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They generally are not permitted to take any action under the color of their executive power without that action being as a result of the counsel and advisement of their responsible ministers. Common exceptions to this rule include emergency or wartime acts of necessity and the granting of certain state honours. Their ministers are required to counsel them (i.e., explain to them and be sure they understand any issue that they will be called upon to decide) and to form and have recommendations for them (i.e., their
832:. A protracted struggle was then conducted over the ensuing years as the movement (known informally as "the responsibles") grew increasingly powerful, and used their parliamentary majority to put pressure on the British Governor, withholding public finances from him, and conducting public agitations. Not everyone favoured responsible government though, and pro-imperial press outlets even accused the movement of constituting "crafts and assaults of the devil".
2733:
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27:
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centred on the changing of this specific section. "Although responsible government merely required an amendment to s.79 of the constitution, it transpired only after nearly twenty years in 1872 when the so-called 'responsibles' under
Molteno were able to command sufficient support in both houses to secure the passage of the necessary bill." Finally, with a parliamentary majority and with the Colonial Office and new Governor
593:, but in practice the governors exercised vast executive and legislative powers with very little oversight. Several factors influenced this: most of these early colonies were penal colonies, they were at a great distance from the United Kingdom and communication was slow. In addition the continent was of enormous size and the Australian colonies were largely unexplored by Europeans and sparsely settled by them.
244:), between 1848 and 1850, with the executive council formulating policy with the assistance of the legislative branch, which voted approval or disapproval, and the appointed governor enacting those policies that the legislature had approved. This replaced the previous system, whereby the governor took advice from an executive council and used the legislature chiefly to raise money.
1127:. The Liberals, who were also strong German nationalists, backed Bismarck's unification efforts and tacitly accepted that the Constitution of Imperial Germany, crafted by Bismarck, did not include a responsible government β the Chancellor being accountable solely to the emperor and needing no parliamentary confidence. Germany gained a responsible government only with the
752:
people unless they successfully applied to become citizens. As a result, most
Aboriginal people across the country were prevented from voting, including those who in theory had the right. Later, the 1962 Commonwealth Electoral Act gave all Aboriginal people the option to enroll to vote, but still most were not able to exercise their rights.
638:
and made efforts to reform local government in order to increase the opportunity for ordinary men to participate. The
Governors and London therefore set in motion a gradual process of establishing a Westminster system in the colonies. They did not want to get ahead of population or economic growth,
190:
Lastly, the head of state is in turn required to effectuate their executive power only through these responsible ministers. They must never attempt to set up a shadow government of executives or advisors and attempt to use them as instruments of government, or to rely upon their unofficial advice.
835:
Supporters believed that the most effective means of instituting responsible government was simply to change the section of the constitution which prevented government officials from being elected to parliament or members of parliament from serving in executive positions. The conflict therefore
751:
of 1902 barred
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from voting in federal elections unless they were already eligible to vote in their state. Queensland explicitly barred Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from voting until the 1960s, while Western Australia barred Aboriginal
678:
The Eureka
Rebellion and events in Victoria resonated around the Australian colonies, which had their own regional agitators for change. South Australia was quick to pass universal male suffrage, and Victoria and New South Wales followed soon after. By the end of the 1850s, all the Australian
207:
began to introduce systems of responsible government to the colonial governments of its settler colonies including in Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New
Zealand and South Africa. These systems were strongly based upon the system that had historically developed in the United Kingdom, with a
177:
account to
Parliament for their decisions and for the performance of their departments. This requirement to make announcements and to answer questions in Parliament means that ministers must have the privileges of the floor, which are only granted to those who are members of either house of
735:
In
Australia during the colonial period, some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people may have theoretically had the right to vote in colonial elections. But, in practice they were usually unable to exercise this right: they lived traditional lifestyles in remote areas
1122:
was involved in a bitter dispute with the
Liberals, who sought to institute a system of responsible government modeled on that of Britain. Bismarck, who strongly opposed that demand, managed to deflect the pressure by embarking energetically and successfully on the
537:
on 11 March 2023 lamenting that the country does not celebrate that date in 1848, which Saul regards as "the day on which we became a democracyβa continuous democracy" and such lack of observance perpetuates the misconceived identity of Canada as a new country.
1135:. Historians account the lack of responsible government in the formative decades of united Germany as one of the factors contributing to the prolonged weakness of German democratic institutions, lasting also after such a government was finally instituted.
712:
White female suffrage (then considered universal suffrage) was gained from the 1890s to the 1910s in
Australia and New Zealand (1893), allowing the other half of the ethnic European population to participate in responsible representative government.
341:, one of his recommendations was colonies that were developed enough should be granted "responsible government". This term specifically meant the policy that British-appointed governors should bow to the will of elected colonial assemblies.
667:, and raised the Southern Cross Flag. They demanded an end to taxation (via an expensive miner's license) without representation, the right to vote in colonial elections, and colonial maintenance and upkeep of the area's roads.
654:
Violence erupted in the Colony of Victoria during the 1850s, where there was growing political discontent and civil disobedience among the common men, especially in the inland gold fields areas. This culminated in the 1854
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chosen exclusively from the party having a majority in the representative branch of a colonial legislature was formed in Nova Scotia on 2 February 1848. Following a vote of want of confidence in the preceding council,
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and can theoretically be dismissed at the pleasure of the sovereign, they concurrently retain their office subject to their holding the confidence of the lower house of Parliament. When the lower house has passed a
847:
The ensuing period saw an economic recovery, a massive growth in exports and an expansion of the colony's frontiers. Despite political complications that arose from time to time (such as an ill-fated scheme by the
464:
In time, the granting of responsible government became the first step on the road to complete independence. Canada gradually gained greater autonomy through inter imperial and Commonwealth diplomacy, including the
3855:
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for trial. However, mass public support led to the miners' release. Within a year, most of their demands had been met, including responsible self-government and universal male suffrage for the Colony of Victoria.
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824:. Among Cape citizens of all races, growing anger at their powerlessness in influencing unpopular imperial decisions had repeatedly led to protests and rowdy political meetings β especially during the early "
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I am delighted to have the opportunity to recognize the 175th anniversary of Nova Scotia's establishment of the system of responsible government, which has become a cornerstone of Canadian democracy.
314:. Many reformers thought that these assemblies should have some control over the executive power, leading to political unrest between the governors and assemblies in both Upper and Lower Canada. The
146:) in Westminster democracies are responsible to parliament rather than to the monarch, or, in a colonial context, to the imperial government, and in a republican context, to the president, either
4279:
582:. The settlers gradually expanded across the continent, displacing the indigenous population, until they had established six colonies; the legal system of these colonies were based on the
558:
peoples, who had their own traditional forms of self-government. They were divided into various nations and clans and, in some cases, large alliances between several nations. In 1770,
1327:
Ritchie, Holly. ""For Christ and Covenant:" A Movement for Equal Consideration in Early Nineteenth Century Nova Scotia." Master's Thesis. Saint Mary's University, 2017. pp. 112β116.
302:, the British government became more sensitive to unrest in its remaining colonies with large populations of European-descended colonists. Elected assemblies were introduced to both
255:"gave up responsible government" when it suspended its self-governing status in 1933, as a result of financial problems. It did not regain responsible government until it became a
492:, sent a message to Nova Scotians on 2 February 2023 to mark the 175th anniversary of the implementation of responsible government in the province. In his remarks, the King said:
290:
in 1758, governors and their executive councils did not require the consent of elected legislators in order to carry out all their roles. It was only in the decades leading up to
2285:
1688:
The Constitutional History of South Australia During Twenty-One Years from the Foundation of the Settlement in 1836 to the Inauguration of Responsible Government in 1857
1149:
449:, which provided compensation to French-Canadians who suffered losses during the Rebellions of 1837β1838. Elgin had serious misgivings about the bill, but, nonetheless
247:
Responsible government was a major element of Canada's gradual development toward independence. The concept of responsible government is associated in Canada more with
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in 1867 that the governing councils of those British North American colonies became responsible to the elected representatives of the people. In the aftermath of the
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414:, who had moved the resolution, became attorney general and leader of the government. Joseph Howe, the long-time campaigner for this "peaceable revolution", became
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to it, despite demands from the Tories that he refuse to do so. Elgin was physically assaulted by an English-speaking mob for this and the parliament building in
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Edmund Walker Head brought in a more balanced representation of members of the Legislative Assembly to the Executive Council and ceded more powers to that body.
759:, the federal government was allowed to count Indigenous Australians in the census, and to ensure that their voting rights were respected across the country.
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338:
275:
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322:, wrote in one dispatch to London that, if responsible government were implemented, "democracy, in the worst possible form, will prevail in our colonies."
1429:"A message to all Nova Scotians from His Majesty King Charles III on the 175th anniversary of the establishment of Responsible Government in the Province"
3950:
1229:
418:. Other members of the council were Hugh Bell, Wm.F. Desbarres, Lawrence O.C. Doyle, Herbert Huntingdon, James McNab, Michael Tobin, and George R. Young.
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won over, Molteno instituted responsible government, making the Ministers directly responsible to the Cape Parliament, and becoming the Cape's first
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1812:
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was originally part of New South Wales. It was transferred to the Commonwealth Government in 1911 and lost responsible self-government until 1989.
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3850:
2423:
1629:
The Life and Times of John Charles Molteno. Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape. Volume II
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had different wording, which fuelled disagreement over how the land should be governed, owned and sold. This was one of the causes of the later
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960:
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Cartoon critical of responsible government, showing power and positions divided between various factions by Cape leaders, depicted as owls,
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responsible self-government (although residents could still vote in federal elections) and did not gain it back until 1974. Likewise, the
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was appointed governor general of British North America, with the task of examining the issues and determining how to defuse tensions. In
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under responsible government was that it was the only state in southern Africa (and one of very few in the world at the time) to have a
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The Life and Times of John Charles Molteno. Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape
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or advisement) to choose from, which are the ministers' formal, reasoned recommendations as to what course of action should be taken.
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1995:
1990:
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91:
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in the government, the government must ordinarily immediately resign or submit itself to the electorate in a new general election.
63:
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among other prominent colonists in this time advocated for the introduction of responsible government in the Australian colonies.
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and the Commonwealth and, as you reflect on and celebrate this important milestone, I wanted to send you my warmest best wishes.
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continued at a steady pace until a renewed attempt to extend British control over the hinterland caused the outbreak of the
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colonies and New Zealand had achieved responsible self-government. Only Western Australia took until 1890 to achieve this.
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was the leading advocate for responsible government in the Australian colonies and was central in the establishment of the
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The following is a list of British colonies, and the year when responsible government was established in the territory:
77:
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744:. In addition, they often were excluded from voting by racial discrimination in practices or by property requirements.
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503:
1268:
2933:
2471:
2013:
1756:
1670:
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1101:
110:
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1083:
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The early colonists, coming mostly from the United Kingdom (which by 1801 included Ireland), were familiar with the
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4150:
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1857:
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703:
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was originally part of South Australia, but transferred to the Australian Commonwealth Government in 1911. It then
334:
271:
59:
767:
616:) was appointed and sent from Britain. This did not aid in establishing responsible or representative government.
512:] cabinet in Canada's history. In 2014, as Prince of Wales, I had the great privilege of being sworn into the
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Parliament. Secondly, and most importantly, although ministers are officially appointed by the authority of the
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728:(1845β1872) over land and governance. Maori men were granted legal suffrage in 1867 through specially reserved
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364:
315:
48:
1233:
4592:
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4423:
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4027:
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The British colonial forces overran the stockade, capturing or killing dozens of miners and bringing many to
627:
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on 11 March 1848. It was put to the test in the following year, when Reformers in the legislature passed the
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in the very same room. At the time, I was struck by the historic setting and profound significance in the
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1191:, suspending responsible government in Newfoundland. From 1934 to 1949, Newfoundland was governed by the
1132:
983:
828:" of the 1840s. A popular political movement for responsible government soon emerged, under local leader
644:
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326:
279:
461:. Nonetheless, the Rebellion Losses Bill helped entrench responsible government into Canadian politics.
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1957:
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801:, in Southern Africa, was under responsible self-government from 1872 until 1910 when it became the
84:
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1962:
1940:
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151:
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in Canada. The government first established appointed or partially elected Legislative Councils.
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37:
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1972:
1929:
1821:
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At first, the Australian colonies were run by autocratic governors. They were appointed by the
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1605:. Argief-jaarboek vir Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis (Vol. 3). University of the Witwatersrand.
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The Transition to Responsible Government: British Policy in British North America, 1815β1850
232:
since the 18th century, although the colonies' executive councils were not beholden to them.
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The Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope, with special reference to party politics 1872β1910
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1026:
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930:
787:
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392:
127:
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8:
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1980:
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798:
411:
295:
173:
Responsible government of parliamentary accountability manifests itself in several ways.
147:
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nor be so slow as to provoke clamouring for revolutionary change as had happened in the
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1950:
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Despatches from Sir F.B. Head, relative to Canada, with Answers from Secretary of State
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434:
135:
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597:
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2123:
1460:"On this day, 175 years ago, Canada became a democracy. Why aren't we celebrating?"
1428:
1199:. Responsible government in Newfoundland was restored in 1949, after it joined the
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656:
388:
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359:
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167:
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372:
204:
131:
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Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750β1870: A Tragedy of Manners
853:
802:
601:
423:
179:
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437:, responsible government was introduced when Elgin swore-in the ministry of
251:
than with parliamentary accountability; hence, there is the notion that the
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4627:
2097:
1372:(9 ed.). Ottawa: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. p. 3.
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over trade and railroad construction), economic and social progress in the
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791:
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307:
303:
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Irresponsible Government: The Decline of Parliamentary Democracy in Canada
4712:
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2118:
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1717:
1618:. CTCC: Cape Town, 1955. Chapter 6: "The Anti-convict Agitation". p. 154.
1511:
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1424:
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380:
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330:
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Following the formation of elected legislative assemblies, starting with
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History of the constitution of the United Kingdom Β§ Worldwide influence
583:
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158:, then the government is usually responsible first to the parliament's
902:
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383:. Howe's push for responsible government was inspired by the work of
209:
155:
1403:
The royals have their causes, but how much difference can they make?
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established the first permanent European settlement in Australia at
367:
pulling the strings of a puppet, representing responsible government
26:
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outside of the United Kingdom itself was achieved by the colony of
363:
in Canada, in 1849, depicting a "young Canada" being delighted by
1767:
1665:. Robert Ross, David Anderson. Cambridge University Press. 1999.
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sailed along the east coast of Australia and claimed it for King
198:
1513:
William Charles Wentworth : Australia's greatest native son
1486:
William Charles Wentworth : Australia's greatest native son
816:, the Ministers of the Cape Government reported directly to the
1032:
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that recommended the implementation of responsible government.
236:
Responsible government was implemented in several colonies of
1603:
The First Crises in Responsible Government in the Cape Colony
1007:
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legislature and an executive responsible to the Lower House.
2800:
Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia: The Legislature
2836:
Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia: The Executive
1230:"Victorian Electronic Democracy, Final Report β Glossary"
508:
820:, and not to the locally elected representatives in the
2098:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867β1982
1659:. London: Smith, Elder & Co., Waterloo Place, 1900.
1574:
1291:"Responsible Government and Ministerial Responsibility"
2680:
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Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990
2182:
1971:
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in that year with self-government from the beginning)
895:
was steadily eroded, and eventually abolished by the
379:
in January and February 1848, through the efforts of
166:, as it usually has more members and they are always
2877:
Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts
2385:
Part II β Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
1010:(suspended from 1936 to 1947, and from 1959 to 1962)
740:
by the colony, or affected by the disruption of the
506:
swore in the first democratically elected [
371:
The first instance of responsible government in the
3092:
2017β18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis
1329:
http://library2.smu.ca/handle/01/27387#.XMmNDrdKg_4
903:
Former British colonies with responsible government
403:
First Responsible Government in the British Empire.
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1271:. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Website. 2016
856:in Southern Africa in 1878, and tensions with the
274:, Governor General of British North America, made
1698:
1342:"'A Fool for a Client': The Trial of Joseph Howe"
4780:
2401:Part III β Equalization and regional disparities
2193:Part I β Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1737:
1723:Can Responsible Government Survive in Australia?
1187:followed through with recommendations made in a
1768:"Responsibility based environmental governance"
1716:
1575:Lipschutz, Mark R.; Kent Rasmussen, R. (1989).
608:and briefly established military rule over the
1905:Report on the Affairs of British North America
199:History in the British Empire and Commonwealth
3991:
2779:
2765:
1806:
1765:
1561:G. E. Devenish (1978). "Our legal heritage".
774:, Father of Responsible Government and first
130:that embodies the principle of parliamentary
1509:
1482:
698:Participation by women and indigenous people
541:
399:in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly reads:
397:Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada
4814:Political terminology in the United Kingdom
2882:Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia
2841:Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia
2805:Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia
1899:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
1423:
1131:and more securely with the creation of the
1082:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
298:, sparked by the perceived shortcomings of
3998:
3984:
3881:(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks
2949:Implied freedom of political communication
2772:
2758:
1858:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
1820:
1813:
1799:
4005:
2555:
1565:, p. 486. University of the Western Cape.
1317:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 1839.
1102:Learn how and when to remove this message
663:. 190 miners armed themselves, erected a
502:, Halifax, where Lieutenant Governor Sir
203:From the middle of the 19th century, the
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
3046:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
781:
766:
618:
570:. Nearly two decades later, in 1788 the
348:
266:
228:in 1792. Elective assemblies existed in
219:
162:, which is more representative than the
2174:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
2067:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
1684:
1650:Responsible Government in the Dominions
1631:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 214
1399:
4781:
3846:(v) Post and telegraph (communication)
1362:
3979:
3107:Separatist movements within Australia
2954:Implied immunity of instrumentalities
2753:
2679:
2604:
2554:
2504:Individual ministerial responsibility
2453:
2150:
2096:
1927:
1855:
1794:
1503:
1195:, a body that was subordinate to the
1193:Newfoundland Commission of Government
142:. Governments (the equivalent of the
3158:VIII: Alteration of the Constitution
3097:List of proposed states of Australia
2072:Matters of a local or private nature
1476:
1458:Saul, John Ralston (11 March 2023),
1457:
1339:
1293:. Parliament of Canada. October 2015
1080:adding citations to reliable sources
1047:
1043:
546:Prior to European colonisation, the
226:Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
3941:(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration
3072:Constitutional history of Australia
2701:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
1400:Davison, Janet (12 February 2023),
1269:"Responsible Government, 1855-1933"
939:(suspended from 1934 to 1949), the
13:
4824:Political terminology in Australia
4290:State and Territory Shadow Cabinet
2681:Provincial constitutions of Canada
2607:Interpretation of the Constitution
1678:
1581:. University of California Press.
16:Concept of parliamentary democracy
14:
4855:
4839:Political history of South Africa
3836:(i) Interstate trade and commerce
2472:Cabinet collective responsibility
2014:Peace, order, and good government
1928:
1002:Orange River Colony, South Africa
344:
4834:Governance of the British Empire
2732:
2731:
2719:
1833:List of constitutional documents
1185:General Assembly of Newfoundland
1052:
883:. Later however β following the
716:In New Zealand, the English and
514:Queen's Privy Council for Canada
480:
457:was burned to the ground in the
426:soon followed in May 1848, when
391:almost two decades earlier. The
25:
4819:Political terminology in Canada
3886:(xix) Naturalization and aliens
2454:
1705:How Canadians Govern Themselves
1621:
1608:
1595:
1568:
1555:
1543:
1530:
1451:
1417:
1366:How Canadians Govern Themselves
1177:
893:multi-racial universal suffrage
708:Women's suffrage in New Zealand
467:British North America Act, 1867
36:needs additional citations for
4804:Political history of Australia
3936:(xxxi) Acquisition of property
2151:
1941:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
1838:Amendments to the Constitution
1578:African Historical Biographies
1393:
1356:
1333:
1321:
1305:
1283:
1261:
1248:
1232:. 28 July 2005. Archived from
1222:
971:separated from New South Wales
762:
498:It was in the drawing room at
1:
2924:Australian Constitutional Law
2588:Other unsuccessful amendments
1210:
812:Under its previous system of
704:Women's suffrage in Australia
628:Parliament of New South Wales
262:
4280:Premiers and Chief Ministers
4275:Governors and Administrators
3128:II: The Executive Government
2653:Interjurisdictional immunity
2477:Disallowance and reservation
2129:Statute of Westminster, 1931
1215:
875:An important feature of the
692:Australian Capital Territory
473:; and the patriation of the
471:Statute of Westminster, 1931
7:
4844:Politics of the Cape Colony
4794:Political history of Canada
3041:Statute of Westminster 1931
3020:Retirement of judges (1977)
2029:Matters excepted from s. 92
1616:Men of Good Hope, 1804β1954
1540:. Government Printer, 1973.
1138:
1133:Federal Republic of Germany
984:Colony of Western Australia
961:Province of South Australia
881:non-racial system of voting
529:viceregal consort of Canada
10:
4860:
4285:Parliaments and Assemblies
3102:Republicanism in Australia
3082:Constitutional Conventions
2939:Constitutional conventions
2618:Indigenous self-government
2108:British North America Acts
1894:Constitutional Act of 1791
1884:Royal Proclamation of 1763
1879:Constitution of New France
1638:
1614:R. F. M. Immelman (1955).
1363:Forsey, Eugene A. (2016).
1340:Beck, J.M. (Spring 1974).
757:1967 Australian referendum
749:Commonwealth Franchise Act
701:
643:and was threatened in the
641:American Revolutionary War
439:Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine
4611:
4529:
4444:
4340:
4263:
4119:
4050:Federal Executive Council
4013:
3821:
3173:
3166:
3115:
3064:
3036:Constitution of Australia
3028:
2972:
2959:Reserve power (sovereign)
2916:
2895:
2864:
2856:Federal Executive Council
2823:
2787:
2781:Constitution of Australia
2713:
2686:
2675:
2613:
2600:
2563:
2550:
2526:Parliamentary sovereignty
2467:At His Majesty's pleasure
2462:
2449:
2416:
2400:
2384:
2191:
2159:
2146:
2103:
2092:
2062:Administration of justice
2057:Property and civil rights
2037:
2004:
1936:
1923:
1864:
1851:
1828:
1155:Parliamentary sovereignty
978:Cape Colony, South Africa
941:Colony of New South Wales
919:Province of New Brunswick
818:British Imperial Governor
814:representative government
624:William Charles Wentworth
610:Colony of New South Wales
542:Australia and New Zealand
215:
4072:House of Representatives
3911:(xxiiiA) Social security
2810:House of Representatives
1963:Fathers of Confederation
1843:Quasi-constitutional law
1170:
1114:In the early 1860s, the
253:Dominion of Newfoundland
134:, the foundation of the
60:"Responsible government"
4799:Politics of New Zealand
4733:Parliamentary secretary
4703:Independent politicians
3926:(xxix) External affairs
3010:Casual vacancies (1977)
2985:Senate elections (1906)
2691:Constitution of Alberta
2633:Equal authenticity rule
2521:Parliamentary privilege
1958:London Conference, 1866
1946:Quebec Conference, 1864
1731:Parliament of Australia
1694:. Adelaide: W.C. Rigby.
1646:Arthur Berriedale Keith
1627:Molteno, P. A. (1900).
1601:Phyllis Lewsen (1943).
1035:(independence from the
996:Transvaal, South Africa
913:Province of Nova Scotia
862:Government of Transvaal
850:British Colonial Office
645:Rebellions of 1837β1838
327:Rebellions of 1837β1838
312:Constitutional Act 1791
185:motion of no confidence
154:. If the parliament is
140:parliamentary democracy
4789:Constitution of Canada
4753:Responsible government
4653:Contempt of parliament
4106:Statute of Westminster
3823:Enumerated legislative
3000:Social services (1946)
2995:2nd State debts (1928)
2990:1st State debts (1910)
2929:Responsible government
2903:Inter-State Commission
2696:Constitution of Quebec
2648:Implied Bill of Rights
2482:Responsible government
2184:Constitution Act, 1982
2164:FultonβFavreau formula
2134:Newfoundland Act, 1949
2124:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
2052:Works and undertakings
1973:Constitution Act, 1867
1822:Constitution of Canada
1766:Salles, Denis (2011).
1685:Finniss, B.T. (1886).
1563:De Rebus Procuratoriis
1201:Canadian Confederation
1125:unification of Germany
794:
779:
747:After federation, the
631:
612:until a new Governor (
522:
475:Constitution Act, 1982
420:
368:
300:virtual representation
292:Canadian Confederation
283:
233:
124:Responsible government
4007:Politics of Australia
3931:(xxx) Pacific islands
3138:IV: Finance and Trade
2964:Reserved State powers
2557:Constitutional debate
1869:Iroquois constitution
1552:. 9 June 1871. p. 94.
1516:. Allen & Unwin.
1510:Tink, Andrew (2009).
1489:. Allen & Unwin.
1483:Tink, Andrew (2009).
951:Colony of New Zealand
889:Union of South Africa
885:South Africa Act 1909
807:Union of South Africa
785:
770:
755:After passage of the
720:versions of the 1840
622:
531:, penned a piece for
494:
447:Rebellion Losses Bill
401:
352:
320:Sir Francis Bond Head
270:
238:British North America
230:British North America
223:
126:is a conception of a
4708:Kirribilli agreement
4693:Hardworking Families
4648:Chardonnay socialist
3029:Constitutional texts
2934:Separation of powers
2578:Charlottetown Accord
1874:Mi'kmaq constitution
1710:Government of Canada
1254:Phillip A. Buckner,
1165:Separation of powers
1076:improve this section
967:Colony of Queensland
931:Prince Edward Island
899:government in 1948.
556:Torres Strait Island
548:Australian continent
416:provincial secretary
128:system of government
45:improve this article
4688:Group voting ticket
3921:(xxvii) Immigration
3825:powers (Section 51)
3133:III: The Judicature
2583:Calgary Declaration
1981:Canadian federalism
1427:(2 February 2023).
1236:on 13 December 2007
990:Natal, South Africa
790:(to the right) and
596:In 1808 a military
428:Lieutenant Governor
412:James Boyle Uniacke
316:Lieutenant Governor
296:American Revolution
4809:Westminster system
4758:Stolen Generations
4673:Double dissolution
4466:Northern Territory
3956:(xxxviii) Imperial
3946:(xxxvi) Transition
3153:VII: Miscellaneous
3051:Australia Act 1986
3015:Referendums (1977)
3005:Aboriginals (1967)
2980:Referendum process
2896:Other institutions
2887:Boilermakers' Case
2663:Dialogue principle
2623:Pith and substance
2492:King-in-Parliament
2417:Part VII β General
2114:Manitoba Act, 1870
2019:Trade and commerce
1951:Quebec Resolutions
1889:Quebec Act of 1774
1464:The Globe and Mail
1197:British government
955:Colony of Tasmania
945:Colony of Victoria
925:Province of Canada
795:
780:
722:Treaty of Waitangi
684:Northern Territory
636:Westminster system
632:
534:The Globe and Mail
435:Province of Canada
369:
335:the Earl of Durham
284:
280:1837β38 rebellions
278:shortly after the
272:The Earl of Durham
257:province of Canada
234:
136:Westminster system
4776:
4775:
4748:Quiet Australians
4516:Western Australia
4082:Opposition Leader
4060:Foreign relations
4046:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3951:(xxxvii) Referral
3891:(xx) Corporations
3123:I: The Parliament
2788:Legislative power
2747:
2746:
2726:Canada portal
2709:
2708:
2671:
2670:
2596:
2595:
2573:Meech Lake Accord
2546:
2545:
2536:Royal prerogative
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2142:
2141:
2119:Alberta Act, 1905
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
1919:
1918:
1911:Act of Union 1840
1700:Forsey, Eugene A.
1536:A.L. Harrington:
1523:978-1-74175-192-5
1496:978-1-74175-192-5
1379:978-0-660-04488-0
1120:Otto von Bismarck
1112:
1111:
1104:
1044:In German history
1015:Southern Rhodesia
649:William Wentworth
614:Lachlan Macquarie
550:was inhabited by
525:John Ralston Saul
518:history of Canada
407:executive council
355:political cartoon
318:of Upper Canada,
121:
120:
113:
95:
4851:
4718:Leadership spill
4698:How-to-vote card
4683:Forgotten People
4553:Liberal National
4342:State/territory
4265:State/territory
4040:
4028:Governor-General
4000:
3993:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3961:(xxxix) Incident
3906:(xxiii) Pensions
3171:
3170:
2851:Governor-General
2774:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2677:
2676:
2658:Purposive theory
2602:
2601:
2552:
2551:
2487:Fusion of powers
2451:
2450:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2169:Victoria Charter
2148:
2147:
2094:
2093:
2002:
2001:
1969:
1968:
1925:
1924:
1853:
1852:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1762:
1739:Rathgeber, Brent
1734:
1728:
1713:
1695:
1693:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1507:
1501:
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1480:
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1470:
1455:
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1397:
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1360:
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1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1226:
1204:
1189:royal commission
1181:
1145:Fusion of powers
1107:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1056:
1048:
726:New Zealand Wars
657:Eureka Rebellion
500:Government House
389:Jotham Blanchard
385:Thomas McCulloch
168:directly elected
144:executive branch
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4633:Branch stacking
4614:
4607:
4563:Centre Alliance
4557:Country Liberal
4532:
4525:
4486:South Australia
4456:New South Wales
4447:
4440:
4343:
4336:
4266:
4259:
4122:
4115:
4009:
4004:
3974:
3965:
3876:(xiv) Insurance
3856:(ix) Quarantine
3824:
3817:
3162:
3111:
3060:
3024:
2968:
2912:
2891:
2860:
2824:Executive power
2819:
2783:
2778:
2748:
2743:
2720:
2718:
2705:
2682:
2667:
2609:
2592:
2568:Triple-E Senate
2559:
2542:
2514:Question Period
2458:
2433:
2412:
2396:
2380:
2178:
2155:
2138:
2099:
2076:
2039:
2033:
2006:
2000:
1967:
1932:
1915:
1860:
1847:
1824:
1819:
1781:
1779:
1759:
1726:
1718:Hamer, David J.
1691:
1681:
1679:Further reading
1676:
1655:Molteno, P. A.
1641:
1636:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1573:
1569:
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1227:
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1218:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1141:
1129:Weimar Republic
1118:Prime Minister
1108:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1073:
1057:
1046:
1037:British Mandate
905:
870:Anglo-Boer Wars
822:Cape Parliament
765:
710:
700:
591:British monarch
544:
497:
483:
404:
395:erected by the
347:
265:
249:self-government
218:
201:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4857:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4829:Accountability
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4763:Working Family
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
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4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4638:Casual vacancy
4635:
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4625:
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4609:
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4600:
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4590:
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4091:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4043:Shadow Cabinet
4035:
4033:Prime Minister
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3901:(xxii) Divorce
3898:
3896:(xxi) Marriage
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3871:(xiii) Banking
3868:
3866:(xii) Currency
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3819:
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3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:VI: New States
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2865:Judicial power
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2509:Interpellation
2506:
2501:
2499:Implied repeal
2496:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1763:
1757:
1735:
1714:
1696:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1660:
1653:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1587:
1567:
1554:
1542:
1529:
1522:
1502:
1495:
1475:
1450:
1416:
1392:
1378:
1355:
1332:
1320:
1304:
1282:
1260:
1247:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1110:
1109:
1060:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
963:
957:
947:
933:
927:
921:
915:
904:
901:
842:Prime Minister
826:Convict Crisis
776:Prime Minister
764:
761:
699:
696:
606:Governor Bligh
576:Arthur Phillip
543:
540:
490:King of Canada
482:
479:
443:Robert Baldwin
422:The colony of
373:British Empire
346:
345:Implementation
343:
264:
261:
217:
214:
205:United Kingdom
200:
197:
132:accountability
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4856:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:Mortgage belt
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:Dorothy Dixer
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Caucus revolt
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:Other parties
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4528:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4111:Australia Act
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3989:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:(x) Fisheries
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:(ii) Taxation
3839:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:V: The States
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:The Dismissal
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2908:Privy Council
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2740:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Double aspect
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:Reserve power
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:Powers under
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1930:Confederation
1926:
1922:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1758:9781459728370
1754:
1750:
1749:Dundurn Press
1746:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1712:. p. 58.
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1690:
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1672:
1671:0-521-62122-4
1668:
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1588:9780520066113
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1183:In 1934, the
1180:
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867:
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859:
855:
854:confederation
852:to enforce a
851:
845:
843:
839:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
803:Cape Province
800:
793:
789:
784:
777:
773:
769:
760:
758:
753:
750:
745:
743:
742:Frontier Wars
739:
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727:
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629:
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621:
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611:
607:
603:
602:Rum Rebellion
600:known as the
599:
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581:
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569:
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511:
510:
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493:
491:
487:
481:Commemoration
478:
476:
472:
468:
462:
460:
459:ensuing riots
456:
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448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
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424:New Brunswick
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240:(present day
239:
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213:
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196:
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181:
180:head of state
176:
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101:December 2009
93:
90:
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76:
72:
69:
65:
62: β
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4752:
4678:Faceless men
4658:Despatch box
4628:Bjelkemander
4243:By-elections
4235:
4101:Constitution
4094:Lower Courts
4015:Commonwealth
3851:(vi) Defence
3065:Other topics
2928:
2736:
2717:
2481:
2024:Criminal law
2005:Powers under
1780:. Retrieved
1775:
1772:S.A.P.I.EN.S
1771:
1743:
1722:
1704:
1687:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1602:
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1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1512:
1505:
1485:
1478:
1467:, retrieved
1463:
1453:
1443:– via
1437:. Retrieved
1425:Charles III
1419:
1408:, retrieved
1402:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1365:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1323:
1313:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1263:
1258:(1985) ch. 4
1255:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1234:the original
1224:
1179:
1113:
1098:
1089:
1074:Please help
1062:
937:Newfoundland
906:
887:to form the
874:
846:
838:Henry Barkly
834:
830:John Molteno
811:
796:
792:Saul Solomon
772:John Molteno
754:
746:
734:
718:te reo maori
715:
711:
687:
681:
677:
669:
653:
633:
595:
588:
580:Port Jackson
545:
532:
523:
507:
495:
484:
463:
432:
421:
402:
370:
358:
324:
308:Lower Canada
304:Upper Canada
285:
246:
235:
202:
189:
172:
123:
122:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
4728:Nationalism
4713:Langer vote
4663:Donkey vote
4615:terminology
4267:governments
4248:Referendums
3916:(xxvi) Race
2643:Living tree
2638:Paramountcy
2456:Conventions
2110:, 1867β1982
1996:Section 125
1991:Section 121
1550:The Zingari
1240:14 December
1160:Rule of law
976:1872 β The
877:Cape Colony
866:Cape Colony
860:-dominated
805:of the new
799:Cape Colony
778:of the Cape
763:Cape Colony
738:uncontacted
730:Maori seats
598:coup d'Γ©tat
572:First Fleet
527:, a former
504:John Harvey
486:Charles III
381:Joseph Howe
377:Nova Scotia
331:the Canadas
288:Nova Scotia
164:upper house
160:lower house
4783:Categories
4738:Playmander
4613:Political
4603:Historical
4588:One Nation
4531:Political
4476:Queensland
4448:government
4089:High Court
4067:Parliament
3167:By section
3116:By chapter
2973:Amendments
2944:Federalism
2872:High Court
2795:Parliament
2153:Patriation
2040:Section 92
2007:Section 91
1435:). Halifax
1406:, CBC News
1346:Acadiensis
1297:7 November
1275:7 November
1211:References
943:, and the
702:See also:
584:common law
568:George III
564:James Cook
560:Royal Navy
552:Aboriginal
405:The first
365:Lord Elgin
339:his report
325:After the
263:Background
71:newspapers
4541:Coalition
4344:elections
4123:elections
3832:Powers of
2917:Doctrines
2047:Licensing
1216:Citations
1063:does not
897:Apartheid
872:in 1899.
858:Afrikaner
672:Melbourne
310:with the
259:in 1949.
210:bicameral
175:Ministers
156:bicameral
4743:Pub test
4623:Battlers
4549:National
4506:Victoria
4496:Tasmania
4436:Timeline
4424:Tas 2028
4419:NSW 2027
4414:Vic 2026
4399:Qld 2024
4394:ACT 2024
4382:Tas 2024
4377:NSW 2023
4372:Vic 2022
4357:Qld 2020
4352:ACT 2020
4255:Timeline
4131:Pre-1972
4121:Federal
4055:Ministry
2846:Monarchy
2738:Category
2201:Preamble
1986:Preamble
1741:(2014).
1720:(2004).
1702:(1981).
1352:: 27β28.
1139:See also
1116:Prussian
1092:May 2017
1027:Pakistan
953:and the
665:stockade
661:Ballarat
604:deposed
586:system.
562:officer
455:Montreal
451:assented
276:a report
4545:Liberal
4533:parties
4429:NT 2028
4409:SA 2026
4404:WA 2025
4387:NT 2024
4367:SA 2022
4362:WA 2021
4038:Cabinet
4023:Monarch
2831:Cabinet
1782:15 June
1652:, 1912.
1639:Sources
1445:Twitter
1385:9 March
1084:removed
1069:sources
1031:1948 β
1025:1947 β
1019:1947 β
1013:1923 β
1006:1921 β
1000:1907 β
994:1906 β
988:1893 β
982:1890 β
965:1859 β
959:1857 β
949:1856 β
935:1855 β
929:1851 β
923:1848 β
917:1848 β
911:1848 β
891:β this
788:Molteno
574:led by
433:In the
152:in part
148:in full
85:scholar
4583:Lambie
4573:Katter
4568:Greens
4446:Local
4077:Senate
2815:Senate
1907:(1839)
1901:(1838)
1755:
1669:
1585:
1520:
1493:
1469:4 June
1439:4 June
1410:4 June
1376:
1033:Israel
469:; the
393:plaque
242:Canada
216:Canada
193:advice
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
4578:Labor
1727:(PDF)
1692:(PDF)
1433:Tweet
1370:(PDF)
1171:Notes
1021:India
1008:Malta
659:near
360:Punch
357:from
92:JSTOR
78:books
4768:Worm
4520:list
4510:list
4500:list
4490:list
4480:list
4470:list
4460:list
4237:Next
4231:2022
4226:2019
4221:2016
4216:2013
4211:2010
4206:2007
4201:2004
4196:2001
4191:1998
4186:1996
4181:1993
4176:1990
4171:1987
4166:1984
4161:1983
4156:1980
4151:1977
4146:1975
4141:1974
4136:1972
3698:105A
3086:1998
2286:16.1
1784:2011
1753:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1471:2023
1441:2023
1412:2023
1387:2019
1374:ISBN
1299:2016
1277:2016
1242:2007
1067:any
1065:cite
797:The
706:and
688:lost
682:The
554:and
441:and
387:and
306:and
224:The
64:news
4593:UAP
4327:ACT
4322:Tas
4307:Qld
4302:Vic
4297:NSW
3813:128
3808:127
3803:126
3798:125
3793:124
3788:123
3783:122
3778:121
3773:120
3768:119
3763:118
3758:117
3753:116
3748:115
3743:114
3738:113
3733:112
3728:111
3723:110
3718:109
3713:108
3708:107
3703:106
3693:105
3688:104
3683:103
3678:102
3673:101
3668:100
1778:(1)
1078:by
509:sic
329:in
150:or
138:of
47:by
4785::
4555:,
4551:,
4547:,
4332:NT
4317:SA
4312:WA
3663:99
3658:98
3653:97
3648:96
3643:95
3638:94
3633:93
3628:92
3623:91
3618:90
3613:89
3608:88
3603:87
3598:86
3593:85
3588:84
3583:83
3578:82
3573:81
3568:80
3563:79
3558:78
3553:77
3548:76
3543:75
3538:74
3533:73
3528:72
3523:71
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3513:69
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3503:67
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3333:32
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3258:17
3253:16
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3223:10
2429:59
2424:52
2408:36
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2276:15
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2261:12
2256:11
2251:10
1774:.
1770:.
1751:.
1747:.
1729:.
1708:.
1648:.
1462:,
1348:.
1344:.
844:.
809:.
732:.
488:,
477:.
353:A
333:,
170:.
4559:)
4543:(
4522:)
4518:(
4512:)
4508:(
4502:)
4498:(
4492:)
4488:(
4482:)
4478:(
4472:)
4468:(
4462:)
4458:(
4045:)
4041:(
3999:e
3992:t
3985:v
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3213:8
3208:7
3203:6
3198:5
3193:4
3188:3
3183:2
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2221:4
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1800:v
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1761:.
1733:.
1673:.
1591:.
1526:.
1499:.
1447:.
1431:(
1389:.
1350:3
1301:.
1279:.
1244:.
1203:.
1105:)
1099:(
1094:)
1090:(
1086:.
1072:.
1039:)
969:(
630:.
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:Β·
82:Β·
75:Β·
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41:.
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