642:
Henry H. Shelton, President Bill
Clinton declared "victory" in Operation Desert Fox. In total, the 70-hour campaign saw U.S. forces strike 85 percent of their targets, 75 percent of which were considered "highly effective" strikes. More than 600 sorties were flown by more than 300 combat and support aircraft, and 600 air-dropped munitions were employed, including 90 air-launched cruise missiles and 325 Tomahawk land attack missiles (TLAM). Operation Desert Fox inflicted serious damage to Iraq's missile development program, although its effects on any WMD program were not clear. Nevertheless, Operation Desert Fox was the largest strike against Iraq since the early 1990s Persian Gulf War, until the commencement of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. In October 2021, General Zinni gave an upbeat bomb damage assessment of the operation.
680:
507:
165:
467:
761:, declaring the operation an unqualified success. Large-scale damage assessment takes time, responded Morrison, therefore his department declined to sign up to a premature statement. "After Desert Fox, I actually sent a note round to all the analysts involved congratulating them on standing firm in the face of, in some cases, individual pressure to say things that they knew weren't true". Later on, after careful assessment and consideration, Defence Intelligence Staff determined that the bombing had not been all that effective.
136:
125:
114:
646:
According to U.S. Defense
Department assessments, on 20 December, 10 of these targets were destroyed, 18 severely damaged, 18 moderately damaged, 18 lightly damaged, and 23 not yet assessed. According to the Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister, the allied action resulted in 242 Iraqi military casualties, including 62 killed and 180 wounded. However, on 5 January 1999, American General Harry Shelton told the U.S. Senate that the strikes killed or wounded an estimated 1,400 members of Iraq's Republican Guard.
103:
92:
81:
530:
39:
622:
in the Indian Ocean and launched a barrage of conventional air-launched cruise missiles (CALCMs). The other bomber wing was the 28th AEG out of
Thumrait AB. The missiles successfully struck multiple Iraqi targets, including six of President Saddam Hussein's palaces, several Republican Guard barracks,
724:
stated that the U.S. only attacked biological and chemical sites that had been identified with a high degree of certainty, and that the reason for the low number of targets was because intelligence specialists could not identify weapons sites with enough specificity to comply with Zinni's directive.
641:
By 19 December, U.S. and
British aircraft had struck 97 targets, and Secretary of Defense William Cohen claimed the operation was a success. Supported by Secretary Cohen, as well as United States Central Command commander General Anthony C. Zinni and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General
645:
97 sites were targeted in the operation with 415 cruise missiles and 600 bombs, including 11 weapons production or storage facilities, 18 security facilities for weapons, 9 military installations, 20 government CCC facilities, 32 surface-to-air missile batteries, 6 airfields, and 1 oil refinery.
776:
Some critics of the
Clinton administration, including Republican members of Congress, expressed concern over the timing of Operation Desert Fox. The four-day bombing campaign occurred at the same time the U.S. House of Representatives was conducting the
486:, when questioned about the distinction between degredation and elimination, commented that the operation did not strive to fully eliminate Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, but instead to make their use and production more difficult and less reliable.
497:
barrages launched by naval vessels began being used in addition to bombs dropped by planes. By the night of the fourth day of the operation most of the specified targets had been damaged or destroyed and the operation was deemed a success.
1352:
1801:
1794:
623:
and the
Ministries of Defense and Military Industry. The following evening, two more B-52 crews launched 16 more CALCMs. Over a two-night period, aircrews from the 2nd and 5th Bomb Wings launched a total of 90 CALCMs. The
785:, wherein missile strikes were ordered against suspected terrorist bases in Sudan and Afghanistan on 20 August. The missile strikes began three days after Clinton was called to testify before a grand jury during the
489:
The main targets of the bombing included weapons research and development installations, air defense systems, weapon and supply depots, and the barracks and command headquarters of Saddam's elite
1981:
1438:
482:
Clinton administration officials stated that the aim of the mission was to degrade Iraq's ability to manufacture and use weapons of mass destruction, not to eliminate it. Secretary of State
2155:
1671:
2160:
1706:
493:. Iraqi air defense batteries, unable to target the American and British jets, began to blanket the sky with near random bursts of flak fire however the air strikes continued, and
1698:
1133:
397:
as it involved a direct attack on Iraq. The aim of the bombing was to disable military and security targets which may have enabled Iraq to produce, store, maintain, and deliver
822:, questioned the political impact of the bombing campaign, saying aerial bombardments were not effective in driving people into submission, but tend to make them more defiant.
1787:
390:
inspectors that were searching for potential weapons of mass destruction. The inspectors had been sent to Iraq in 1997 and were repeatedly refused access to certain sites.
1360:
2180:
454:
Prior to Desert Fox, the U.S. almost led a bombing campaign against Saddam called
Operation Desert Thunder. It was abandoned at the last minute when Iraq allowed the
1664:
1207:
440:
2205:
2200:
1569:
243:
1247:
588:
1189:
1465:
811:, after the bombing, the Iraqi ambassador to the UN told him, "If we had known that was all you would do, we would have ended the inspections long ago."
658:(Russia, France, and the People's Republic of China) called for the lifting of the eight-year oil embargo on Iraq, the reorganizing or disbanding of the
575:
in support of ODF. The operation marked the first time that women flew combat sorties as U.S. Navy strike fighter pilots and the first combat use of the
352:
1077:
2150:
2145:
1944:
1329:
1024:
781:. Clinton was impeached by the House on 19 December, the last day of the bombing campaign. A few months earlier, similar criticism was levelled during
754:, who informed the same program that, before the operation had ended, DIS came under pressure to validate a prepared statement to be delivered by then
401:. The bombing campaign had been anticipated earlier in the year and faced criticism both in the U.S. and from members of the international community.
2135:
1771:
750:
were active in producing weapons of mass destruction. The testimony given by Jones is supported by the former Deputy Chief of
Defence Intelligence,
1634:
2038:
1648:
1407:
129:
2140:
2011:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1099:
2190:
2165:
1625:
1264:
751:
1000:
631:
b aircraft from
Ellsworth and Dyess AFB also conducted missions. Also on 17 Dec, USAF aircraft based in Kuwait participated, as did British
2045:
970:
327:
236:
1225:
2195:
1125:
789:
and his subsequent nationally televised address later that evening in which
Clinton admitted to having an inappropriate relationship.
1680:
1657:
1041:, Web page containing transcript of television interview and titled "Secretary Albright" 17 December 1998, accessed 25 September 2006
1417:
1395:
2125:
1458:
1974:
1912:
1585:
1513:
1492:
1483:
229:
627:
bomber made its combat debut by striking at Republican Guard targets. From Thumrait AB, Sultanate Oman. The 28th AEG with the
2175:
2070:
1905:
1641:
1297:
945:
709:
that the operation was focused on destabilizing the Iraqi government, and that claims of WMDs were being used as an excuse.
729:
416:
The bombing was criticized by Clinton's detractors, who accused him of using the bombing to direct attention away from the
919:
897:
413:
initially announced they would deny the U.S. military the use of local bases for the purpose of air strikes against Iraq.
1857:
1850:
1810:
1506:
1451:
1433:
1203:
841:
836:
713:
300:
295:
1055:
804:, said the attacks did not go far enough, commenting that a short campaign was likely not to make a significant impact.
447:
into law on 31 October 1998. The new act appropriated funds for Iraqi opposition groups with the goal of carrying out a
2185:
1499:
1383:
1594:
2077:
1401:
1156:
873:
659:
387:
1953:
382:
announced that he had ordered strikes against Iraq. The strikes were launched due to Iraq's failure to comply with
342:
337:
2170:
2093:
2031:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1578:
1181:
831:
768:
concluded in 2004 that Iraq's WMD capability "was essentially destroyed in 1991" following the end of sanctions.
511:
436:, which involved utilizing military force when Iraq challenged the United States or the international community.
383:
332:
290:
1988:
1967:
1933:
1824:
584:
1240:
1389:
1021:
717:
51:
1321:
2102:
2054:
1085:
541:
2022:
1960:
1322:"Clinton's airstrike motives questioned Many wonder if attack was meant to distract from Lewinsky matter"
1038:
778:
679:
417:
398:
347:
285:
192:
1995:
1873:
1609:
1474:
739:
310:
158:
140:
755:
663:
592:
44:
728:
Dr. Brian Jones was the top intelligence analyst on chemical, biological and nuclear weapons at the
1866:
1103:
1033:
782:
273:
1926:
1272:
798:
608:
576:
565:
515:
490:
394:
205:
30:
992:
815:
378:, from 16 to 19 December 1998, by the United States and the United Kingdom. On 16 December 1998
1919:
1838:
561:
638:
aircraft. The British contribution totaled 15 percent of the sorties flown during Desert Fox.
2130:
1221:
596:
1412:
506:
978:
747:
734:
580:
410:
278:
8:
1443:
705:
655:
466:
444:
1126:"General Anthony Zinni (Ret.) on Wargaming Iraq, Millennium Challenge, and Competition"
696:
483:
375:
1293:
1152:
869:
263:
67:
1287:
1831:
1780:
786:
433:
1377:
1303:
1265:"Conservative Lawmakers Decried Clinton's Attacks Against Osama As 'Wag the Dog'"
1162:
1028:
879:
808:
801:
635:
632:
170:
927:
905:
765:
494:
455:
317:
135:
124:
113:
47:
1078:"Operation DESERT FOX Briefing with Secretary Cohen and Gen. Zinni, 21 Dec 98"
2119:
1817:
1428:
1051:
721:
700:
684:
475:
448:
107:
102:
96:
91:
80:
883:
2062:
1307:
1166:
688:
619:
572:
429:
402:
379:
85:
2002:
746:
did not have a high degree of confidence any of the facilities bombed in
529:
1898:
758:
628:
624:
118:
1241:"Comprehensive Report of the Special Adviser to the DCI on Iraq's WMD"
654:
In reaction to the attack, three of the five permanent members of the
1618:
743:
38:
818:, a former head of the SAS who commanded British forces in the 1991
221:
819:
322:
268:
1204:"Dr Brian Jones "confused" by Prime Minister's evidence to Hutton"
1602:
406:
521:
discussing the results of an air strike conducted on 17 December
771:
210:
all targets were destroyed or suffered varying levels of damage
1390:
Transcript of President Clinton's speech announcing the attack
611:
into Iraq to fly night missions in support of the operation.
1408:
Operation Desert FoxE: Effectiveness With Unintended Effects
946:"Blair misled parliament over 1998 Iraq bombing, files show"
792:
615:
604:
600:
471:
191:
Iraq begins shooting at British and American planes in the
2156:
Aerial operations and battles involving the United Kingdom
1473:
2161:
Aerial operations and battles involving the United States
571:, and Patrol Squadron Four flew combat missions from the
432:
had been working under a regional security framework of
662:, and the firing of its chairman, Australian diplomat
1182:"Iraq Inspections, Embargo in Danger at U.N. Council"
1102:. Air Force Historical Studies Office. Archived from
1420:
US Navy F-14 Tomcat Units of Operation Iraqi Freedom
674:
1146:
16:U.S. and U.K. bombardment of Iraq in December 1998
2181:Airstrikes during the Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
1426:
1149:Iraq: Issues, Historical Background, Bibliography
691:following Operation Desert Fox, 21 December 1998.
2117:
614:On the second night of Operation Desert Fox, 12
2039:1996 United States campaign finance controversy
1975:National Highway System Designation Act of 1995
866:Air Warfare: an International Encyclopedia: A-L
353:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017âpresent)
185:Much of Iraqi military infrastructure destroyed
2206:Attacks on military installations in the 1990s
2201:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century
1707:Joint session of Congress (health care reform)
1626:Commerce Department trade mission controversy
1459:
912:
599:. The U.S. Air Force sent several sorties of
461:
237:
2046:Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy
1147:Carrington, Anca; Jeffries, Leon M. (2003).
772:Distraction from Clinton impeachment scandal
57:during Operation Desert Fox in December 1998
1246:. Government Publishing Office. p. 1.
1927:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996
1466:
1452:
1130:Center for International Maritime Security
859:
857:
393:The operation was a major flare-up in the
244:
230:
188:Iraq bars weapon inspectors from returning
2151:Attacks on military installations in Iraq
2146:Airstrikes conducted by the United States
1353:"In Iraq, done in by the Lewinsky affair"
993:"Operation Desert Thunder / Desert Viper"
2136:20th-century Royal Air Force deployments
1437:) is being considered for deletion. See
1285:
1052:"Military Women in Operation Desert Fox"
793:Criticism of the extent of the operation
779:impeachment hearing of President Clinton
678:
505:
465:
1913:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
1690:
1396:Iraq attacked in 'Operation Desert Fox'
1350:
1179:
854:
441:Authorization for Use of Military Force
374:) was a major bombing campaign against
2118:
1906:Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation
1210:from the original on 11 November 2012.
943:
703:claimed in his January 1999 column in
501:
386:resolutions and its interference with
286:Iraq no-fly zones conflict (1991â2003)
2141:Aerial bombing operations and battles
1447:
1402:Strike on Iraq â Operation Desert Fox
1351:Duelfer, Charles (24 February 2012).
1192:from the original on 12 October 2008.
863:
251:
225:
2191:Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
2166:Clinton administration controversies
1332:from the original on 16 January 2023
1253:from the original on 5 January 2020.
1180:Gellman, Barton (22 December 1998).
1003:from the original on 2 November 2012
939:
937:
524:
279:Iraqi Kurdish/Shi'a uprisings (1991)
1811:North American Free Trade Agreement
1238:
1136:from the original on 22 March 2022.
1082:United States Department of Defense
842:1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq
837:1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq
13:
2094:â George H. W. Bush administration
1100:"Factsheets: Operation Desert Fox"
1084:. 21 December 1998. Archived from
1031:NewsHour Online Web site (for the
14:
2217:
1441:to help reach a consensus. âş
1371:
1228:from the original on 9 July 2006.
1022:Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
934:
716:personnel with whom Arkin spoke,
675:Accusations of an ulterior motive
660:United Nations Special Commission
458:to continue weapons inspections.
1378:Overview of Operation Desert Fox
528:
163:
134:
123:
112:
101:
90:
79:
37:
2126:1998 in international relations
2103:George W. Bush administration â
1344:
1314:
1279:
1257:
1232:
1214:
1196:
1173:
1151:. Nova Publishers. p. 16.
1140:
1118:
1092:
1058:from the original on 7 May 2013
832:January 1993 airstrikes on Iraq
418:ongoing impeachment proceedings
384:United Nations Security Council
291:Iraq air strikes (January 1993)
1989:Telecommunications Act of 1996
1934:White House Millennium Council
1845:Cruise missile strikes on Iraq
1286:Hitchens, Christopher (1999).
1224:. BBC Panorama. 11 July 2004.
1070:
1044:
1015:
985:
963:
944:CURTIS, MARK (17 April 2023).
890:
797:Other critics, such as former
585:31st Marine Expeditionary Unit
1:
2196:IraqâUnited Kingdom relations
971:"Iraq Liberation Act of 1998"
847:
423:
318:Iraqi conflict (2003âpresent)
2176:December 1998 events in Iraq
1422:, Osprey Publishing Limited.
920:"Tuesday, February 17, 1998"
669:
618:took off from the island of
583:. Ground units included the
343:Iraqi insurgency (2011â2013)
338:Iraqi insurgency (2008â2011)
328:Iraqi insurgency (2003â2006)
7:
1961:Balanced Budget Act of 1997
1222:"A failure of intelligence"
898:"Monday, February 16, 1998"
825:
649:
399:weapons of mass destruction
333:Iraqi civil war (2006â2008)
301:Iraq missile strikes (1996)
296:Iraq missile strikes (1993)
10:
2222:
1996:Communications Decency Act
1825:IsraelâJordan peace treaty
1672:Presidential proclamations
1475:Presidency of Bill Clinton
1434:Presidency of Bill Clinton
740:Defence Intelligence Staff
589:Special Operations Capable
462:Degrading WMD capabilities
311:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
180:Coalition military success
159:United States Armed Forces
2186:Building bombings in Iraq
2087:
2021:
2012:Transportation Equity Act
1943:
1890:
1770:
1699:Joint session of Congress
1482:
868:. ABC-CLIO. p. 174.
864:Boyne, Walter J. (2002).
593:2nd Battalion 4th Marines
274:Invasion of Kuwait (1990)
264:IranâIraq War (1980â1988)
259:
200:
182:Politically inconclusive
176:
154:
146:
74:
62:
36:
28:
23:
2055:ClintonâLewinsky scandal
1867:Operation Infinite Reach
1439:templates for discussion
1034:NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
783:Operation Infinite Reach
560:U.S. Navy aircraft from
474:is loaded with bombs at
1027:15 January 2014 at the
799:U.S. Secretary of State
609:Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base
577:United States Air Force
395:Iraq disarmament crisis
348:War in Iraq (2013â2017)
31:prelude to the Iraq War
2171:1998 building bombings
1968:GrammâLeachâBliley Act
1920:One America Initiative
1839:2000 Camp David Summit
1037:television program on
950:Declassified Media Ltd
692:
562:Carrier Air Wing Three
522:
479:
439:Although there was no
1874:Bombing of Yugoslavia
1802:by Madeleine Albright
1795:by Warren Christopher
1635:Judicial appointments
1289:No One Left to Lie To
1206:. BBC. 11 July 2004.
1054:. Userpages.aug.com.
714:Department of Defense
699:intelligence analyst
682:
597:ground combat element
509:
469:
443:, Clinton signed the
1881:1998 bombing of Iraq
1418:Tony Holmes (2005),
1413:Operation Desert Fox
1384:Operation Desert Fox
816:Peter de la Billiere
748:Operation Desert Fox
687:briefs reporters at
478:on 17 December 1998.
411:United Arab Emirates
372:Operation Desert Fox
368:1998 bombing of Iraq
323:Iraq War (2003â2011)
269:Gulf War (1990â1991)
24:Operation Desert Fox
1788:International trips
1363:on 8 November 2013.
1357:The Washington Post
1186:The Washington Post
1132:. 18 October 2021.
1106:on 17 February 2013
975:Library of Congress
730:Ministry of Defence
706:The Washington Post
656:UN Security Council
502:Military operations
445:Iraq Liberation Act
306:Iraq bombing (1998)
214:United States claim
150:16â19 December 1998
1328:. 23 August 1998.
1239:Duelfer, Charles.
997:GlobalSecurity.org
693:
564:, flying from the
540:. You can help by
523:
484:Madeleine Albright
480:
193:Iraqi no-fly zones
2113:
2112:
1766:
1765:
1757:2000 SOTU Address
1750:1999 SOTU Address
1743:1998 SOTU Address
1736:1997 SOTU Address
1729:1996 SOTU Address
1722:1995 SOTU Address
1715:1994 SOTU Address
1658:Executive actions
1326:The Baltimore Sun
1299:978-1-859-84736-7
558:
557:
363:
362:
253:Persian Gulf Wars
220:
219:
208:killed or wounded
75:Commanded by
50:is fired from an
2213:
2106:
2097:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2014:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1954:Health care plan
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1832:Dayton Agreement
1827:
1820:
1813:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1781:Clinton Doctrine
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1667:
1665:Executive orders
1660:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1605:
1601:Vice President:
1597:
1588:
1581:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1507:2nd inauguration
1502:
1500:1st inauguration
1495:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1365:
1364:
1359:. Archived from
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1275:on 12 July 2012.
1271:. Archived from
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1088:on 9 March 2008.
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1042:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
989:
983:
982:
981:on 11 July 2008.
977:. Archived from
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
941:
932:
931:
926:. Archived from
916:
910:
909:
908:on 12 June 2008.
904:. Archived from
894:
888:
887:
861:
787:Lewinsky scandal
685:Anthony C. Zinni
553:
550:
532:
525:
514:pilots on board
491:Republican Guard
434:dual containment
254:
246:
239:
232:
223:
222:
215:
169:
167:
166:
155:Executed by
139:
138:
130:George Robertson
128:
127:
117:
116:
106:
105:
95:
94:
84:
83:
55:-class destroyer
41:
21:
20:
2221:
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2109:
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2091:
2083:
2076:
2069:
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2053:
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2037:
2030:
2017:
2010:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1982:Riegle-Neal Act
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:Economic policy
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1891:Domestic policy
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1681:Bush transition
1679:
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1119:
1109:
1107:
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2131:1998 in Iraq
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1361:the original
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1005:. Retrieved
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591:), of which
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86:Bill Clinton
52:
29:Part of the
18:
2023:Impeachment
2003:Section 230
1477:(1993â2001)
1427:âš The
1007:22 December
581:B-1B bomber
2120:Categories
1899:AmeriCorps
1493:Transition
1386:â BBC News
1336:30 January
848:References
759:Tony Blair
732:. He told
625:B-1 Lancer
568:Enterprise
518:Enterprise
424:Background
409:, and the
204:242â1,400
201:Casualties
119:Tony Blair
1619:Nannygate
1292:. Verso.
1110:15 August
1062:15 August
955:20 August
884:12237486M
744:Whitehall
697:U.S. Army
670:Criticism
566:USS
516:USS
1691:Speeches
1514:Timeline
1484:Timeline
1429:template
1330:Archived
1308:6804563M
1248:Archived
1226:Archived
1208:Archived
1190:Archived
1167:8846480M
1134:Archived
1056:Archived
1025:Archived
1001:Archived
826:See also
820:Gulf war
650:Reaction
63:Location
45:Tomahawk
2071:Inquiry
2032:Efforts
1603:Al Gore
1595:Cabinet
1579:Pardons
1570:2000â01
1431:below (
718:CENTCOM
695:Former
636:Tornado
407:Bahrain
177:Outcome
1709:(1993)
1701:(1993)
1610:tenure
1306:
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720:chief
168:
2078:Trial
1404:â CNN
1398:â CNN
1392:â CNN
1251:(PDF)
1244:(PDF)
814:Gen.
683:Gen.
616:B-52s
607:from
605:A-10s
601:F-16s
1858:1996
1851:1993
1586:list
1563:1999
1556:1998
1549:1997
1542:1996
1535:1995
1528:1994
1521:1993
1338:2022
1294:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1112:2013
1064:2013
1009:2013
957:2024
870:ISBN
764:The
603:and
510:Two
472:B-1B
366:The
147:Date
68:Iraq
1039:PBS
742:in
629:B-1
579:'s
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587:(
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