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led a combined army of state militia from
Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. Jackson's army finally isolated the main Red Stick Army along with hundreds of American hostages. Weatherford may have played a decisive role in rallying his forces and trying to save the hostages from death. In the finale of
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The Creek of the Lower Towns were becoming more assimilated, but the traditional elders and the people of the Upper Creek towns were more isolated from the
European-American settlers. They kept more traditional ways and opposed the new settlements. Weatherford and other Upper Creek leaders resented
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that Creek women were matriarchs and had control of the children "when connected with a white man." Hawkins observed that almost all of the traders, some wealthy, were likewise as "inattentive to their children as the
Indians". As Griffith explains (based on John R. Swanton), the lack of fatherly
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in present-day
Florida. While the Alabama militia tried to secure the arms and ammunition in the Indian baggage train, the Red Sticks regrouped and fought off the Americans. In reaction to the United States attack on its men, the Creek "declared war" on the United States. Already involved in the
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who adopted some
European-American style farming practices and other customs. As a result, most of the Creek managed to continue as independent communities while slowly becoming almost indistinguishable from other frontier families. The Upper Creek towns resisted the changes in the territory. In
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in 1811, more
American settlers came into the hunting territory and laid claim to homesteads. Various bands of Creeks, especially among the Upper Creek, resisted in a number of armed conflicts. But most of the more assimilated Lower Creek towns were forced to make land concessions to the United
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the Lower Creek, as well as
European-American settlers, including women and children. Estimates are that they killed up to 500 persons. Some 35 individuals survived. As a prominent leader, Weatherford was held responsible for the massacre, although there are reports he tried to prevent it.
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Weatherford negotiated a new peace through a new treaty with the US; although he had to accept a permanent reduction in Creek territory, he gained retention of most of their territory, including areas where they had homes. Weatherford subsequently moved to the southern part of
695:, Weatherford's rapid responses allowed various small bands of Red Sticks to regroup and fight a rear guard action, but the remainder of the Red Sticks were destroyed. Although the majority of the American hostages were saved, the retreating Red Sticks killed dozens of them.
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Leaders of the Upper Creek began diplomatic overtures with
Spanish and British colonial officials to develop allies against the United States. In the debates in Creek councils, those advocating resistance ("war") rather than cooperation or assimilation became known as
574:, planted commercial crops, and bred and raced horses as did his father. He generally had good relations with both the Creek nationals and European Americans for years. He worried about the increasing number of the latter, who were encroaching on Creek land.
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Several sources state that
Weatherford was born in 1765, the date recorded on a tombstone located in Little River, Baldwin County, Alabama. Many sources state that his mother, Sehoy III, was born in 1759, and his siblings are documented as being born in the
496:, who became a chief of the Lower Creek towns. The Lower Creek, who comprised the majority of population, lived closer to the European Americans and had intermarried with them, adopting more of their ways, as well as connecting to the market economy.
683:. Weatherford barely escaped capture, jumping from a bluff into the Alabama River while on horseback. Having repelled the Red Stick invasion in a number of skirmishes and forced them on the defensive, the Americans regrouped for a final offensive.
1044:
The
Romance and Tragedy of Pioneer Life: A Popular Account of the Heroes and Adventurers who, by their Valor and War-Craft, Beat Back the Savages from the Borders of Civilization and gave the American Forests to the Plow and the
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concern was not an "unnatural indifference," given the Creek culture and clan kinship system, and which established a closer relationship of children to their mother's eldest brother (more so than with their biological father).
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these debates, Weatherford counseled neutrality in the rise of hostilities. Conflict broke out within the Creek Nation between those who were adapting to assimilation and those trying to maintain the traditional leadership.
455:, Sehoy III's children were considered born into her clan. Charles Weatherford had a trading post near the Creek village, built a plantation, raised thoroughbred horses for racing, and contributed to his family as a trader.
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One of many mixed-race descendants of Southeast Indians who intermarried with European traders and later colonial settlers, William Weatherford was of mixed Creek, French, and Scots ancestry. He was raised as a Creek in the
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status, the same as her male clan relatives. In this kinship system, property and other inheritance were passed through the maternal line, and a boy's maternal uncle was more essential to his upbringing than his biological
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whose mother and father were of Creek and Shawnee lineages. Their relationship may have been the foundation of the strong alliance between Chief Red Eagle and Chief Tecumseh during the Indian Wars.
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in the Southeast and then as Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the territory south of the Ohio River, lived among the Creek and Choctaw, and knew them well. He commented in letters to President
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nation and achieved his power in it, through his mother's prominent Wind Clan (as well as his father's trading connections). After the war, he rebuilt his wealth as a slaveholding
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710:(formerly Fort Toulouse). Jackson spared Weatherford's life and used his influence and knowledge of Creek language to bring the other Upper Creek chiefs to a peace conference.
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Americans learned that the Red Sticks were bringing back arms from Florida. Hastily organizing a militia, American frontiersmen intercepted and attacked a Red Stick party at
807:– 1804), who was also of mixed race. They had two children, Charles and Mary (Polly) Weatherford. After Mary's death, Weatherford married Sopethlina Kaney Thelotco Moniac (
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and English heritage. They also had children, Alexander McGillivray Weatherford, Mary Levitia Weatherford, Major Weatherford (who died as a child), and John Weatherford.
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Griffith's analysis of Weatherford's date of birth is based on the death of his mother's first husband in the summer of 1780, see below and Griffith Jr.,
618:, and they soon became the dominant faction in Creek politics, which were highly decentralized. Red Stick bands went to Spanish Florida to purchase arms.
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Weatherford learned traditional Creek ways and language from his mother and her clan, as well as English from his father. As a young man, he acquired a
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Weatherford joined the Red Sticks along the frontier, where they tried to repulse American settlers from Creek territory. In late August 1813, with
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653:. Frontier American families and Lower Creek had retreated to the fort, which was ineptly guarded. The Red Sticks gained entry into the fort and
814:– 1813). She died after the birth of their son, William Weatherford, Jr., born 25 December 1813. About 1817, Weatherford married Mary Stiggins (
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Non-authoritative, mistake-laden "Andrew Jackson" article at the dated, apparent student project, "History of Florida", at fcit.usf.edu
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1080:. ACLS Humanities E-Book (Bison books ed.). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 17–44, esp. 38f and passim.
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chieftain" and from "the most powerful and privileged of all the Creek clans," the Wind Clan (in Muscogee, the Creek language,
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Col. John Tate, in the summer of 1780. Sehoy III was of mixed Creek, French and possibly Scottish descent. As the Creek had a
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William Weatherford was born in 1781 (Griffith Jr. analysis), near the Upper Creek towns of Cusseta. It is near the current
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As a boy William Weatherford was called "Billy". After he showed his skill as a warrior, he was given the "war name" of
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988:"Petition 20582202: To the Honbl H M Brackenridge Judge of the Superior Court of West Florida (BRACKENRIDGE, Henry M.)"
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994:, Escambia County, Florida: The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, August 4, 1822
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1123:. Birmingham and Auburn, AL: Alabama Humanities Foundation and Auburn University Outreach
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1061:. Birmingham and Auburn, AL: Alabama Humanities Foundation and Auburn University Outreach
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Burial sites of Sehoy III and William Weatherford, with a historical marker in foreground
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and other Red Sticks, Weatherford participated in a retaliatory attack on
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Green, Michael D. (1985) . "The Erosion of Creek Autonomy, 1540-1814 ".
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The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis
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The federal government did not have forces to spare. Major General
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William Weatherford may have been a blood relative of the Shawnee
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932:(online ed.). Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama Press.
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against the US, the British encouraged the Creek resistance.
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Source contending Weatherford was not at Horseshoe Bend:
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Through his mother's family, Weatherford was a cousin of
966:"Muscogee Constitutional Jurisprudence: Vhakv Em Pvtakv"
645:. It was a hastily built civilian stockade on the lower
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or "Truth Teller." He was the great-grandson of Captain
722:. He died there in 1824. A decade later, the US forced
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unit and maneuvered the Red Sticks into battle at the
1104:"William Weatherford and the Road to the Holy Ground"
440:). His father, Charles Weatherford, was a red-haired
1148:"Greatest Native American #205" at nativevillage.org
376:chief of the Upper Creek towns who led many of the
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586:, which included their territory in present-day
1048:. Cincinnati, Ohio: Jones Brothers and Company.
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929:McIntosh and Weatherford, Creek Indian Leaders
489:, who was prominent in the Upper Creek towns.
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570:in the Upper Creek territory, where he owned
1153:"Red Eagle" article at electricscotland.com.
675:An Alabama militia followed up with another
92:introducing citations to additional sources
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53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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800:William Weatherford married Mary Moniac (
788:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1624:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
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168:This article includes a list of general
82:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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1053:Braund, Kathryn (January 30, 2017).
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16:Creek chief of the Upper Creek towns
1732:American people of Scottish descent
718:, where he rebuilt his wealth as a
481:, the French commanding officer of
461:, first appointed as United States
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1722:People from Elmore County, Alabama
1115:Lewis, Herbert J. (May 12, 2015).
1019:Andrew Jackson: The Border Captain
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992:Race and Slavery Petitions Project
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926:Griffith Jr., Benjamin W. (1988).
174:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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593:After the Americans improved the
34:This article has multiple issues.
1651:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
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602:States in 1790, 1802, and 1805.
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361:, also known after his death as
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75:relies largely or entirely on a
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1531:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
1039:"XXI: The Romance of Red Eagle"
605:The Lower Creek were among the
42:or discuss these issues on the
1433:College of the Muscogee Nation
1037:Mason, Augustus Lynch (1883).
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1742:19th-century Native Americans
1656:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
1592:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
1536:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
1297:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
1143:Explore Southern History site
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886:Sehoy III's children had her
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1676:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
1661:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
1476:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
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1642:Federally recognized tribes
1608:Treaty of Washington (1826)
768:the claims made and adding
730:(now Kansas and Oklahoma).
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1597:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
1194:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
1022:. Read Books. p. 82.
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580:United States of America
408:Early life and education
1727:People of the Creek War
1712:Native American leaders
1671:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
1121:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1059:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1016:James, Marquis (2008).
342:Battle of Calebee Creek
189:more precise citations.
1566:Creek National Capitol
1526:Kimbell-James Massacre
1485:Leon-Jefferson culture
1055:"Creek War of 1813-14"
828:Weatherford's nephew,
716:Monroe County, Alabama
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402:Monroe County, Alabama
296:Monroe County, Alabama
1737:American Métis people
1717:Muscogee slave owners
1571:Crazy Snake Rebellion
1474:Apalachicola Province
1449:Mississippian culture
1330:(Francis the Prophet)
681:Battle of Holy Ground
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607:Five Civilized Tribes
584:Mississippi Territory
487:Alexander McGillivray
337:Battle of Holy Ground
103:"William Weatherford"
1666:Kialegee Tribal Town
1516:Battle of Burnt Corn
1418:Four Mothers Society
964:Deer, Sarah (2013).
88:improve this article
1423:Green Corn Ceremony
1359:William Weatherford
821:–1832), who was of
734:Marriage and family
432:, a "daughter of a
420:Indian town, near
359:William Weatherford
332:Battle of Talladega
239:William Weatherford
1613:Indian Removal Act
1551:Indian Removal Act
1541:Battle of Ocheesee
1521:Fort Mims Massacre
753:possibly contains
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519:possibly contains
428:). His mother was
327:Fort Mims massacre
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1561:Creek War of 1836
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1510:Red Stick War
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639:Peter McQueen
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105: –
104:
100:
99:Find sources:
93:
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79:
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77:single source
73:This article
71:
67:
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61:
56:
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47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1702:1780s births
1629:
1622:
1599:(unratified)
1454:Pisgah phase
1358:
1246:Apalachicola
1125:. Retrieved
1120:
1107:
1091:. Retrieved
1076:
1063:. Retrieved
1058:
1043:
1018:
998:February 21,
996:, retrieved
991:
982:
973:
969:
959:
943:. Retrieved
928:
882:
872:
864:
859:
838:
830:David Moniac
827:
799:
784:
775:
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712:
708:Fort Jackson
697:
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636:
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604:
595:Trading Path
592:
576:
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550:
541:
518:
491:
474:
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463:Indian agent
457:
437:
411:
390:
362:
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357:
315:Battles/wars
281:1765 or 1780
219:
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192:
173:
141:
131:
124:
117:
110:
98:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1707:1824 deaths
1428:Stomp dance
1312:Tribal town
1223:Tukabatchee
951:Available
845:Tenskwatawa
819: 1783
812: 1783
805: 1783
632:War of 1812
582:called the
450:matrilineal
394:matrilineal
370: 1765
187:introducing
1696:Categories
1505:Red Sticks
1464:Moundville
1307:Tallapoosa
1272:Miccosukee
1087:0803270151
939:0817303405
899:References
778:March 2017
762:improve it
616:Red Sticks
568:plantation
544:March 2017
528:improve it
438:Hotvlkvlke
378:Red Sticks
263:Red Sticks
170:references
144:March 2017
114:newspapers
39:improve it
1382:Apalachee
1369:Languages
1349:Neamathla
1251:Coushatta
976:(1): 130.
766:verifying
671:Creek War
655:massacred
643:Fort Mims
627:Pensacola
532:verifying
430:Sehoy III
424:(current
400:in lower
382:Creek War
363:Red Eagle
322:Creek War
305:Red Eagle
84:talk page
45:talk page
1413:Religion
1302:Sabacola
1292:Okfuskee
1282:Muscogee
1277:Muklassa
1267:Hitchiti
1261:Fowltown
1127:March 5,
1093:March 6,
1065:March 5,
945:March 6,
865:op. cit.
841:Tecumseh
302:Nickname
1442:History
1406:Culture
1392:Koasati
1377:Alabama
1354:Osceola
1321:Leaders
1256:Eufaula
1241:Alabama
1218:Kasihta
891:father.
867:, p. 5.
823:Natchez
760:Please
724:removal
720:planter
700:Florida
597:as the
588:Alabama
526:Please
434:Tabacha
418:Koasati
398:planter
183:improve
128:scholar
1480:Chiaha
1459:Etowah
1344:Menawa
1287:Okchai
1213:Coweta
1208:Abihka
1084:
1045:Sickle
1026:
953:online
936:
877:1780s.
677:Ranger
651:Mobile
572:slaves
500:Career
172:, but
130:
123:
116:
109:
101:
1110:(74).
851:Notes
442:Scots
374:Creek
259:Creek
135:JSTOR
121:books
1129:2017
1095:2017
1082:ISBN
1067:2017
1024:ISBN
1000:2018
947:2017
934:ISBN
888:clan
843:and
691:the
446:Tory
290:Died
278:Born
107:news
764:by
530:by
90:by
1698::
1119:.
1106:.
1057:.
1041:.
990:,
974:49
972:.
968:.
906:^
836:.
816:c.
809:c.
802:c.
590:.
404:.
388:.
367:c.
48:.
1186:e
1179:t
1172:v
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193:(
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142:(
132:·
125:·
118:·
111:·
94:.
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
