1125:, which are fundamental values that help raise the defenses of peace against violent extremism. In line with the understanding of Global Citizenship Education, individual level impacts, which encompasses three domains of learning include: cognitive, social-emotional and behavioural. Cognitive impacts involves critical thinking skills, an understanding of violent extremism and radicalization. Social-emotional impacts relate to the development of a sense of belonging to a common humanity, sharing values and responsibilities, based on human rights. Behavioural impacts relate to encouraging participants to act effectively and responsibly at local, national and global levels for a more peaceful and sustainable world.
1039:
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1229:. This was to lessen the overemphasis on examinations and to reduce student pressure, incorporating other indicators of student achievement, such as abilities in sport and artistic talent. The purpose is to reduce the stress of students’ lives at home and in school that may be vented through escape tactics, including joining outlawed groups. The Strategy also employs other effective means to prevent violent extremism, including the integration of Preventing of Violent Extremism through Education (PVE-E) in
881:"Pull factors" are factors which nurture the appeal of violent extremism; for example, the existence of well-organized violent extremist groups with compelling discourses and effective programs that are providing services, revenue and/or employment in exchange for membership. Groups can also lure new members by providing outlets for grievances and promise of adventure and freedom. Furthermore, these groups appear to offer spiritual comfort, "a place to belong" and a supportive social network.
1251:
project focused on the theory of change that; “building relationships with the policing units at the community level while dealing with trauma and unintended actions of both the police and communities, will reduce the susceptibility to radicalization and increase the response to address cases of injustice through conflict management and countering violent extremism while fostering tolerance”.
1247:
security from government agencies including law enforcement. In most cases, however, the process of policy and strategy implementation does more harm than good. The actions from the government as administered by the law enforcement teams over time, serve as a pointer to the never-ending link between violent extremism and the grievance narrative that has fueled the revenge in the communities.
1065:
also emphasized this point in its
Resolutions 2178 and 2250, which notably highlights the need for “quality education for peace that equips youth with the ability to engage constructively in civic structures and inclusive political processes” and called on “all relevant actors to consider instituting
2668:
Younis, Sara Zeiger, Anne Aly, Peter R. Neumann, Hamed El Said, Martine
Zeuthen, Peter Romaniuk, Mariya Y. Omelicheva, James O. Ellis, Alex P. Schmid, Kosta Lucas, Thomas K. Samuel, Clarke R. Jones, Orla Lynch, Ines Marchand, Myriam Denov, Daniel Koehler, Michael J. Williams, John G. Horgan, William
1250:
The model developed by
Community Together Initiative provided an opportunity to show what works in P/CVE programs. The project stressed community relationships, accountability, reporting, and response; which formed part of the existing structures of conflict management at the community level. CTI-II
1246:
In essence, local communities perceive policies as good or bad, depending on the methods of implementation and practice. Discussions about the challenges associated with the impact of violent extremism and terrorism, especially to those directly affected by attacks, are aware of the importance of
1140:
as increasing terrorist attacks have called attention for more critical approaches to media via MIL and the issue of radicalization has been added to the MIL agenda. According to UNESCO, "MIL can effectively contribute to intercultural dialogue, mutual understanding, peace, promote human rights,
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Most studies fail to provide evidence on the drivers of interest in extremist sites, the engagement of social media in these issues, the reasons for the influence of its content, and the correlated external and internal factors, as well as the trajectories of youth who come to perpetuate violent
1217:
To tackle the issue of violent extremism and radicalization in schools, the
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Kenya launched a new national strategy targeting youth in 2014, entitled Initiatives to Address Radicalization of the Youth in Educational Institutions in the Republic of
1183:
Some research supports the effectiveness of these interventions. For example, raising awareness among individuals about the psychological manipulation techniques employed by extremist organizations has been shown to have an impact. However, this effect appears to be weaker in conflict regions.
1242:
Other than the education project in Kenya, there are other initiatives that strive to respond to the challenge of violent extremism and terrorism. While responding to the drivers, one critical component includes the challenge of profiling and poor relationship between the community and the law
962:, as well as the reinforcement, identification and engagement of a (self)-selected audience that is interested in radical and violent messages. The synthesis of evidence shows, at its best, that social media is an environment that facilitates violent radicalization, rather than driving it.
1263:
Some research suggests, however, that "women are serious candidates for violent radicalization." Although there may be a gender-based distribution of tasks (e.g. especially where participation in combat is involved), this distinction does not apply when it comes to embracing the radical
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claim of women coming forward to take their place in the fighting, which coincides with a structured use of communication processes by terrorist groups to recruit them. The
Internet allows women to move out of relative invisibility, without crossing the limits drawn by their ideology.
1259:
While it is being increasingly reported that women play an active role in violent extremist organizations and attacks as assailants and supporters, men are still more often the perpetrators of violent extremist acts and therefore the targets of recruitment campaigns.
1243:
enforcement agencies; who are at the forefront, when dealing with violent extremism. Over the years, programs have often assumed the linkage between good relationships between the community, and law enforcement agencies, as a means of preventing violent extremism.
1280:
In spite of the growing presence of radicalized women online, the number of articles devoted to gender and radicalization on social media is very low. One possible explanation may stem from the fact that many women cloak their female identity online, because of a
1141:
freedom of expression, and counter hate, radicalization, and violent extremism." MIL has also been described as a strategy for "reducing demand for extremist content as a means to increase awareness of democracy, pluralism, and peaceful ideas for advancement."
1109:(GCED) as an emerging approach to education that focuses on developing learners’ knowledge, skills, values and attitudes in view of their active participation in the peaceful and sustainable development of their societies. GCED aims to instill respect for
1204:
and run by the Social
Welfare Academics and Training organization (SWAaT) since 2009, has been implemented to deradicalize and rehabilitate former militant youth who were involved in violent extremist activities and apprehended by the army in
1782:. Countering violent extremism is about preventing violence before it occurs. Countering violent extremism is a long-term challenge. It requires the combined efforts of governments, law enforcement, community groups, academia and individuals.
937:
and spread their ideology online." The increase of online
English-language extremist material in recent years is readily available with guidance to plan violent activity. "English-language web forums foster a sense of community and further
832:
There is no single profile or pathway for radicalization, or even speed at which it happens. Nor does the level of education seem to be a reliable predictor of vulnerability to radicalization. It is however established that there are
1066:
mechanisms to promote a culture of peace, tolerance, intercultural and interreligious dialogue that involve youth and discourage their participation in acts of violence, terrorism, xenophobia, and all forms of discrimination.”
1233:
and school programs; adopting a multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder approach; encouraging student participation through student governance processes and peer-to-peer education; and the involvement of media as a stakeholder.
798:" is considered by some to be a contentious term, its general use has come to regard the process by which an individual or group adopts violence as a desirable and legitimate means of action. According to the
1095:
Developing resilience to resist extremist narratives and acquire the social-emotional skills they need to overcome their doubts and engage constructively in society without having to resort to violence.
946:, and for terrorist recruiting, training, and planning. It is a means of social networking for like-minded extremists... including those who are not yet radicalized, but who may become so through the
820:(VEO) is defined as groups of "individuals who support or commit ideologically motivated violence to further political goals". This may include both international terrorist organizations (ITO) and
802:, extremism is a term used to characterize a variety of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that often are on the extreme end of the political, religious, or ideological spectrum within
1222:. For example, it includes efforts to create child-friendly school environments and encourages students to participate in “talent academies” to pursue an area of their own interest.
2346:
1164:
through violent extremism. These initiatives aim at creating digital counter-narratives that are authentic and reflect youth perceptions of self and others, especially in terms of
1799:
Miller, Martin A. (2022). "The
Dynamics of Entangled Political Violence: From the Greensboro Massacre (1979) to the War on Terror (2001)". In Larres, Klaus; Hof, Tobias (eds.).
958:
acts. Some evidence suggests that the
Internet and social media may play a role in the violent radicalization process, mainly through the dissemination of information and
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28:
169:
1991:
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as compared to their male counterparts. When they are radicalized, women may appear more indoctrinated than men and more prone to encourage political violence.
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or the perception thereof; limited access to quality and relevant education; the denial of rights and civil liberties; and other environmental, historical, and
579:
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of, or the legitimation of, violent attacks. Some reports reveal that women recognize the same truths and accept the same rules of compliance validated by
1498:
3072:"Active inoculation boosts attitudinal resistance against extremist persuasion techniques: a novel approach towards the prevention of violent extremism"
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factors that lead to violent extremism. Specialists group these factors into three main categories: push factors, pull factors, and contextual factors.
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the religious war it desperately wants. But, for the most part, both sides agree that when Obama says "violent extremists" he actually means "violent
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and the surrounding areas in
Pakistan. Based on an individualized approach and intervention, the project follows a three-step model (see image).
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1058:’s Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism which recognizes the importance of quality education to address the drivers of this phenomenon.
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Von Knop, Katharina. (2007). Hypermedia Seduction for Terrorist Recruiting. Conference Papers -- International Studies Association, 1.
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Gonzales, Daniel (2022). "It's Getting Harder to Do: Countering Terrorist Use of the Internet". In Larres, Klaus; Hof, Tobias (eds.).
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young people has only recently gained global acceptance. An important step in this direction was the launch, in December 2015, of the
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Contextual factors provide a favourable terrain to the emergence of violent extremist groups, such as: fragile states, the lack of
1288:
Online recruitment functions differently at a distance and reshuffles the roles of men and women alike. One identified trend is a
3113:"Inoculating against extremist persuasion techniques – Results from a randomised controlled trial in post-conflict areas in Iraq"
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calls the president's refusal to utter the 'I' word "cowardice." The president's backers defend it as a savvy refusal to give
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Galland, Olivier (2020). "Religious Radicalism: from Absolutism to Violence". In Galland, Olivier; Muxel, Anne (eds.).
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Regular viewing of internet sites and participation in social media networks that condone radical or extremist views.
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507:
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2019:
Fox, Jonathan (2021). "Chapter 1: FUNDAMENTALIST EXTREMISM AND POLITICS". In Mathew, Mathews; Tay, Melvin (eds.).
1776: • advocates the use of violence by others, to achieve a political, ideological or religious goal.
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Saleh, Nabil F.; Roozenbeek, Jon; Makki, Fadi A.; Mcclanahan, William P.; Linden, Sander Van Der (July 2024).
2412:"Strain theory, resilience, and far-right extremism: The impact of gender, life experiences, and the internet"
2515:
Strategic Implementation Plan for Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States
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Combining Social Network Analysis and Sentiment Analysis to Explore the Potential for Online Radicalization
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Neumann, P. R. (2013). Options and strategies for countering online radicalization in the United States.
2075:"A comparison of extreme religious and political ideologies: Similar worldviews but different grievances"
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Preventing violent extremism through education: effective activities and impact; policy brief
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Fostering critically informed citizens able to constructively engage in peaceful collective action.
3007:"Global Citizenship Education - Preparing learners for the challenges of the twenty-first century"
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The following behaviors in combination have been identified as signs of potential radicalization:
3337:
3301:. 2009 International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (pp. 231-236).
2391:
1720:
728:
560:
425:
302:
292:
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Schoenberger, Robert A. (September 1968). "Conservatism, Personality, and Political Extremism".
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1606:
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3352:
3297:
Bermingham, Adam, Conway, Maura, McInerney, Lisa, O’Hare, Neil, & Smeaton, Alan F. (2009).
3025:"Preventing violent extremism through education: effective activities and impact; policy brief"
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810:
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205:
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100:
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Several formal and informal MIL initiatives have been implemented worldwide based on MIL as a
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125:
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8:
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Kenya’s initiatives to address radicalization of community and law enforcement engagement
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have exploited—and continue to exploit—the Internet to plan, recruit, train and execute
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can be used as a "facilitator—even an accelerant—for terrorist and criminal activity."
776:
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47:
19:
1743:
1646:, 1-167, SĂ©raphin Alava, Divina Frau-Meigs, Ghayda Hassan, UNESCO. UNESCO.
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32:
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2671:"Countering violent extremism: developing an evidence-base for policy and practice"
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2073:
van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Kuijper, Sophia M.H.C. (June 2020). Colin, Cooper (ed.).
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24:
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Kenya’s initiatives to address radicalization of youth in educational institutions
853:"Push factors" are factors which drive individuals to violent extremism, such as:
3111:
Saleh, Nabil; Makki, Fadi; Van der Linden, Sander; Roozenbeek, Jon (2023-09-11).
2601:
1711:
Violent extremist threats come from a range of groups and individuals, including
1621:
Preventing violent extremism through education: A guide for policy makers
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1461:
1118:
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they need to dialogue, face disagreement and learn peaceful approaches to change.
854:
813:
569:
480:
460:
238:
160:
2788:
2590:"Educating against Extremism: Towards a Critical Politicisation of Young People"
2467:
Posard, Marek N.; Payne, Leslie Adrienne; Miller, Laura L. (16 September 2021).
1816:
1006:, rejection of authority, refusal to interact socially, signs of withdrawal and
3317:
3045:
2829:
Testimony before Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
2555:
2097:
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2037:
1853:"How is Political Violence Gendered? Disentangling Motives, Forms, and Impacts"
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1337:
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of young people by foreign and homegrown terrorist groups frequently occurs on
906:
870:
862:
834:
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497:
415:
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282:
180:
115:
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2956:"Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism. Report of the Secretary-General"
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1987:
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Kenya. The Strategy adopted measures that service the students’ interests and
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3311:
3136:
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2865:
Hearing Before Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
2647:
2625:
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2239:. Youth in a Globalizing World. Vol. 11. Translated by Hamilton, Peter.
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1961:
1937:"The Punishment of the Grave: A Neglected Motivation for Jihad and Martyrdom"
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803:
475:
210:
3254:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security
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2122:
1851:
Bardall, Gabrielle; BjarnegĂĄrd, Elin; Piscopo, Jennifer M. (November 2020).
2363:
2317:
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The Strategy also includes the discontinuation of ranking schools based on
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993:
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36:
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Change in behaviour relating to food, clothing, language, and/or finances.
3160:
Preventing violent extremism through education: A guide for policy makers
2822:"Nine Years After 9/11: Confronting the Terrorist Threat to the Homeland"
2775:. Security, Conflict, and Cooperation in the Contemporary World (SCCCW).
2424:
Critical Approaches to Extreme Right Wing Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism
2313:"Countering ISIS: Why Obama Is Right to Use the Term "Violent Extremism""
1803:. Security, Conflict, and Cooperation in the Contemporary World (SCCCW).
1643:
Youth and violent extremism on social media: mapping the research
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1344:
1282:
1145:
971:
866:
842:
398:
393:
297:
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2573:
2366:'s insistence that America is fighting "violent extremism" rather than "
1970:
2390:
argues, "The Obama people, not being idiots, understand very well that
2387:
2194:
1774: • a person or group who is willing to use violence; or
1478:
1348:
1230:
1219:
1173:
975:
959:
951:
943:
942:
new recruits". The Internet has "become a tool for spreading extremist
838:
445:
440:
403:
3278:
3128:
2934:
2488:
2158:
2024:
1779:
1488:
1395:
1365:
1307:
1165:
1047:
947:
752:
55:
2178:
1069:
Education has been identified as preventing radicalization through:
1028:
2088:
1751:
1724:
1564:
1525:
1473:
1456:
1289:
1269:
1265:
930:
902:
784:
780:
779:, and can manifest in connection with a range of issues, including
760:
756:
378:
88:
3110:
2589:
2237:
Radical Thought among the Young: A Survey of French Lycée Students
1979:
1896:
2913:
Youth and Violent Extremism on Social Media: Mapping the Research
2517:(Washington, D.C.: Office of the President, 2011), available at:
2021:
Religion and Identity Politics: Global Trends and Local Realities
1537:
1157:
430:
368:
2202:
2114:
1599:
A Teacher’s Guide on the Prevention of Violent Extremism
2990:"Global Citizenship Education – Topics and Learning Objectives"
2973:"UN Security Council Resolution 2250, adopted in December 2015"
2244:
2240:
1658:
work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from
1133:
1102:
465:
3069:
3058:
Youth & Consequences. Unemployment, Injustice and Violence
2469:"Reducing the Risk of Extremist Activity in the U.S. Military"
2773:
Terrorism and Transatlantic Relations: Threats and Challenges
2359:
For weeks now, pundits and politicians have been raging over
1801:
Terrorism and Transatlantic Relations: Threats and Challenges
1483:
1177:
1153:
1089:
979:
923:
Security, Conflict, and Cooperation in the Contemporary World
1736:
1092:
and question the legitimacy and appeal of extremist beliefs.
2375:
1728:
989:
Sudden break with the family and long-standing friendships.
2741:
Mueller, Robert S. III; Director of the FBI (2010-10-06).
2740:
2722:"A Teacher's Guide on the Prevention of Violent Extremism"
1850:
1276:
Online gender issues in religious violent radicalization
1128:
2648:"USAID Summary of Factors Effecting Violent Extremism"
2068:
2066:
3215:"Building Relationships to Prevent Violent Extremism"
3212:
2142:
2140:
2072:
2063:
1744:"Living Safe Together – What Is Violent Extremism?"
1499:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
1196:
Sabaoon's deradicalization and rehabilitation model
1002:Changes in attitudes and behavior towards others:
2466:
2403:
1846:
1844:
1717:homegrown violent extremists in the United States
1029:Prevention of radicalization and deradicalization
884:
3309:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2410:Skoczylis, Joshua; Andrews, Sam (January 2022).
2409:
2306:
2304:
2137:
2230:
2228:
1636:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
1614:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
1592:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
1841:
1042:Key dimensions of preventing violent extremism
771:. Violent extremist views often conflate with
2759:
2301:
1930:
1928:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1695:United States Department of Homeland Security
1187:
729:
3277:Hussein H. & Moreno Al-AjamĂ® C. (2016).
3046:https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2013.784568
2693:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2669:P. Evans, Stevan Weine, Ahmed (2015-09-22).
2225:
2146:
1654: This article incorporates text from a
1632: This article incorporates text from a
1610: This article incorporates text from a
1588: This article incorporates text from a
16:Extremism perpetrated through violent means
2736:
2734:
2547:Henley-Putnam School of Strategic Security
2014:
2012:
1954:International Centre for Counter-Terrorism
1925:
1787:
1285:bias, making them impossible to identify.
996:and conflicts with the educational system.
736:
722:
3213:Scofield Associates (28 September 2019).
3087:
2572:
2554:
2435:
2096:
2036:
1969:
1878:
2770:
1191:
1037:
191:Special-interest / Single-issue
18:
3042:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 36
2747:Speech at Preparedness Group Conference
2731:
2310:
2234:
2009:
3310:
3186:
3166:. Paris, UNESCO. pp. 24, 36, 41.
3156:
3022:
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2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2819:
2813:
2667:
2587:
2171:American Political Science Association
2080:Personality and Individual Differences
1934:
1798:
1200:The Sabaoon Project, initiated by the
539:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
3293:
3291:
3273:
3271:
3244:, GSDRC. Accessed on 2 November 2016.
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
2858:"Ten Years After 9/11: Are We Safer?"
2855:
2849:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2531:"Is the Hybrid Threat a True Threat?"
2528:
2495:from the original on 13 February 2023
965:
1138:Media and Information Literacy (MIL)
1129:Media and Information Literacy (MIL)
1050:in preventing violent extremism and
2885:
2311:Beinart, Peter (20 February 2015).
2018:
1254:
13:
3288:
3268:
3189:"Community Together Initiative II"
3143:
2701:
2349:from the original on 11 April 2023
1778:Violent extremism has no place in
1762:from the original on 23 March 2023
14:
3369:
3187:Muliru, Scofield (31 July 2019).
2743:"Countering the Terrorism Threat"
2594:International Review of Education
2150:American Political Science Review
1664:, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
1624:, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
1602:, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
1428:
1301:
1136:has also emphasized the need for
2856:Olsen, Matthew G. (2011-09-13).
1649:
1627:
1605:
1583:
1148:practice with a specific set of
3259:
3247:
3232:
3206:
3180:
3104:
3063:
3050:
3034:
3016:
2999:
2982:
2965:
2948:
2919:
2661:
2640:
2581:
2522:
2507:
2460:
2396:overwhelmingly Muslim character
2295:
2289:
1997:from the original on 2 May 2024
1701:from the original on 3 May 2023
1152:that can deflect narratives of
1063:United Nations Security Council
876:
848:
818:violent extremist organizations
3256:. Accessed on 1 December 2016.
2820:Leiter, Michael (2010-09-22).
1935:Karimi, Nima (December 2023).
1919:
1721:international terrorist groups
1683:"Countering Violent Extremism"
1675:
1088:to investigate claims, verify
885:Radicalization on the Internet
763:or deliberate intent, such as
1:
2910:& Hassan, Ghayda (2017).
2535:Journal of Strategic Security
2529:Raugh, David L. (June 2016).
2437:10.1080/17539153.2022.2031137
2416:Critical Studies on Terrorism
1871:Political Studies Association
1748:www.livingsafetogether.gov.au
1668:
1772:Violent extremism refers to:
1638:license statement/permission
1616:license statement/permission
1594:license statement/permission
1123:environmental sustainability
1107:Global Citizenship Education
1033:
925:(SCCCW) series published by
822:homegrown violent extremists
27:(RAF) bombing attack of the
7:
3279:Le djihad fantasmé de Daesh
3241:Women and violent extremism
2789:10.1007/978-3-030-83347-3_8
2382:extremists." After all, my
1817:10.1007/978-3-030-83347-3_3
1333:Online youth radicalization
1296:
917:. According to a report on
891:Online youth radicalization
534:Designated terrorist groups
10:
3374:
2556:10.5038/1944-0472.9.2.1507
2167:Cambridge University Press
2098:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109888
2038:10.1142/9789811235504_0001
1577:
1570:Zionist political violence
1560:Jewish religious terrorism
1188:Pakistan's Sabaoon Project
897:Terrorism and social media
894:
888:
703:Anti-terrorism legislation
3076:Behavioural Public Policy
2916:(PDF). UNESCO. pp. 1-167.
2618:10.1007/s11159-008-9126-8
2257:10.1163/9789004432369_003
1945:Perspectives on Terrorism
1435:Christianity and violence
827:
755:that condones and enacts
698:International conventions
605:State-sponsored terrorism
3343:Sociological terminology
3283:cdradical.hypotheses.org
2675:Australian Policy Online
2543:Rapid City, South Dakota
2477:Santa Monica, California
1880:10.1177/0032321719881812
1445:Christian fundamentalism
561:Violent non-state actors
3238:Carter, Becky. (2013).
2392:international terrorism
1640:). Text taken from
1618:). Text taken from
1596:). Text taken from
303:Clandestine cell system
3117:Advances.in/Psychology
1506:Islamic fundamentalism
1197:
1168:, felt experiences of
1043:
915:social media platforms
471:Propaganda of the deed
40:
29:U.S. Air Forces Europe
3333:Political terminology
3056:Mercy Corps. (2015).
2588:Davies, Lynn (2009).
1756:Australian Government
1555:Jewish fundamentalism
1386:Religious nationalism
1195:
1041:
1004:anti-social behaviour
895:Further information:
687:Response to terrorism
308:Leaderless resistance
22:
2783:. pp. 165–190.
2428:Taylor & Francis
1545:Judaism and violence
1411:Right-wing terrorism
1381:Religious fanaticism
1371:Political radicalism
1328:Nonviolent extremism
1227:academic performance
1180:by security forces.
1079:interpersonal skills
1056:UN Secretary-General
126:Right-wing/Far-right
3219:Scofield Associates
3193:Scofield Associates
3089:10.1017/bpp.2020.60
2610:2009IREdu..55..183D
2475:. Expert Insights.
1713:domestic terrorists
1450:Christian terrorism
1421:Terrorism financing
1416:Religious terrorism
1406:Left-wing terrorism
1323:Far-right extremism
1022:conspiracy theories
1018:apocalyptic beliefs
708:Terrorism insurance
509:Rockets and mortars
249:Resistance movement
2908:Frau-Meigs, Divina
2781:Palgrave Macmillan
2327:Emerson Collective
2251:. pp. 24–62.
1811:. pp. 33–42.
1809:Palgrave Macmillan
1469:Islam and violence
1401:Domestic terrorism
1391:Religious violence
1376:Political violence
1354:Online hate speech
1318:Far-left extremism
1198:
1044:
994:drop-out of school
966:Contextual factors
927:Palgrave Macmillan
777:political violence
769:political violence
354:Aircraft hijacking
111:Left-wing/Far-left
41:
3173:978-92-3-100215-1
3129:10.56296/aip00005
2978:. United Nations.
2961:. United Nations.
2927:"Stop-Djihadisme"
2906:Alava, SĂ©raphin;
2798:978-3-030-83347-3
2777:Cham, Switzerland
2513:The White House,
2489:10.7249/PEA1447-1
2266:978-90-04-43236-9
2169:on behalf of the
2048:978-981-123-551-1
2031:. pp. 3–26.
1869:on behalf of the
1867:SAGE Publications
1858:Political Studies
1826:978-3-030-83347-3
1805:Cham, Switzerland
1697:. 22 March 2016.
1516:Islamic terrorism
1494:Islamic extremism
1440:Christian fascism
1086:critical thinking
935:terrorist attacks
919:counter-terrorism
859:social inequality
749:Violent extremism
746:
745:
693:Counter-terrorism
678:
677:
436:Individual terror
257:
256:
234:Violent extremism
33:Ramstein Air Base
23:Aftermath of the
3365:
3302:
3295:
3286:
3275:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3154:
3141:
3140:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2933:. Archived from
2923:
2917:
2904:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2867:. Archived from
2862:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2831:. Archived from
2826:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2768:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2558:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2481:RAND Corporation
2464:
2458:
2457:
2439:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2356:
2354:
2323:Washington, D.C.
2308:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2249:Brill Publishers
2232:
2223:
2222:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2100:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2040:
2029:World Scientific
2016:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1973:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1882:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1769:
1767:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1708:
1706:
1691:Washington, D.C.
1679:
1653:
1631:
1609:
1587:
1313:Deradicalization
1255:Gender disparity
1162:self-realization
1008:social isolation
800:RAND Corporation
789:gender relations
738:
731:
724:
555:
554:
528:Terrorist groups
510:
244:Militia movement
211:Green/Ecological
116:Narcotics-driven
94:
93:
43:
42:
31:headquarters at
25:Red Army Faction
3373:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3358:Warfare by type
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3296:
3289:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3163:
3157:UNESCO (2017).
3155:
3144:
3109:
3105:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:UNESCO (2018).
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2931:Stop-Djihadisme
2925:
2924:
2920:
2905:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2799:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2702:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2666:
2662:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2602:Springer Verlag
2586:
2582:
2527:
2523:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2465:
2461:
2408:
2404:
2352:
2350:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2267:
2233:
2226:
2179:10.2307/1953436
2145:
2138:
2071:
2064:
2049:
2017:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1849:
1842:
1827:
1797:
1788:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1763:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1704:
1702:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1580:
1531:Salafi jihadism
1462:Hindu terrorism
1431:
1304:
1299:
1278:
1257:
1240:
1215:
1190:
1131:
1119:gender equality
1105:has emphasized
1073:Developing the
1036:
1031:
968:
931:jihadist groups
899:
893:
887:
879:
855:marginalization
851:
830:
814:military jargon
742:
713:
712:
688:
680:
679:
674:
599:
570:State terrorism
552:
544:
543:
529:
521:
520:
519:
515:Vehicle-ramming
508:
343:
341:
324:
323:
322:
267:
259:
258:
253:
239:Ethnic violence
220:
185:
130:
91:
80:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3371:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3338:Radicalization
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3304:
3303:
3287:
3267:
3258:
3246:
3231:
3205:
3179:
3172:
3142:
3103:
3082:(3): 548–571.
3062:
3049:
3044:(6), 431-459.
3033:
3015:
2998:
2981:
2964:
2947:
2918:
2884:
2848:
2812:
2797:
2758:
2730:
2700:
2660:
2639:
2580:
2521:
2506:
2459:
2402:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2265:
2224:
2136:
2062:
2047:
2008:
1924:
1918:
1840:
1825:
1786:
1735:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1647:
1625:
1603:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:Jewish fascism
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1430:
1429:Specific forms
1427:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:Radicalization
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1303:
1302:Related topics
1300:
1298:
1295:
1277:
1274:
1256:
1253:
1239:
1236:
1214:
1211:
1189:
1186:
1170:discrimination
1130:
1127:
1115:social justice
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1082:
1052:deradicalizing
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1014:
1011:
1000:
997:
990:
967:
964:
907:Radicalization
889:Main article:
886:
883:
878:
875:
871:socio-economic
863:discrimination
850:
847:
835:socio-economic
829:
826:
796:radicalization
744:
743:
741:
740:
733:
726:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
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695:
689:
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545:
542:
541:
536:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
518:
517:
512:
505:
498:Suicide attack
495:
490:
489:
488:
483:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
431:Hostage-taking
428:
423:
418:
416:Cyberterrorism
413:
408:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
376:
366:
361:
351:
349:Agro-terrorism
345:
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339:
336:
332:
330:
329:
326:
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321:
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310:
305:
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295:
290:
283:Radicalization
280:
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268:
265:
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260:
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230:
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225:Related topics
222:
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218:
213:
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203:
197:
194:
193:
187:
186:
184:
183:
178:
173:
170:Salafi-Wahhabi
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97:
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79:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
52:
51:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3370:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Violent crime
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3262:
3255:
3250:
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3242:
3235:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3151:
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3147:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3026:
3019:
3008:
3002:
2991:
2985:
2974:
2968:
2957:
2951:
2937:on 2015-01-28
2936:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2874:on 2011-10-15
2870:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2838:on 2010-11-28
2834:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2808:
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2800:
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2790:
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2782:
2778:
2774:
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2690:
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2643:
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2623:
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2557:
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2544:
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2536:
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2519:
2516:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2394:possesses an
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:Rudy Giuliani
2369:
2368:radical Islam
2365:
2362:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
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2242:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1719:, as well as
1718:
1714:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
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1644:
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1623:
1622:
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1613:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
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1571:
1568:
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1563:
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1556:
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1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:Islamofascism
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Islamic State
1509:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
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3198:22 November
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2473:Perspective
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2173:: 868–877.
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1687:www.dhs.gov
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1349:hate groups
1345:Hate speech
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980:criminality
972:rule of law
867:persecution
816:, the term
761:ideological
298:Death squad
201:Suffragette
121:Nationalist
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2878:2011-11-10
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2752:2010-11-28
2680:2016-12-06
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1980:2014200073
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976:corruption
960:propaganda
952:cyberspace
944:propaganda
794:Although "
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580:Kazakhstan
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1166:injustice
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765:religious
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364:Beheading
313:Lone wolf
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266:Structure
151:Christian
136:Religious
106:Communist
101:Anarchist
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2347:Archived
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2163:New York
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476:Shooting
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