Suffragette bombing and arson campaign

1235: 944: 1421: 1886: 31: 2327:(1990 edition) is 'a person who uses or favours violent and intimidating methods of coercing a government or community'. The intention of coercing the community is clearly expressed in the WSPU's Seventh Annual Report, and, according to Annie Kenney, that of coercing Parliament was endorsed by Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst themselves. The question is therefore not whether the campaign was terrorist, or whether the WSPU (in 1912–14) can be called a terrorist organization, but whether its terrorism worked." Bearman later published a further article in 2007 which also claims that the suffragette campaign was a terrorist one. 1509: 6170: 1999:. After the bomb caused a train carriage to catch fire, the train's guard attempted to throw the burning materials off the train to avoid further damage. In doing so, he was badly burned on his arms, although he succeeded in disposing of the material. Another attempt to flood a populated area had also taken place on 7 May, when a bomb was placed next to Penistone Reservoir in Upper Windleden. If successful, the attack would have led to 138 million gallons of water emptying into the populated valleys below, although the anticipated breach did not take place. 1828: 2191: 2323:. Many historians have also asserted that the campaign contained terrorist acts. Rachel Monaghan published three articles in 1997, 2000 and 2007 in terrorism-themed academic journals in which she argued that the campaign can be described as one that was terrorist in nature. In 2005, historian C. J. Bearman published a study on the bombing and arson campaign in which he asserted: "The intention of the campaign was certainly terrorist in terms of the word's definition, which according to the 1681: 2233:

introduce women's suffrage, but the bill actually did worse than previous attempts when it was voted on, something which much of the press blamed on the increasingly violent tactics of the suffragettes. The impact of the WSPU's violent attacks drove many members of the general public away from supporting the cause, and some members of the WSPU itself were also alienated by the escalation of violence, which led to splits in the organisation and the formation of groups such as the

1932:. The Abbey was busy with visitors at the time, and around 80–100 people were in the building when the bomb exploded. The device was most probably planted by a member of a group that had left the Abbey only moments before the explosion. Some were as close as 20 yards from the bomb at the time and the explosion caused a panic for the exits, but no serious injuries were reported. The bomb had been packed with nuts and bolts to act as shrapnel. 2245:, some historians asserted that militancy had evidently succeeded. The Suffragette Fellowship, which compiled the sources on the movement that were often used by later historians, also decided in this decade that they were not going to mention any of the bombings in any of the sources. This was partly in order to protect former suffragettes from prosecution, but was also an attempt to step away from the violent rhetoric and to change the 2220:

and 15 per month in 1914, with there being an arson or bombing attack in every month between February 1913 and August 1914. Bearman calculates that there was a total of at least 337 arson and bombing attacks between 1913 and 1914, but states that the true number could be well over 500. By the end of the campaign, more than 1,300 people had been arrested and imprisoned for suffragette violence across the United Kingdom.

1672:. After some suffragettes were thrown out of a political meeting there in June 1913, the house of the man who had thrown them out was burned down. In response to such actions, angry mobs often attacked WSPU meetings, such as in May 1913 when 1,000 people attacked a WSPU meeting in Doncaster. In retaliation, suffragettes burned down more properties in the local area. 2059:. From this point forward, suffragettes instead largely channelled their energies into supporting the war effort. By the time of the outbreak of war, the aim of achieving votes for women was still unrealised. Later in the war, the increasing focus of the WSPU and the Pankhurst leadership on supporting the war effort led to the creation of the 1194:. The newspaper began devoting double-page spreads to reporting the bomb and arson attacks that were now regularly occurring around the country. This became the method by which the organisation claimed responsibility for each attack. The independent press also began to publish weekly round-ups of the attacks, with some newspapers such as the 2110:, were anti-violence, and during the campaign NUWSS propaganda and Fawcett herself increasingly differentiated between the militants of the WSPU and their own non-violent means. The NUWSS also publicly distanced themselves from the violence and direct action of suffragettes. The other major women's suffrage society, the 1636:, London, three residential streets had their fire alarm wires cut. Other prominent opponents of women's suffrage also saw their homes destroyed by fire and incendiary devices, sometimes as a response to police raids on WSPU offices. Relatives of politicians also saw their houses attacked: the Mill House near 2158:, London. The branch was also given extra staff in order to protect ministers and their families, who were increasingly being targeted. Prime Minister Asquith wrote that "even our children had to be vigilantly protected against the menace of abduction". Many arrests were also made at WSPU meetings, and 2219:

were closed for fear of suffragette attacks". With these additional considerations, Bearman asserts, the campaign cost the British economy between £1 and £2 million in 1913 to 1914 alone (approximately £130–£240 million today). There was an average of 21 bombing and arson incidents per month in 1913,

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At the conclusion of the campaign in August 1914, the attacks had, in total, cost approximately £700,000 in damages (equivalent to £84,850,000 in 2023), although according to historian C. J. Bearman this figure does not include "the damage done to works of art or the more minor forms of militancy

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The most common target for suffragette attacks during the campaign was houses or residential properties belonging to politicians or members of the public. These attacks were justified by the WSPU on the grounds that the owners of the properties were invariably male, and so already possessed the vote.

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ruled the amendments out of order and the government was forced to abandon the Bill. In response, the WSPU stepped-up their bombing and arson campaign. The subsequent campaign was directed and in some cases orchestrated by the WSPU leadership, and was specifically designed to terrorise the government

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nuts and bolts intended to maximise damage to property and cause serious injury to anyone in proximity. Four days later, another three suffragette bombs were discovered in the third-class carriage of a crowded passenger train arriving from Waterloo at Kingston, made out of nitroglycerine. On 16 May,

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spotted smoke in a previously crowded third-class carriage. Later in the day, as the Waterloo train pulled into Kingston, the third-class carriage exploded and caught fire. The rest of the carriages were full of passengers at the time, but they managed to escape without serious injury. The bombs had

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has also stated that opponents to women's suffrage believed the militant campaign had benefited them, since it had largely alienated public opinion and placed the suffrage question beyond parliamentary consideration. In May 1913 another attempt had been made to pass a bill in parliament which would

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only 100 yards away was debating how to deal with the violent tactics of the suffragettes. Many in the Commons heard the explosion and rushed to the scene to find out what had happened. Two days after the Westminster Abbey bombing, a second suffragette bomb was discovered before it could explode in

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has criticised claims that the suffragettes did not cause harm or intend to cause harm, stating: "The newspapers (and even the accounts of the militant suffragettes) prove that there were numerous instances where injuries occurred, and that personal risk, or even death, was great". Rachel Monaghan

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has been debated by historians, although the consensus of historical opinion is that the militant campaign was not effective. With the aim of gaining votes for women still unrealised by the outbreak of war in 1914, the WSPU had failed to create the kind of "national crisis" which might have forced

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has consistently objected to the characterisation of suffragette actions as terrorism, in part arguing that the WSPU leadership was not responsible for the actions of some of its members. Arguing that the leadership of the WSPU emphasised that their followers were instructed not to endanger human

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also increasingly used the word "terrorism" to describe the WSPU's actions during the campaign, and stated that the WSPU's greater "rebellion" was a form of terrorism. Emmeline Pankhurst stated that the suffragettes committed violent acts because they wanted to "terrorise the British public". The

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in 1914. Bearman has asserted that contemporary opinion overwhelmingly was of the view that WSPU violence had shelved the question of women's suffrage until the organization "came to its senses or had disappeared from the scene". At the time it was largely only suffragettes themselves that argued

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The high explosive nitroglycerine was used for a number of suffragette bombs, and was likely produced by themselves in their own labs by sympathisers. The explosive is distinctly unstable, and nitroglycerine bombs could be detonated by as little as a sharp blow, making the bombs highly dangerous.

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of 1881–1885, bore responsibility for dealing with the campaign. Special Branch officers were employed to cover WSPU meetings and demonstrations in order to pre-empt offences, provide public order intelligence and to record inflammatory speeches. WSPU leaders had been followed by Special Branch

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by suffragettes can be seen to call into question whether the WSPU truly aimed to avoid endangering human life, while C. J. Bearman has criticised Purvis directly, claiming that it is inaccurate to state that the WSPU was not responsible for the actions of its paid members, and has called this

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as members of the public became violent towards the women. Clods of earth were thrown and some of the women manhandled, with many shouting "incendiary" or "shopbreakers" at the WSPU members. This was not an isolated event, as attacks on individuals' houses often saw angry responses, such as in

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Since they already possessed the vote, suffragettes argued, the owners were responsible for the actions of the government since they were their electors. Houses were bombed or subjected to arson attacks around the country: in March 1913, fires raged at private homes across Surrey, and homes in

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detectives, there were also WSPU plans in 1913 to create a suffragette "army", known as the "People's Training Corps". A detective reported attending a meeting in which 300 young girls and women gathered ready to be trained, supposedly with the eventual aim of proceeding in force to

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such as window-smashing and letter-burning". Bearman also notes that this figure does not include the extra costs inflicted by violent suffragette action, "such as extra police time, additional caretakers and night watchmen hired to protect property, and revenue lost when

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During the campaign, attempts to attend WSPU meetings became increasingly difficult as officers were recognised and attacked. The attacks became so widespread that police had to invent new and never before attempted methods of counter-terrorism. These included the use of

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in protest of the imprisonment of an inmate inside. Many houses near the prison were damaged or had their windows blown out by the bombs, showering some children with glass while they slept in their beds. One of the perpetrators of the attack was injured by the blast.

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and its members were increasingly willing to break the law by inflicting damage upon property and people. WSPU supporters raided Parliament, physically assaulted politicians and smashed windows at government premises. In one instance, a suffragette assaulted future

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in 1913, saw the use of this method. The combination of high explosive bombs, incendiary devices and letter bombs used by suffragettes also provided the pattern for the IRA campaigns of the 1970s and 1980s. Unknown to many, the first terrorist bomb to explode in

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The violence employed by suffragettes caused angry reactions amongst some members of the general public, with some actions inciting violent responses in return. A month after the bombing attack on Lloyd George's house in February 1913, a WSPU rally was held in

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were often subjected to arson attacks. During some of these attacks Prime Minister Asquith would be physically assaulted while playing the sport. And some politician's private gardens were vandalised with plants pulled out or grass burned with acid and slogan

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and other parts of the cathedral had it exploded. Meanwhile, suffragette action continued to cause injury to postal workers, with three London postmen being injured after coming into contact with noxious chemicals that had been poured into pillar boxes.

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have also renewed the arguments that militancy succeeded, with Purvis arguing that assertions about the counter-productiveness of militancy deny or diminish the achievements of Pankhurst. However, Purvis's arguments have been challenged by Bearman.

1313:– meant that the likelihood of the bomb exploding while the men were present was high. WSPU Leader Emmeline Pankhurst was herself arrested in the aftermath for planning the attack on Lloyd George's house, and was later sentenced to three years in 2362:

assertion "grotesque". Purvis maintains that those who support the assertion that the suffragettes committed acts of terror "seek to condemn these radical women who were campaigning for their democratic right to the parliamentary vote".

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on 22 May, with suffragettes burning down the building. Two planned assaults on public officials also occurred during the year: in March, the Medical Prisoner Commissioner for Scotland was assaulted by suffragettes in public with horse

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with acid, blinding the returning officer in one eye and causing severe burns to the Liberal agent's neck. However, before 1911, the WSPU made only sporadic use of violence, and it was directed almost exclusively at the government and

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7 May 1914: An attempt to flood a populated area fails after a bomb is placed next to Penistone Reservoir in Upper Windleden. If successful, the attack would have led to 138 million gallons of water emptying into the populated valleys

1266:, and the prime minister Asquith, but they all exploded in post offices, post boxes or in mailbags while in transit across the country. In the following weeks, further attacks on letters and mailboxes occurred in cities such as 2174:

newspaper, and the printers were threatened with prosecution. Because of this, there were periods that the newspaper could not publish, but secret reserves were kept for the newspaper to publish as many issues as possible.

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horseracing event, entering the track during the race and brandishing the gun and a suffragette flag as the competing horses approached. The leading horse collided with the man, causing serious head injuries to him and the

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was burned down. Du Cros had consistently voted against the enfranchisement of women, which was why he had been chosen as a target. The immediate aftermath of the destruction of Du Cros's house was caught on film, with

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was visiting the town, with the bombs later being found to have represented a potentially serious threat to life had anyone been present in the building at the time. Then, on 18 December, suffragettes bombed a wall at

1309:. Only one of the bombs functioned but the building was seriously damaged, although nobody was injured. The explosion occurred shortly before the arrival of workmen at the house, and the crude nature of the timer – a 1059:

After 1911, suffragette violence was directed increasingly at commercial concerns and then at the general public. This violence was encouraged by the leadership of the WSPU. In particular, the daughter of WSPU leader

1775:, which exploded in the public hall. After she was arrested, Rigby stated that she planted the bomb as she wanted "to show how easy it was to get explosives and put them in public places". On 8 August, a school in 2352:

life, she has asserted that suffragettes cannot be compared to modern-day terrorists. She has further argued that the suffragettes did not kill or harm anyone. However, Purvis's arguments remain controversial.

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across Great Britain, starting a 5-day long pillar box sabotage campaign, with dangerous chemicals being poured into some boxes. In London, meanwhile, many letters ignited while in transit at post offices, and

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After decades of peaceful protest, the WSPU believed that more radical action was needed to get the government to listen to the campaign for women's rights. From 1905 the WSPU's activities became increasingly

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19 February 1913: Suffragettes bomb Lloyd George's house, with two bombs being planted by Emily Davison. Only one bomb functions but significant damage is done to the building, although there are no injuries.

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train line. One bomb is discovered early, but the other explodes as the train from Waterloo arrives as Kingston, causing a fire. The rest of the carriages are full of passengers, but they manage to escape.

1068:, took an active role in planning a self-described "reign of terror". Emmeline Pankhurst stated that the aim of the campaign was "to make England and every department of English life insecure and unsafe". 1704:. Over the next few months, suffragette attacks continued to threaten death and injury. On 2 June, a suffragette bomb was discovered at the South Eastern District Post Office, London, containing enough 1435:. It was defused before it could detonate in what was then one of the busiest public streets in the capital, which likely prevented many casualties. The remains of the device are now on display at the 2753:, causing serious damage to the canal but failing to burst its banks. Since there was no lock for 11 miles, a breech would have emptied all of this section's water into the populated valley below. 1855:

training at the time. The explosion of the bomb injured one man, while others narrowly escaped without being harmed after being thrown to the ground by the force of the bomb. An arson attack on

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in an attempt to assassinate him, but the bomb was intercepted by London postal workers. Suffragettes again attempted to assassinate Curtis-Bennett by pushing him off a cliff two days later at

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On 4 April, the day after Emmeline Pankhurst was sentenced to 3 years in prison for her role in the bombing of Lloyd George's house, a suffragette bomb was discovered in the street outside the

7510: 6594: 1093:, was set fire to and bombed while an audience attended a performance. One of the most dangerous attacks committed by the suffragettes, the attack on the Theatre Royal was carried out by 1187:

was attacked by a woman jumping on the running board and hitting the window with a stone. By the end of the year, 240 people had been sent to prison for militant suffragette activities.

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The increasing number of arson attacks and acts of criminal damage was criticised by some members of the WSPU, and in October 1912 two long-standing supporters of the suffragette cause,

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has also highlighted that, as well as being actions that would be defined as terrorism today, suffragette bombing and arson attacks were considered terrorist attacks at the time. Other

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of 1881 to 1885. Although more sophisticated explosive devices were used by suffragettes, inspiration was taken from this campaign's tactic of targeting symbolic locations, such as the

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also made use of the term "Suffragette Terrorism" to report on WSPU attacks. One instance of this was after the bombing attack on David Lloyd George's house in February 1913, when the

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began, which effectively led the end of the suffragette bombing and arson campaign. After Britain joined the war, the WSPU took the decision to suspend their own campaigning. Leader

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to blow up the entire building and kill the 200 people who worked there. A potentially serious event was avoided on 18 June when a suffragette bomb narrowly failed to breach the

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officers from 1907 onwards, and Emmeline Pankhurst herself was trailed by officers from the branch. A separate suffragette section of the branch had been formed in 1909.

6798: 2386:, often regarded as a later twentieth-century IRA invention, was also first employed by the suffragettes. Several suffragette bombings, such as the attempted bombing of 1587:, although he managed to escape. The railways continued to be the subject of significant attacks throughout May. On 10 May, a bomb was discovered in the waiting room at 1536:

filming the ruins while they were still smouldering. Some newspapers were also targeted by suffragettes: on 20 April there was an attempt to blow up the offices of the

1032:, launched several sole attacks in London in December 1911, but these attacks were uncommon for the time. On 8 December 1911, Davison attempted to set fire to the busy 7535: 3373: 1520:

During this time, elderly suffragette ladies had reportedly begun to apply for gun licenses, supposedly to "terrify the authorities". On 14 April, the former home of

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was complicit in reinforcing opposition to women's suffrage. Between 1913 and 1914, 32 churches were the subject of suffragette attacks. Several churches and

7450: 6709: 1371:(known as Woolwich Arsenal until 1914), and the same year the financially-troubled club moved from south London to a new stadium in an area of north London, 769: 2789:

is bombed. Many houses near the prison were damaged, showering some children with glass while they slept. One of the perpetrators of the attack was injured.

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in May 1913 when a 1,000 strong mob descended upon a WSPU meeting after several residential properties were burned down in the area. After one attack on

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newspaper were intentionally left at the scene, or postcards scrawled with messages such as "Votes For Women", to claim responsibility for the attacks.

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and a suffragette flag. The leading horse collides with him, with the jockey of the horse being badly injured and Hewitt suffering serious head wounds.

1258:, a device intended to kill or injure the recipient, and an increasing number began to be posted. On 29 January, several letter bombs were sent to the 1227:

and the general public to change their opinions on women's suffrage under threat of acts of violence. In a speech, leader Emmeline Pankhurst declared "

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under the headline "Reign of Terror". The authorities talked of arson and bomb attacks as terrorism, and contemporary newspapers in the UK and in the

1489:. Although it had the potential to harm many members of the public on the platform, the bomb was dealt with. On 11 April, the cricket pavilion at the 1339:

newspaper found. Amongst the other targets selected by suffragettes were sporting events: there was a failed attempt to burn down the grounds of the

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golf course having hole flags replaced with purple suffragette slogans against the Cabinet ministers, and vandalism to the memorial fountain on the

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for 11 miles, a breach would have emptied all this section's water into the populated valley below, which likely would have caused a loss of life.

1183:, were expelled from the Union for voicing their objections to such activities. In November 1912, a car thought to be carrying the Prime Minister 1117:

on the ear. The four suffragettes who carried out the attack on the Theatre Royal were subsequently charged with offences likely to endanger life.

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on 20 December 1913, in which 2 men were killed after it spread through the industrial area. In the midst of the firestorm, a battlecruiser, HMS

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Despite the outbreak of violence, at the start of January 1913 suffragettes still believed that it was possible to achieve the vote for women by

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line, with one being placed on the eastbound train and the other on the westbound train. One of the bombs was discovered before it exploded at

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historians such as Cheryl Jorgensen-Earl have also agreed that the campaign was a terrorist one on the grounds that the WSPU were fighting a

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during a sermon before leaving. However, the bomb was spotted by a member of the congregation, and Kenney, who was already being trailed by

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At least four people were killed in the attacks, and at least 24 were injured (including two suffragettes). The campaign was halted at the

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before it could explode. Another attack on the railways occurred on 27 May, when a suffragette bomb was thrown from an express train onto

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killed at least two men, as well as several horses. The acts were officially "claimed" by the suffragettes in their official newspaper,

7570: 7545: 7540: 7460: 7219: 7075: 7067: 6220: 6215: 1317:. Between February and March, railway signal wires were purposely cut on lines across the country, further endangering train journeys. 433: 222:. A number of historians have also classified the campaign as one involving terrorist acts, such as C. J. Bearman, Rachel Monaghan and 6624: 6619: 6350: 2063:, a political party that continued to promote women's suffrage but that was primarily concerned with patriotic support for the war. 1442:

A few days later, grass was cut to display 'Release Mrs. Pankhurst' and the Palm-house greenhouse vandalised with ink in Aberdeen's

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attacks on pillar boxes, and also saw the planting of explosive devices. The tactic of packing nuts and bolts into bombs to act as

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The campaign in part provided the inspiration for later bombing and terrorist campaigns in Britain, such as those conducted by the

1453:, nearly killing the driver when flying debris grazed him and narrowly missed his head. Six days later, two bombs were left on the 1081:

In June and July 1912, five serious incidents signified the beginning of the campaign in earnest: the homes of three anti-suffrage

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in August 1914 without having brought about votes for women, as suffragettes pledged to pause the campaign to aid the war effort.

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and contained in an envelope into the building, but the intended fire did not take hold. Six days later, Davison set fire to two

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memory of the suffragette movement. Many official sources on suffragette violence are only now beginning to be released from

2224: 1352: 974: 157: 100: 1920:, London, was bombed, blowing out the windows and showering passers-by with broken glass. A bomb was also discovered in the 1143:. He was subsequently arrested and charged with endangering the safety of passengers. Then, on 28 November, post boxes were 7530: 7515: 7505: 7018: 6698: 6576: 2423: 2126: 2031: 1991:, Dr. Forward, was also assaulted in a public street with whips. Another individual was injured in July when a suffragette 1301:

suffragette letter bomb addressed to Asquith. On 19 February, there was a suffragette bomb attack on Lloyd George's house,

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offence, and so suffragettes took special measures to avoid being caught by police when carrying out bombing attacks.

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to forcibly imprison ministers until they conceded women's suffrage. The group were nicknamed "Mrs Pankhurst's Army".

7152: 1971:, was arrested as she left. The congregation left in the church then was able to disarm the bomb before it exploded. 1215: 779: 697: 1843:

Arson and bombing attacks continued into 1914. One of the first attacks of the year took place on 7 January, when a

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have also attempted to draw greater attention to the role of the non-militants, such as those in the anti-violence

6678: 2469:, is set fire to and bombed while the audience, which includes Prime Minister Asquith, leaves after a performance. 1420: 844: 7116: 7023: 6752: 6629: 6546: 6519: 6086: 2994: 2094:'s sports pavilion on 23 October 1913, undergraduates avenged the attack by raiding the WSPU office in the city. 784: 6067: 3567: 1335:

In May 1913, the Ashley Road Public School in Aberdeen had its roof destroyed by fire, with arson materials and

7177: 6551: 6509: 6493: 6299: 5652:"Emmeline Pankhurst: Paula Bartley Reappraises the Role of the Leader of the Suffragettes. (Profiles in Power)" 3910: 2839:, London, blowing out the windows and showering passers-by with broken glass. The explosion also starts a fire. 2663: 2649: 1607:

During the month of May, 52 bombing and arson attacks had been carried out across the country by suffragettes.

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which, if passed, would have introduced women's suffrage. However, after an initial debate on 24 January, the

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orchestrated a bombing and arson campaign between the years 1912 and 1914. The campaign was instigated by the

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was also burned down, costing £1,000 in damages. The destroyed ground was the home of then south London club

2170:, a half-made bomb, a fully made bomb and guns were found. Raids were also conducted against the offices of 7229: 7172: 6634: 6566: 6561: 6541: 2907: 2714: 2606:

while a passenger train is passing, which nearly kills the driver when his head is grazed by flying debris.

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Railways were also the subject of bombing attacks. On 3 April, a bomb exploded next to a passing train in

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in Scotland is burned down by the suffragettes. The servants inside narrowly escape without being killed.

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19 July 1913: A postman is seriously burned after letter boxes are filled with noxious substances across

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instructed suffragettes to stop their violent actions and support the government in the conflict against

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Some attacks were voluntarily aborted before they were carried out. In March 1913, a suffragette plot to

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to achieve women's suffrage. This was indicated by the Union's adoption of the motto "deeds, not words".

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The Transfiguring Sword: Reformist Terrorism and the Just War of the Women's Social and Political Union

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nuts and bolts intended to maximise damage to property and cause serious injury to anyone in proximity.

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11 April 1913: Council schools in Gateshead are set on fire by suffragettes, but there are no injuries.

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in August 1914. Suffragette tactics also provided a template for more contemporary attacks in Britain.

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area are tied together and disabled by suffragettes with the intention of endangering train journeys.

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Arson attacks continued for the rest of 1912. Also vandalism attacks such as the damage to the royal

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23 December 1913: Several postal workers are burned after letter bombs cause mail bags to ignite in

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newspaper reported that there had been 39 recorded suffragette bombing attacks across the country.

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Purvis, June (2019). "Did militancy help or hinder the granting of women's suffrage in Britain?".

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2 June 1913: Bomb discovered at the South Eastern District Post Office, London, containing enough

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during April was found to have "Votes For Women. Death in Ten Minutes" written on it. On 8 May, a

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were tied together and disabled by suffragettes with the intention of endangering train journeys.

7398: 7390: 7334: 7239: 6912: 6861: 6835: 2865: 2832: 2721: 2692: 2274: 1921: 1913: 1657: 1601: 1454: 966: 918: 750: 615: 492: 482: 255: 4642:

Woman's Effort: A Chronicle of British Women's Fifty Years' Struggle for Citizenship (1865-1914)

2216: 1760:'s personal horse, an incident which not only killed her but that seriously injured the jockey. 1152:

and lit matches were also put in pillar boxes. On 29 November, a bystander was assaulted with a

7318: 7290: 7146: 6398: 2883: 2670: 2617: 2316: 2270: 2223:

The extent to which suffragette militancy contributed to the eventual enfranchisement of women

1941: 1560: 1329: 704: 660: 395: 344: 290: 52: 2019:

and in the press. It was reported that suffragettes were contemplating kidnapping one or more

1596:

a second attempted bombing of the London Underground was foiled when a bomb was discovered at

1101:, who attempted to set fire to the building during a packed lunchtime matinee attended by the 6891: 6514: 6159: 5174:"Sisters, not demons: the influence of British suffragists on the American suffrage movement" 2466: 2371: 2060: 1513: 1494: 1090: 497: 335: 310: 2281:(known as "suffragists"), and emphasised their understated role in gaining votes for women. 206:

Both suffragettes and the authorities of the time described the arson and bomb attacks as a

7326: 7295: 7234: 7088: 6458: 6304: 6247: 4979:

Rise Up, Women!: The Militant Campaign of the Women's Social and Political Union, 1903-1914

2703: 2631: 2294: 1872: 1741: 1521: 1223: 1065: 951: 521: 405: 315: 260: 3374:"Books interview with Fern Riddell: "Can we call the suffragettes terrorists? Absolutely"" 1028:, a suffragette who later became infamous after she was killed by the King's horse at the 8: 7194: 6871: 6438: 6345: 6194: 2793: 2599:

February–March 1913: Railway signal wires cut across Britain, endangering train journeys.

2588:

27 February 1913: A suffragette is arrested while trying to burn down the grounds of the

2208: 2130: 1793: 1689: 1665: 1508: 962: 897: 834: 610: 462: 438: 340: 325: 300: 295: 161: 2731:

kill at least 2 men as well as several horses. The acts are claimed by the suffragettes.

7366: 7303: 7204: 6984: 6428: 6255: 6240: 6135: 6006: 5944: 5907: 5814: 5700: 5599: 5203: 5108: 5100: 2779: 2775: 2710:

in an attempt to assassinate him, but the bomb is intercepted by London postal workers.

2638: 2538: 2513: 2261: 2155: 2091: 2052: 1776: 1661: 1564: 1548: 1478: 1263: 1184: 1165: 1140: 1061: 978: 947: 911: 553: 543: 507: 237: 165: 4413:"Big Portsmouth Fire Loss; $ 1,000,000 Damage and Two Deaths – Suffragettes Suspected" 2241:

In the 1930s, soon after all women over the age of 21 had received the vote under the

7342: 7265: 7209: 7094: 6866: 6483: 6391: 6189: 6046: 6025: 6010: 5998: 5963: 5948: 5936: 5899: 5866: 5831: 5818: 5806: 5761: 5740: 5692: 5659: 5636: 5401: 5345: 5292: 5265: 5236: 5207: 5195: 5112: 5083:

Grant, Kevin (2011). "British suffragettes and the Russian method of hunger strike".

5010: 4983: 4420: 4013: 3852: 3650: 2872: 2825: 2659:

May 1913: Three London postmen are injured by noxious chemicals placed in post boxes.

2653: 2379: 2308: 2123: 2107: 2078: 2020: 1925: 1905: 1901: 1856: 1827: 1810:

were severely burned after more suffragette letter bombs caused mail bags to ignite.

1556: 1466: 1380: 1356: 1228: 1082: 998: 882: 645: 625: 423: 355: 173: 6169: 5911: 2490:. He is subsequently arrested and charged with endangering the safety of passengers. 973:, "suffragettes" had become the popular name for members of a new organisation, the 7375: 7255: 7214: 7188: 7162: 7107: 7056: 6962: 6957: 6886: 6488: 6433: 6309: 6294: 6271: 6210: 5990: 5928: 5891: 5858: 5796: 5788: 5721: 5684: 5494: 5391: 5337: 5185: 5092: 3640: 2912: 2876: 2836: 2476: 2426: 2392: 2012: 1929: 1917: 1879: 1867:

on 4 February also nearly caused fatalities. The building was set on fire with the

1749: 1645: 1629: 1384: 1376: 1029: 1002: 640: 502: 5994: 5932: 4865:"The story of the Hot Young Bloods: the secret terrorist wing of the suffragettes" 3645: 3628: 2796:, killing two sailors after it spreads uncontrollably through the industrial area. 2162:

were often conducted against WSPU offices, in an attempt to find the bomb-makers'

7182: 6856: 6644: 6329: 6324: 6314: 6184: 6040: 6019: 5957: 5755: 5734: 5630: 5380:"An Army Without Discipline? Suffragette Militancy and the Budget Crisis of 1909" 5286: 5259: 5004: 4977: 4890: 4640: 4007: 2786: 2610: 2609:

4 April 1913: A bomb is discovered emitting smoke in the busy street outside the

2557: 2048: 1988: 1785: 1685: 1432: 1425: 1325: 1121: 970: 759: 670: 650: 428: 350: 5978: 5828:

The Militant Suffrage Movement: Citizenship and Resistance in Britain, 1860–1930

5777:"It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain" 5757:

London: Bombed Blitzed and Blown Up: The British Capital Under Attack Since 1867

5285:

Chenoweth, Erica; English, Richard; Gofas, Andreas; Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2019).

2567:

postmen are burned when handling a suffragette letter bomb addressed to Asquith.

1792:

In one of the more serious suffragette attacks, a fire was purposely started at

7308: 6989: 6972: 6952: 6942: 6453: 6448: 6289: 5169: 2847: 2843: 2757: 2735: 2688: 2634: 2553: 2473: 2436: 2036: 1965: 1889: 1876: 1836: 1832: 1798: 1732: 1705: 1524: 1497:

was destroyed in a suffragette arson attack. At many of the attacks, copies of

1482: 1239: 1211: 1086: 1049: 1019: 687: 605: 538: 472: 370: 305: 169: 5979:"Deeds, Not Words: The Suffragettes and Early Terrorism in the City of London" 5895: 5862: 5792: 5396: 5379: 5341: 5190: 5173: 5143: 5096: 2821:, which is being used to train police officers. The explosion injures one man. 2691:

bombs are discovered in a carriage of a crowded passenger train arriving from

2190: 7439: 6473: 6002: 5940: 5903: 5870: 5810: 5696: 5663: 5405: 5349: 5199: 4424: 3856: 3654: 2549: 2542: 2501: 2451: 2303: 2289:

During the campaign, the WSPU described its own bombing and arson attacks as

2167: 2151: 2143: 2024: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1680: 1490: 1306: 1302: 1161: 1106: 1025: 982: 958: 665: 400: 219: 193: 189: 149: 130: 5959:

Death in Ten Minutes: The forgotten life of radical suffragette Kitty Marion

5879: 5846: 5776: 5725: 5325: 3629:"'The Buildings are Screaming': The Spatial Politics of Terrorism in London" 2439:

has his home burned down by suffragettes. The 8 occupants survive uninjured.

2312:

reported the attack under the specific headline of "Suffragette Terrorism".

1563:

at the start of a sermon. The bomb likely would have destroyed the historic

1320:

Some of the inspiration for the suffragettes' attacks came from the earlier

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Christabel Pankhurst set up a new weekly WSPU newspaper at this time named

1149: 1114: 1098: 1045: 1037: 675: 600: 227: 185: 145: 2413:

Below is a timeline of some of the major recorded events in the campaign:

1696:

In early June 1913, a series of fires purposely started in rural areas in

1218:

in the winter session of 1912–13, and it was drafted to allow a series of

6478: 6355: 5688: 2890: 2582: 2520: 2348: 2265: 2212: 2199: 1992: 1957: 1768: 1763:

On 19 July 1913, letter boxes were filled with noxious substances across

1625: 1443: 1379:. Suffragettes also attempted to burn the grandstands at the stadiums of 1275: 1255: 1169: 1033: 588: 583: 487: 211: 200: 115: 36: 5104: 2756:

19 June 1913: A suffragette enters the racetrack during the race at the

2738:

to blow up the entire building and kill the 200 people who worked there.

1113:

towards Asquith, which narrowly missed him and instead cut the Irish MP

39:

bombs, which were defused before they could detonate, on display at the

6468: 5704: 5672: 2854: 2800: 2768: 2750: 2707: 2699: 2645: 2603: 2494: 2443: 1968: 1909: 1807: 1802:, had to be towed to safety to avoid the flames. Then, two days before 1767:, seriously burning a postman when he opened one box. On the same day, 1764: 1717: 1653: 1649: 1580: 1572: 1450: 1392: 1348: 1298: 1247: 1219: 1144: 1094: 635: 630: 593: 1756:

had famously entered the racecourse and threw herself in front of the

214:

reports also referred to attacks as "terrorist" incidents in both the

7167: 6104: 2293:, with suffragettes declaring themselves to be "terrorists" in 1913. 2290: 2087: 1815: 1803: 1669: 1641: 1571:

On 14 May, a letter bomb was sent to allegedly anti-women's suffrage

1462: 1388: 1364: 1271: 245: 207: 111: 5801: 1286:, thick black ink was used to obliterate addresses in postal boxes. 6414: 2882:

13 June 1914: A second bomb is discovered before it can explode in

2814: 2761: 2728: 2662:

2 May 1913: A nitroglycerine bomb is discovered on the platform of

2578: 2344: 2338: 2334: 2257: 2250: 2246: 1975: 1893: 1868: 1864: 1844: 1728: 1697: 1529: 1391:

sports were specifically targeted in an attempt to protest against

1372: 1283: 1267: 1125: 1041: 990: 568: 278: 223: 5736:

Tracing the Discourses of Terrorism: Identity, Genealogy and State

5261:

Tracing the Discourses of Terrorism: Identity, Genealogy and State

3191: 1533: 1424:

In April 1913 a bomb was planted in the public street outside the

2894: 2574: 2447: 2179: 2163: 2056: 1996: 1637: 1621: 1584: 1290: 1129: 1110: 620: 558: 153: 72: 1871:

inside, and they narrowly escaped harm. The next month, another

1415: 5006:

Separate Spheres: The Opposition to Women's Suffrage in Britain

4713: 2564: 2455: 2375: 2102:

The "suffragists" of the largest women's suffrage society, the

2008: 1979: 1852: 1847:

bomb was thrown over the wall of the Harewood Army Barracks in

1737: 1633: 1314: 1310: 1294: 981:

and her daughters, the Union was willing to carry out forms of

655: 4959: 4957: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 2493:

28 November to 3 December 1912: Post boxes around Britain are

1656:, as the property was owned by Arthur Chamberlain, brother of 1470:

been packed with lumps of jagged metal, bullets and scraps of

7383: 4254: 4252: 4107: 4105: 4065: 4063: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3926: 3924: 3823: 3821: 3819: 2818: 2042: 1984: 1848: 1243: 957:

Multiple suffrage societies formed across Britain during the

181: 7511:

Terrorist incidents on railway systems in the United Kingdom

5284: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3150: 3148: 2698:

14 May 1913: A letter bomb is sent to anti-women's suffrage

2315:

The bombing and arson campaign has seen classification as a

1727:

The next day, a suffragette named Harry Hewitt pulled out a

1648:'s brother Theodore, while a bomb was set off in a house in 6383: 5580: 5436: 5239:(2002). "The Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September 11". 4954: 4942: 4930: 4911: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4810: 4808: 4769: 4050: 4048: 2681: 2505: 2082: 1839:

after it was bombed and burned down by suffragettes in 1914

1592: 1541: 1471: 1396: 1279: 1153: 5361: 5359: 5042: 5040: 5038: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4249: 4222: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4102: 4060: 3967: 3921: 3875: 3873: 3816: 3519: 3517: 3438:"Letter bombs and IEDs: Were the suffragettes terrorists?" 3318: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 2545:, but they all explode or are discovered while in transit. 2395:

in the twentieth century was not detonated by the IRA but

1052:, before again attempting to set fire to a post office in 7420:

Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States

5847:"'Votes for women': An analysis of the militant campaign" 5632:

Rise Up, Women!: The Remarkable Lives of the Suffragettes

5326:"'Votes for women': An analysis of the militant campaign" 4703: 4701: 4699: 4686: 4684: 4654: 4652: 4554: 4552: 4510: 4508: 4460: 4458: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4239: 4237: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4183: 4181: 4139: 4137: 4135: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3590: 3588: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3396: 3394: 3335: 3333: 3145: 3075: 3073: 2817:

bomb is thrown over the wall of the Harewood Barracks in

2720:

27 May 1913: A bomb is thrown from an express train onto

2676:

10 May 1913: A bomb is discovered in the waiting room at

1961: 5536:"More Pillar Box Outrages: Postman Burned in Lewisham", 5475: 5219: 5217: 5023: 4832: 4805: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4045: 3713: 3661: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3234: 3232: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 2298:

WSPU also reported each of its attacks in its newspaper

6021:

The Suffragette Bombers: Britain's Forgotten Terrorists

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post office, south London, when handling a suffragette

1359:

was also foiled. During the year the grandstand of the

5600:"Felixstowe Bath Hotel suffragette arson commemorated" 5465: 5463: 5412: 5126: 5124: 5122: 4759: 4757: 4696: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4649: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4569: 4567: 4549: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4505: 4493: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4391: 4389: 4357: 4345: 4288: 4286: 4264: 4234: 4193: 4178: 4166: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 3984: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3791: 3789: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3678: 3676: 3585: 3529: 3455: 3391: 3330: 3160: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2602:

3 April 1913: A bomb explodes next to a train line in

2458:

but misses, with the hatchet instead cutting Irish MP

1056:, but she was arrested during the act and imprisoned. 5305: 5241:

Anthropoetics: The Journal of Generative Anthropology

5214: 4820: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4310: 3806: 3804: 3605: 3603: 3504: 3502: 3406: 3296: 3294: 3281: 3279: 3229: 3133: 3050: 2774:

8 August 1913: A school is bombed and burned down in

2081:, London, but the meeting quickly degenerated into a 1009:. Other militant suffragette groups were active: the 16:

1912–14 campaign orchestrated by British suffragettes

7140:

Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain

5424: 5144:"Kitty Marion: The actress who became a 'terrorist'" 4737: 4579: 4369: 4075: 3936: 3761: 3306: 3085: 2319:

campaign by academics, and is classified as such in

2279:

National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS)

1202:

running dedicated columns on the latest "outrages".

6068:"Suffragette bombings – City of London Corporation" 5711: 5568: 5556: 5493: 5460: 5119: 4754: 4725: 4664: 4594: 4564: 4520: 4438: 4386: 4283: 4210: 4117: 4090: 4026: 3955: 3885: 3786: 3725: 3673: 3568:"Suffragette bombings - City of London Corporation" 3100: 3012: 2378:of 1939 to 1940 utilised the tactic of undertaking 2150:, public pleas for funding and the use of a secret 1604:platform and exploded, but there were no injuries. 1387:football clubs during the year. More traditionally 4537: 4470: 4298: 3801: 3600: 3499: 3291: 3276: 2194:A 1913 cartoon, showing "Dame London" welcoming a 2097: 1935:Coincidentally, at the time of the explosion, the 1924:church in London, and in June, a bomb exploded at 1831:Contemporary literature showing the damage to the 1085:were attacked, a powerful bomb was planted in the 7536:Improvised explosive device bombings in the 1910s 5880:"Single-Issue Terrorism: A Neglected Phenomenon?" 5781:The International Journal of the History of Sport 5235: 3121: 2724:platform and explodes, but there are no injuries. 2486:sets fire to his train carriage as it pulls into 1139:set fire to his train carriage as it pulled into 7576:Terrorist incidents involving incendiary devices 7437: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 2889:11 July 1914: A guard is severely burned when a 2850:is destroyed after being bombed and burned down. 1882:, had his house set on fire in an arson attack. 1168:in disguise. On 17 December, railway signals at 164:. The campaign, led by key WSPU figures such as 84:Government, infrastructure, churches, the public 56: 7496:Improvised explosive device bombings in England 7425:Music and women's suffrage in the United States 7046:Women's suffrage organizations and publications 4334: 4332: 2365: 7491:Improvised explosive device bombings in London 6933:National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869) 4888: 4410: 3842: 3265: 3263: 2727:Early June 1913: A series of fires started in 2284: 1900:One common target for suffragette attacks was 1675: 1481:was also targeted: on 2 May a highly unstable 1214:means. A "Franchise Bill" was proposed to the 965:- with only certain men being able to vote in 6399: 6120: 4858: 4856: 4406: 4404: 3838: 3836: 3541: 3368: 2792:20 December 1913: A large fire is started at 2178:At the time, planting bombs was officially a 1896:, one of many churches bombed by suffragettes 1416:Response to Emmeline Pankhurst's imprisonment 919: 160:, and was a part of their wider campaign for 7451:1914 disestablishments in the United Kingdom 4329: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 2472:19 July 1912: A powerful bomb is planted in 2104:National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies 1779:was bombed and burned down in protest while 1408:' left, including at the home of Aberdeen's 969:at the time. In the years leading up to the 3260: 2402: 2260:historians and supporters of feminist icon 2228:the government into concessions. Historian 2185: 2133:, which had been set up during the earlier 2066: 1516:, after it was destroyed in an arson attack 176:and the general public, and saw the use of 7076:Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial 6406: 6392: 6305:Christabel Pankhurst (daughter, associate) 6216:Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial 6127: 6113: 5085:Comparative Studies in Society and History 4853: 4401: 4012:. Hodder Education Group. pp. 87–88. 4001: 3999: 3908: 3833: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2117: 2043:Outbreak of war and ending of the campaign 1205: 926: 912: 29: 7446:1912 establishments in the United Kingdom 7409:Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar 5800: 5395: 5189: 3644: 3345: 3249: 3247: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2864:11 May 1914: A bomb is discovered at the 2519:17 December 1912: Railway signals in the 2512:, as she believed the man was politician 2429:has his home burned down by suffragettes. 1164:, as she believed the man was politician 975:Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) 158:Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) 6980:1920 United States presidential election 5877: 5844: 5673:"An Examination of Suffragette Violence" 5628: 5524: 5481: 5323: 5311: 5291:. Oxford University Press. p. 320. 5223: 5162: 5002: 4847: 4787: 4638: 4499: 4172: 4160: 3493: 3223: 3192:"The Aberdeen Women's Suffrage Campaign" 2893:ignites a carriage on a moving train in 2616:8 April 1913: Two bombs are left on the 2397:by the suffragettes at Lisburn Cathedral 2243:Representation of the People Act of 1928 2189: 1987:, and on 3 June the medical officer for 1960:on 12 July, placing a bomb underneath a 1884: 1826: 1679: 1507: 1419: 1395:. One sport that was often targeted was 1233: 1076: 942: 381:Special-interest / Single-issue 136:24+ injured (including two suffragettes) 7220:Women's Rights National Historical Park 5955: 5825: 5732: 5670: 5649: 5586: 5454: 5442: 5430: 5418: 5377: 5365: 5257: 5168: 5070: 5058: 5046: 4963: 4948: 4936: 4924: 4905: 4895:. University of Washington. p. 63. 4799: 4775: 4719: 4707: 4690: 4658: 4558: 4514: 4464: 4363: 4351: 4277: 4258: 4243: 4228: 4204: 4187: 4143: 4111: 4069: 4005: 3996: 3990: 3978: 3930: 3827: 3755: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3594: 3535: 3472: 3419: 3400: 3339: 3324: 3238: 3166: 3154: 3139: 3079: 1948:also attempted a second bombing of the 1485:bomb was discovered on the platform at 7521:Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom 7438: 6897:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign 6363:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign 6351:Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom 6310:Sylvia Pankhurst (daughter, associate) 6300:Richard Pankhurst (husband, associate) 6134: 6087:"Suffragettes, violence and militancy" 6038: 5976: 5918: 5130: 4826: 4814: 4748: 4588: 4084: 4054: 3949: 3879: 3780: 3696:"Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury" 3523: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3312: 3244: 3115: 3035: 2995:"Suffragettes, violence and militancy" 2930: 2235:East London Federation of Suffragettes 2114:, also opposed the violence publicly. 1610: 1132:road, also attracted press attention. 729:Charities accused of ties to terrorism 24:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign 6938:Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873) 6753:International Woman Suffrage Alliance 6387: 6330:Helen Pankhurst (great-granddaughter) 6315:Adela Pankhurst (daughter, associate) 6264:Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons 6108: 5753: 5487: 5324:Monaghan, Rachel (21 December 2007). 5082: 4975: 4731: 4609: 4039: 3795: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 2741:18 June 1913: A bomb explodes on the 2713:16 May 1913: A bomb is discovered at 2644:18 April 1913: A plot to blow up the 2500:30 November 1912: A man is beaten by 1912:were bombed in 1914: on 5 April, the 1353:Crystal Palace F.C.'s football ground 1040:by placing a burning cloth soaked in 7291:"The March of the Women" (1910 song) 7019:List of suffragists and suffragettes 6882:Women's Coronation Procession (1911) 6295:Mary Jane Clarke (sister, associate) 6042:Special Branch: A History: 1883–2006 6017: 5469: 5029: 4763: 4675: 4626: 4573: 4543: 4531: 4487: 4449: 4395: 4380: 4323: 4304: 4292: 4216: 4126: 4096: 3961: 3911:"Blowing up a blind man and his dog" 3909:Williamson, Martin (12 April 2008). 3896: 3810: 3626: 3615: 3609: 3508: 3300: 3285: 3189: 3127: 3094: 2669:8 May 1913: A bomb is discovered at 2424:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1748:event inspired by the events of the 1305:, with two bombs planted perhaps by 5884:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 5830:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5774: 5574: 5562: 4411:New York Times (22 December 1913). 3734: 3719: 3682: 3667: 3425: 3253:'Hundreds of Letters Are Damaged', 2434:Secretary of State for the Colonies 2238:their campaign had been effective. 13: 7561:1914 murders in the United Kingdom 7556:1913 murders in the United Kingdom 7551:1912 murders in the United Kingdom 7261:National Voting Rights Museum (US) 7225:Women's Suffrage National Monument 7041:Historiography of the Suffragettes 6995:Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) 6373:Historiography of the Suffragettes 6211:Pankhurst Centre (home and museum) 6155:Women's Social and Political Union 5504:National Heritage List for England 4889:Jorgensen-Earp, Cheryl R. (1994). 3172: 2264:such as Sandra Stanley Horton and 2217:State Apartments at Windsor Castle 1773:Liverpool Cotton Exchange Building 1740:. Hewitt was later impounded in a 101:Women's Social and Political Union 14: 7597: 7571:1910s fires in the United Kingdom 7546:1914 crimes in the United Kingdom 7541:1912 crimes in the United Kingdom 7461:1913 crimes in the United Kingdom 7153:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial 6060: 5718:The Case for Women's Suffrage 4976:Rosen, Andrew (17 January 2013). 2918:2016–17 all-female UK terror plot 2871:11 June 1914: A bomb explodes at 2853:28 April 1914: The Bath Hotel in 2831:5 April 1914: A bomb explodes in 2760:horse racing event brandishing a 2552:smashed the glass display of the 2071: 1664:(father to future Prime Minister 1644:was burned because the owner was 1097:, Gladys Evans, Lizzie Baker and 7304:"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song) 7102:Women's Rights Pioneers Monument 6948:Woman Suffrage Procession (1913) 6918:Declaration of Sentiments (1848) 6325:Alula Pankhurst (great-grandson) 6168: 5851:Terrorism and Political Violence 5592: 5543: 5530: 5371: 5330:Terrorism and Political Violence 5317: 5288:The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism 5278: 5251: 5229: 5136: 5076: 5003:Harrison, Brian (2 April 2013). 4996: 4969: 4882: 4006:Bartley, Paula (27 April 2007). 2321:The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism 2002: 1950:Church of St John the Evangelist 1668:). Houses were also attacked in 1347:, while a plot to burn down the 7117:Kate Sheppard National Memorial 6877:Battle of Downing Street (1910) 6520:1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act 5622: 5009:. Routledge. pp. 181–199. 4982:. Routledge. pp. 242–245. 4863:Riddell, Fern (20 April 2018). 4645:. B. H. Blackwell. p. 312. 4632: 3902: 3688: 3627:Legg, George (2 January 2020). 2857:is burnt down with no injuries. 2202:holding a bomb threatens London 2098:Wider women's suffrage movement 1822: 1293:were burned, four severely, in 1071: 6928:Ohio Women's Convention (1850) 6913:Seneca Falls Convention (1848) 4639:Metcalfe, Agnes Edith (1917). 3041: 2664:Piccadilly Circus tube station 2650:Crystal Palace football ground 2556:in the Wakefield Tower of the 1904:, as it was believed that the 1487:Piccadilly Circus tube station 1254:The suffragettes invented the 1: 5995:10.1080/03058034.2019.1687222 5933:10.1080/09612025.2019.1654638 5712:Robert F. Cholmeley (1907). " 5677:The English Historical Review 5258:Ditrych, O. (22 April 2014). 3843:New York Times (3 May 1913). 3646:10.1080/03058034.2019.1705078 2923: 2533:29 January 1913: A number of 2166:. In one raid on the home of 1692:in December 1913 killed 2 men 1013:attacked ballot boxes at the 938: 57:§ classification as terrorism 7501:Building bombings in England 7034:in majority-Muslim countries 7024:Timeline of women's suffrage 6963:Silent Sentinels (1917–1919) 6892:Open Christmas Letter (1914) 6841:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 6413: 6320:Richard Pankhurst (grandson) 2908:List of suffragette bombings 2785:18 December 1913: A wall at 2715:Westbourne Park tube station 2590:All England Lawn Tennis Club 2479:'s office but is discovered. 2409:List of suffragette bombings 2366:Influence on later campaigns 1806:, several postal workers in 1598:Westbourne Park tube station 1512:The Nevill Ground Pavilion, 1437:City of London Police Museum 1341:All England Lawn Tennis Club 192:attempts and other forms of 178:improvised explosive devices 41:City of London Police Museum 7: 7531:Arson in the United Kingdom 7516:Letter and package bombings 7506:Building bombings in London 7404:New Zealand ten-dollar note 7071:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue) 6985:"Give Us the Ballot" (1957) 6923:Rochester Convention (1848) 6708:Constitutional amendments: 6494:Women's liberation movement 6224:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue) 2901: 2630:14 April 1913: The home of 2372:Irish Republican Army (IRA) 2357:has argued that the use of 2285:Classification as terrorism 1851:, which was being used for 1771:planted a pipe bomb at the 1676:Deaths and further injuries 1547:One bomb that was found in 1260:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1015:1909 Bermondsey by-election 724:Designated terrorist groups 230:and Cheryl Jorgensen-Earp. 10: 7602: 7581:Special-interest terrorism 6943:Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914) 5962:. Hodder & Stoughton. 4009:Votes for Women: 1860–1928 3047:The Times, 29 October 1909 2406: 1995:ignited a moving train in 1750:Epsom Derby on 4 June 1913 1632:were also set on fire. In 1246:was one of many that were 1181:Frederick Pethick-Lawrence 893:Anti-terrorism legislation 7411:(2020 U.S. commemorative) 7274: 7248: 7230:International Women's Day 7007: 6905: 6849: 6748: 6741: 6502: 6421: 6338: 6282: 6232: 6203: 6177: 6166: 6142: 6072:Google Arts & Culture 5896:10.1080/10576100050174977 5878:Monaghan, Rachel (2000). 5863:10.1080/09546559708427403 5845:Monaghan, Rachel (1997). 5793:10.1080/09523360802212271 5635:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5397:10.1017/S0018246X07006413 5342:10.1080/09546559708427403 5191:10.1080/09612020200200336 5097:10.1017/S0010417510000642 3572:Google Arts & Culture 2743:Stratford-upon-Avon Canal 2422:June 1912: Anti-suffrage 2325:Concise Oxford Dictionary 1710:Stratford-upon-Avon Canal 1177:Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence 888:International conventions 795:State-sponsored terrorism 122: 107: 96: 88: 80: 63: 48: 28: 23: 7314:Women's suffrage in film 7285:The Women's Marseillaise 7173:Suffragette Handkerchief 7051:Women's rights activists 6831:Hong Kong 1 July marches 6150:Women's Franchise League 5977:Walker, Rebecca (2020). 5629:Atkinson, Diane (2018). 5264:. Springer. p. 31. 4722:, pp. 369, 396–397. 3269:"Suffragette Outrages", 2678:Liverpool Street Station 2510:Aberdeen railway station 2403:Timeline of the campaign 2388:Liverpool Street station 2186:Impact and effectiveness 2135:Fenian dynamite campaign 2067:Reaction to the campaign 1813:By the end of the year, 1589:Liverpool Street Station 1322:Fenian dynamite campaign 1158:Aberdeen railway station 751:Violent non-state actors 7566:1910s murders in London 7415:2020 US ten-dollar bill 7399:Susan B. Anthony dollar 7336:Not for Ourselves Alone 6958:Suffrage Special (1916) 6887:Great Pilgrimage (1913) 6836:2014 Hong Kong protests 6434:Right to run for office 6290:Sophia Goulden (mother) 6045:. Biteback Publishing. 5826:Mayhall, Laura (2003). 5671:Bearman, C. J. (2005). 5650:Bartley, Paula (2003). 5378:Bearman, C. J. (2007). 3198:. copyright WildFireOne 2866:Metropolitan Tabernacle 2833:St Martin-in-the-Fields 2807: 2527: 2416: 2154:unit on Duck Island in 2118:Special Branch response 2023:and subjecting them to 1922:Metropolitan Tabernacle 1914:St Martins-in-the-Field 1684:An arson attack on the 1591:, London, covered with 1559:bomb was discovered at 1377:they still remain today 1250:by suffragettes in 1913 1206:January 1913 escalation 1007:Bristol railway station 967:parliamentary elections 493:Clandestine cell system 210:campaign. Contemporary 92:June 1912 – August 1914 7082:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 6731:1965 Voting Rights Act 5956:Riddell, Fern (2018). 5921:Women's History Review 5384:The Historical Journal 5178:Women's History Review 3196:suffrageaberdeen.co.uk 2717:before it can explode. 2680:, London, made out of 2317:single-issue terrorism 2271:Revisionist historians 2203: 2112:Women's Freedom League 1897: 1840: 1693: 1517: 1428: 1251: 1011:Women's Freedom League 961:, all campaigning for 954: 661:Propaganda of the deed 53:Single-issue terrorism 7063:Belmont–Paul Monument 6990:Freedom Summer (1964) 6867:Women's Sunday (1908) 6190:Women's Sunday (1908) 3722:, pp. 1345–1346. 3670:, pp. 1342–1343. 2782:is visiting the town. 2467:Theatre Royal, Dublin 2273:such as Harrison and 2198:, while behind her a 2193: 2015:was discussed in the 1978:was also targeted in 1888: 1830: 1744:. The incident was a 1720:. Since there was no 1683: 1514:Royal Tunbridge Wells 1511: 1495:Royal Tunbridge Wells 1423: 1237: 1091:Theatre Royal, Dublin 1077:Start of the campaign 977:. Founded in 1903 by 946: 877:Response to terrorism 498:Leaderless resistance 129:4+ killed (including 7328:Shoulder to Shoulder 7297:The Mother of Us All 7240:Women's Equality Day 7235:Susan B. Anthony Day 7089:Suffragette Memorial 6694:District of Columbia 6464:Non-resident citizen 6267:(2015 graphic novel) 6248:Shoulder to Shoulder 6039:Wilson, Ray (2015). 6018:Webb, Simon (2014). 5733:Ditrych, O. (2014). 4342:, 21 July 1913, p. 5 2704:Henry Curtis-Bennett 2573:22 February 1913: A 2295:Christabel Pankhurst 1742:psychiatric hospital 1577:Henry Curtis-Bennett 1363:football stadium in 1224:speaker of the house 1066:Christabel Pankhurst 952:Christabel Pankhurst 316:Right-wing/Far-right 7195:Hunger Strike Medal 6872:Black Friday (1910) 6195:Black Friday (1910) 6091:The British Library 5775:Kay, Joyce (2008). 5760:. Frontline Books. 5754:Jones, Ian (2016). 5589:, pp. 373–374. 5445:, pp. 379–380. 5032:, pp. 109–110. 4966:, pp. 369–370. 4951:, pp. 156–157. 4939:, pp. 371–372. 4927:, pp. 368–369. 4778:, pp. 105–106. 4629:, pp. 152–153. 4261:, pp. 372–374. 4114:, pp. 157–158. 4072:, pp. 155–156. 3981:, pp. 118–119. 3933:, pp. 124–125. 3830:, pp. 123–124. 3271:North Devon Journal 3157:, pp. 117–121. 2999:The British Library 2884:St Paul's Cathedral 2868:church and defused. 2842:17 April 1914: The 2794:Portsmouth dockyard 2687:14 May 1913: Three 2671:St Paul's Cathedral 2563:6 February 1913: 5 2209:tourist attractions 2131:Metropolitan Police 2047:In August 1914 the 1942:St Paul's Cathedral 1794:Portsmouth dockyard 1690:Portsmouth dockyard 1666:Neville Chamberlain 1611:Targeting of houses 1561:St Paul's Cathedral 1330:St Paul's Cathedral 1289:On 6 February five 1238:This letter box in 1005:on the platform at 898:Terrorism insurance 699:Rockets and mortars 439:Resistance movement 7586:Arson in the 1910s 7526:Emmeline Pankhurst 7471:Explosions in 1914 7466:Explosions in 1913 7338:(1999 documentary) 7205:Suffrage jewellery 6429:Universal suffrage 6241:Sister Suffragette 6136:Emmeline Pankhurst 5983:The London Journal 5689:10.1093/ehr/cei119 5553:, 22 February 1913 5549:"Letter-burning", 5540:, 22 February 1913 4417:The New York Times 4231:, p. 376–377. 4057:, pp. 57, 62. 3849:The New York Times 3633:The London Journal 3327:, p. 119–120. 3257:, 29 November 1912 2813:7 January 1914: A 2780:David Lloyd George 2776:Sutton-in-Ashfield 2652:on the eve of the 2639:St Leonards-on-Sea 2539:David Lloyd George 2514:David Lloyd George 2465:19 July 1912: The 2262:Emmeline Pankhurst 2204: 2092:Bristol University 2053:Emmeline Pankhurst 1898: 1841: 1777:Sutton-in-Ashfield 1694: 1662:Joseph Chamberlain 1518: 1479:London Underground 1429: 1355:on the eve of the 1264:David Lloyd George 1252: 1196:Gloucester Journal 1166:David Lloyd George 1089:'s office and the 1062:Emmeline Pankhurst 979:Emmeline Pankhurst 955: 544:Aircraft hijacking 301:Left-wing/Far-left 166:Emmeline Pankhurst 7433: 7432: 7344:Iron Jawed Angels 7266:Umbrella Movement 7210:Suffragette penny 7124:Millicent Fawcett 7095:Portrait Monument 7003: 7002: 6857:WSPU march (1906) 6674:African Americans 6592:Spain (Civil War, 6484:Compulsory voting 6381: 6380: 6251:(1974 BBC serial) 6052:978-1-84954-963-9 6031:978-1-78340-064-5 6024:. Pen and Sword. 5969:978-1-4736-6621-4 5787:(10): 1338–1354. 5767:978-1-4738-7901-0 5746:978-1-137-39496-5 5642:978-1-4088-4407-6 5538:Pall Mall Gazette 5298:978-0-19-873291-4 5271:978-1-137-39496-5 5247:(1): Reference 8. 5237:David C. Rapoport 5016:978-1-136-24803-0 4989:978-1-136-24754-5 4817:, pp. 58–65. 4326:, pp. 85–86. 4019:978-0-340-92685-7 3882:, pp. 63–64. 3526:, pp. 56–57. 3496:, pp. 72–73. 3273:, 5 December 1912 3190:Pedersen, Sarah. 3097:, pp. 75–76. 2873:Westminster Abbey 2826:Aberuchill Castle 2824:4 February 1914: 2654:1913 FA Cup Final 2548:1 February 1913: 2482:25 October 1912: 2309:Pall Mall Gazette 2124:counter-terrorist 2108:Millicent Fawcett 2021:cabinet ministers 1926:Westminster Abbey 1906:Church of England 1857:Aberuchill Castle 1557:potassium nitrate 1412:, Adam Maitland. 1381:Preston North End 1357:1913 FA Cup Final 1229:guerrilla warfare 1083:cabinet ministers 1054:Parliament Street 999:Winston Churchill 936: 935: 883:Counter-terrorism 868: 867: 626:Individual terror 447: 446: 424:Violent extremism 143: 142: 7593: 7456:1910s in England 7256:Age of candidacy 7189:Holloway Jingles 7163:Pankhurst Centre 7134:(2008 sculpture) 7057:Leser v. Garnett 6862:Mud March (1907) 6746: 6745: 6679:Native Americans 6489:Disfranchisement 6408: 6401: 6394: 6385: 6384: 6346:Women's suffrage 6172: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6056: 6035: 6014: 5973: 5952: 5927:(7): 1200–1234. 5915: 5874: 5841: 5822: 5804: 5771: 5750: 5729: 5708: 5683:(486): 365–397. 5667: 5646: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5547: 5541: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5495:Historic England 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5399: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5193: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5117: 5116: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4860: 4851: 4845: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4752: 4746: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4694: 4688: 4679: 4673: 4662: 4656: 4647: 4646: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4613: 4607: 4592: 4586: 4577: 4571: 4562: 4556: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4518: 4512: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4468: 4462: 4453: 4447: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4408: 4399: 4393: 4384: 4378: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4338:"Letter-boxes", 4336: 4327: 4321: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4281: 4275: 4262: 4256: 4247: 4241: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4191: 4185: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4130: 4124: 4115: 4109: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4073: 4067: 4058: 4052: 4043: 4037: 4024: 4023: 4003: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3934: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3883: 3877: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3840: 3831: 3825: 3814: 3808: 3799: 3793: 3784: 3778: 3759: 3753: 3738: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3648: 3624: 3613: 3607: 3598: 3592: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3564: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3512: 3506: 3497: 3491: 3476: 3470: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3434: 3423: 3417: 3404: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3370: 3343: 3337: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3289: 3283: 3274: 3267: 3258: 3251: 3242: 3236: 3227: 3221: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3187: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3098: 3092: 3083: 3077: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2991: 2913:1913 Epsom Derby 2877:Coronation Chair 2837:Trafalgar Square 2477:Reginald McKenna 2427:Charles Hobhouse 2393:Northern Ireland 2017:House of Commons 2013:Reginald McKenna 1937:House of Commons 1930:Coronation Chair 1918:Trafalgar Square 1880:Reginald McKenna 1646:Reginald McKenna 1630:Hampstead Garden 1385:Blackburn Rovers 1297:when handling a 1216:House of Commons 1030:1913 Epsom Derby 963:women's suffrage 928: 921: 914: 745: 744: 718:Terrorist groups 700: 434:Militia movement 401:Green/Ecological 306:Narcotics-driven 284: 283: 233: 232: 162:women's suffrage 97:Executed by 33: 21: 20: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7486:1914 in England 7481:1913 in England 7476:1912 in England 7436: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7394:(upcoming film) 7320:Votes for Women 7276: 7270: 7244: 7183:Holloway brooch 7178:Holloway banner 7009: 6999: 6968:Night of Terror 6901: 6845: 6737: 6498: 6417: 6412: 6382: 6377: 6334: 6278: 6228: 6199: 6185:1906 WSPU march 6173: 6164: 6138: 6133: 6095: 6093: 6085: 6076: 6074: 6066: 6063: 6053: 6032: 5970: 5838: 5768: 5747: 5643: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5606:. 29 April 2014 5598: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5577:, pp. 133. 5573: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5548: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5492: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5357: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5215: 5170:Adickes, Sandra 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5120: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4755: 4747: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4697: 4689: 4682: 4674: 4665: 4657: 4650: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4616: 4608: 4595: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4565: 4557: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4521: 4513: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4471: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4387: 4383:, p. xiii. 4379: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4265: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4194: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4150: 4142: 4133: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4061: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4027: 4020: 4004: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3937: 3929: 3922: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3886: 3878: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3841: 3834: 3826: 3817: 3809: 3802: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3762: 3754: 3741: 3737:, p. 1341. 3733: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3700:www.arsenal.com 3694: 3693: 3689: 3685:, p. 1343. 3681: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3625: 3616: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3566: 3565: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3479: 3471: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3436: 3435: 3426: 3418: 3407: 3399: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3372: 3371: 3346: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3292: 3284: 3277: 3268: 3261: 3252: 3245: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3188: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3101: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2993: 2992: 2931: 2926: 2904: 2875:; damaging the 2810: 2787:Holloway Prison 2722:Reading station 2641:is burned down. 2611:Bank of England 2558:Tower of London 2530: 2419: 2411: 2405: 2368: 2300:The Suffragette 2287: 2188: 2172:The Suffragette 2156:St James's Park 2146:, covert photo 2120: 2100: 2074: 2069: 2049:First World War 2045: 2011:Home Secretary 2005: 1989:Holloway Prison 1928:, damaging the 1825: 1786:Holloway Prison 1702:The Suffragette 1686:semaphore tower 1678: 1650:Moor Hall Green 1613: 1602:Reading station 1565:bishop's throne 1549:Smeaton's Tower 1499:The Suffragette 1433:Bank of England 1426:Bank of England 1418: 1406:Votes for Women 1326:Bank of England 1208: 1192:The Suffragette 1135:On 25 October, 1079: 1074: 971:First World War 941: 932: 903: 902: 878: 870: 869: 864: 789: 760:State terrorism 742: 734: 733: 719: 711: 710: 709: 705:Vehicle-ramming 698: 533: 531: 514: 513: 512: 457: 449: 448: 443: 429:Ethnic violence 410: 375: 320: 281: 270: 201:outbreak of war 139: 131:one suffragette 76: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7599: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7388: 7387:(2022 musical) 7380: 7379:(2018 musical) 7372: 7364: 7356: 7348: 7340: 7332: 7324: 7316: 7311: 7309:Suffrage plays 7306: 7301: 7293: 7288: 7280: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7132:Great Petition 7128: 7120: 7113: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7086: 7078: 7073: 7069:Rise up, Women 7065: 7060: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7021: 7015: 7013: 7005: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6973:Prison Special 6970: 6960: 6955: 6953:Suffrage Torch 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6749: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6625:Cayman Islands 6615:United Kingdom 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6411: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6388: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6275:(2018 musical) 6268: 6260: 6252: 6244: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6222:Rise up, Women 6218: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6132: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6083: 6062: 6061:External links 6059: 6058: 6057: 6051: 6036: 6030: 6015: 5974: 5968: 5953: 5916: 5890:(4): 255–265. 5875: 5842: 5837:978-0195159936 5836: 5823: 5772: 5766: 5751: 5745: 5730: 5709: 5668: 5656:History Review 5647: 5641: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5591: 5579: 5567: 5565:, p. 132. 5555: 5542: 5529: 5517: 5486: 5484:, p. 336. 5474: 5459: 5457:, p. 380. 5447: 5435: 5423: 5411: 5390:(4): 861–889. 5370: 5368:, p. 393. 5355: 5316: 5304: 5297: 5277: 5270: 5250: 5228: 5213: 5184:(4): 675–690. 5161: 5135: 5118: 5091:(1): 113–143. 5075: 5073:, p. 366. 5063: 5061:, p. 370. 5051: 5049:, p. 369. 5034: 5022: 5015: 4995: 4988: 4968: 4953: 4941: 4929: 4910: 4908:, p. 119. 4898: 4881: 4852: 4850:, p. 262. 4831: 4819: 4804: 4802:, p. 108. 4792: 4780: 4768: 4753: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4710:, p. 145. 4695: 4693:, p. 141. 4680: 4678:, p. 144. 4663: 4661:, p. 107. 4648: 4631: 4614: 4593: 4578: 4576:, p. 148. 4563: 4561:, p. 391. 4548: 4536: 4534:, p. 136. 4519: 4517:, p. 390. 4504: 4492: 4469: 4467:, p. 383. 4454: 4452:, p. 135. 4437: 4400: 4398:, p. 133. 4385: 4368: 4366:, p. 143. 4356: 4354:, p. 368. 4344: 4328: 4309: 4297: 4295:, p. 123. 4282: 4280:, p. 385. 4263: 4248: 4246:, p. 377. 4233: 4221: 4219:, p. 137. 4209: 4207:, p. 376. 4192: 4190:, p. 142. 4177: 4165: 4163:, p. 261. 4148: 4146:, p. 378. 4131: 4129:, p. 120. 4116: 4101: 4099:, p. 118. 4089: 4074: 4059: 4044: 4025: 4018: 3995: 3993:, p. 118. 3983: 3966: 3964:, p. 108. 3954: 3935: 3920: 3901: 3899:, p. 110. 3884: 3869: 3832: 3815: 3800: 3785: 3760: 3758:, p. 124. 3739: 3724: 3712: 3687: 3672: 3660: 3614: 3599: 3597:, p. 123. 3584: 3540: 3538:, p. 155. 3528: 3513: 3498: 3477: 3475:, p. 122. 3454: 3424: 3405: 3403:, p. 367. 3390: 3344: 3342:, p. 121. 3329: 3317: 3305: 3290: 3275: 3259: 3255:Dundee Courier 3243: 3228: 3226:, p. 383. 3209: 3171: 3169:, p. 137. 3159: 3144: 3142:, p. 117. 3132: 3120: 3099: 3084: 3082:, p. 365. 3049: 3040: 3011: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2887: 2880: 2869: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2848:Great Yarmouth 2844:Britannia Pier 2840: 2829: 2822: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2772: 2765: 2758:Ascot Gold Cup 2754: 2739: 2736:nitroglycerine 2732: 2725: 2718: 2711: 2696: 2689:nitroglycerine 2685: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2642: 2635:Arthur Du Cros 2628: 2625: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2597: 2586: 2571: 2568: 2561: 2554:Order of Merit 2546: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2498: 2491: 2488:Harrow station 2480: 2474:Home Secretary 2470: 2463: 2442:19 July 1912: 2440: 2437:Lewis Harcourt 2432:13 July 1912: 2430: 2418: 2415: 2404: 2401: 2367: 2364: 2286: 2283: 2230:Brian Harrison 2187: 2184: 2127:Special Branch 2119: 2116: 2099: 2096: 2073: 2072:General public 2070: 2068: 2065: 2044: 2041: 2037:Downing Street 2032:Special Branch 2004: 2001: 1966:special branch 1890:Rosslyn Chapel 1877:Home Secretary 1837:Great Yarmouth 1833:Britannia Pier 1824: 1821: 1733:Ascot Gold Cup 1706:nitroglycerine 1677: 1674: 1612: 1609: 1525:Arthur Du Cros 1483:nitroglycerine 1467:railway porter 1417: 1414: 1393:male dominance 1337:The Suffragist 1212:constitutional 1207: 1204: 1200:Liverpool Echo 1141:Harrow station 1103:Prime Minister 1087:Home Secretary 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1050:City of London 1020:civil servants 996:Prime Minister 940: 937: 934: 933: 931: 930: 923: 916: 908: 905: 904: 901: 900: 895: 890: 885: 879: 876: 875: 872: 871: 866: 865: 863: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 801: 798: 797: 791: 790: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 766: 763: 762: 756: 755: 754: 753: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 732: 731: 726: 720: 717: 716: 713: 712: 708: 707: 702: 695: 688:Suicide attack 685: 680: 679: 678: 673: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 621:Hostage-taking 618: 613: 608: 606:Cyberterrorism 603: 598: 597: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 566: 556: 551: 541: 539:Agro-terrorism 535: 534: 530: 529: 526: 522: 520: 519: 516: 515: 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 473:Radicalization 470: 465: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 445: 444: 442: 441: 436: 431: 426: 420: 417: 416: 415:Related topics 412: 411: 409: 408: 403: 398: 393: 387: 384: 383: 377: 376: 374: 373: 368: 363: 360:Salafi-Wahhabi 353: 348: 338: 332: 329: 328: 322: 321: 319: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 287: 282: 276: 275: 272: 271: 269: 268: 263: 258: 252: 249: 248: 242: 241: 216:United Kingdom 196:and violence. 172:, government, 170:infrastructure 141: 140: 138: 137: 134: 126: 124: 120: 119: 118:halts campaign 114:, outbreak of 109: 105: 104: 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 69:United Kingdom 67: 65: 61: 60: 50: 46: 45: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7598: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7355: 7354:(2013 sitcom) 7353: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7331: 7330:(1974 series) 7329: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7006: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6664:United States 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6577:Liechtenstein 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474:Demeny voting 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6402: 6397: 6395: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6243:" (1964 song) 6242: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6161: 6160:Women's Party 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6125: 6123: 6118: 6116: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5588: 5583: 5576: 5571: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5546: 5539: 5533: 5527:, p. 73. 5526: 5525:Monaghan 1997 5521: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5483: 5482:Atkinson 2018 5478: 5472:, p. xi. 5471: 5466: 5464: 5456: 5451: 5444: 5439: 5432: 5427: 5421:, p. 41. 5420: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5312:Monaghan 1997 5308: 5300: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5281: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5225: 5224:Monaghan 2000 5220: 5218: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5150:. 27 May 2018 5149: 5145: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5031: 5026: 5018: 5012: 5008: 5007: 4999: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4907: 4902: 4894: 4893: 4885: 4870: 4869:The Telegraph 4866: 4859: 4857: 4849: 4848:Monaghan 2000 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4829:, p. 58. 4828: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4809: 4801: 4796: 4790:, p. 67. 4789: 4788:Monaghan 1997 4784: 4777: 4772: 4766:, p. 92. 4765: 4760: 4758: 4751:, p. 61. 4750: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4734:, p. 66. 4733: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4635: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4612:, p. 65. 4611: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4591:, p. 59. 4590: 4585: 4583: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4546:, p. 65. 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4502:, p. 72. 4501: 4500:Monaghan 1997 4496: 4490:, p. 41. 4489: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4405: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4307:, p. 85. 4306: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4279: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4175:, p. 75. 4174: 4173:Monaghan 1997 4169: 4162: 4161:Monaghan 2000 4157: 4155: 4153: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4098: 4093: 4087:, p. 63. 4086: 4081: 4079: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4042:, p. 64. 4041: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4002: 4000: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3958: 3952:, p. 60. 3951: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3813:, p. 45. 3812: 3807: 3805: 3798:, p. 63. 3797: 3792: 3790: 3783:, p. 58. 3782: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3721: 3716: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3669: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3612:, p. 90. 3611: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3511:, p. 40. 3510: 3505: 3503: 3495: 3494:Monaghan 1997 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3422:, p. 43. 3421: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3321: 3315:, p. 62. 3314: 3309: 3303:, p. 96. 3302: 3297: 3295: 3288:, p. 73. 3287: 3282: 3280: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3250: 3248: 3241:, p. 42. 3240: 3235: 3233: 3225: 3224:Atkinson 2018 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3136: 3130:, p. 76. 3129: 3124: 3118:, p. 57. 3117: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3044: 3038:, p. 56. 3037: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 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H. Asquith 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502:Emily Davison 2499: 2496: 2495:booby trapped 2492: 2489: 2485: 2484:Hugh Franklin 2481: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452:H. H. 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Suffragette bombing and arson campaign

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