121:
29:
157:. By April, the ENSO became fully established; a column of warm water extended to the surface in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and water anomalies exceeded 5 °C (41 °F) about 150 m (490 ft) below the ocean surface. At the surface off the coast of Peru, water temperatures averaged 3 °C (37 °F) above normal.
96:
events in recorded history, resulting in widespread droughts, flooding and other natural disasters across the globe. It caused an estimated 16% of the world's reef systems to die, and temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C
205:
would take shape in the latter part of 1998. Just two months later, the extent of above-average water temperatures sharply decreased as the El Niño weakened. The 1997–98 ENSO event finally ended during May 1998 as below-average water temperatures extended across much of the
Pacific.
218:
activity around the world, with more tropical cyclones than average occurring in the
Pacific basins. This included the Southern Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W, where 16 tropical cyclones in the South Pacific were observed during the
200:
By
January 1998, sea surface temperatures off the coast of Peru continued to increase, reaching 11 °C (20 °F) above average. However, the region of cooler than average water in the western Pacific expanded, signifying that a
172:
averaging 2–4 °C (3.6–7.2 °F) above normal, roughly a quarter of the planet's circumference. Additionally, the band of warmth along the
Pacific coast of North America continued to expand, now stretching from
259:. The North Pacific basin broke the record for having the most tropical cyclones reaching Category 4 and 5 intensities with 17 that season. However, the 2015 season surpassed it with 21 tropical cyclones during the
144:
had forecast that an ENSO was likely to take place during the latter half of 1997. Throughout
February, water temperatures began increasing over much of the Pacific as well as in shallower waters off the coast of
108:
in north-eastern Kenya and southern
Somalia. It also led to record rainfalls in California during the water season of 1997–98, one of Indonesia's worst droughts on record, and contributed to the
168:
were increasing, with a large pool of water being 3 °C (5.4 °F) above normal. By
September 1997, the ENSO became very powerful, with surface temperatures between South America and the
132:
In
January 1997, probes gathering information on deep water temperatures discovered an area of unusually warm water, centered around 150 meters depth, across the western half of the
160:
Exceedingly warm waters became apparent by May, especially off the coast of South
America where anomalies were reaching 7 °C (13 °F) above normal. Further north,
97:(0.45 °F) associated with El Niño events. The costs of the event were considerable, leading to global economic losses of US$ 5.7 trillion within five years.
794:
185:
by
September as well, with waters 150 m (490 ft) below the surface averaging 4 °C (7.2 °F) below normal. Along the Pacific coast of the
309:
758:
929:
314:
136:. About 150 m (490 ft) below the surface, water temperatures were about 3 °C (5.4 °F) above normal, signifying that an
612:
202:
223:
compared to an average of around 8. The area where most of the tropical cyclones developed was shifted eastwards, with parts of the
319:
220:
324:
833:
729:
149:. The above-average water temperatures covered an area roughly 11,000 km (6,800 mi) across, almost stretching from
189:, the volume of 21 to 30 °C (70 to 86 °F) water was roughly 30 times greater than that of all the water in the
141:
843:
93:
765:
790:
193:
combined. The extra heat energy created by this anomaly was also about 93 times more than the energy produced by
109:
137:
304:
898:
893:
875:
870:
287:
282:
277:
299:
256:
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472:
860:
260:
329:
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128:. The white areas off the tropical coasts of South and North America indicate the pool of warm water
236:
161:
34:
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248:
169:
811:
819:
691:
668:
645:
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348:
INTERNATIONAL STUDY RELEASED ‘LESSONS FROM THE 1997-1998 EL NIÑO: ONCE BURNED, TWICE SHY?’
8:
377:
347:
362:"Evolution of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and global atmospheric surface temperatures"
252:
402:
422:
101:
414:
381:
228:
215:
714:
105:
232:
231:
impacted as a result. In the West Pacific basin, the season saw a record of 11
125:
112:. 1998 ultimately became the warmest year in recorded history (up until then).
715:"The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1997–98"
913:
165:
154:
133:
418:
181:. A contrasting area of abnormally cool waters took shape near the coast of
426:
353:
224:
386:
361:
194:
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150:
885:
852:
272:
618:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1999. Archived from
182:
120:
465:
440:
28:
756:
186:
793:(Report). National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research.
712:
178:
174:
841:
110:
worst tornado outbreak in the history of the state of Florida
757:
RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (29 August 2007).
394:
146:
251:, the latter of which was the strongest on record before
37:
anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean along the equator.
403:"Persistent effect of El Niño on global economic growth"
209:
764:(Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from
759:
RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 1997–98
473:"Weather Extremes : The El Nino of 1997–1998"
713:Chappel Lori-Carmen; Bate Peter W (2 June 2000).
214:The 1997–98 El Niño Event had various effects on
911:
350:, United Nations Press Release, October 27, 2000
689:
666:
643:
588:
565:
542:
519:
496:
400:
310:1997–98 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
140:(ENSO) event was beginning. By this time, the
827:
752:
750:
728:. Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 135–136.
115:
706:
834:
820:
747:
239:intensity. In the east Pacific basin, the
27:
385:
359:
92:was regarded as one of the most powerful
315:1997–98 Australian region cyclone season
119:
490:
82:The Pacific Ocean and surrounding areas
912:
325:1997 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
815:
694:. Scripps Institution of Oceanography
671:. Scripps Institution of Oceanography
648:. Scripps Institution of Oceanography
593:. Scripps Institution of Oceanography
570:. Scripps Institution of Oceanography
547:. Scripps Institution of Oceanography
524:. Scripps Institution of Oceanography
501:. Scripps Institution of Oceanography
783:
401:Callahan, C.; Mankin, J. S. (2023).
320:1997–98 South Pacific cyclone season
243:featured two Category 5 hurricanes,
210:Effects on tropical cyclone activity
930:El Niño-Southern Oscillation events
589:Pierce, David W (10 October 1997).
566:Pierce, David W (10 October 1997).
543:Pierce, David W (10 October 1997).
520:Pierce, David W (10 October 1997).
497:Pierce, David W (10 October 1997).
142:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
13:
797:from the original on 23 April 2015
722:Australian Meteorological Magazine
197:in the United States during 1995.
14:
941:
591:"1997–98 El Niño: September 1997"
735:from the original on 7 July 2013
690:Pierce, David W (10 June 1998).
667:Pierce, David W (10 June 1998).
644:Pierce, David W (10 June 1998).
522:"1997–98 El Niño: February 1997"
791:El Niño and climate forecasting
683:
660:
646:"1997–98 El Niño: January 1998"
637:
605:
582:
499:"1997–98 El Niño: January 1997"
448:"El Nino and its health impact"
366:Journal of Geophysical Research
100:It led to a severe outbreak of
559:
536:
513:
341:
305:1997 Atlantic hurricane season
1:
669:"1997–98 El Niño: March 1998"
545:"1997–98 El Niño: April 1997"
335:
300:1997 Pacific hurricane season
124:The 1997 El Niño observed by
844:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
360:Trenberth, Kevin E. (2002).
138:El Niño-Southern Oscillation
94:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
7:
692:"1997–98 El Niño: May 1998"
568:"1997–98 El Niño: May 1997"
330:1998 Pacific typhoon season
295:1997 Pacific typhoon season
266:
255:took that title during the
235:, with 10 of them reaching
164:along the Pacific coast of
10:
946:
116:Meteorological progression
884:
851:
78:
70:
65:
57:
49:
42:
26:
162:sea surface temperatures
419:10.1126/science.adf2983
288:2023–2024 El Niño event
283:2014–2016 El Niño event
278:1982–1983 El Niño event
35:sea surface temperature
22:1997–1998 El Niño event
170:International Dateline
129:
44:Meteorological history
261:2014–16 El Niño event
123:
387:10.1029/2000JD000298
625:on 18 February 2013
413:(6649): 1064–1069.
378:2002JGRD..107.4065T
23:
130:
21:
16:1997–98 ENSO event
907:
906:
613:"1997–98 El Niño"
102:Rift Valley fever
90:1997–1998 El Niño
86:
85:
937:
925:1998 meteorology
920:1997 meteorology
836:
829:
822:
813:
812:
807:
806:
804:
802:
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780:
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771:on 26 March 2009
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452:Allcountries.org
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438:
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229:French Polynesia
216:tropical cyclone
106:extreme rainfall
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31:
24:
20:
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74:$ 32–96 billion
66:Overall effects
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38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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233:super typhoons
221:1997–98 season
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126:TOPEX/Poseidon
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84:
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79:Areas affected
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33:Animation of
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25:
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865:
799:. Retrieved
785:
773:. Retrieved
766:the original
737:. Retrieved
725:
721:
708:
696:. Retrieved
685:
673:. Retrieved
662:
650:. Retrieved
639:
627:. Retrieved
620:the original
607:
595:. Retrieved
584:
572:. Retrieved
561:
549:. Retrieved
538:
526:. Retrieved
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503:. Retrieved
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480:. Retrieved
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455:. Retrieved
451:
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430:. Retrieved
410:
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372:(D8): 4065.
369:
365:
355:
343:
225:Cook Islands
213:
199:
195:fossil fuels
177:to southern
159:
131:
99:
89:
87:
18:
629:12 February
257:2015 season
241:1997 season
191:Great Lakes
914:Categories
336:References
237:Category 5
151:New Guinea
58:Dissipated
899:2020–2023
894:2010–2012
876:2023–2024
871:2014–2016
245:Guillermo
183:Australia
61:June 1998
795:Archived
730:Archived
698:1 August
675:1 August
652:1 August
597:1 August
574:1 August
551:1 August
528:1 August
505:1 August
427:37200450
267:See also
253:Patricia
187:Americas
53:May 1997
886:La Niña
866:1997–98
861:1982–83
853:El Niño
801:28 July
482:22 July
457:22 July
432:23 July
407:Science
374:Bibcode
273:El Niño
203:La Niña
846:events
842:Major
775:29 May
739:1 July
425:
179:Mexico
175:Alaska
104:after
71:Damage
50:Formed
769:(PDF)
762:(PDF)
733:(PDF)
718:(PDF)
623:(PDF)
616:(PDF)
249:Linda
803:2015
777:2011
741:2014
700:2010
677:2010
654:2010
631:2011
599:2010
576:2010
553:2010
530:2010
507:2010
484:2015
459:2015
434:2023
423:PMID
247:and
227:and
147:Peru
88:The
415:doi
411:380
382:doi
370:107
153:to
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749:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
