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eventually allow him to approach her. If his efforts are successful and he is accepted, the pair will be seen preening each other's head and scratching each other around the tail. These actions serve to strengthen their pair bond. Eventually, the male mounts the female and performs the actual act of mating by joining of the cloacae. For bonded pairs, this mating ritual is much shorter and the female may even approach the male. Once they are ready for nesting, breeding pairs separate from their groups and search for a suitable nest cavity (usually in trees).
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feather is covered by the white of the feather immediately medial (nearer to the body) and above. Similarly, areas of larger tail feathers that are covered by other tail feathers – and the innermost covered areas of the larger crest feathers – are yellow. Short white feathers grow from and closely cover the upper legs. The feathers of this species and others create a powder similar to talcum powder that easily transfers to clothing.
505:
indicates that catch quotas issued by the
Indonesian government were 'exceeded by up to 18 times in some localities' in 1991, with at least 6,600 umbrella cockatoos being taken from the wild by trappers – although fewer birds have been taken from the wild in recent years, both in numerical terms and
354:
The white cockatoo is around 46 cm (18 in) long, and weighs about 400 g (14 oz) for small females and up to 800 g (28 oz) for big males. The male white cockatoo usually has a broader head and a bigger beak than the female. They have brown or black eyes and a dark grey
447:
Like all cockatoos, the white cockatoo nests in hollows of large trees. Its eggs are white and there are usually two in a clutch. During the incubation period – about 28 days – both the female and male incubate the eggs. The larger chick becomes dominant over the smaller chick and takes more of the
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group) are thought to be introductions, while a local introduced population breeds on Taiwan. It occurs in primary, logged, and secondary forests below 900m. It also occurs in mangroves and plantations including coconut and agricultural land. It remains locally common: in 1991–1992, the population
358:
The feathers of the white cockatoo are mostly white. However, both upper and lower surfaces of the inner half of the trailing edge of the large wing feathers are a yellow color. The yellow color on the underside of the wings is most notable because the yellow portion of the upper surface of the
433:
Recent observations indicate that rapid declines are on-going, and are predicted to increase in the future (Vetter 2009). CITES data show significant harvest rates for the cage bird trade during the early 1990s. Annual harvests have declined in actual terms and as a proportion of the remaining
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Juveniles reach sexual maturity in 3–4 years. As part of the courtship behavior, the male ruffles his feathers, spreads his tail feathers, extends his wings, and erects his crest. He then bounces about. Initially, the female ignores or avoids him, but – provided he meets her approval – will
465:, langsat and rambutan. As they also feed on corn growing in fields, they do considerable damage and are therefore considered crop pests by farmers. (BirdLife International, 2001) They also eat large insects, such as crickets (order Orthoptera) and small lizards such as
369:
The maximal lifespan of the white cockatoo is poorly documented. A few zoos report that they live 40–60 years in captivity. Anecdotal reports suggest it can live longer. Lifespan in the wild is unknown but believed to be as much as ten years less.
460:
In the wild, white cockatoos feed on berries, seeds, nuts, fruit and roots. When nesting, they include insects and insect larvae. In their natural habitat, umbrella cockatoos typically feed on various seeds, nuts and fruits, such as papaya,
469:. Captive birds are usually provided a parrot mix containing various seeds, nuts and dried fruits and vegetables. Additionally, they need to be offered many fresh vegetables, fruits and branches (with leaves) for chewing and entertainment.
250:, which has a semicircular shape (similar to an umbrella, hence the alternative name). The wings and tail have a pale yellow or lemon color which is exposed when they fly. It is similar to other species of white cockatoo such as
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was estimated at 42,545–183,129 birds (Lambert 1993), although this may be an underestimate as it was largely based on surveys from Bacan and not
Halmahera where the species may have been more common.
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feet with two toes facing forward and two facings backward, which enable it to grasp objects with one foot while standing on the other, for feeding and manipulation.
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The illegal trade of protected parrots violates
Indonesian Act Number 5, 1990 (a wildlife law concerning Natural Resources and the Ecosystems Conservations).
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beak. When mature some female white cockatoos can have reddish/brown irises, while the irises of the adult male are dark brown or black.
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Handbook of the Birds of the World – Volume 4 ("Cacatuidae"): Sandgrouse to
Cuckoos. del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J. Lynx Edicions.
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ProFauna suggest that significant levels of trade in wild-caught white cockatoos still occur, with 200+ taken from the wild in north
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population in recent years, but illegal trade continues and is likely to have been underestimated (S. Metz in litt. 2013)
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endemic to tropical rainforest on islands of
Indonesia. When surprised, it extends a large and striking head
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Cacatua alba - 3 Weeks - Eyes first starting to open. Still has egg tooth. Full crop after being hand-fed.
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food. The chicks leave the nest about 84 days after hatching. and are independent in 15–18 weeks.
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Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of
Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
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The
Indonesian parrot Project: conservation of cockatoos and other Indonesian parrots
755:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568.
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list which gives it protection by restricting export and import of wild-caught birds.
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This article is about the species. For the genus of (mostly) white cockatoos, see
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With extended crest, demonstrating the semi-circular shape of the crest feathers
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The
Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
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is endemic to lowland tropical rainforest on the
Moluccan islands of
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Cacatua alba - First Born - Fresh out of shell and not even dry yet.
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and the Sultan of
Babylon in 1229 with a gift of a white cockatoo.
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In common with other cockatoos and parrots, the white cockatoo has
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The white cockatoo was first described in 1776 by German zoologist
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Cacatua alba - 6 Weeks - Pin feathers developing. Egg tooth gone.
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485:. Its numbers in the wild have declined owing to capture for the
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808:"BirdLife International (2011) Species factsheet: Cacatua alba"
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Yellow-crested cockatoo (or lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo)
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in 2007. Approximately 40% of the parrots (white cockatoo,
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an organization for the protection of animals in Indonesia
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Pink cockatoo (or Major Mitchell's/Leadbeater's cockatoo)
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when taken as a proportion of the entire population.
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The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds
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730:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22684789A131915204.en
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1229:Salmon-crested cockatoo (or Moluccan cockatoo)
783:. London, England: Hermes House. p. 204.
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629:White cockatoo with a minor plucking problem.
1669:Taxa named by Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller
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892:information for people buying a cockatoo
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1278:Tanimbar corella (or Goffin's cockatoo)
338:as well as larger groups including the
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847:"Indonesia Ministry of Forestry 1990".
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1224:White cockatoo (or umbrella cockatoo)
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318:for "white". It lies in the subgenus
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617:White cockatoo chicks. (hand reared)
510:supported surveys by the Indonesian
716:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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1138:Galah (or rose-breasted cockatoo)
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477:The white cockatoo is considered
1649:IUCN Red List endangered species
1202:Greater sulphur-crested cockatoo
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270:The white cockatoo is known as
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242:, is a medium-sized all-white
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304:Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller
1081:Yellow-tailed black cockatoo
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837:Retrieved 8 September 2011.
831:ProFauna Indonesia (2008).
553:They were quite popular in
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885:BirdLife Species Factsheet
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1003:Cockatiel colour genetics
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723:: e.T22684789A131915204.
565:with a white parrot. The
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90:Scientific classification
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23:. For the 1935 film, see
1192:Sulphur-crested cockatoo
1086:Carnaby's black cockatoo
810:. Birdlife International
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374:Distribution and habitat
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256:sulphur-crested cockatoo
1664:Birds described in 1776
1187:Citron-crested cockatoo
1091:Baudin's black cockatoo
260:salmon-crested cockatoo
252:yellow-crested cockatoo
503:BirdLife International
1659:Birds of North Maluku
1061:Glossy black cockatoo
605:With crest retracted.
238:), also known as the
574:Emperor Frederick II
1288:Red-vented cockatoo
1251:Long-billed corella
473:Conservation status
306:. Its species name
60:Conservation status
1219:Blue-eyed cockatoo
1120:Gang-gang cockatoo
524:violet-necked lory
493:. It is listed in
25:The White Cockatoo
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1582:Open Tree of Life
1356:Taxon identifiers
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1283:Solomons cockatoo
1197:Eleonora cockatoo
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762:978-3-11-028642-7
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1626:Cacatua-alba
1408:Cacatua_alba
1394:Cacatua alba
1364:Cacatua alba
1363:
1297:
1238:
1223:
1169:
1158:
1129:
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1104:Pink or grey
1070:
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1027:
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842:
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812:. Retrieved
780:
771:
752:
746:
734:. Retrieved
720:
714:
709:Cacatua alba
708:
678:Cacatua alba
677:
559:Tang dynasty
552:
544:
491:habitat loss
476:
459:
450:
446:
432:
411:North Maluku
379:Cacatua alba
378:
377:
368:
361:
357:
353:
335:
334:, the genus
331:
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235:Cacatua alba
234:
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211:Cacatua alba
210:
208:
193:C. alba
192:
191:
179:
167:
29:
1504:iNaturalist
1388:Wikispecies
1028:Probosciger
814:6 September
736:12 November
557:during the
532:Philippines
495:appendix II
350:Description
219:Müller, PLS
51:Pairi Daiza
1643:Categories
1621:Xeno-canto
1301:(subgenus)
1298:Lophochroa
1244:(subgenus)
1175:(subgenus)
949:Appearance
941:Cacatuidae
689:References
571:Holy Roman
479:Endangered
409:group) in
364:zygodactyl
314:adjective
175:Subgenus:
157:Cacatuidae
75:Endangered
53:, Belgium
1674:Cockatoos
998:Cockatiel
990:Nymphicus
933:Cockatoos
516:Halmahera
415:Indonesia
383:Halmahera
292:Indonesia
282:) in the
187:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
1595:Species+
1548:22684789
1522:10716639
1434:22684789
1429:BirdLife
1373:Wikidata
1334:Snowball
1240:Licmetis
1130:Eolophus
896:ProFauna
779:(2003).
563:Guan Yin
536:Surabaya
443:Breeding
438:Behavior
403:Mandioli
399:Kasiruta
342:and the
298:Taxonomy
244:cockatoo
153:Family:
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
1654:Cacatua
1496:2479870
1473:whicoc1
1460:whicoc1
1416:Avibase
1379:Q463135
1171:Cacatua
1160:Cacatua
967:Species
580:Gallery
549:History
540:Jakarta
497:of the
481:by the
456:Feeding
391:Ternate
336:Cacatua
332:Cacatua
327:Cacatua
321:Cacatua
221:, 1776)
180:Cacatua
168:Cacatua
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
21:Cacatua
1587:579824
1561:141836
1535:554842
1509:117191
1480:ECOS:
1447:113957
1329:Cookie
937:family
890:MyToos
865:
787:
759:
467:skinks
463:durian
395:Tidore
258:, and
1574:71395
1517:IRMNG
1468:eBird
1339:Crest
1151:White
1072:Zanda
1019:Black
982:Small
957:Genus
555:China
508:RSPCA
499:CITES
407:Bacan
387:Bacan
316:albus
312:Latin
288:Papua
266:Names
248:crest
1613:3026
1600:8068
1556:NCBI
1543:IUCN
1530:ITIS
1491:GBIF
1483:9024
1442:BOLD
863:ISBN
816:2011
785:ISBN
757:ISBN
738:2021
721:2018
682:MHNT
538:and
526:and
489:and
483:IUCN
423:Bisa
421:and
401:and
308:alba
279:ayot
273:ayab
228:The
137:Aves
1608:TSA
1455:BOW
1403:ADW
725:doi
512:NGO
427:Obi
419:Obi
286:of
49:At
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740:.
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27:.
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