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Newfoundland recommended that the
British Government hold a referendum on Newfoundland's future. London agreed that a referendum was a good idea, and left it up to the Convention to decide what was to be on the ballot. Originally, the Convention decided that only two choices were to be on the ballot:
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The
Convention reconvened on October 10 and Smallwood presented his delegation's report, infuriating the anti-confederates. Just as the Convention decided to debate the delegation's report, the draft terms from Ottawa arrived. Ottawa offered to assume most of the debt, negotiate a tax agreement, and
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Since none of the choices had gained over 50%, a second referendum with only the two most popular choices was scheduled for July 22, 1948. Both sides recognized that more people had voted against responsible government than for it, which encouraged the CA and discouraged its opponents, although the
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looming, U.S. interests in
Newfoundland were centred primarily on its strategic importance to the defence of North America. The Americans' ability to maintain bases on the island satisfied those concerns — after receiving assurances that the Canadian government would honour the leases for bases on
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The
British government, keen to cut expenditure after World War II, hoped that Newfoundland would decide to join the confederation and end the rule by commission. Newfoundland first asked Canada for help in a return to responsible government. However, the response from the Canadian government was
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The
Convention set up committees to study where Newfoundland's future lay. Many members assumed that the final decision was due near the end of their deliberations, but the timeline was upset when Smallwood moved that the Convention should send a delegation to Ottawa to discuss a union in October
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The
British did not want their colony to become an American possession, and the Canadian government, despite being convinced that absorbing Newfoundland would not benefit Canada economically, thought that the annexation would be the lesser of two evils when compared to the prospect of the country
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a.m. on
January 28, with the motion being defeated 29–16. The British government intervened in March and overruled the Convention, deciding that Confederation with Canada would indeed be on the ballot. They did this after having concluded, "It would not be right that the people of Newfoundland
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The Ottawa delegation, dominated by pro-confederates including
Smallwood, preferred a union with Canada to independence. The talks between them and Ottawa began on June 24, 1947 with the goal being to stay in Ottawa as long as needed to negotiate good terms for Newfoundland's entry. Ottawa was
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reluctant at first because they felt that the delegation was not an official representation of the
Dominion of Newfoundland, but the Federal Cabinet finally decided to begin negotiations on July 18. By mid-August, the agreement of draft terms was nearly complete. However, with the death of
69:. In 1832, it received local representative government in the form of a locally elected body of officials overseen by a governor. The British granted responsible government, in which the government is responsible to the legislature and elected officials occupy ministerial jobs, in 1855.
154:'s administration had little incentive to pursue annexation. With respect to foreign policy, such a territorial ambition would have only served to antagonize two key allies. With respect to domestic policy, the administration would not likely have been able to convince
121:. Chaired by the governor, it would consist of three people from Newfoundland and three from the United Kingdom. Backing the recommendation was the United Kingdom, which agreed to take on Newfoundland's debts. The Commission of Government began on February 16, 1934.
534:. This newspaper is certain that Canadians welcome their new fellow-countrymen with full hearts. May the union be forever a blessing for Canada and to the island which is yielding its ancient independence, but not its identity, to belong to a larger fraternity.
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to advise
Protestants to resist Catholic influence. The CA also denounced anti-confederates as anti-British and pro-republican, and called confederation with Canada "British Union". Anti-confederates responded that "Confederation Means British Union With
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The London delegation, made up of so-called anti-confederates, preferred that Newfoundland become independent rather than join Canada. The group left Newfoundland on April 25, 1947, and met with a British delegation headed by the Dominions Secretary,
469:, the location of St. John's, supported responsible government in both referendums, while the rest of Newfoundland supported confederation. A majority of districts with mostly Catholic voters supported responsible government.
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As the results of the binding referendum were to join Canada, Newfoundland began to negotiate with Canada to enter into Confederation. After negotiations were completed, the British Government received the terms and the
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For Canadians tomorrow will be a day of welcome. For this is the day when a tenth province is added to the Dominion of Canada. There will be a greater meaning than ever to the Canadian motto, chosen by Sir
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92:, returned in favour of a union with Canada. However, Confederation was highly unpopular with the Newfoundland public, and the Government of Newfoundland did not send representatives to the
221:. The British response to the delegation was that it would give no economic help to Newfoundland if it returned to responsible government. The leader of the delegation from Newfoundland,
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in 1927, Canada agreed to put Labrador under the jurisdiction of Newfoundland, after some consideration. Such commitments carried over to other areas as well, such as a ferry between
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to Newfoundland due to its small population and geographical isolation from the then-48 existing states, and would not likely have been able to convince Newfoundlanders to accept
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45:"), remain under British rule or regain independence. The voting for the referendums occurred on June 3 and July 22, 1948. The eventual result was for Newfoundland to enter into
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40 million in debt, and on the verge of economic collapse. A commission recommended Newfoundland to be "given a rest from party politics" and to be administered by a special
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Today a dream of greatness, present in the minds of the Fathers of Confederation more than 80 years ago, comes true. Newfoundland at long last is part of Canada.
246:, negotiations effectively ended. King refused further discussions until New Brunswick had representation, and so the delegation headed back to St. John's.
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1946. His motion was defeated, as it only received the support of 17 members, although the Convention later decided to send delegations to both
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became law in Newfoundland on June 11, 1941. Newfoundland girls married American personnel by the thousands. In 1948 there was a
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Earle, Karl Mcneil (December 1998). "Cousins of a Kind: The Newfoundland and Labrador Relationship with the United States".
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Newfoundland, the U.S. State Department had no further interest in the political future of Newfoundland. President
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Smallwood moved on January 23, 1948, to add Confederation with Canada to the choices. The debate ended at 5:30
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645:"The Great Depression, Economic Collapse in Newfoundland and Newfoundland's Loss of Responsible Government"
490:. Newfoundland officially joined Canada at midnight, March 31, 1949. At the elections for the Newfoundland
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The British government decided to let Newfoundlanders deliberate and choose their own future by calling a
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that it was not interested in helping Newfoundland economically unless Newfoundland joined Confederation.
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Newfoundland as a province secured some significant guarantees as a part of the union. As ruled by the
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won and controlled the provincial government until the 1970s. Reactions to Confederation were mixed.
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restoration of responsible government and the continuation of the Commission of Government.
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from the words of Isaiah which describes the dominion that reaches 'from sea to sea'.
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should be deprived of an opportunity of considering the issue at the referendum".
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to discuss a greater British North America union. The two Newfoundland delegates,
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Canada welcomed Newfoundland into confederation, as seen in an editorial in
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The first referendum took place on June 3, 1948. The votes were as follows:
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outlined which services would remain in the jurisdiction of the province.
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Union with Newfoundland, as everyone knows, rounds out the dream of the
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827:"Newfoundland Joins Canada) and Newfoundland and Confederation (1949)"
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RGL and EUP now became allies. The confederates widely publicized the
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732:. Royal Commission on Renewing and Strengthening Our Place in Canada
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E. P. Roche's strong opposition to confederation, and persuaded the
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1007:
Turning Points: The Campaigns that Changed Canada 2004 and Before
727:"The Strategic Importance of Newfoundland and Labrador to Canada"
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A series of two referendums in 1948 in Newfoundland, Canada
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being almost completely surrounded by American territory.
308:, advocated closer economic ties with the United States.
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The Newfoundland Referendums of June 3 and July 22, 1948
614:"First Confederation Talks of Newfoundland With Canada)"
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for some sort of economic union with the United States.
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status as an alternative to admission as a U.S. state.
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Elections and referendums in Newfoundland and Labrador
49:, which it did on March 31, 1949, becoming the tenth
588:"The Development of Self-Government in Newfoundland"
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By the 1920s and the 1930s, Newfoundland was almost
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Newfoundland did not send any delegates to the 1864
950:. .marianopolis.edu. March 31, 1949. Archived from
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976:. .marianopolis.edu. April 1, 1949. Archived from
924:. .marianopolis.edu. April 1, 1949. Archived from
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102:. Opponents of Confederation decisively won the
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402:The results of the second referendum were:
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563:also reflected on the results, saying:
503:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1466:Elections in Newfoundland and Labrador
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1011:. Toronto: White Knight Publications.
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759:"The Newfoundland National Convention"
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37:to decide the political future of the
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948:"Editorial from the Montreal Gazette"
865:. Memorial University of Newfoundland
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544:also welcomed Newfoundland, saying:
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212:The members of the London Delegation
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907:from the Government of Newfoundland
863:Newfoundland and Laborador Heritage
829:. .marianopolis.edu. Archived from
675:American Review of Canadian Studies
647:. .marianopolis.edu. Archived from
616:. .marianopolis.edu. Archived from
590:. .marianopolis.edu. Archived from
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974:"Editorial from the Vancouver Sun"
104:1869 Newfoundland general election
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1531:July 1948 events in North America
1526:June 1948 events in North America
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704:"British Policy and Newfoundland"
106:. In 1907, Newfoundland became a
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905:Expectations as We Joined Canada
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176:Newfoundland National Convention
170:Newfoundland National Convention
132:short-lived but growing movement
31:Newfoundland referendums of 1948
1501:1948 in international relations
796:. Heritage.nf.ca. June 24, 1947
482:was subsequently passed by the
494:two months later, Smallwood's
480:British North America Act 1949
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1:
1491:History of Canada (1945–1960)
794:"The Ottawa Delegation, 1947"
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290:Responsible Government League
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725:Dyer, Gwynne (March 2003).
473:Reaction to the referendums
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240:William Lyon Mackenzie King
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889:November 11, 2006, at the
447:85% (of total electorate)
430:Confederation with Canada
374:88% (of total electorate)
344:Confederation with Canada
184:in 1946. Chaired by Judge
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392:Loyal Orange Association
356:Commission of Government
119:Commission of Government
74:Charlottetown Conference
39:Dominion of Newfoundland
1461:Sovereignty referendums
884:Newfoundland: Aftermath
419:Responsible Government
333:Responsible Government
282:Confederate Association
25:Newfoundland and Canada
859:"The 1948 Referendums"
857:Hiller, J. K. (1997).
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538:An editorial from the
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67:responsible government
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1516:1948 in North America
1511:1940s in Newfoundland
980:on September 10, 2006
954:on September 10, 2006
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620:on September 10, 2006
594:on September 10, 2006
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33:were a series of two
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1038:Newfoundland History
1003:Argyle, Ray (2004).
302:Economic Union Party
182:National Convention
920:The Globe and Mail
526:on April 1, 1949:
523:The Globe and Mail
484:British Parliament
300:. A third smaller
250:Back in St. John's
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127:American Bases Act
51:province of Canada
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1018:978-0-9734186-6-8
492:House of Assembly
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242:'s minister from
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229:Ottawa delegation
204:London delegation
82:John A. Macdonald
78:Quebec Conference
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754:
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748:
728:
721:
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684:
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619:
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496:Liberal Party
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397:French Canada
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273:
265:
256:
247:
245:
244:New Brunswick
241:
237:
236:Frank Bridges
226:
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187:
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177:
167:
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100:
95:
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87:
83:
79:
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68:
64:
54:
52:
48:
47:Confederation
44:
43:confederation
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
1448:
1411:
1353:
1006:
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942:
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919:
912:
879:
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596:. Retrieved
592:the original
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539:
537:
529:
521:
519:
511:North Sydney
500:
488:Royal Assent
476:
464:
457:
441:Total votes
401:
384:
368:Total votes
315:
297:
294:Peter Cashin
285:
279:
266:
262:
253:
232:
223:Peter Cashin
215:
200:and Ottawa.
194:
186:Cyril J. Fox
179:
144:
140:
136:
125:
123:
112:
97:
90:Ambrose Shea
80:, called by
71:
60:
30:
28:
18:
1400:Referendums
984:December 3,
958:December 3,
932:December 3,
837:December 3,
800:December 3,
765:December 3,
710:December 3,
655:December 3,
624:December 3,
598:December 3,
454:Results map
414:% of Votes
328:% of Votes
259:Referendums
164:territorial
35:referendums
1455:Categories
1438:See also:
572:References
486:and given
174:See also:
57:Background
515:margarine
160:statehood
158:to offer
887:Archived
444:149,657
371:155,797
276:Factions
156:Congress
147:Cold War
433:78,323
422:71,334
408:Choice
360:22,331
347:64,066
336:69,400
322:Choice
1015:
436:52.3%
425:47.7%
411:Votes
363:14.3%
350:41.1%
339:44.5%
325:Votes
288:. The
269:
198:London
730:(PDF)
1428:2019
1412:1948
1407:1915
1391:2021
1386:2017
1381:2013
1376:2009
1371:2005
1354:Next
1348:2021
1343:2019
1338:2015
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1328:2007
1323:2003
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1013:ISBN
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557:The
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465:The
88:and
29:The
683:doi
399:".
65:or
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