610:
218:
345:"I, Major-General Phillip Efiong, Officer Administering the Government of the Republic of Biafra, now wish to make the following declaration: That we affirm that we are loyal Nigerian citizens and accept the authority of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria. That we accept the existing administrative and political structure of the Federation of Nigeria. That any future constitutional arrangement will be worked out by representatives of the people of Nigeria. That the Republic of Biafra hereby ceases to exist."
348:
At the time of the surrender, Effiong believed that the situation was hopeless and that prolonging the conflict would have led only to the further destruction and starvation of the people of Biafra. At that time
Effiong said, "I am convinced now that a stop must be put to the bloodshed which is going
355:
wrote, "General Efiong’s handling of Biafra’s surrender is one of the most tactical and devoted maneuvers ever seen on the
Nigerian scene. Those who do not appreciate the depth of it may not have appreciated what was at stake as Biafra capitulated." Many observers had expected wholesale retribution
310:
With the blockade cutting off oil revenue and agricultural destruction reducing food production, the result was mass dislocation and starvation of the populace. Two to three million people are thought to have died in the conflict, mostly through starvation and illness.
368:
I have no regrets whatsoever of my involvement in Biafra or the role I played. The war deprived me of my property, dignity, my name. Yet, I saved so many souls on both sides and by this, I mean Biafra and
Nigeria. . .
306:
during the war included economic blockade and deliberate destruction of agricultural land. Even before the war, the area was a net importer of food, depending on income from its oil fields to feed its populace.
219:
326:
Efiong assumed leadership in this situation of turmoil, starvation, and collapse. He became acting Head of State of Biafra on 8 January 1970 and on 12 January announced surrender.
679:
168:
492:, 7 January 2004, lists the date of death as 7 November 2003, and the age at death as 79, perhaps because the death date was so close to Efiong's 79th birthday.
458:
380:
418:
444:"Nigeria’s Great Speeches - Statement at Dodan Barracks on January 15, 1970 by Major-General Phillip Efiong (Officer Administering the Republic of Biafra)"
379:
At the end of it all when I saw they (Biafran soldiers) could no longer continue and Ojukwu had fled, I did what was ideal after wide consultation . . .
352:
609:
771:
283:. He was then transferred to the Nigeria Army Ordnance Corps; then to England for further training after a peace-keeping stint in the
483:
17:
834:
528:
190:
Roseline Efiong, Mercy Ugot, Valentine Efiong, Charles Efiong, Philip Efiong II, Francis Efiong, Philippa Umeh, Elizabeth Edem,
819:
599:
349:
on as a result of the war. I am also convinced that the suffering of our people must be brought to an immediate end."
455:
422:
763:
824:
495:
664:
521:
99:
70:
443:
594:
829:
572:
78:
644:
514:
488:
552:
268:
814:
809:
674:
8:
236:
47:
315:
577:
562:
557:
244:
240:
303:
284:
228:
788:
582:
462:
296:
260:
138:
374:
I felt that I played a role which has kept this country united till today. . . .
758:
720:
335:
232:
803:
750:
710:
705:
730:
725:
567:
500:
339:
280:
150:
715:
700:
695:
473:
399:
256:
134:
680:
Movement for the
Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)
154:
587:
295:
Efiong became Chief of
General Staff of Biafra under Head of State,
506:
636:
264:
172:
158:
537:
394:
628:
321:
276:
314:
When Biafra's military resistance collapsed, Ojukwu fled to
364:
In a 1996 interview, Effiong reflected on those events:
287:
in 1961. He was
Nigeria's first Director of Ordnance.
272:
474:
Obong Philip Efion: A Tribute to an
Uncommon Nigerian
342:, Effiong announced the end of the Biafran conflict.
227:18 November 1925 – 6 November 2003) was a Nigerian
267:, on 18 November 1925, Philip Effiong joined the
801:
385:Efiong died 6 November 2003, at the age of 77.
522:
329:
476:by Nnaemeka L. Aneke. Accessed 5 July 2007.
529:
515:
322:Effiong became acting Biafra Head of State
501:http://www.philip-effiong.com/Dad-Memory
496:The Biafra-Nigeria Civil War of 1967–70
275:later commissioned him for duty in the
14:
802:
510:
503:The site of Philip Effiong the Second
338:in Lagos, in the presence of General
91:30 May 1967 – 8 January 1970
60:8 January – 12 January 1970
536:
24:
600:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
25:
846:
772:Postage stamps and postal history
608:
299:during the Nigeria-Biafra war.
835:Biafran Armed Forces personnel
467:
449:
437:
411:
13:
1:
405:
359:
250:
7:
820:People from Akwa Ibom State
665:Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
388:
100:Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
71:Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
10:
851:
484:"Bidding farewell to 2003"
419:"Nigeria-Biafra Civil War"
784:
764:"Land of the Rising Sun"
746:
739:
688:
657:
624:
617:
606:
595:2016 Niger Delta conflict
545:
330:Effiong's Speech to Gowon
290:
202:
194:
186:
178:
164:
148:6 November 2003 (aged 77)
144:
124:
119:
115:
105:
95:
84:
76:
64:
53:
45:
41:
34:
456:Nigeria-Biafra Civil War
79:Vice President of Biafra
18:Vice President of Biafra
489:Daily Times of Nigeria
334:On 15 January 1970 at
553:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
461:4 August 2004 at the
271:on 28 July 1945. The
269:Nigerian Armed Forces
235:and the 2nd and last
825:Presidents of Biafra
129:Oblong Philip Efiong
302:The tactics of the
247:from 1967 to 1970.
48:President of Biafra
27:Nigerian politician
578:Blockade of Biafra
563:Ahiara Declaration
558:Nigeria-Biafra War
245:Nigerian Civil War
241:Republic of Biafra
797:
796:
780:
779:
766:(national anthem)
653:
652:
573:Republic of Benin
353:Nnaemeka L. Aneke
304:Nigerian military
285:Republic of Congo
206:
205:
16:(Redirected from
842:
767:
754:
744:
743:
640:
639:(second capital)
632:
622:
621:
612:
531:
524:
517:
508:
507:
477:
471:
465:
453:
447:
441:
435:
434:
432:
430:
425:on 4 August 2004
421:. Archived from
415:
231:who was the 1st
229:military officer
226:
225:
224:
222:
198:Military Officer
182:Josephine Efiong
132:18 November 1925
120:Personal details
111:Position created
108:
89:
67:
58:
32:
31:
21:
850:
849:
845:
844:
843:
841:
840:
839:
830:Vice presidents
800:
799:
798:
793:
776:
765:
752:
735:
684:
649:
645:Eastern Nigeria
638:
631:(first capital)
630:
613:
604:
583:Biafran airlift
541:
535:
480:
472:
468:
463:Wayback Machine
454:
450:
442:
438:
428:
426:
417:
416:
412:
408:
391:
362:
332:
324:
297:Odumegwu Ojukwu
293:
261:Akwa Ibom State
259:in present-day
253:
220:
217:
216:
149:
139:British Nigeria
133:
131:
130:
106:
90:
85:
65:
59:
54:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
848:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
795:
794:
792:
791:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
775:
774:
769:
761:
756:
751:Biafran pound
747:
741:
737:
736:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
692:
690:
686:
685:
683:
682:
677:
672:
670:Philip Effiong
667:
661:
659:
655:
654:
651:
650:
648:
647:
642:
634:
625:
619:
615:
614:
607:
605:
603:
602:
597:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
555:
549:
547:
543:
542:
540: articles
534:
533:
526:
519:
511:
505:
504:
498:
493:
479:
478:
466:
448:
436:
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
397:
390:
387:
383:
382:
376:
375:
371:
370:
361:
358:
356:at war's end.
336:Dodan Barracks
331:
328:
323:
320:
292:
289:
252:
249:
233:Vice President
211:(also spelled
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
166:
162:
161:
146:
142:
141:
128:
126:
122:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
82:
81:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
51:
50:
43:
42:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
847:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
805:
790:
787:
786:
783:
773:
770:
768:
762:
760:
757:
755:
749:
748:
745:
742:
738:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
691:
689:Ethnic groups
687:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
660:
656:
646:
643:
641:
635:
633:
627:
626:
623:
620:
616:
611:
601:
598:
596:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
548:
544:
539:
532:
527:
525:
520:
518:
513:
512:
509:
502:
499:
497:
494:
491:
490:
485:
482:
481:
475:
470:
464:
460:
457:
452:
445:
440:
424:
420:
414:
410:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
386:
381:
378:
377:
373:
372:
367:
366:
365:
357:
354:
350:
346:
343:
341:
337:
327:
319:
317:
316:Côte d'Ivoire
312:
308:
305:
300:
298:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
223:
214:
210:
209:Philip Efiong
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
147:
143:
140:
136:
127:
123:
118:
114:
110:
104:
101:
98:
94:
88:
83:
80:
75:
72:
69:
63:
57:
52:
49:
44:
40:
36:Philip Efiong
33:
30:
19:
669:
568:Aburi Accord
487:
469:
451:
439:
427:. Retrieved
423:the original
413:
384:
363:
351:
347:
344:
340:Yakubu Gowon
333:
325:
313:
309:
301:
294:
281:West Germany
254:
212:
208:
207:
86:
55:
29:
815:2003 deaths
810:1925 births
400:Igbo people
257:Ibiono Ibom
243:during the
165:Nationality
135:Ibiono Ibom
107:Preceded by
66:Preceded by
804:Categories
753:(currency)
406:References
360:Later life
251:Early life
195:Profession
155:Abia State
618:Geography
588:Ogbunigwe
429:18 August
237:president
96:President
87:In office
56:In office
789:Category
675:Military
658:Politics
637:Umuahia
459:Archived
389:See also
255:Born in
239:of the
187:Children
173:Nigerian
77:1st
46:2nd
740:Culture
721:Ikwerre
546:History
265:Nigeria
213:Effiong
169:British
159:Nigeria
731:Egbema
726:Andoni
711:Annang
706:Ibibio
629:Enugu
538:Biafra
395:Biafra
291:Biafra
221:listen
179:Spouse
277:Rhine
759:Flag
716:Ijaw
701:Efik
696:Igbo
431:2004
145:Died
125:Born
151:Aba
806::
486:,
318:.
279:,
273:UK
263:,
215:,
171:,
157:,
153:,
137:,
530:e
523:t
516:v
446:/
433:.
369:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.