747:right ascension 745: 737: 729: 717: 707: 704: 694: 686: 683: 671: 669:Escape velocity 660: 650: 648:Surface gravity 640:5.243 g/cm 639: 636: 626: 616: 614: 601: 591: 589: 576: 566: 564: 558: 539: 534: 526: 524: 523: 517: 490: 478: 469: 442: 440: 424: 412: 408: 395: 386: 370: 368: 363: 357: 335: 333:Semi-major axis 242: 238: 204: 200: 179: 149: 145: 141: 125:goddess of love 118: 104: 103: 79: 75: 62: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20017: 20007: 20006: 20001: 19996: 19991: 19986: 19971: 19970: 19958: 19946: 19923: 19922: 19920: 19919: 19915: 19912: 19911: 19909: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19872: 19870: 19866: 19865: 19863: 19862: 19857: 19852: 19847: 19846: 19845: 19834: 19832: 19828: 19827: 19825: 19824: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19804: 19798: 19796: 19792: 19791: 19788: 19787: 19785: 19784: 19779: 19774: 19768: 19766: 19762: 19761: 19759: 19758: 19751: 19746: 19741: 19736: 19731: 19726: 19721: 19716: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19695: 19693: 19692:Venus missions 19686: 19682: 19681: 19678: 19677: 19675: 19674: 19668: 19661: 19659: 19658:Descent probes 19655: 19654: 19652: 19651: 19645: 19636: 19634: 19630: 19629: 19627: 19626: 19620: 19614: 19607: 19605: 19598: 19594: 19593: 19590: 19589: 19587: 19586: 19581: 19576: 19571: 19566: 19561: 19556: 19551: 19546: 19541: 19536: 19530: 19528: 19524: 19523: 19521: 19520: 19515: 19509: 19507: 19506:Balloon probes 19503: 19502: 19500: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19449: 19443: 19441: 19437: 19436: 19434: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19413: 19407: 19405: 19404:Descent probes 19401: 19400: 19398: 19397: 19390: 19385: 19378: 19371: 19364: 19359: 19354: 19349: 19344: 19339: 19334: 19329: 19324: 19319: 19314: 19309: 19301: 19299: 19295: 19294: 19292: 19291: 19284: 19279: 19274: 19269: 19264: 19259: 19251: 19249: 19242: 19238: 19237: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19212: 19210: 19209: 19203: 19197: 19189: 19182: 19180: 19176: 19175: 19173: 19172: 19164: 19162: 19155: 19151: 19150: 19139: 19138: 19131: 19124: 19116: 19107: 19106: 19003: 19002: 18990: 18978: 18966: 18960: 18957: 18956: 18952: 18951: 18948: 18947: 18945: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18924: 18918: 18916: 18912: 18911: 18909: 18908: 18903: 18902: 18901: 18896: 18886: 18881: 18876: 18871: 18866: 18861: 18855: 18853: 18849: 18848: 18846: 18845: 18843:Scattered disc 18840: 18835: 18834: 18833: 18823: 18818: 18817: 18816: 18811: 18810: 18809: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18774: 18769: 18764: 18759: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18693: 18692: 18687: 18677: 18672: 18667: 18662: 18657: 18652: 18647: 18642: 18637: 18632: 18631: 18630: 18628:Excretion disk 18623:Accretion disk 18620: 18615: 18613:Star formation 18609: 18607: 18599: 18598: 18596: 18595: 18590: 18585: 18580: 18575: 18570: 18565: 18560: 18559: 18558: 18548: 18543: 18538: 18537: 18536: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18515: 18514: 18509: 18504: 18502:space stations 18494: 18493: 18492: 18487: 18477: 18476: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18455: 18449: 18447: 18435: 18434: 18432: 18431: 18426: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18375: 18373: 18362: 18359: 18358: 18356: 18355: 18350: 18349: 18348: 18343: 18341:Scattered disc 18338: 18333: 18328: 18327: 18326: 18321: 18306: 18305: 18304: 18299: 18289: 18288: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18252: 18247: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18226: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18209: 18208: 18203: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18173: 18172: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18156: 18151: 18146: 18141: 18136: 18128: 18123: 18122: 18121: 18116: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18090: 18088: 18076: 18075: 18073: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18032: 18027: 18020: 18018: 18012: 18011: 18009: 18008: 18007: 18006: 17996: 17995: 17994: 17984: 17983: 17982: 17972: 17971: 17970: 17960: 17959: 17958: 17953: 17943: 17942: 17941: 17936: 17931: 17926: 17921: 17911: 17910: 17909: 17899: 17898: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17872: 17871: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17835: 17834: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17778: 17777: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17746: 17745: 17744: 17739: 17729: 17728: 17727: 17722: 17713: 17711: 17705: 17704: 17702: 17701: 17700: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17649: 17648: 17647: 17646: 17645: 17640: 17630: 17629: 17628: 17623: 17608: 17607: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17580: 17578: 17561: 17558: 17557: 17555: 17554: 17547: 17540: 17533: 17526: 17519: 17512: 17505: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17403: 17400: 17399: 17392: 17391: 17384: 17377: 17369: 17360: 17359: 17357: 17356: 17346: 17335: 17332: 17331: 17329: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17287: 17285: 17281: 17280: 17277: 17276: 17274: 17273: 17268: 17262: 17260: 17256: 17255: 17253: 17252: 17247: 17241: 17235: 17233: 17227: 17226: 17224: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17187: 17185: 17181: 17180: 17178: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17151: 17149: 17145: 17144: 17142: 17141: 17134: 17126: 17124: 17120: 17119: 17117: 17116: 17111: 17104: 17097: 17092: 17085: 17078: 17071: 17070: 17069: 17064: 17054: 17053: 17052: 17046: 17035: 17034: 17033: 17023: 17022: 17021: 17014: 17007: 17000: 16988: 16987: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16936: 16931: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16911: 16906: 16901: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16855: 16854: 16853: 16842: 16840: 16833: 16827: 16826: 16823: 16822: 16820: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16803: 16801: 16795: 16794: 16792: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16755: 16753: 16747: 16746: 16744: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16727: 16725: 16718: 16714: 16713: 16710: 16709: 16707: 16706: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16680: 16678: 16674: 16673: 16671: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16573:Goeppert-Mayer 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16499: 16497: 16491: 16490: 16488: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16460:Artemis Chasma 16457: 16455:Aikhulu Chasma 16451: 16449: 16438: 16437: 16435: 16434: 16432:Sedna Planitia 16429: 16427:Lakshmi Planum 16424: 16418: 16416: 16405: 16404: 16402: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16369:Siddons Patera 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16329:Pavlova Corona 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16309:Maxwell Montes 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16259:Ciuacoatl Mons 16256: 16251: 16246: 16244:Artemis Corona 16241: 16236: 16231: 16225: 16223: 16211: 16210: 16207: 16206: 16204: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16187: 16185: 16179: 16178: 16176: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16154: 16152: 16145: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16111: 16109: 16102: 16098: 16097: 16095: 16094: 16088: 16085: 16084: 16077: 16076: 16069: 16062: 16054: 16048: 16047: 16041: 16032: 16023: 16014: 16003: 16000: 15999: 15998: 15993: 15987: 15974: 15963: 15958: 15948: 15935: 15927: 15926:External links 15924: 15921: 15920: 15913: 15893: 15862: 15835:(4): 109–113. 15812: 15782: 15725: 15711: 15685: 15678: 15660: 15653: 15635: 15628: 15610: 15603: 15586: 15556: 15528: 15521: 15495: 15466: 15459: 15441: 15434: 15416: 15409: 15382: 15351: 15321: 15288: 15281: 15273:Atlas of Venus 15263: 15256: 15227: 15163: 15120: 15101: 15078: 15064: 15041: 15011: 14967: 14940: 14909: 14892:Laughing Squid 14878: 14844: 14837: 14811: 14796:(in Russian). 14781: 14724: 14693: 14662: 14631: 14600: 14581: 14573:10.17226/11584 14553: 14523: 14486:(7): 631–635. 14469: 14426: 14373: 14338: 14331:) – via 14315: 14288: 14257: 14203: 14172: 14110: 14077: 14015: 13979: 13948: 13917: 13855: 13797: 13766: 13748:Universe Today 13733: 13703: 13684: 13661: 13634: 13607:(3): 283–306. 13589: 13538: 13506: 13487: 13456: 13405: 13372: 13366:10.1086/146433 13331: 13300: 13273: 13268:10.1086/143130 13238: 13207:(3–4): 35–52. 13185: 13152:(11): 78–126. 13132: 13119:10.1086/140593 13089: 13059: 13022: 12955: 12948: 12930: 12903:(2): 109–129. 12885: 12866: 12846: 12827: 12807: 12800: 12778: 12748: 12735:10.1086/350839 12703: 12668: 12649: 12625: 12606: 12599: 12570: 12551: 12542: 12503: 12460: 12398: 12369: 12338: 12307: 12254: 12201: 12170: 12140: 12109: 12078: 12048: 12017: 11991: 11961: 11927: 11896: 11877: 11858: 11838: 11827:on 4 June 2023 11808: 11777: 11764:10.2514/2.3650 11734: 11710: 11663: 11633: 11591: 11560: 11505: 11474: 11443: 11412: 11379: 11346: 11287: 11226: 11183: 11127: 11121:10.1086/182975 11084: 11049: 10992: 10935: 10916: 10902:Brunier, Serge 10893: 10860: 10834: 10820: 10796: 10769: 10739: 10712: 10697:. 5 May 2021. 10682: 10629: 10598: 10567: 10531: 10498: 10472: 10446: 10413: 10376: 10301: 10278:Descent Craft" 10265: 10234:(5): 137–141. 10207: 10196:(3): 325–330. 10172: 10120: 10057: 10026: 10007: 9985: 9924: 9894: 9825: 9782: 9731: 9693: 9663: 9632: 9595: 9549: 9538:(2): 280–285. 9522: 9451: 9402: 9350: 9338: 9289:(7): 655–664. 9265: 9228: 9164: 9101: 9061: 9017: 8994: 8963: 8924:(3): 472–494. 8910:Kasting, J. F. 8901: 8870: 8838: 8763: 8710: 8679: 8630: 8581: 8538: 8461: 8400: 8374: 8348:(2): 175–188. 8325: 8318: 8306:Academic Press 8288: 8258: 8232: 8213: 8187: 8111: 8052: 8029: 7978: 7925: 7893: 7881: 7813: 7754: 7735: 7709: 7702: 7680: 7651: 7598: 7567: 7536:(2): 967–974. 7516: 7448: 7441: 7419: 7406:Pergamon Press 7392: 7385: 7363: 7344:(1): 253–281. 7328: 7271: 7240: 7189: 7163: 7126: 7101:"Ganis Chasma" 7092: 7066: 7005: 6972: 6929: 6893: 6882: 6855: 6841: 6821: 6774: 6744: 6693: 6662: 6633:(11): L11201. 6610: 6581: 6560:(3): 155–180. 6539: 6512:(2): 127–148. 6495: 6463: 6418: 6404: 6375: 6311: 6259: 6247: 6235: 6228: 6206: 6187: 6167: 6140:(3): 285–336. 6122: 6101:10.1.1.22.6440 6069:(March 2001). 6057: 6001: 5982: 5960: 5929: 5895: 5888: 5882:. p. 61. 5863: 5829: 5806:Walker, John. 5798: 5767: 5736: 5687: 5672: 5654: 5588: 5552: 5522: 5469:(8): 973–982. 5447: 5414: 5384: 5328: 5248: 5218: 5161: 5108: 5057: 5046:on 12 May 2020 5031: 4994:(7): 676–683. 4978: 4945: 4915: 4854: 4833:(3): 155–180. 4808: 4767: 4756:(2): 663–683. 4735: 4693: 4643: 4609: 4575: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4505: 4495: 4480: 4412:465.1011 m/s = 4369: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4320: 4306: 4290: 4287: 4283:Star of Ishtar 4281:, as with the 4239:Mercury symbol 4200:Main article: 4197: 4194: 4173: 4172:Modern culture 4170: 4164:("Lone Star") 3985:; alternately 3921:ancient Greeks 3881:Meli-Shipak II 3877:boundary stone 3853:Star of Ishtar 3757:Main article: 3754: 3751: 3688: 3685: 3659:gravity assist 3642: 3639: 3628:gravity assist 3615:Main article: 3612: 3611:Human presence 3609: 3588: 3585: 3552:administrator 3522: 3521: 3518:photosynthesis 3514:carbon dioxide 3488:microorganisms 3473:Main article: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3398: 3395: 3319:Vega programme 3285:Venera 13 3239:Maxwell Montes 3220:gravity assist 3169: 3117:of the Soviet 3095: 3092: 3087:tidally locked 3033: 3030: 2952:half-lit phase 2911: 2910: 2901: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2732: 2729: 2724:Main article: 2721: 2718: 2709: 2706: 2691:June 5–6, 2012 2646:243 years 2625:synodic period 2595:Main article: 2592: 2589: 2556: 2553: 2516:Main article: 2513: 2510: 2472: 2469: 2458:lowest delta-v 2407: 2404: 2360:200 years 2334: 2206:Orbit of Venus 2204:Main article: 2201: 2198: 2135:. In 2006–07, 2099:Maxwell Montes 2072:ferric sulfate 2058: 2022:habitable zone 1995: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1953:climate change 1927: 1908:carbon dioxide 1884:Main article: 1881: 1878: 1795:magnetic field 1793:found Venus's 1784: 1781: 1777:magnetic field 1734:differentiated 1725: 1722: 1717:kinetic energy 1692:Impact craters 1684: 1681: 1598:Main article: 1595: 1592: 1538:Sedna Planitia 1534:crater Ariadne 1530:prime meridian 1471:impact craters 1448:Maxwell Montes 1372: 1369: 1363:out of mainly 1292: 1289: 1281:global warming 1238:gravity assist 1136:carbon dioxide 1110:is the second 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1036: 1030: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1010:carbon dioxide 1005: 1003: 997: 996: 980: 974: 971: 970: 966: 965: 960: 955: 952: 951: 948: 940: 937: 936: 935:−4.92 to −2.98 933: 928: 925: 924: 915: 905: 904: 897: 887: 886: 883: 882: 880: 877: 875: 869: 868: 866: 863: 861: 855: 854: 852: 849: 847: 841: 840: 837: 834: 831: 820: 819: 812: 806: 805: 803: 802: 795: 787: 785: 779: 778: 775: 769: 766: 765: 763: 762: 759: 753: 751: 743: 740: 739: 730: 725: 722: 721: 718: 715: 712: 711: 705: 700: 697: 696: 687:−116.75 d 684: 679: 676: 675: 672: 667: 664: 663: 658: 651: 646: 643: 642: 637: 631: 628: 627: 625: 624: 621: 611: 609: 603: 602: 600: 599: 596: 586: 584: 578: 577: 575: 574: 571: 561: 559: 554: 551: 550: 547: 541: 540: 538: 537: 532: 520: 518: 513: 510: 509: 505: 504: 501: 495: 494: 491: 486: 483: 482: 479: 474: 471: 470: 468: 467: 461: 451: 437: 435: 429: 428: 425: 420: 417: 416: 409: 403: 400: 399: 396: 391: 388: 387: 385: 384: 378: 366: 364:224.701 d 360: 358: 353: 350: 349: 346: 340: 339: 336: 331: 328: 327: 324: 318: 317: 312:0.728213 310: 304: 303: 294: 293: 287: 286: 279: 273: 272: 139: 133: 132: 119: 116: 113: 112: 73: 69: 68: 64: 63: 54: 26: 18:Venus (planet) 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20016: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19981: 19979: 19969: 19959: 19957: 19947: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19934: 19931: 19917: 19916: 19913: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19873: 19871: 19867: 19861: 19858: 19856: 19855:Pioneer Venus 19853: 19851: 19848: 19844: 19841: 19840: 19839: 19836: 19835: 19833: 19829: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19799: 19797: 19793: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19769: 19767: 19763: 19757: 19756: 19752: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19696: 19694: 19690: 19687: 19683: 19672: 19669: 19666: 19663: 19662: 19660: 19656: 19649: 19646: 19643: 19642: 19638: 19637: 19635: 19631: 19624: 19621: 19618: 19615: 19612: 19609: 19608: 19606: 19602: 19599: 19595: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19545: 19542: 19540: 19537: 19535: 19532: 19531: 19529: 19525: 19519: 19516: 19514: 19511: 19510: 19508: 19504: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19444: 19442: 19438: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19408: 19406: 19402: 19396: 19395: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19383: 19379: 19377: 19376: 19372: 19370: 19369: 19365: 19363: 19360: 19358: 19355: 19353: 19350: 19348: 19345: 19343: 19340: 19338: 19335: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19307: 19303: 19302: 19300: 19296: 19290: 19289: 19288:Venus Express 19285: 19283: 19280: 19278: 19275: 19273: 19270: 19268: 19265: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19257: 19253: 19252: 19250: 19246: 19243: 19241:Past missions 19239: 19234: 19228: 19222: 19207: 19204: 19201: 19200:Solar Orbiter 19198: 19195: 19194: 19190: 19187: 19184: 19183: 19181: 19177: 19171: 19170: 19166: 19165: 19163: 19159: 19156: 19152: 19148: 19144: 19137: 19132: 19130: 19125: 19123: 19118: 19117: 19114: 19104: 19095: 19088: 19081: 19074: 19068: 19062: 19056: 19049: 19042: 19035: 19028: 19021: 19014: 19007: 19001: 18991: 18989: 18979: 18977: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18961: 18958: 18943: 18942:Tidal locking 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18922:Double planet 18920: 18919: 18917: 18913: 18907: 18904: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18891: 18890: 18887: 18885: 18882: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18874:Minor planets 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18856: 18854: 18850: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18832: 18829: 18828: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18815: 18812: 18808: 18807:Merging stars 18805: 18804: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18779: 18778: 18775: 18773: 18770: 18768: 18765: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18682: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18629: 18626: 18625: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18614: 18611: 18610: 18608: 18606: 18600: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18557: 18554: 18553: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18535: 18532: 18531: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18499: 18498: 18495: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18482: 18481: 18478: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18460: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18440: 18436: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18409:Subsatellites 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18376: 18374: 18372: 18369:Hypothetical 18366: 18363: 18354: 18351: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18316: 18315: 18312: 18311: 18310: 18307: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18294: 18293: 18290: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18242: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18235:Asteroid belt 18233: 18231: 18228: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18198: 18197: 18194: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18178: 18177: 18174: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18150: 18147: 18145: 18142: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18131: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18111: 18110: 18109:Minor planets 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18091: 18089: 18087: 18077: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18040: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18025: 18022: 18021: 18019: 18017: 18013: 18005: 18002: 18001: 18000: 17997: 17993: 17990: 17989: 17988: 17985: 17981: 17978: 17977: 17976: 17973: 17969: 17966: 17965: 17964: 17961: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17948: 17947: 17944: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17930: 17927: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17916: 17915: 17912: 17908: 17905: 17904: 17903: 17900: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17877: 17876: 17873: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17840: 17839: 17836: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17783: 17782: 17779: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17751: 17750: 17747: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17734: 17733: 17730: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17717: 17715: 17714: 17712: 17710: 17706: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17654: 17653: 17650: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17635: 17634: 17631: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17618: 17617: 17614: 17613: 17612: 17609: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17586: 17585: 17582: 17581: 17579: 17577: 17572: 17568: 17565: 17564: 17559: 17553: 17552: 17548: 17546: 17545: 17541: 17539: 17538: 17534: 17532: 17531: 17527: 17525: 17524: 17520: 17518: 17517: 17513: 17511: 17510: 17506: 17504: 17503: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17476: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17446: 17401: 17397: 17390: 17385: 17383: 17378: 17376: 17371: 17370: 17367: 17355: 17351: 17347: 17345: 17337: 17336: 17333: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17288: 17286: 17282: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17263: 17261: 17257: 17251: 17248: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17236: 17234: 17228: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17188: 17186: 17182: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17152: 17150: 17146: 17140: 17139: 17135: 17133: 17132: 17128: 17127: 17125: 17121: 17115: 17114:Venus Express 17112: 17110: 17109: 17105: 17103: 17102: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17090: 17086: 17084: 17083: 17079: 17077: 17076: 17072: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17059: 17058: 17055: 17050: 17047: 17044: 17041: 17040: 17039: 17038:Pioneer Venus 17036: 17032: 17029: 17028: 17027: 17024: 17020: 17019: 17015: 17013: 17012: 17008: 17006: 17005: 17001: 16999: 16998: 16994: 16993: 16992: 16989: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16852: 16849: 16848: 16847: 16844: 16843: 16841: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16828: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16812:Venus trojans 16810: 16808: 16805: 16804: 16802: 16800: 16796: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16756: 16754: 16752: 16748: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16728: 16726: 16722: 16719: 16715: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16681: 16679: 16675: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16608:Maria Celeste 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16500: 16498: 16496: 16492: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16475:Devana Chasma 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16465:Baltis Vallis 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16448: 16443: 16439: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16419: 16417: 16415: 16410: 16406: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16319:Onatah Corona 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16299:Jaszai Patera 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16279:Heng-o Corona 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16249:Baʽhet Corona 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16226: 16224: 16222: 16216: 16212: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16188: 16186: 16184: 16180: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16163:Asteria Regio 16161: 16159: 16156: 16155: 16153: 16149: 16146: 16142: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16112: 16110: 16106: 16103: 16099: 16093: 16090: 16089: 16086: 16082: 16075: 16070: 16068: 16063: 16061: 16056: 16055: 16052: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16009: 16006: 16005: 15997: 15994: 15991: 15988: 15985: 15981: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15972: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15956: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15943: 15939: 15936: 15933: 15932:Venus profile 15930: 15929: 15916: 15910: 15906: 15905: 15897: 15881: 15877: 15873: 15866: 15858: 15854: 15850: 15846: 15842: 15838: 15834: 15830: 15829: 15821: 15819: 15817: 15808: 15804: 15803: 15802:New Scientist 15798: 15791: 15789: 15787: 15778: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15760: 15756: 15752: 15748: 15744: 15740: 15736: 15729: 15714: 15708: 15704: 15699: 15698: 15689: 15681: 15675: 15671: 15664: 15656: 15650: 15646: 15639: 15631: 15625: 15621: 15614: 15606: 15600: 15596: 15590: 15574: 15570: 15566: 15560: 15545: 15541: 15540: 15532: 15524: 15518: 15514: 15509: 15508: 15499: 15483: 15479: 15478: 15470: 15462: 15456: 15452: 15445: 15437: 15431: 15427: 15420: 15412: 15406: 15402: 15398: 15397: 15392: 15386: 15370: 15366: 15362: 15355: 15338: 15334: 15333: 15325: 15309: 15305: 15301: 15295: 15293: 15284: 15278: 15274: 15267: 15259: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15241: 15234: 15232: 15223: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15203: 15199: 15195: 15191: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15172: 15170: 15168: 15151: 15147: 15143: 15139: 15135: 15131: 15124: 15108: 15104: 15098: 15094: 15093: 15085: 15083: 15067: 15061: 15057: 15056: 15048: 15046: 15029: 15025: 15021: 15015: 14996: 14992: 14991:Arts Magazine 14985: 14983: 14977: 14976:Boime, Albert 14971: 14963: 14959: 14955: 14951: 14944: 14928: 14924: 14920: 14913: 14897: 14893: 14889: 14882: 14874: 14870: 14866: 14862: 14858: 14851: 14849: 14840: 14834: 14830: 14826: 14822: 14815: 14799: 14795: 14791: 14785: 14777: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14743: 14739: 14735: 14728: 14712: 14708: 14704: 14697: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14666: 14650: 14646: 14642: 14635: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14604: 14588: 14584: 14578: 14574: 14570: 14566: 14565: 14557: 14541: 14537: 14533: 14527: 14519: 14515: 14511: 14507: 14503: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14485: 14481: 14473: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14445: 14441: 14437: 14430: 14422: 14418: 14414: 14410: 14406: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14388: 14384: 14377: 14361: 14357: 14353: 14349: 14342: 14334: 14330: 14326: 14319: 14303: 14299: 14292: 14276: 14272: 14268: 14261: 14253: 14249: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14219: 14215: 14207: 14191: 14187: 14183: 14176: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14156: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14126: 14122: 14114: 14098: 14094: 14093: 14088: 14081: 14065: 14061: 14057: 14053: 14049: 14045: 14041: 14040: 14034: 14029: 14025: 14019: 14011: 14007: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13983: 13967: 13963: 13959: 13952: 13936: 13932: 13931:New Scientist 13928: 13921: 13913: 13909: 13905: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13887: 13883: 13879: 13875: 13871: 13867: 13859: 13851: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13801: 13785: 13781: 13777: 13770: 13754: 13750: 13749: 13744: 13737: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13707: 13691: 13687: 13681: 13677: 13676: 13671: 13665: 13649: 13645: 13638: 13630: 13626: 13622: 13618: 13614: 13610: 13606: 13602: 13601: 13593: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13542: 13526: 13522: 13521: 13516: 13510: 13502: 13498: 13491: 13475: 13471: 13467: 13460: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13409: 13390: 13383: 13376: 13367: 13362: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13335: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13304: 13296: 13292: 13288: 13284: 13277: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13242: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13201: 13196: 13189: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13136: 13128: 13124: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13093: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13063: 13054: 13049: 13045: 13041: 13037: 13033: 13026: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12966: 12959: 12951: 12945: 12941: 12934: 12926: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12897: 12889: 12873: 12869: 12863: 12859: 12858: 12850: 12834: 12830: 12824: 12820: 12819: 12811: 12803: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12782: 12766: 12762: 12758: 12752: 12744: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12721:(1): 39–47 . 12720: 12716: 12715: 12707: 12699: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12672: 12656: 12652: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12637: 12629: 12621: 12617: 12610: 12602: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12574: 12566: 12562: 12555: 12546: 12527: 12523: 12516: 12515: 12507: 12499: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12464: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12403: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12381: 12373: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12342: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12311: 12303: 12299: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12266: 12258: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12213: 12205: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12174: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12144: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12113: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12082: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12052: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12021: 12006: 12002: 11995: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11965: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11934: 11932: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11900: 11892: 11888: 11881: 11865: 11861: 11855: 11851: 11850: 11842: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11812: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11781: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11738: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11721:Physics Today 11714: 11706: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11673:Physics Today 11667: 11661: 11647: 11643: 11637: 11630: 11628: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11598: 11596: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11564: 11556: 11552: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11517: 11509: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11478: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11447: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11416: 11400: 11396: 11395: 11390: 11383: 11367: 11363: 11362: 11357: 11350: 11342: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11307:(2): 886–93. 11306: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11248:(1): 728–39. 11247: 11243: 11242: 11237: 11230: 11221: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11199: 11194: 11187: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11134: 11132: 11122: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11106:: L123–L126. 11105: 11101: 11100: 11095: 11088: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11065:(3): 356–66. 11064: 11060: 11053: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11003: 10996: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10946: 10939: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10897: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10865: 10848: 10844: 10838: 10823: 10817: 10813: 10812: 10807: 10800: 10784: 10780: 10773: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10743: 10727: 10723: 10716: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10686: 10677: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10633: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10602: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10571: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10535: 10519: 10515: 10514: 10509: 10502: 10486: 10482: 10476: 10460: 10456: 10450: 10434: 10430: 10429: 10424: 10417: 10409: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10380: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10320: 10312: 10305: 10289: 10285: 10284: 10279: 10277: 10269: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10228: 10222: 10214: 10212: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10176: 10168: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10127: 10125: 10116: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10064: 10062: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10014: 10010: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9989: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9928: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9898: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9836: 9829: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9798:(5979): 677. 9797: 9793: 9786: 9778: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9697: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9667: 9651: 9647: 9646:Science Times 9643: 9636: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9607: 9599: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9556: 9554: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9526: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9455: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9418:New Scientist 9414: 9406: 9398: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9342: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9272: 9270: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9233: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9171: 9169: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9115: 9108: 9106: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9065: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9031: 9028:(July 2003). 9027: 9021: 9013: 9009: 9005: 8998: 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6268: 6266: 6264: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6220:W. H. Freeman 6217: 6210: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6126: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5891: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5834: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5755: 5751: 5750:New Scientist 5747: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5694: 5692: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5595: 5593: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5559: 5557: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5518: 5512: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5333: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5253: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5062: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4865: 4858: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4815: 4813: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4742: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4519: 4515: 4512:The American 4509: 4499: 4491: 4484: 4373: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4321: 4318: 4307: 4304: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4243:hermaphrodite 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231:gender symbol 4228: 4224: 4223:ancient Greek 4220: 4216: 4208: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4186: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4166:Flag of Chile 4163: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4154:Dresden Codex 4150: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4128:Five elements 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4102:metal element 4098: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4036:William Blake 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869:crescent moon 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3806:ancient Greek 3803: 3799: 3798:ancient Roman 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3740:sulfuric acid 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3641:Crewed flight 3638: 3636: 3635:lander probes 3631: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3475:Life on Venus 3463: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3438:Solar Orbiter 3435: 3427: 3426: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3380:Venus Express 3377: 3376:Venus Express 3373: 3369: 3368: 3367:Venus Express 3363: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3251:Venera 9 3246: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3137:Additionally 3135: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3076:cirrus clouds 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064:Frank E. Ross 3060: 3058: 3054: 3053:Doppler shift 3050: 3049:Vesto Slipher 3045: 3043: 3039: 3038:spectroscopic 3029: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2896: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2798: 2787: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746:cylinder seal 2742: 2738: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2699:December 1882 2696: 2695:December 1874 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2569:Edmund Halley 2561: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2524: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2471:Observability 2468: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2337: 2328: 2327:524522 Zoozve 2324: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2276:Venus Express 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256:anticlockwise 2248: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2194:gravity waves 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167:Venus Express 2164: 2160: 2159:Venus Express 2155: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2138:Venus Express 2134: 2133:Venera probes 2129: 2127: 2126:sunspot cycle 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064:sulfuric acid 2053: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2013:solar forcing 2008: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1730: 1721: 1718: 1709: 1693: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:Venus Express 1659: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1628:oceanic crust 1625: 1620: 1611: 1610:pancake domes 1606: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1550:Venus Express 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1240:waypoint for 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203:life on Venus 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175:Internal heat 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140:sulfuric acid 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:mass and size 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1002: 998: 995: 989: 985: 981: 978: 972: 967: 961: 958: 953: 949: 946: 945: 938: 934: 931: 926: 921:10 μSv/h 916: 914: 911: 906: 903:10 μGy/h 898: 896: 893: 892:absorbed dose 888: 881: 878: 876: 874: 871: 870: 867: 864: 862: 860: 857: 856: 853: 850: 848: 846: 843: 842: 838: 835: 832: 830: 826: 825: 821: 817: 813: 811: 807: 800: 796: 793: 789: 788: 786: 784: 780: 776: 773: 767: 760: 755: 754: 752: 748: 741: 735: 731: 728: 723: 720:1.81 m/s 719: 713: 706: 703: 698: 692: 685: 682: 677: 673: 670: 665: 661: 657: 652: 649: 644: 638: 635: 629: 622: 613: 612: 610: 608: 604: 597: 588: 587: 585: 583: 579: 572: 563: 562: 560: 557: 552: 548: 546: 542: 533: 522: 521: 519: 516: 511: 506: 502: 500: 496: 492: 489: 484: 480: 477: 472: 466: 462: 460: 456: 452: 450: 439: 438: 436: 434: 430: 426: 423: 418: 410: 407: 406:orbital speed 401: 397: 394: 389: 383: 379: 376: 367: 362: 361: 359: 356: 351: 347: 345: 341: 337: 334: 329: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 309: 305: 302: 299: 295: 292: 288: 284: 280: 278: 274: 269: 234: 199: 191: 144: 140: 138: 134: 130: 129:goddess Venus 126: 123: 120: 114: 107: 100: 74: 72:Pronunciation 70: 65: 60: 59: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 19984:Solar System 19901:Terraforming 19876:Colonization 19753: 19648:MBR Explorer 19639: 19392: 19380: 19373: 19366: 19304: 19286: 19254: 19191: 19167: 19146: 19098:Each arrow ( 19020:Local Bubble 19006:Solar System 19004: 18797:Planetesimal 18752:Kuiper cliff 18480:Space probes 18453:Colonization 18292:Kirkwood gap 18213:Saturn Moons 18126:Planetesimal 17593: 17584:Terrestrials 17549: 17542: 17535: 17528: 17521: 17514: 17507: 17500: 17473: 17458: 17396:Solar System 17250:Terraforming 17239:Colonization 17221:Shukrayaan-1 17136: 17129: 17106: 17099: 17087: 17080: 17073: 17057:Vega program 17026:Zond program 17016: 17009: 17002: 16995: 16889:Venera 1964A 16485:Ganis Chasma 16480:Diana Chasma 16354:Sachs Patera 16339:Pancake dome 16269:Fotla Corona 16254:Boala Corona 16196:Ishtar Terra 16080: 16035:Map of Venus 15969: 15903: 15896: 15884:. 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It is a 986:(9.3 969:Atmosphere 963:9.7″–66.0″ 873:Fahrenheit 734:retrograde 727:Axial tilt 691:retrograde 619:10 kg 594:10 km 569:10 km 545:Flattening 499:Satellites 322:Perihelion 137:Adjectives 19777:Laplace-P 19772:Mercury-P 19641:Dragonfly 19569:Kosmos 27 19559:Kosmos 21 19539:Mariner 1 19382:MESSENGER 19337:Venera 11 19327:Mariner 5 19312:Mariner 2 19041:Milky Way 19034:Orion Arm 18802:Formation 18787:Migration 18782:Disrupted 18650:Coatlicue 18618:Accretion 18605:evolution 18551:Asteroids 18463:astronomy 18458:Discovery 18319:Cubewanos 18240:Asteroids 18070:Quaoarian 18060:Neptunian 18050:Chironean 18035:Saturnian 17811:Enceladus 17316:Mythology 17291:Cytherean 17101:MESSENGER 17011:Mariner 5 17004:Mariner 2 16997:Mariner 1 16984:Venera 16 16979:Venera 15 16974:Venera 14 16969:Venera 13 16964:Venera 12 16959:Venera 11 16954:Venera 10 16909:Kosmos 96 16894:Kosmos 27 16884:Kosmos 21 16851:Sputnik 7 16799:Asteroids 16717:Astronomy 16633:Mona Lisa 16578:Golubkina 16568:Dickinson 16548:Cleopatra 16324:Ozza Mons 16304:Maat Mons 16274:Gula Mons 16264:Fand Mons 16221:volcanoes 16215:Mountains 16115:Arachnoid 16101:Geography 15759:0959-8138 15549:8 January 15488:8 January 15365:Theoi.com 15300:"Lucifer" 15222:120565237 15206:0080-4614 15146:1971-8608 15113:23 August 14776:219558707 14768:0094-5765 14707:Space.com 14518:236090264 14421:224803085 14252:221127006 14167:221655331 13912:256599851 13904:0038-6308 13629:122107496 13531:2 January 13178:25 August 13127:123671250 13002:162838538 12978:: 34–40. 12925:117985979 12743:120700705 12678:Mnemosyne 12520:(Ph.D.). 12498:121539390 12443:1971-8608 12286:0035-9149 12247:8 January 12237:186212060 12123:Space.com 12005:Space.com 11772:0022-4650 11705:241077611 11697:1945-0699 11555:117795811 11530:0911.2357 11405:7 January 11372:7 January 11341:118661720 11314:1303.3705 11282:118535095 11255:1208.4444 11153:0906.2781 10853:7 January 10513:Space.com 10408:129514118 10276:Venera 12 10167:2197-4284 10143:(1): 34. 10115:198179774 10050:21 August 9887:21 August 9777:1520-0469 9505:224803085 9434:229020261 9397:231699227 9321:221655755 9223:208513344 9215:0004-6361 9159:244168415 9151:0019-1035 8977:Space.com 8815:0094-8276 8758:2169-9097 8674:0019-1035 8625:2156-2202 8576:0019-1035 8505:1476-4687 8444:0016-7037 8393:17 August 8180:11 August 8167:133864520 8159:1752-0894 8090:0036-8075 7973:119487513 7861:0091-7613 7638:0091-7613 7496:134766723 6812:257745255 6739:126225959 6731:1572-9672 6657:1944-8007 6534:189850694 6358:127759323 6096:CiteSeerX 5922:7 January 5637:264530764 5545:26 August 5491:2397-3366 5347:: 10–24. 5311:208513344 5303:0004-6361 5241:3 January 5156:119307693 5124:: 19–33. 5103:0923-2958 5081:(3): 22. 5026:232092194 4938:26 August 4889:CiteSeerX 4503:location. 4185:habitable 4104:. 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NASA. 10252:Archived 10182:Venera 9 10044:Archived 10013:Archived 9972:Archived 9968:13338382 9917:14 April 9911:Archived 9878:Archived 9874:15670045 9820:20448159 9680:Archived 9650:Archived 9509:Archived 9438:Archived 9325:Archived 8981:Archived 8950:Archived 8946:11538226 8912:(1988). 8888:Archived 8833:28408771 8703:21 April 8697:Archived 8525:Archived 8513:11536499 8448:Archived 8387:Archived 8354:17893191 8251:12 April 8219:Archived 8205:Elsevier 8171:Archived 8106:36740141 8098:17783310 8049:. 18876. 8016:18046393 7865:Archived 7797:Archived 7741:Archived 7646:13293506 7585:Archived 7554:Archived 7500:Archived 7312:Archived 7264:19 March 7258:Archived 7235:16309185 7150:Archived 7119:14 April 7113:Archived 7079:Archived 7061:31922004 6992:Archived 6967:59323909 6875:14 April 6869:Archived 6767:16 April 6761:Archived 6686:13 April 6680:Archived 6597:Archived 6482:Archived 6447:Archived 6362:Archived 6216:Universe 6199:20 April 6193:Archived 6162:21736261 6052:12832924 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1269:Venera 1 1144:pressure 1050:0.0007% 1044:0.0012% 1038:0.0017% 1032:0.0020% 1026:0.0070% 1016:nitrogen 982:93 977:pressure 975:Surface 908:Surface 890:Surface 827:Surface 761:272.76° 449:ecliptic 404:Average 348:0.006772 308:Aphelion 143:Venusian 19930:Portals 19869:Related 19850:Mariner 19671:DAVINCI 19617:VERITAS 19440:Landers 19394:Shin-en 19368:Galileo 18915:Related 18894:by size 18583:Neptune 18568:Jupiter 18519:Mercury 18444:outline 18389:Phaeton 18384:Nemesis 18371:objects 18223:Neptune 18196:Jupiter 18176:Trojans 18169:Neptune 18154:Jupiter 18134:Mercury 18065:Haumean 18055:Uranian 18037: ( 17951:Hiʻiaka 17885:Proteus 17875:Neptune 17863:Miranda 17853:Umbriel 17843:Titania 17831:all 146 17796:Iapetus 17749:Jupiter 17643:Neptune 17621:Jupiter 17589:Mercury 17571:Planets 17496:Neptune 17481:Jupiter 17454:Mercury 17284:Related 17246:(flyby) 17165:VERITAS 17155:DAVINCI 17148:Planned 17123:Current 17108:Shin'en 17082:Galileo 16731:Aspects 16724:General 16689:Geology 16638:Nanichi 16623:Meitner 16588:Gregory 16528:Aurelia 16523:Ariadne 16495:Craters 16447:valleys 16442:Canyons 16144:Regions 16108:General 16028:by the 16019:by the 16010:by the 15944:at the 15849:1217734 15768:1322246 15186:Bibcode 15004:28 July 14746:Bibcode 14498:Bibcode 14401:Bibcode 14333:Twitter 14186:Science 14139:Bibcode 13998:Bibcode 13874:Bibcode 13841:9286398 13820:Bibcode 13696:19 July 13654:19 July 13609:Bibcode 13556:Bibcode 13548:Science 13423:Bibcode 13415:Science 13353:Bibcode 13291:Bibcode 13289:: 165. 13256:Bibcode 13209:Bibcode 13154:Bibcode 13107:Bibcode 13082:12 July 13040:Bibcode 12980:Bibcode 12905:Bibcode 12771:4 March 12723:Bibcode 12698:4433390 12620:Penguin 12587:Bibcode 12478:Bibcode 12389:Bibcode 12387:: 325. 12071:17 July 11954:20 June 11831:25 June 11752:Bibcode 11677:Bibcode 11535:Bibcode 11319:Bibcode 11260:Bibcode 11207:Bibcode 11158:Bibcode 11108:Bibcode 11067:Bibcode 11017:Bibcode 10960:Bibcode 10663:Bibcode 10550:Bibcode 10356:4418778 10328:Bibcode 10236:Bibcode 10198:Bibcode 10145:Bibcode 10093:Bibcode 9948:Bibcode 9854:Bibcode 9800:Bibcode 9792:Science 9755:Bibcode 9723:3960800 9686:11 June 9656:11 June 9615:Bibcode 9590:4369293 9570:Bibcode 9540:Bibcode 9483:Bibcode 9375:Bibcode 9301:Bibcode 9195:Bibcode 9129:Bibcode 9084:Bibcode 9045:Bibcode 8956:25 June 8926:Bibcode 8861:Bibcode 8859:: 540. 8824:5385710 8795:Bibcode 8738:Bibcode 8654:Bibcode 8603:Bibcode 8556:Bibcode 8531:14 July 8521:4357750 8485:Bibcode 8454:14 July 8424:Bibcode 8367:27 July 8267:"Venus" 8139:Bibcode 8070:Bibcode 8062:Science 8043:Bibcode 8024:1242297 7996:Bibcode 7953:Bibcode 7908:Bibcode 7874:28 June 7841:Bibcode 7833:Geology 7781:Bibcode 7747:19 July 7671:Bibcode 7669:: 675. 7618:Bibcode 7609:Geology 7538:Bibcode 7476:Bibcode 7410:Bibcode 7346:Bibcode 7296:Bibcode 7213:Bibcode 7182:20 June 7156:20 June 7085:21 July 7052:6941908 7029:Bibcode 7020:Science 6947:Bibcode 6910:Bibcode 6792:Bibcode 6711:Bibcode 6635:Bibcode 6562:Bibcode 6514:Bibcode 6456:12 July 6439:Bibcode 6368:25 June 6338:Bibcode 6286:Bibcode 6142:Bibcode 6088:Bibcode 6024:Bibcode 6015:Science 5939:"Venus" 5908:"Venus" 5846:Gizmodo 5791:13 June 5711:Bibcode 5617:Bibcode 5531:"Moons" 5471:Bibcode 5359:Bibcode 5283:Bibcode 5211:25 June 5186:Bibcode 5136:Bibcode 5083:Bibcode 5006:Bibcode 4881:Bibcode 4835:Bibcode 4805:. A133. 4789:Bibcode 4758:Bibcode 4470:⁠ 4458:⁠ 4268:Mercury 4260:alchemy 4196:Symbols 4139:Chac ek 4106:Chinese 4006:Lūcifer 3941:phoenix 3865:Shamash 3791:fiction 3745:NASA's 3349:Galileo 2875:Maragha 2855:Persian 2851:Ptolemy 2834:Lucifer 2617:transit 2483:To the 2378:million 2342:2012 XE 2333:2001 CK 2288:Mercury 1990:Minimum 1974:Maximum 1967:Surface 1937:Mercury 1919:⁄ 1898:imaging 1851:sulphur 1773:viscous 1769:subduct 1683:Craters 1652:olivine 1624:erosion 1425:sulphur 1308:Mercury 1257:Mercury 1195:Mercury 1157:, 1020:0.015% 859:Celsius 790:0.689 ( 777:67.16° 757:18 11 2 634:density 525:6,051.8 493:54.884° 481:76.680° 459:equator 427:50.115° 196:rarely 19838:Venera 19765:Flybys 19755:Zephyr 19734:VISAGE 19667:(2025) 19650:(2028) 19644:(2028) 19633:Flybys 19625:(2031) 19619:(2031) 19613:(2028) 19513:Vega 1 19487:Vega 1 19388:IKAROS 19357:Vega 1 19317:Zond 1 19298:Flybys 19179:Flybys 19089: 19082: 19075: 19050: 19043: 19036: 19029: 19022: 19015: 19008: 18937:Syzygy 18859:Comets 18792:System 18777:Planet 18670:EXCEDE 18578:Uranus 18573:Saturn 18563:Comets 18556:mining 18534:mining 18424:Vulcan 18265:active 18260:Hygiea 18255:Pallas 18218:Uranus 18164:Uranus 18159:Saturn 18094:Comets 18086:bodies 18084:System 18030:Jovian 17968:Weywot 17963:Quaoar 17956:Namaka 17946:Haumea 17919:Charon 17895:all 16 17890:Nereid 17880:Triton 17868:all 28 17848:Oberon 17838:Uranus 17826:Phoebe 17806:Tethys 17781:Saturn 17774:all 95 17769:Europa 17742:Deimos 17737:Phobos 17716:Earth 17677:Quaoar 17672:Haumea 17652:Dwarfs 17638:Uranus 17626:Saturn 17611:Giants 17576:dwarfs 17523:Quaoar 17516:Haumea 17491:Uranus 17486:Saturn 17354:Portal 17232:crewed 17206:VISAGE 17095:IKAROS 17067:Vega 2 17062:Vega 1 17031:Zond 1 16858:Venera 16817:Zoozve 16741:Phases 16613:Mariko 16603:Jeanne 16583:Grimke 16553:Cunitz 16538:Barton 16518:Alcott 16513:Agnesi 16508:Adivar 16503:Addams 16409:Plains 16183:Terrae 15911: 15855: 15847: 15775: 15765: 15757: 15709: 15705:–135. 15676: 15651: 15626: 15601: 15519: 15457: 15432: 15407: 15279: 15254: 15220: 15212: 15204: 15144: 15134:KASKAL 15099: 15062: 14993:: 88. 14835: 14774: 14766: 14579: 14546:13 May 14516: 14419: 14389:: L2. 14250: 14242: 14165: 14157: 14058: 14039:Nature 13990:Icarus 13910: 13902: 13848: 13838: 13682: 13627: 13582: 13574: 13449: 13441: 13398:7 July 13254:: 57. 13125: 13015:10 May 13000: 12946: 12923: 12878:18 May 12864: 12839:18 May 12825: 12798: 12741: 12696: 12647: 12597: 12496: 12441: 12431:KASKAL 12362:14 May 12300: 12294:530738 12292: 12284: 12235: 12194:11 May 12010:5 June 11856: 11770: 11703: 11695: 11553: 11488:JHUAPL 11339: 11280: 11176: 11140:Icarus 11059:Icarus 11009:Icarus 10952:Icarus 10914: 10818: 10406: 10390:Nature 10354: 10346: 10319:Nature 10165: 10113: 10005: 9966: 9872: 9818: 9775: 9721: 9588: 9562:Nature 9503: 9471:: L2. 9432: 9395: 9319: 9221: 9213: 9157: 9149: 9121:Icarus 8944: 8918:Icarus 8831: 8821: 8813: 8756: 8672: 8646:Icarus 8623: 8574: 8548:Icarus 8519: 8511: 8503: 8477:Nature 8442: 8352: 8316: 8211: 8165: 8157: 8104: 8096: 8088: 8022: 8014: 7988:Nature 7971: 7859: 7733: 7700: 7644: 7636: 7530:Icarus 7494: 7439: 7383: 7338:Icarus 7288:Icarus 7233: 7059: 7049: 6965: 6839: 6810: 6737: 6729: 6655: 6532: 6402: 6356: 6306:862354 6304: 6226: 6185: 6160: 6098: 6079:Icarus 6050: 6042: 5980: 5886: 5729: 5680: 5670: 5635: 5501:28 May 5489: 5440:28 May 5407:29 May 5377: 5309: 5301: 5178:Icarus 5154: 5118:Icarus 5101: 5024: 4891: 4872:Icarus 4787:: 11. 4733:epoch. 4547:Lexico 4476: 4445:23.934 4424: 4420: 4416: 4382: 4378: 4264:copper 4143:Noh Ek 4114:Korean 4081:Shukra 4060:Shukra 4032:Virgil 4024:Sappho 4012:Vesper 3969:Hathor 3953:Osiris 3937:Ouaiti 3855:, the 3830:Friday 3818:Inanna 3662:flybys 3526:albedo 3505:Nature 3430: 3391:IKAROS 3330:Vega 2 3324:Vega 1 3180:'s 3119:Venera 2975: 2948:phases 2838:Vesper 2786:Qǐmíng 2775:Tàibái 2680:Tahiti 2585: 2532:phases 2512:Phases 2447: 2380: 2376: 2321:: the 2312: 2292: 2280: 2232:orbits 2118:galena 1982:Normal 1858:contra 1807:dynamo 1760:, and 1758:mantle 1713: 1706: 1701: 1636: 1561:felsic 1513:, and 1475: 1442:, the 1440:Ishtar 1438:after 1416:Venera 1399:terrae 1387:, and 1314:, the 1159:mantle 1112:planet 1068:Trace 1062:Trace 1056:Trace 1046:helium 1008:96.5% 879:867 °F 865:464 °C 845:Kelvin 797:0.76 ( 783:Albedo 615:4.8675 590:9.2843 582:Volume 565:4.6023 413: 373: 277:Symbol 19989:Venus 19944:Stars 19906:VeSpR 19822:Vesta 19744:VOICE 19714:HOVER 19709:HAVOC 19147:Venus 18852:Lists 18588:Pluto 18546:Ceres 18524:Venus 18419:Tyche 18414:Theia 18250:Vesta 18245:Ceres 18186:Earth 18181:Venus 18144:Earth 18139:Venus 18119:moons 18082:Solar 18080:Small 18039:Rhean 18024:Earth 18016:Rings 17929:Hydra 17914:Pluto 17907:Vanth 17902:Orcus 17858:Ariel 17816:Mimas 17801:Dione 17786:Titan 17709:Moons 17697:Sedna 17667:Pluto 17662:Orcus 17657:Ceres 17599:Earth 17594:Venus 17551:Sedna 17509:Pluto 17502:Orcus 17475:Ceres 17464:Earth 17459:Venus 17259:Other 16736:Orbit 16677:Other 16658:Wanda 16643:Riley 16533:Balch 16151:Regio 16081:Venus 15853:S2CID 15845:JSTOR 15828:Taxon 15645:Venus 15515:–40. 15218:S2CID 15214:74274 15210:JSTOR 15024:Getty 14998:(PDF) 14987:(PDF) 14772:S2CID 14514:S2CID 14488:arXiv 14448:arXiv 14417:S2CID 14391:arXiv 14329:Tweet 14248:S2CID 14222:arXiv 14163:S2CID 14129:arXiv 14056:S2CID 13908:S2CID 13625:S2CID 13580:S2CID 13447:S2CID 13392:(PDF) 13385:(PDF) 13351:: 1. 13231:4 May 13123:S2CID 13009:(PDF) 12998:S2CID 12968:(PDF) 12921:S2CID 12739:S2CID 12694:JSTOR 12529:(PDF) 12518:(PDF) 12494:S2CID 12298:S2CID 12290:JSTOR 12233:S2CID 12163:2 May 11701:S2CID 11660:Solex 11551:S2CID 11525:arXiv 11337:S2CID 11309:arXiv 11278:S2CID 11250:arXiv 11174:S2CID 11148:arXiv 11036:(PDF) 11005:(PDF) 10979:(PDF) 10948:(PDF) 10653:arXiv 10404:S2CID 10363:(PDF) 10352:S2CID 10314:(PDF) 10111:S2CID 10083:arXiv 9964:S2CID 9881:(PDF) 9870:S2CID 9848:(3). 9838:(PDF) 9719:JSTOR 9586:S2CID 9501:S2CID 9473:arXiv 9430:S2CID 9393:S2CID 9365:arXiv 9317:S2CID 9291:arXiv 9219:S2CID 9185:arXiv 9155:S2CID 9117:(PDF) 9056:(PDF) 9033:(PDF) 8987:9 May 8894:5 May 8785:arXiv 8728:arXiv 8517:S2CID 8361:(PDF) 8350:S2CID 8338:(PDF) 8174:(PDF) 8163:S2CID 8127:(PDF) 8102:S2CID 8020:S2CID 7969:S2CID 7943:arXiv 7868:(PDF) 7829:(PDF) 7800:(PDF) 7767:(PDF) 7642:S2CID 7591:2 May 7509:3 May 7503:(PDF) 7492:S2CID 7464:(PDF) 7315:(PDF) 7284:(PDF) 7231:S2CID 6963:S2CID 6808:S2CID 6735:S2CID 6623:(PDF) 6530:S2CID 6450:(PDF) 6431:(PDF) 6354:S2CID 6302:S2CID 6158:S2CID 6117:(PDF) 6074:(PDF) 6048:S2CID 5727:S2CID 5633:S2CID 5397:IMCCE 5375:S2CID 5349:arXiv 5307:S2CID 5273:arXiv 5205:(PDF) 5174:(PDF) 5152:S2CID 5126:arXiv 5022:S2CID 4996:arXiv 4910:(PDF) 4867:(PDF) 4731:J2000 4634: 4600: 4493:well. 4478:km/h. 4400:7.292 4355:Notes 4141:, or 4095:Malay 4077:Bhrgu 4020:Homer 4001:Venus 3957:Horus 3949:Bennu 3947:(see 3945:heron 3875:on a 3834:Frigg 3581:probe 3540:from 3412:WISPR 3231:Alpha 2988:The " 2538:in a 2356:Neith 2307:tidal 2183:comet 2171:ozone 1819:solar 1762:crust 1497:Most 1480:farra 1324:Ceres 1312:Earth 1199:moons 1163:crust 1128:Earth 1108:Venus 1028:argon 1014:3.5% 851:737 K 829:temp. 632:Mean 441:3.394 411:35.02 369:0.615 301:J2000 298:Epoch 127:(see 122:Roman 102: 44:Venus 19860:Vega 19739:VISE 19729:VICI 19719:VAMP 19704:CUVE 19699:AREE 18541:Mars 18529:Moon 18507:list 18490:list 18191:Mars 18149:Mars 17999:Eris 17939:Styx 17791:Rhea 17732:Mars 17720:Moon 17692:Eris 17604:Mars 17544:Eris 17469:Mars 17311:Life 17211:VICI 17201:VISE 17196:VAMP 16839:Past 16789:2012 16784:2004 16779:1882 16774:1874 16769:1769 16764:1761 16759:1639 16648:Ruth 16618:Mead 16543:Buck 15953:and 15940:and 15909:ISBN 15888:2023 15876:VICE 15773:PMID 15755:ISSN 15720:2023 15707:ISBN 15674:ISBN 15649:ISBN 15624:ISBN 15599:ISBN 15581:2022 15551:2010 15517:ISBN 15490:2010 15455:ISBN 15430:ISBN 15405:ISBN 15377:2016 15345:2023 15316:2023 15277:ISBN 15252:ISBN 15202:ISSN 15158:2017 15142:ISSN 15115:2020 15097:ISBN 15073:2023 15060:ISBN 15036:2023 15006:2018 14935:2019 14904:2021 14833:ISBN 14806:2021 14764:ISSN 14719:2023 14688:2020 14657:2020 14626:2021 14614:NASA 14595:2021 14577:ISBN 14548:2023 14368:2020 14356:Syfy 14310:2020 14283:2020 14240:PMID 14198:2020 14155:PMID 14105:2019 14072:2020 13974:2015 13943:2015 13900:ISSN 13846:PMID 13792:2022 13780:NASA 13761:2021 13728:2023 13698:2009 13680:ISBN 13656:2009 13572:PMID 13533:2013 13520:Time 13482:2007 13439:PMID 13400:2017 13326:2007 13233:2020 13180:2019 13084:2009 13017:2012 12976:2004 12944:ISBN 12880:2016 12862:ISBN 12841:2016 12823:ISBN 12796:ISBN 12773:2016 12714:Isis 12663:2015 12645:ISBN 12595:ISBN 12537:2015 12455:2017 12439:ISSN 12364:2009 12333:2016 12282:ISSN 12249:2008 12196:2012 12165:2023 12153:NASA 12135:2017 12104:2017 12073:2023 12043:2017 12012:2024 11986:2021 11956:2006 11922:2016 11872:2016 11854:ISBN 11833:2023 11803:2022 11768:ISSN 11693:ISSN 11654:2009 11620:2019 11586:2022 11500:2023 11469:2023 11457:NASA 11438:2023 11426:NASA 11407:2016 11374:2016 11044:2006 10987:2006 10930:2017 10912:ISBN 10888:2016 10855:2016 10829:2023 10816:ISBN 10791:2021 10764:2021 10748:IERS 10734:2021 10707:2023 10624:2017 10593:2017 10526:2013 10493:2013 10467:2011 10441:2007 10371:2015 10344:PMID 10296:2015 10260:2015 10184:and 10163:ISSN 10052:2007 10021:2015 10003:ISBN 9980:2019 9919:2021 9889:2007 9816:PMID 9773:ISSN 9688:2023 9658:2023 9517:2023 9446:2023 9333:2020 9260:2020 9211:ISSN 9147:ISSN 8989:2023 8958:2019 8942:PMID 8896:2023 8884:NASA 8829:PMID 8811:ISSN 8754:ISSN 8705:2023 8670:ISSN 8621:ISSN 8572:ISSN 8533:2020 8509:PMID 8501:ISSN 8456:2020 8440:ISSN 8395:2021 8369:2009 8314:ISBN 8283:2011 8253:2007 8227:2016 8209:ISBN 8182:2023 8155:ISSN 8094:PMID 8086:ISSN 8012:PMID 7876:2009 7857:ISSN 7808:2018 7749:2006 7731:ISBN 7698:ISBN 7634:ISSN 7593:2021 7562:2016 7511:2021 7437:ISBN 7381:ISBN 7323:2018 7266:2023 7254:Time 7184:2015 7158:2015 7121:2021 7087:2023 7057:PMID 7000:2020 6877:2021 6850:2023 6837:ISBN 6769:2023 6727:ISSN 6688:2023 6653:ISSN 6605:2016 6490:2016 6458:2009 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