1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)

1041:. The 1st Armoured Division was to provide support, but Inglis and Lumsden argued over the way the division would be used. Inglis wanted the tanks to move up and be able to defend the infantry at dawn and to fend off anticipated German counterattacks. Lumsden cited Auchinleck's instruction that the division was not to be fixed in an infantry-support role and was to be able to engage and destroy Axis armour as needed. On 13 July, a conference was held by XIII Corps, during which the two divisional commanders grudgingly reconciled and decided how the 1st Armoured Division would be used, although both left with different impressions of the subject. The New Zealanders still expected armoured support at first light, which would require the tanks to move forward during the night in preparation under the assumption of success. Written orders provided to the division called for it to provide flanking protection and exploit any success achieved by the infantry once codewords were received, which indicated the tanks would only move once success had been confirmed. 1079:, the chief engineer of the Eighth Army, condemned the division for not doing more during this operation, stating gaps had been created but the division would not move until they were completely satisfied their tanks would not strike mines. According to Barr, this is set against a context of the division needing to conserve tanks and having run into mines in all previous actions. Barr wrote some of the gaps created during Manhood were completely clear, some were found to contain no live or dummy mines, and at least one had not been completely cleared. There was little coordination between the units clearing the minefields and with too few liaison officers, the division was not informed of the openings. Had they been aware, they could have been in position well in advance of the German attacks. The long-term outcome of this was for each formation to be given integrated engineer support for lifting mines, and the responsibility for lifting mines in the path of their advance without needing to rely on other units to do it for them. 1145:, an independent formation, was tasked with charging an Axis anti-tank gun line near Tel el Aqqaqir, and to create enough damage to allow the 1st Armoured Division to follow and break through the Axis lines. Despite the loss of 70 out of 94 tanks and over 200 casualties, not enough damage was done to the Axis positions and the division was unable to advance. According to Barr, the division "would have met the same fate" as the 9th Armoured Brigade had they done so. The division battled with Axis armoured formations throughout the day, losing 54 tanks that were destroyed or damaged, and in return disabled or destroyed around 70. During the darkness of the following morning, the 7th Motor Brigade launched an unsuccessful attack to breach this same position; at least 26 tanks were lost during the day to further Axis tank engagements. In the final stages of the battle, the 1058:

groups of Italian and German tanks that moved towards the 1st Armoured Division were, however, repulsed. In conversations between Lumsden and New Zealand officers, Lumsden said he had verbally informed his brigadiers to move forward during the night, although no written evidence exists to support this. Lumsden had, by that point, become notorious for providing verbal instructions to his subordinates, denying them if a positive outcome was not achieved, and taking praise if successful. Historian Niall Barr wrote; "there was no understanding within 2nd New Zealand Division of the difficulties which tank crews faced in combat and seemingly no recognition within 1st Armoured Division of its responsibility to ensure that Eighth Army's infantry did not face an armoured counterattack alone".

42: 966:, and by that evening, it had 15 of the 95 tanks with which it had started. The 1st Armoured Division had been reduced to 50 tanks. While tank losses had been heavy, most were able to be recovered and were sent to workshops to be repaired. On 13 June, the division's infantry—the 201st Guards Brigade (formerly the 200th Guards Brigade), holding an entrenched position called the Knightsbridge Box—came under a German assault. The armoured brigades fought additional actions in support of the infantry but during the hours of darkness it was decided to abandon the position, marking a turning point in the battle and the start of the Eighth Army's retreat from Gazala. 473: 725: 1195: 334: 1088: 1067:

1st Armoured Division to move forward. The armoured brigades were ordered to be prepared to deal with German counterattacks but were not ordered to advance. Four hours later, as a repeat of 15 July played out for the infantry, the 1st Armoured Division spotted and engaged German tanks. Minor efforts to advance were thwarted by Axis anti-tank gunfire from positions believed to have been bypassed during the night assault and the tanks withdrew. During the day, Inglis fought with Gatehouse over the lack of armour intervention; Gatehouse said he had not been asked to provide support.

677: 1206:; it did not complete its landings until mid-June. It was then held in reserve, being composed of the divisional headquarters, divisional troops, and the 2nd Armoured Brigade. In July, the division was provided with two infantry brigades to finalise a new organisation that reflected the need for additional infantry in Italy. Troops continued to be added to the division until 23 August. The late arrival of troops and the switching of units with other formulations hindered the division's ability to train as cohesive force. On 14 August, Major-General 404:

wrote about the development of the British Army during this period, commented that cavalry officers largely supported mechanisation, but resisted turning their regiments into motorised infantry. They argued that light tanks were a better replacement for horses, and allowed the regiments to continue their traditional reconnaissance role. French stated that this had a detrimental effect on the Mobile Division, which became 'tank heavy' with too few supporting infantry and the light-tank regiments exclusively committed to reconnaissance. A

1248:. The attack was a success; an important ridge was captured and 789 prisoners were taken. In conjunction with other formations, the division then cleared Coriano but immediate exploitation was made difficult due to German opposition and defences, and too few infantry were able to support the attack. Further advances were made on 15 and 16 September, when the division's infantry captured another village and two days later, a hill. The division's armoured brigade came under heavy attack on 20 September when operating near the village of 1010: 907: 579: 1352: 88: 891:. Apart from small infantry forces, the division was the only force within 100 miles (160 km) of the front line. The 1st Armoured Division was further reinforced with additional infantry and artillery units, although these had never before trained with the formation. Divisional-level training was intended to continue but inadequate fuel stocks interrupted it. In early January 1942, the division was subjected to an aerial attack that wounded Lumsden, who was replaced by Major-General 646:, which had occurred two days earlier and had already concluded, had sparked a general Anglo-French counterattack. In actuality, ten German divisions were operating in this area, were not as weakened as British command believed, had already seized and reinforced bridgeheads across the Somme, and had completed the encirclement of the BEF. Conflicting orders were issued; the BEF ordered the division to advance on the Somme with haste and with whatever units were available, then continue to 70: 1045: 175: 1053:

tank-based counterattack, causing a controversy that the division failed to carry out its orders to support the New Zealanders. At around 06:30, the first elements of the division began to move forward, and it took two hours to advance the few miles to the prior front line. Isolated pockets of entrenched Italians, whom the New Zealanders had bypassed during the night, were able to halt the advance. Despite efforts by the

700:, near Amiens, men from the 4th Borderers secured a bridgehead. The bridge was destroyed, the attack called off, and the Borderers withdrawn. By the end of the day, the division was ordered to hold its positions. On 26 May, after receiving orders from London to come under French command and the division having finally completed its landing in France, Evans was ordered to split his force. The 2nd Armoured Brigade moved to 1075:

German counterattacks. Reports, however, indicated minefields had not been cleared so at dawn on 27 July, the tanks were again not in a position to support the exposed infantry, and one Australian battalion and one British brigade suffered heavy losses. In the mid-morning, tanks started to pass through the gaps in the minefield but German anti-tank guns had been relocated and halted the division's efforts. Brigadier

1256:. A small amount of terrain was gained but one regiment was reduced to 18 tanks. At the end of the day, the division's infantry moved to secure the ground captured and heavy rain ended the fighting. Between the end of August and 21 September, the division suffered 1,111 casualties. The division subsequently fought its way across the Marecchia between 22 and 23 September and then, in its final action, captured 505:

light cruisers, 45 heavy cruisers, and 24 tanks equipped to provide close support. Additionally, 13 heavy cruisers and 15 light cruisers were to be spread around the divisional and brigade headquarters. This would give such a division a total of 349 tanks. The division's support group was to have one artillery regiment, one anti-aircraft/anti-tank regiment, engineers, and two infantry battalions.

1237:. For several hours, they attempted to progress before withdrawing at dusk, having lost about 40 tanks. The division's overall tank strength fell from 141 to 86. A more successful attack was made the following day when a village was captured and 60 prisoners were taken, but this advantage was unable to be exploited due to insufficient supporting infantry. 461:. He argued the assigned infantry were not "to be put on to a position by tanks and told to hold it, and they are not meant to fight side by side with your tanks in the forefront"; the infantry's role was simply to protect the tanks when they were stationary. Burnett-Stuart's tactics did not conform with British doctrine, which promoted 256:. Due to a manpower shortage in the British Army, the division was broken up to provide reinforcements for other formations to keep them at full strength. In October 1944, the division relinquished command of its final troops and ceased to be an operational formation and was disbanded on 11 January 1945. 1122:

began with Operation Lightfoot and a night march by the division. However, unable to extract from the minefields they had to force, the division spent the following days engaging Axis armour from within the minefields. Three days after the start of the battle, the division's infantry launched a night

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to the south offered a stronger defensive position; however, it lay a further 150 miles (240 km) to the east and Auchinleck had to factor-in the political, moral, and propaganda implications of abandoning Mersa Matruh without a fight. The 1st Armoured Division, reinforced with tanks from the 7th

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of the division's armoured brigades, which had temporarily been assigned to the 7th Armoured Division, requested to be returned to the 1st and this request further damaged Lumsden's relationship with Messervy. During the day, the tanks of the 7th Armoured Division were placed under the command of the

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rescued the BEF. The 1st Armoured Division and the remaining British forces in France, assisted the French with holding a defensive line along the Somme; the French now appreciating the division could not force a bridge crossing due to the way it was organised and equipped. On 5 June, elements of the

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At the outbreak of the Second World War on 3 September 1939, the division consisted of the 1st Light, the 1st Heavy (formerly the Tank Brigade) and the 2nd Light Armoured Brigades. During October that year, the support group's two regiments of artillery were withdrawn and dispatched to France to join

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By mid-1944, the British Army was in the midst of a manpower crisis; it did not have enough men to replace the losses suffered by front line infantry units. In the Italian theatre, the army needed to find at least 21,000 reinforcements and had suffered an average of 300 casualties per day during the

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action to protect the Axis forces that had started their general retreat from El Alamein. Throughout the battle, map-reading errors caused repeated problems for the division and affected other formations fighting alongside them. With the battle over, the division took part in the westward pursuit of

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Two days later, the New Zealand infantry assaulted the ridge, but communication breakdowns meant they were unable to inform the 1st Armoured Division of their success and the tanks did not move. The lack of armoured support resulted in at least one New Zealand battalion being overrun during a German

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began. One of the division's brigades became bogged down in soft sand while another was not made aware of the fighting for two hours due to poor communications. When the division finally entered the battle, it engaged the 15th Panzer Division and forced it to withdraw. The next day, fighting resumed

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headquarters, the parent formation of the 1st Armoured Division, and no order was issued for two hours. The 22nd Armoured Brigade was attacked by Axis armoured forces; it lost 30 tanks and withdrew northwards. In the afternoon of 27 May, the division counterattacked with its full force. It was later

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These figures represent the war establishment, the paper strength, of an armoured division. In 1939, an armoured division was to have 9,442 men, close to 400 guns, 351 tanks and about 3,000 vehicles. By 1944, a division was supposed to have 14,964 men, 126 guns, 366 tanks and around 4,000 vehicles.

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who, due to undertaking prior duties, was absent from the planning sessions and was not informed of the situation when he arrived, leading to differing expectations of the division's role. In the early morning of 22 July, the New Zealanders reported the capture of their objectives and requested the

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In April 1939, the formation was renamed as the 1st Armoured Division. The following month, the army developed a new organisation for such formations; they were intended to have one light-armoured brigade with 108 light tanks and 66 light cruisers, and one heavy-armoured brigade outfitted with 78

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battalions, and two artillery regiments. It was intended for the formation to be 620-armoured-vehicles strong, but it had only around one-eighth of these vehicles on formation. The lack of armoured vehicles resulted in trucks being used for training in lieu of tanks. David French, a historian who

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took temporary command. Operation Manhood, the final action of the battle, started four days later, with the division supporting Australian, British, and South African infantry. The infantry night attack succeeded while the division conducted a night march to be in position at daybreak to repel

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to clear these pockets to allow the 1st Armoured Division forward, minefields and flanking fire from additional Axis positions impeded progress, and the division was not in position to assist the New Zealanders when a large attack was unleashed upon them by German armour in the afternoon. Small

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groups that had been created and was used to screen assembling Allied forces during further fighting on the Gothic Line. Around the same time, German intelligence determined the division had been all but disbanded. The headquarters relinquished command of its final troops on 28 October and the

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that would include the division. Shortly afterwards, the proposal was rejected, all British forces were ordered to withdraw from France and the 1st Armoured Division was directed to Cherbourg. The 2nd Armoured Brigade's tanks were put aboard trains but never arrived. The 3rd Armoured Brigade's

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and continued into France. This invasion split the Allied forces in Belgium from the rest of the French Army along the Franco-German border. The 1st Armoured Division, now 114 light and 143 cruiser tanks strong, was still in Dorset and was ordered to France. The division lacked spare parts and

1266:, the commanding officer of the Eighth Army, criticised the division's performance during the fighting, saying; "it is extraordinary how difficult it is to make new troops realise the inter-dependence of tanks and infantry until they have gained the knowledge by bitter experience in battle". 1303:

that had been withdrawn due to lack of reinforcements. Divisional troops and the 18th Infantry Brigade (previously the 7th Motor Brigade) were reassigned to other formations to reinforce them, while the 2nd Armoured Brigade was retained as an independent armoured force.

426:, who was a cavalry officer. Deverell believed Blakiston-Houston an appropriate choice, considering most of the forces assigned to the division came from cavalry regiments. Hore-Belisha and senior army officers opposed this; Liddell Hart argued for an officer from the 1061:

Operation Splendour, which called for the New Zealanders to seize the El Mreir depression with support from the 1st Armoured Division, followed. Planning for this operation coincided with Lumsden being wounded during an air attack and his replacement by Major-General

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and was given priority for tank production, over the 2nd Armoured Division, so it could rebuild. By October, the tank-strength of the division had increased to 18 light and 133 cruiser tanks. The same month, the 3rd Armoured Brigade was replaced by the

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on dug-in German positions guarding several bridgeheads. Tank attacks, without infantry or other supporting arms, resulted in the division losing 65 tanks. Fifty-five more suffered mechanical breakdowns, due to the lack of maintenance since landing.

937:. The next morning, the division was ordered to send the 22nd Armoured Brigade to join the 7th Armoured Division after it was realised a major Axis attack was underway. According to Carver, there was an "acrimonious exchange" between Lumsden and 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 1290:

to infantry training depots but this was not enough to stem the shortfall of available soldiers and the decision was made to disband divisions to move the men to combat formations. The 1st Armoured Division was chosen to be disbanded. The

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Julius was the codeword to bring troops to a state of readiness within eight hours. The codeword Caesar meant an invasion was imminent, and units were to be readied for immediate action. Kirke's plan assumed the Germans would use 4,000

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dominated the central part of the battlefield. The eastern end was under Allied control while Axis forces occupied the western end. Operation Bacon was intended to occupy the entirety of the ridge via a night attack by Major-General

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arrived to replace them. During January 1939, Hore-Belisha proposed splitting the Mobile Division into two smaller formations but found no support. The issue was again broached a month later, and was accepted in principle by the

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and the remnants of the division started to concentrate, with the instruction to launch a counterattack into the southern flank of the renewed German advance. No significant attack occurred, and the division withdrew beyond the

330:. The former would ideally be dispatched seven days into such a war and around one week ahead of the infantry. By the end of the year, the timetable had been updated to the entire force being ready to embark 21 days into a war. 5775: 1102:

With the fighting over, the division moved into reserve for rest, leave, integrating reinforcements, and to conduct training that was to last until October and would include night marches. During this period, Major-General

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was retitled as the 1st Armoured Division. Five years later, it adopted an insignia that merged the designs of the 1st Division and the Second World War-era's 1st Armoured Division. The formation went on to fight in the

563:. On 14 April, the 2nd Light Armoured Brigade was renamed the 2nd Armoured Brigade and the 1st Heavy Brigade became the 3rd Armoured Brigade. Later in the month, the infantry of the support group were transferred to the 1022:

with an engagement against the 21st Panzer Division. At dusk on 3 July, the division fended off a determined German attack. Both sides were now spent. On 5 July, Lumsden quarrelled with his superior Lieutenant-General

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As the Eighth Army retreated into Egypt, it formed up at Mersa Matruh, which had originally been considered the location in which British forces would conduct "a last-ditch stand" because its loss would bring the

453:. Mobile divisions would then exploit any gaps created and the territory captured would be secured by fast-moving motor divisions (motorised infantry). It was envisioned this would transform the attack into a 501:. Shortly after, the French government was informed of a preliminary timetable for the arrival of the BEF in the event of war; "One Regular Armoured Division will become available about the middle of 1940". 1324:, the 6th Armoured Division was redesignated as the 1st Armoured Division. The renamed formation maintained the 6th Armoured Division's insignia of a mailed fist. During 1947, the division transferred to 6015: 1185:

from April 23, and fought at El Kourzia. Their final action of the campaign took place on 8 May near Tunis. With the conclusion of fighting in Tunisia, the division remained in North Africa until 1944.

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Liddell Hart advocated for the complete restructure of the BEF into a force of just two mobile divisions. He argued such a force would benefit the French more than four additional infantry divisions.

847:. The division then lost more tanks, as they were withdrawn and shipped to Egypt. This was followed by the 22nd Armoured Brigade being detached and dispatched as well. The division, equipped with 60 469:

doctrine that believed tanks alone would not be a decisive weapon. Burnett-Stuart's thinking, however, predominated within the British armoured forces until a doctrine reformation occurred in 1942.

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bridging equipment, did not have all of its wireless equipment, lacked a full complement of anti-tank or anti-aircraft guns, and had no tank reserves to replace losses. An advance party landed at

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and clear the area of German forces, which were implied to be in small numbers. After completing this task, they were to move towards the BEF and provide it with flanking cover. The French

642:(armoured divisions) were on the east side of the Somme, although they were believed to have been greatly weakened by the fighting of their advance. They also held the impression that the 5893: 5780: 209:, in September 1939, subordinate units and formations were withdrawn from the division to reinforce others. Then, in May 1940, the division was deployed to France and then fought in the 3795: 582:

The operating area of the various Allied formations are shown in blue. The German formations are shown in red. The red area denotes the territory captured by Germany by 21 May 1940

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would have been a better choice for the role the 1st undertook in Italy because it "was fully experienced in hill, if not mountain warfare and would have been a better choice than the

1217:. At the end of August 1944, it moved forward to join the fighting, advancing behind the assaulting infantry, and lost 22 tanks due to mechanical breakdowns by the time it reached the 371:, deputy director for staff studies, favoured a more-balanced force that would include light tanks, more-heavily armoured-and-armed tanks, mechanised infantry, and supporting arms. 1107:

assumed command and the division was reorganised to conform with War Office directions that were issued in May 1942. It then composed of the 2nd Armoured Brigade (with 1 Grant, 92

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During the assault on the Gothic Line, the Eighth Army lost 130 Shermans and 20 Stuarts. No breakdown is provided to state if these were all from the 1st Armoured Division or not.

673:. Evans held the opinion that his force was unable to achieve any of these missions due to the lack of infantry and supporting arms and that his division had still not assembled. 205:

on 24 November 1937, after several years of debate on the creation of such a formation. It was then renamed, in April 1939, the 1st Armoured Division. Following the start of the

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Between 5 and 6 June 1942, the 22nd Armoured Brigade was transferred to the 7th Armoured Division. In combat during these two days, at least 60 of its 156 tanks were lost.

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medium tanks. According to Carver, these two factors made Lumsden reluctant to support the 7th if called upon and was adamant none of his force would be allocated to it.

383:, on the subject. The division announced in November was based on Hobart's idea. The Mobile Division was formed with six light-tank regiments that were split between the 567:. By 3 May 1940, the division had 203 light and 121 cruiser tanks and it was hoped it would be able to cross the English Channel to France and finalise its training at 6000: 5706: 619:. On 19 May, the first meaningful elements landed. On 22 May, the 3rd Armoured Brigade had one of its regiments removed and transferred to the 30th Infantry Brigade. 5930: 5868: 5725: 5128: 4661: 531:

developed Julius Caesar, a plan to defend the UK from a potential German invasion. In this plan, the 1st Armoured Division was to be within a short distance of the

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and lost several tanks. The next day, the division repelled further German attacks and captured 44 prisoners. It then came under the command of the French

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gave a third set of instructions, which stated the division was under their command and was to provide that army with flanking protection for an attack on

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Thereafter, the army established three types of divisions and solidified the role of the mobile division. Infantry divisions would penetrate the enemy's

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Various organisational changes were introduced throughout the war that changed the composition of armoured divisions. More information can be found at

895:. On 21 January 1942, Axis forces attacked the 150-tank strong division and forced it to conduct a fighting withdrawal. It, along with the rest of the 4846: 4514: 1225:

had led the 1st Armoured Division through German defences, and it was hoped the infantry division would likewise be able to seize crossings over the

248:. With the conclusion of fighting in Tunisia, the division remained in North Africa until 1944. In May, it started to move to Italy to fight in the 5856: 4081: 1249: 963: 696:, and a second attempt was made against three crossings. Numerous tanks and men were lost attempting to reach two, with the attacks repulsed. At 1026:. Lumsden wanted his division, which now contained the majority of the army's armoured forces, to be relieved after weeks of continuous action. 559:(German paratrooper) landings. During January 1940, with the risk of a landing reduced due to winter, the division concentrated for training in 442:, who had served in the artillery but had no prior experience in mobile forces or their training, was appointed to command on 24 November 1937. 4276: 423: 4998: 4981: 4976: 4971: 875:

now held command and his force was ordered to undertake desert training. By the end of the year, Operation Crusader had concluded with an

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The 1st Armoured Division was tasked with exploiting any success achieved by their infantry colleagues, who were assaulting the German

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supported by the 1st Army Tank Brigade and together checked the Axis advance. Over the following days, the division engaged the German

304: 252:. Between late August and the end of September, the division fought in several engagements as part of the Allied assault on the German 762:

on 8 June. In the final stages of the campaign, Britain attempted to reinforce France with a second BEF while the French considered a

492:, which was the main weapon system of the tank brigade, was considered obsolete. Starting in December, the first deliveries of modern 4548: 3247: 3203: 1706: 1380: 1181:. At this time, the Allied tanks were painted green to replace their prior desert camouflage colours. The division then took part in 535:

coast, which was assumed to be the country's most vulnerable point. The 2nd Light Brigade and the support group were located in west

303:(CIGS), advocated for the formation of a tank-based force, dubbed a Mobile Division, that would be used to screen the advance of the 5417: 5104: 5080: 4801: 4736: 4468: 1411: 1292: 1229:. However, the infantry had not been able to do so. Moving through the 46th's position, the 1st Armoured Division advanced towards 1165:

following the conclusion of the pursuit. This was followed by an attack towards Wadi Akarit on 29 March and its embroilment in the

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over the following months. This re-organisation left the division with 190 light and 25 cruiser tanks. During the same period, the

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August-to-September fighting that compounded this issue. To address this crisis, the War Office started to transfer men from the

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and maintain mobility. Burnett-Stuart, who had been responsible for the training of the Mobile Division, influenced its

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and then a historian), Lumsden resented Messervy for the setback that had befallen the division in January. Messervy's

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rather than an anti-tank gun, for firing smoke and high explosive rounds, and were not intended to fight other tanks.

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The division regrouped at El Alamein with the rest of the army and was assigned a counterattack role. On 1 July, the

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The first elements of the 2nd Armoured Brigade reached the Somme around 01:00 on 24 May. Two tanks were lost due to

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Allied (blue) and Axis (red) dispositions between 26 and 27 May. The 1st Armoured Division is located in the centre

296: 1452:. This meant cruiser tanks were ineffective against entrenched infantry, or in suppressing hostile artillery. The 1029:

A short period of inactivity, during which both sides entrenched themselves on the territory they held, followed.

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By 12 June, tank crew morale was low, and the relationship between Lumsden and Messervy further deteriorated. The

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was created and the army moved towards mechanisation to improve its battlefield mobility. During the early 1930s,

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until the Axis defeat in North Africa in May 1943. It was during this period that it was temporarily renamed the

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1st, and it was able to use 83 Grants, 59 Crusaders and 64 Stuarts. That day, the division battled the 15th and

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The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes Reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)

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last minute grouping of three brigades which was all that 1st Armoured Division could really claim to be".

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Lumsden resumed command on 12 February 1942, and the 22nd Armoured Brigade rejoined in April. According to

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that he needed at least two and ideally three armoured divisions to undertake offensive action to lift the

591: 327: 903:

in February. During this period, 42 tanks were lost in combat and a further 30 were damaged or abandoned.

5583: 5543: 5075: 5044: 5039: 5029: 4905: 3709: 3447: 3361: 1170: 1119: 1054: 938: 611:

on May 15 and moved to Arras. Approaching German forces, coupled with aerial attacks on Le Havre and the

230: 1177:

into Tunisia. It was then redesignated as the 1st British Armoured Division to avoid confusion with the

724: 488:, a cavalry officer, took command of the division following the promotion of Brooke. By this point, the 213:. After several engagements and heavy tank losses, it was forced to withdraw to the UK, in June, during 5498: 1300: 1018: 1004: 954: 380: 226: 3976: 1440:. Cruiser tanks were swift moving, more heavily armoured, and equipped with both a machine gun and an 1123:

assault to capture two Axis strongholds, although map-reading errors delayed progress. The subsequent

816: 472: 5678: 5558: 4910: 4885: 4519: 1449: 1158: 991:

Armoured Division, was positioned in the desert to protect army's southern desert flank. On 27 June,

638:

on 22 May. The following day, still not fully concentrated, Evans and his staff were aware up to six

599: 438:, on the basis experience with tanks and armoured warfare was needed. In a compromise, Major-General 5603: 5457: 5252: 5242: 5211: 4857: 4781: 4590: 4488: 3705: 3451: 1257: 1124: 1038: 815:. In April 1941, tanks were withdrawn and transported to reinforce British forces in Egypt via the 365: 293: 1240:

A renewed assault in the same vicinity took place on 12 September, when the division attacked the

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division ceased to be an operational formation. It was officially disbanded on 11 January 1945.

1307:

The divisional headquarters was also maintained. During October 1944, it commanded three small,

1194: 41: 5482: 5365: 5070: 5019: 5014: 4870: 4806: 3503: 1496: 1087: 1035: 992: 962:. The Allies' initial success at halting a German tank attack was followed by an attack on the 647: 643: 489: 477: 333: 3665: 709: 5267: 5247: 5226: 5206: 4880: 3789: 3667:

British Planning and Preparations to Resist Invasion on Land, September 1939 – September 1940

1445: 1357: 1166: 616: 431: 3995: 1772: 1740: 1627: 5673: 5667: 5662: 5657: 4524: 3835:

To Change an Army: General Sir John Burnett-Stuart and British Armoured Doctrine, 1927–1938

2252: 1131: 320: 3237: 3193: 1696: 602:. As the Allied forces advanced to meet the invasion, the main German attack came via the 8: 4340: 4220: 4130: 3570:. History of the Second World War. Vol. I. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 3242: 3198: 1701: 1508:

Playfair highlights the similarity between this situation and that which occurred to the

1325: 1063: 971: 888: 836: 717: 427: 376: 357: 316: 194: 676: 311:

in 1914. In early 1937, British planners assumed a European war would be fought against

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The Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920–2001) and its Antecedents

3000: 1777: 1745: 1632: 1483: 987: 868: 807: 754: 741: 400: 372: 1013:

Herbert Lumsden, who commanded the division for the majority of the first half of 1942

867:

When the division arrived in Egypt in mid-November 1941, the latest British offensive

554: 19:

For the armoured formation formed during the Cold War and served in the Gulf War, see

4345: 4225: 3935: 3914: 3893: 3860: 3838: 3819: 3799: 3774: 3755: 3736: 3717: 3691: 3674: 3650: 3631: 3612: 3593: 3571: 3545: 3526: 3507: 3481: 3461: 3429: 3412: 3393: 3373: 3343: 3324: 1127:

inflicted heavy losses on Axis forces that conducted a counterattack and resulted in

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the BEF. The following month, the 1st Light Brigade was removed and used to form the

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The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941)

995:

and that evening, withdrew as part of a general withdrawal conducted by XIII Corps.

5065: 3811: 2320: 2318: 1141:

On 2 November, Operation Supercharge, the next phase of the battle, commenced. The

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remaining 26 tanks moved by road. Between 16 and 18 June, now under the command of

763: 729: 701: 356:

During 1937, the army was split on how to implement an armoured formation. General

285: 281: 222: 214: 210: 206: 191: 129: 103: 3714:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)

3564: 2942: 4320: 4200: 2510: 2486: 1460:

an example of a heavy cruiser. Close-support tanks were cruisers equipped with a

1295:, which had come under its command after moving to Italy, was transferred to the 1287: 1283: 1270:, the author of the British official history for this period, commented that the 1076: 872: 844: 697: 693: 639: 480:, an obsolete tank by 1938, and what the Tank Brigade was initially equipped with 415:

There was a dispute over command following the creation of the division. General

277: 273: 265: 158: 4059: 3523:

Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War Against Germany 1919–1945

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British doctrine defined light tanks as reconnaissance vehicles armed only with

217:. In late 1941, the division was sent to North Africa where it took part in the 5965: 5898: 4330: 4210: 4135: 4125: 3385: 1226: 1174: 1135: 1030: 1009: 915: 892: 689: 416: 75: 3939: 3918: 3897: 3649:. A History of British Infantry. Vol. II. London: Pen & Sword Books. 3465: 906: 5984: 3956:"World War II: A Chronology, October 1944, Section IV: Mediterranean Theater" 3852: 3803: 3678: 3416: 3357: 2930: 2738: 1457: 1441: 852: 824: 787: 783: 733: 681: 623: 568: 544: 462: 450: 338: 2654: 2582: 2330: 1202:

In May 1944, the 1st Armoured Division started to move to Italy to join the

1198:

Italy and the various German defensive lines, with Gothic Line marked in red

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The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of Axis Forces in Africa

3460:, United Kingdom Military Series. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 3443: 3372:, United Kingdom Military Series. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 3316: 2894: 2870: 2846: 2291: 1884: 1453: 1263: 1207: 880: 779: 655: 615:

of the port resulted in the decision to unload the rest of the division at

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and determined there was a need to experiment with and develop theories of

269: 198: 93: 3690:. War, Armed Forces and Society. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 3377: 1529:

medium tanks, 257 Crusaders and 149 Stuart light tanks in the Gazala line.

933:

On 26 May 1942, Axis forces struck the Allied positions and initiated the

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Browned Off and Bloody-minded: The British Soldier Goes to War 1939–1945

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Evans, Roger (February 1943). "The 1st Armoured Division in France".

3478:

The Great Tank Scandal: British Armour in the Second World War Part 1

3194:"Badge, formation, 6th Armoured Division & 1st Armoured Division" 3012: 1253: 1150: 884: 848: 662: 631: 627: 3688:

The Commonwealth Armies: Manpower and Organisation in Two World Wars

1697:"Badge, formation, 1st Armoured Division & 2nd Armoured Brigade" 1044: 6016:

Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II

1461: 1337: 767: 750: 608: 603: 572: 412:. The design included a white standing rhinoceros on a black oval. 324: 174: 3798:. Wellington: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs. 3731:

Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004b) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).

3174: 3060: 3769:

Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).

3750:

Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).

3500:

And We Shall Shock Them: The British Army in the Second World War

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The division's next action was in March 1943, when it joined the

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Evans, Roger (May 1943). "The 1st Armoured Division in France".

3113: 3111: 2642: 2630: 2594: 1521:

No divisional breakdown is provided but between the 1st and the

3796:

Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45

1983: 1526: 1482:), and at least one division of 15,000 troops to be used in an 1340:

and in 2014 was retitled as the 1st (United Kingdom) Division.

1218: 1169:

one week later. During April, the division was assigned to the

986:, a 40-mile (64 km) stretch of desert between the sea and 927: 900: 803: 670: 560: 3992:(An essay detailing the 1st Armoured Division in France, 1940) 2906: 2786: 2120: 1371:

List of orders of battle for the British 1st Armoured Division

622:

The division was ordered to seize and hold bridges across the

4025: 3108: 3096: 3084: 1572: 979: 759: 635: 540: 3590:

Victory in the Mediterranean, Part II – June to October 1944

1947: 1596: 408:, being the most-heavily-armoured animal, was chosen as the 3282:"First In, First Choice, First Solution: 1st (UK) Division" 2228: 2019: 360:

argued for a formation of cavalry regiments, equipped with

3960:

Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library

3730: 3704: 3426:

British Armoured Divisions and their Commanders, 1939-1945

2810: 2281: 2279: 2258: 2072: 1971: 1878: 1842: 375:, a military theorist, supported this idea and influenced 3768: 3749: 3390:

Dilemmas of the Desert War: The Libyan Campaign 1940–1942

3262: 3218: 3123: 3006: 2977: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2900: 2876: 2852: 2840: 2804: 2744: 2708: 2660: 2624: 2588: 2552: 2516: 2492: 2468: 2444: 2420: 2396: 2372: 2354: 2336: 2324: 2303: 2297: 2270: 2168: 2156: 1908: 1812: 1315: 3884:(November 1942). "The 1st Armoured Division in France". 2990: 2988: 2986: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2882: 2858: 2822: 2774: 2750: 2726: 2204: 2144: 2084: 1937: 1935: 1848: 1785: 1608: 1584: 551:

were maintained as a separate unit to counter any small

315:, and a BEF would be dispatched to Europe to supplement 3238:"Badge, formation, British, 1st (UK) Armoured Division" 3135: 2714: 2678: 2666: 2402: 2276: 2240: 1802: 1800: 1753: 1366:

List of commanders of the British 1st Armoured Division

1098:, 1st Armoured Division, at El Alamein, 24 October 1942 918:(a participant of the battle, who would later become a 887:, took over the front line and was reinforced with the 5991:

Armoured divisions of the British Army in World War II

3409:

British and Commonwealth Armoured Formations (1919–46)

1995: 1920: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 323:

forces. The BEF was to consist of one mobile and four

3411:. AFV/Weapons Series. Windsor: Profile Publications. 2983: 2954: 2558: 2522: 2498: 2450: 2216: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2031: 1959: 1932: 1896: 1860: 1721: 1676: 1674: 594:

since the start of the conflict—ended as the Germans

6006:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

2762: 2474: 2378: 2342: 2192: 2180: 2132: 2108: 2096: 2060: 1797: 1560: 1347: 543:

while the heavy brigade was based further inland in

3954:Historical Division, War Department Special Staff. 3611:. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. 2690: 2606: 1824: 1652: 1416:

British armoured formations of the Second World War

1376:

British armoured formations of the Second World War

3563: 2570: 2534: 2426: 2043: 2007: 1671: 1640: 1456:provides an example of the light cruiser, and the 6001:Military units and formations established in 1939 4089: 3816:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 654:and relieve the threat to the right of the BEF". 352:, the main tank of the 1st and 2nd Light Brigades 5982: 3859:. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. 3837:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 3340:Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein 3857:Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II 3673:(Ph.D. thesis). London: King's College London. 982:within range of Axis aerial attacks. By 1942, 4277:Multi-National Division (South-West) (Bosnia) 4075: 4011: 3609:Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945 3584: 3180: 3156: 3117: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3018: 1082: 1070:On 22 July, Gatehouse was wounded. Brigadier 794:, and returned to the UK with just 13 tanks. 4999:British deception formations in World War II 650:to "cut the rear of the enemy who are about 552: 4546: 4282:Multi-National Division (South-East) (Iraq) 3480:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1149:was repeatedly engaged as they conducted a 802:The division was then placed in reserve in 259: 5916: 5704: 5102: 4082: 4068: 4018: 4004: 3625: 3544:. Botley, Oxfordshire: Osprey Publishing. 3268: 3224: 862: 716:. The following day, this force began the 547:. A small number of tanks and an infantry 40: 6011:1939 establishments in the United Kingdom 4026:British 1st Armoured Division (1937–1945) 3818:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3644: 3392:. Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount Limited. 3129: 1381:List of British divisions in World War II 708:, while the 3rd Armoured Brigade went to 684:knocked out during the fighting on 27 May 16:British Army unit in the Second World War 4183: 3810: 3787: 3472: 3453:The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940 3230: 2636: 2025: 1866: 1771: 1739: 1626: 1412:British Army during the Second World War 1193: 1086: 1043: 1008: 905: 899:, retreated until the army regrouped at 723: 675: 577: 471: 332: 3663: 3423: 3356: 3315: 3141: 2234: 2222: 2037: 2001: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1926: 1328:where it was disbanded that September. 883:. The 1st Armoured Division moved into 5983: 5854: 3913:. William Clowes & Sons: 179–187. 3851: 3832: 3606: 3542:Gazala 1942: Rommel's Greatest Victory 3520: 3494: 3428:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 3384: 3168: 2994: 2965: 2816: 2480: 2408: 2384: 2360: 2348: 2309: 2285: 2246: 2198: 2102: 2078: 1989: 1977: 1914: 1902: 1890: 1854: 1830: 1759: 1733: 1727: 1691: 1689: 1665: 1614: 1590: 1578: 1566: 1316:Post war formations with the same name 244:, to avoid it being confused with the 5915: 5853: 5703: 5101: 4545: 4302: 4182: 4102: 4063: 3999: 3685: 3558: 3442: 3294:from the original on 13 February 2022 2210: 2186: 2174: 2162: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2114: 2090: 2066: 1893:, pp. 13–14, 144, 148, 151, 215. 1818: 1806: 1791: 1765: 1646: 1602: 1386:Structure of the British Army in 1939 4039:1st Armoured Division (main article) 3934:. William Clowes & Sons: 46–54. 3892:. William Clowes & Sons: 55–69. 3791:Battle for Egypt, the Summer of 1942 3626:Lord, Cliff; Watson, Graham (2003). 3539: 3406: 3337: 3323:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3250:from the original on 29 October 2021 3206:from the original on 3 February 2022 2912: 2888: 2864: 2828: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2732: 2720: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2648: 2612: 2600: 2576: 2564: 2540: 2528: 2504: 2456: 2432: 2054: 2013: 1709:from the original on 6 February 2022 1680: 1293:43rd Gurkha Lorried Infantry Brigade 465:co-operation to win battles, as did 3525:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1686: 1189: 998: 993:the division fought the 15th Panzer 871:had already started. Major-General 823:that was being fought in Egypt and 819:. In June, with a stalemate in the 513: 508: 301:Chief of the Imperial General Staff 13: 3874: 1252:and trying to advance towards the 782:, the division was withdrawn from 364:, to be used in a screening role. 14: 6027: 3947: 3686:Perry, Frederick William (1988). 3366:The Defence of the United Kingdom 2261:, pp. 114–115, 255–256, 136. 1749:. 30 November 1937. p. 7517. 1096:2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) 1048:Map of the El Alamein battlefield 747:51st (Highland) Infantry Division 590:—the period of inactivity on the 170:First divisional insignia adopted 3788:Scoullar, Joseph Leslie (1955). 3274: 3186: 1541: 1350: 837:North Africa and the Middle East 297:Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd 236:The division then fought in the 173: 86: 68: 3458:History of the Second World War 3370:History of the Second World War 1532: 1515: 1502: 1489: 1467: 1430: 1421: 1320:In July 1946, while located at 1301:168th (London) Infantry Brigade 1297:56th (London) Infantry Division 948:132nd Armored Division "Ariete" 855:, left the UK in August aboard 797: 525:Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces 484:On 15 July 1938, Major-General 3647:For Love of Regiment 1915–1994 1636:. 23 March 1937. p. 1912. 1620: 1403: 1115:of three infantry battalions. 48:divisional rhinoceros insignia 1: 4162:6th (United Kingdom) Division 4157:3rd (United Kingdom) Division 4152:1st (United Kingdom) Division 3309: 3009:, pp. 432–436, 446, 453. 1781:. 29 July 1938. p. 4879. 1235:29th Panzergrenadier Division 1179:American 1st Armored Division 1154:the retreating Axis forces. 740:Over the following days, the 346: 290:Experimental Mechanized Force 246:American 1st Armored Division 242:1st British Armoured Division 115: 35:1st British Armoured Division 21:1st (United Kingdom) Division 4303: 3664:Newbold, David John (1988). 2651:, pp. 119–123, 132–133. 2603:, pp. 56–57, 74, 78–79. 1111:, and 68 Crusaders) and the 343:3rd (The King's Own) Hussars 231:Second Battles of El Alamein 7: 3645:Messenger, Charles (1994). 1343: 1120:Second Battle of El Alamein 1055:5th Indian Infantry Brigade 389:2nd Light Armoured Brigades 305:British Expeditionary Force 10: 6032: 5996:British armoured divisions 5549:66th (2nd East Lancashire) 5504:57th (2nd West Lancashire) 4103: 3833:Winton, Harold R. (1988). 3171:, pp. 37–38, 230–231. 1173:, which had advanced from 1083:Second El Alamein to Tunis 1005:First Battle of El Alamein 1002: 714:5th Light Cavalry Division 706:2nd Light Cavalry Division 381:Secretary of State for War 221:, notably fighting at the 46:The second variant of the 18: 5926: 5911: 5864: 5849: 5805: 5789: 5718: 5714: 5699: 5650: 5624: 5617: 5576: 5491: 5410: 5403: 5358: 5317: 5276: 5235: 5194: 5187: 5116: 5112: 5097: 5053: 5007: 4990: 4919: 4855: 4649: 4581: 4560: 4556: 4541: 4520:1st Commonwealth Division 4507: 4431: 4375: 4354: 4313: 4309: 4298: 4239: 4231:Scottish, Welsh and Irish 4193: 4189: 4178: 4144: 4113: 4109: 4098: 4031: 3630:. West Midlands: Helion. 3424:Doherty, Richard (2013). 3342:. London: Jonathan Cape. 3181:Jackson & Gleave 2004 3157:Jackson & Gleave 2004 3118:Jackson & Gleave 2004 3103:Jackson & Gleave 2004 3091:Jackson & Gleave 2004 3079:Jackson & Gleave 2004 3067:Jackson & Gleave 2004 3055:Jackson & Gleave 2004 3043:Jackson & Gleave 2004 3031:Jackson & Gleave 2004 3019:Jackson & Gleave 2004 2915:, pp. 396, 400, 403. 2795:, pp. 216, 255, 265. 2129:, pp. 104, 126, 256. 1992:, pp. 151, 215, 278. 1495:The brigade subsequently 1448:, was only supplied with 1159:Battle of the Mareth Line 712:to supplement the French 586:On 10 May 1940, the 169: 164: 152: 147: 125: 109: 99: 81: 63: 55: 39: 30: 5554:67th (2nd Home Counties) 5524:61st (2nd South Midland) 5514:59th (2nd North Midland) 3977:"Volleyed and Thundered" 3708:; et al. (2004a) . 3159:, pp. 300, 371–372. 2951:, pp. 357, 364–367. 2639:, pp. 214–218, 222. 2519:, pp. 242–243, 249. 2495:, pp. 240–241, 243. 1605:, pp. 450–453, 473. 1581:, pp. 28–29, 36–37. 1391: 1258:Santarcangelo di Romagna 1125:defence of Outpost Snipe 1118:On 23 October 1942, the 1039:2nd New Zealand Division 831:—commanding British and 260:Background and formation 50:, used from 1942 to 1945 5564:69th (2nd East Anglian) 5534:63rd (2nd Northumbrian) 4876:Durham and North Riding 3607:Joslen, H. F. (2003) . 3588:; et al. (2004) . 3521:French, David (2001) . 3021:, pp. 30, 232–233. 2327:, pp. 92, 136–137. 1446:2-pounder anti-tank gun 1246:98th Infantry Divisions 988:impassable salt marshes 863:Initial desert fighting 821:Western Desert campaign 776:James Marshall-Cornwall 659:Alphonse Joseph Georges 467:German armoured warfare 219:Western Desert campaign 201:. It was formed as the 134:Western Desert Campaign 5529:62nd (2nd West Riding) 5478:55th (West Lancashire) 5418:42nd (East Lancashire) 4802:55th (West Lancashire) 4737:42nd (East Lancashire) 3269:Lord & Watson 2003 3225:Lord & Watson 2003 2843:, pp. 39, 47, 53. 1523:7th Armoured Divisions 1450:armour-piercing rounds 1223:46th Infantry Division 1199: 1099: 1049: 1014: 911: 745:division assisted the 737: 704:to support the French 685: 583: 553: 490:Vickers Medium Mark II 481: 478:Vickers Medium Mark II 353: 5081:British Army in India 4032:1st Armoured Division 3407:Crow, Duncan (1971). 2259:Playfair et al. 2004b 1956:, pp. 39, 47–48. 1879:Playfair et al. 2004b 1843:Playfair et al. 2004a 1510:2nd Armoured Division 1358:United Kingdom portal 1272:6th Armoured Division 1197: 1167:Battle of Wadi Akarit 1161:after having entered 1090: 1047: 1012: 960:21st Panzer Divisions 924:7th Armoured Division 909: 813:22nd Armoured Brigade 727: 679: 581: 565:30th Infantry Brigade 521:2nd Armoured Division 475: 432:Frederick Alfred Pile 424:John Blakiston-Huston 419:, now CIGS, favoured 391:; three regiments of 336: 188:1st Armoured Division 33:1st Armoured Division 5443:48th (South Midland) 5433:46th (North Midland) 5428:44th (Home Counties) 4812:59th (Staffordshire) 4767:48th (South Midland) 4747:44th (Home Counties) 4525:17th Gurkha Division 4479:44th (Home Counties) 4314:Administrative units 4194:Administrative units 4184:Post-Cold War period 4121:Guards and Parachute 4114:Administrative units 3812:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 3338:Barr, Niall (2004). 3183:, pp. 407, 428. 3069:, pp. 278, 291. 3007:Playfair et al. 2004 2978:Playfair et al. 2004 2949:Playfair et al. 2004 2937:Playfair et al. 2004 2925:Playfair et al. 2004 2901:Playfair et al. 2004 2877:Playfair et al. 2004 2853:Playfair et al. 2004 2841:Playfair et al. 2004 2805:Playfair et al. 2004 2745:Playfair et al. 2004 2709:Playfair et al. 2004 2661:Playfair et al. 2004 2625:Playfair et al. 2004 2589:Playfair et al. 2004 2553:Playfair et al. 2004 2517:Playfair et al. 2004 2493:Playfair et al. 2004 2469:Playfair et al. 2004 2445:Playfair et al. 2004 2421:Playfair et al. 2004 2397:Playfair et al. 2004 2373:Playfair et al. 2004 2337:Playfair et al. 2004 2325:Playfair et al. 2004 2298:Playfair et al. 2004 2271:Playfair et al. 2004 2237:, pp. 163, 427. 2177:, pp. 272, 275. 2165:, pp. 261, 263. 2081:, pp. 144, 151. 1980:, pp. 148, 215. 1821:, pp. 514, 525. 1221:on 3 September. The 1143:9th Armoured Brigade 1132:Victor Buller Turner 964:4th Armoured Brigade 950:with mixed success. 944:15th Panzer Division 889:200th Guards Brigade 808:anti-invasion duties 449:with the support of 5539:64th (2nd Highland) 5519:60th (2/2nd London) 5509:58th (2/1st London) 5483:56th (1/1st London) 5473:54th (East Anglian) 5453:50th (Northumbrian) 5438:47th (1/2nd London) 4797:54th (East Anglian) 4777:50th (Northumbrian) 4722:23rd (Northumbrian) 4484:50th (Northumbrian) 4044:Commanding officers 3287:Ministry of Defence 3243:Imperial War Museum 3199:Imperial War Museum 3081:, pp. 291–293. 3057:, pp. 274–275. 3045:, pp. 257–260. 3033:, pp. 230–231. 2939:, pp. 350–352. 2891:, pp. 388–391. 2867:, pp. 385–386. 2831:, pp. 126–129. 2819:, pp. 6–7, 13. 2783:, pp. 181–184. 2759:, pp. 178–181. 2747:, pp. 357–358. 2735:, pp. 164–166. 2723:, pp. 152–154. 2687:, pp. 130–133. 2675:, pp. 133–137. 2663:, pp. 348–351. 2591:, pp. 341–343. 2363:, pp. 13, 169. 2339:, pp. 140–147. 2312:, pp. 13, 266. 2213:, pp. 298–301. 2153:, pp. 259–260. 2093:, pp. 254–255. 2028:, pp. 122–127. 1917:, pp. 16, 144. 1794:, pp. 503–504. 1702:Imperial War Museum 1617:, pp. 191–195. 1593:, pp. 187–188. 1147:90th Light Division 1064:Alexander Gatehouse 1019:first German attack 972:Mediterranean Fleet 718:Battle of Abbeville 410:divisional insignia 377:Leslie Hore-Belisha 358:John Burnett-Stuart 5584:63rd (Royal Naval) 5544:65th (2nd Lowland) 5448:49th (West Riding) 5045:82nd (West Africa) 5040:81st (West Africa) 5030:11th (East Africa) 4866:Devon and Cornwall 4858:"County Divisions" 4772:49th (West Riding) 4547:Second World War ( 4515:Artillery Division 4418:49th (West Riding) 3928:The Army Quarterly 3907:The Army Quarterly 3886:The Army Quarterly 3706:Playfair, I. S. O. 3540:Ford, Ken (2008). 2300:, pp. 38, 73. 1857:, pp. 80, 82. 1778:The London Gazette 1746:The London Gazette 1633:The London Gazette 1484:amphibious assault 1200: 1134:being awarded the 1129:Lieutenant-Colonel 1100: 1050: 1015: 912: 869:Operation Crusader 773:Lieutenant-General 742:Dunkirk evacuation 738: 686: 584: 482: 476:An example of the 401:motorised infantry 373:B. H. Liddell Hart 354: 341:light tank of the 307:(BEF), as had the 288:. The short-lived 5978: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5917:Napoleonic Wars ( 5907: 5906: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5705:Second Boer War ( 5695: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5572: 5571: 5499:45th (2nd Wessex) 5404:Territorial Force 5399: 5398: 5103:First World War ( 5093: 5092: 5089: 5088: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4469:42nd (Lancashire) 4336:Prince of Wales's 4294: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4247:1st (UK) Armoured 4216:Prince of Wales's 4174: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4090:Divisions of the 4057: 4056: 3866:978-0-81171-437-2 3844:978-0-70060-356-5 3825:978-0-52144-317-3 3761:978-1-84574-067-2 3742:978-1-84574-066-5 3723:978-1-84574-065-8 3697:978-0-71902-595-2 3656:978-0-850-52422-2 3637:978-1-874622-07-9 3618:978-1-84342-474-1 3599:978-1-84574-071-9 3577:978-0-116-30181-9 3551:978-1-84603-264-6 3532:978-0-199-24630-4 3513:978-0-304-35233-3 3487:978-0-11290-460-1 3435:978-1-84884-838-2 3399:978-1-86227-153-1 3349:978-0-22406-195-7 3330:978-0-300-17075-7 2903:, pp. 70–71. 2879:, pp. 66–67. 2855:, pp. 53–57. 2567:, pp. 25–27. 2531:, pp. 70–71. 2507:, pp. 65–66. 2459:, pp. 44–46. 2411:, pp. 78–79. 2288:, pp. 13–15. 2249:, pp. 14–15. 1762:, pp. 37–41. 1525:, there were 167 1480:6,000 such troops 1260:on 24 September. 1113:7th Motor Brigade 1024:Willoughby Norrie 829:Claude Auchinleck 786:, Cherbourg, and 730:tank transporters 274:lessons it learnt 238:Tunisian campaign 181: 180: 138:Tunisian Campaign 6023: 5913: 5912: 5851: 5850: 5716: 5715: 5701: 5700: 5622: 5621: 5559:68th (2nd Welsh) 5408: 5407: 5192: 5191: 5114: 5113: 5099: 5098: 5066:Beauman Division 4558: 4557: 4543: 4542: 4311: 4310: 4300: 4299: 4191: 4190: 4180: 4179: 4111: 4110: 4100: 4099: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4061: 4060: 4049:Orders of battle 4020: 4013: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3943: 3922: 3901: 3870: 3848: 3829: 3807: 3784: 3780:978-184574-068-9 3765: 3746: 3727: 3710:Butler, J. R. M. 3701: 3682: 3672: 3660: 3641: 3622: 3603: 3586:Jackson, William 3581: 3569: 3555: 3536: 3517: 3504:Cassell Military 3491: 3469: 3448:Butler, J. R. M. 3444:Ellis, Lionel F. 3439: 3420: 3403: 3381: 3362:Butler, J. R. M. 3353: 3334: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1693: 1684: 1678: 1669: 1663: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1519: 1513: 1506: 1500: 1497:fought at Calais 1493: 1487: 1471: 1465: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1407: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1204:Italian campaign 1190:Italian campaign 1183:Operation Vulcan 999:First El Alamein 978:and the city of 946:and the Italian 935:Battle of Gazala 792:Operation Aerial 764:national redoubt 640:panzer divisions 558: 514:Battle of France 509:Second World War 430:such as Hobart, 428:Royal Tank Corps 395:that formed the 351: 348: 309:Cavalry Division 286:armoured warfare 250:Italian campaign 223:Battle of Gazala 215:Operation Aerial 211:Battle of France 207:Second World War 177: 130:Battle of France 120: 117: 113:9,442–14,964 men 92: 90: 89: 74: 72: 71: 44: 28: 27: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6020: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5970: 5922: 5903: 5860: 5837: 5801: 5785: 5710: 5683: 5646: 5613: 5604:74th (Yeomanry) 5568: 5487: 5458:51st (Highland) 5395: 5354: 5313: 5272: 5253:17th (Northern) 5243:15th (Scottish) 5231: 5212:11th (Northern) 5183: 5108: 5085: 5049: 5003: 4986: 4915: 4851: 4782:51st (Highland) 4712:15th (Scottish) 4645: 4577: 4552: 4529: 4503: 4427: 4371: 4350: 4305: 4286: 4235: 4185: 4166: 4140: 4105: 4094: 4088: 4058: 4053: 4027: 4024: 3985: 3983: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3953: 3950: 3925: 3904: 3880: 3877: 3875:Further reading 3867: 3845: 3826: 3781: 3762: 3743: 3724: 3698: 3670: 3657: 3638: 3619: 3600: 3578: 3552: 3533: 3514: 3488: 3474:Fletcher, David 3436: 3400: 3386:Carver, Michael 3350: 3331: 3312: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2807:, pp. 8–9. 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1770: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1679: 1672: 1664: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1625: 1621: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1503: 1494: 1490: 1472: 1468: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1318: 1299:to replace the 1288:Royal Air Force 1284:Royal Artillery 1268:William Jackson 1254:Marecchia river 1192: 1085: 1077:Frederick Kisch 1007: 1001: 873:Herbert Lumsden 865: 845:Siege of Tobruk 800: 698:Ailly-sur-Somme 694:Border Regiment 690:anti-tank mines 644:Battle of Arras 604:Ardennes Forest 600:the Netherlands 596:invaded Belgium 555:Fallschirmjäger 539:and north-west 516: 511: 349: 278:First World War 266:interwar period 262: 203:Mobile Division 184: 159:Herbert Lumsden 154: 140: 136: 132: 118: 114: 87: 85: 69: 67: 51: 34: 32: 31:Mobile Division 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6029: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5712: 5711: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5463:52nd (Lowland) 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5263:19th (Western) 5260: 5258:18th (Eastern) 5255: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5222:13th (Western) 5219: 5217:12th (Eastern) 5214: 5209: 5204: 5202:9th (Scottish) 5198: 5196: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5110: 5109: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5025:11th (African) 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4901:Northumberland 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4856:Anti-Invasion 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4787:52nd (Lowland) 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4707:12th (Eastern) 4704: 4702:9th (Highland) 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4554: 4553: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4306: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4187: 4186: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4115: 4107: 4106: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4064: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3981:Historical Eye 3972: 3949: 3948:External links 3946: 3945: 3944: 3923: 3902: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3865: 3853:Zaloga, Steven 3849: 3843: 3830: 3824: 3808: 3785: 3779: 3766: 3760: 3747: 3741: 3728: 3722: 3702: 3696: 3683: 3661: 3655: 3642: 3636: 3623: 3617: 3604: 3598: 3582: 3576: 3566:Grand Strategy 3556: 3550: 3537: 3531: 3518: 3512: 3492: 3486: 3470: 3440: 3434: 3421: 3404: 3398: 3382: 3358:Collier, Basil 3354: 3348: 3335: 3329: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3273: 3261: 3229: 3217: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3146: 3144:, p. 216. 3134: 3132:, p. 122. 3130:Messenger 1994 3122: 3120:, p. 305. 3107: 3105:, p. 353. 3095: 3093:, p. 303. 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2982: 2980:, p. 401. 2970: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2771:, p. 181. 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2711:, p. 354. 2701: 2699:, p. 141. 2689: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2629: 2627:, p. 348. 2617: 2615:, p. 100. 2605: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2555:, p. 289. 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2471:, p. 233. 2461: 2449: 2447:, p. 225. 2437: 2425: 2423:, p. 224. 2413: 2401: 2399:, p. 223. 2389: 2377: 2375:, p. 219. 2365: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2201:, pp. 75. 2191: 2189:, p. 278. 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2141:, p. 257. 2131: 2119: 2117:, p. 255. 2107: 2105:, pp. 73. 2095: 2083: 2071: 2069:, p. 254. 2059: 2042: 2030: 2018: 2006: 2004:, p. 411. 1994: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1931: 1929:, p. 406. 1919: 1907: 1905:, p. 215. 1895: 1883: 1881:, p. 345. 1871: 1859: 1847: 1845:, p. 478. 1835: 1823: 1811: 1809:, p. 511. 1796: 1784: 1764: 1752: 1732: 1730:, p. 196. 1720: 1685: 1670: 1651: 1639: 1619: 1607: 1595: 1583: 1571: 1569:, p. 129. 1558: 1550: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1514: 1512:in April 1941. 1501: 1488: 1466: 1429: 1420: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1345: 1342: 1317: 1314: 1210:took command. 1191: 1188: 1136:Victoria Cross 1105:Raymond Briggs 1084: 1081: 1036:Leslie Inglis' 1031:Ruweisat Ridge 1003:Main article: 1000: 997: 916:Michael Carver 893:Frank Messervy 879:withdrawal to 864: 861: 853:Crusader tanks 851:light and 124 839:—informed the 827:, General Sir 799: 796: 734:Cruiser Mk IVs 527:, General Sir 515: 512: 510: 507: 451:infantry tanks 447:defensive line 417:Cyril Deverell 261: 258: 182: 179: 178: 171: 167: 166: 162: 161: 156: 150: 149: 145: 144: 127: 123: 122: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 83: 79: 78: 76:United Kingdom 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 45: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6028: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5858: 5855:Crimean War ( 5852: 5848: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 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4434: 4430: 4424: 4423:56th (London) 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4367:16th Airborne 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4297: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4177: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4009: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3982: 3978: 3975:Rees, Simon. 3973: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3496:Fraser, David 3493: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317:Allport, Alan 3314: 3313: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3271:, p. 25. 3270: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3227:, p. 36. 3226: 3221: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3182: 3177: 3170: 3165: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2997:, p. 15. 2996: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2974: 2968:, p. 13. 2967: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2927:, p. 87. 2926: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2637:Scoullar 1955 2633: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2579:, p. 29. 2578: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2543:, p. 25. 2542: 2537: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2506: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2483:, p. 97. 2482: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2435:, p. 41. 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2398: 2393: 2387:, p. 74. 2386: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2357: 2351:, p. 56. 2350: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2294: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2273:, p. 31. 2272: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2236: 2231: 2225:, p. 28. 2224: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2171: 2164: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2057:, p. 29. 2056: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2040:, p. 85. 2039: 2034: 2027: 2026:Weinberg 1994 2022: 2016:, p. 28. 2015: 2010: 2003: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1979: 1974: 1968:, p. 63. 1967: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1944:, p. 40. 1943: 1938: 1936: 1928: 1923: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1867:Fletcher 1993 1863: 1856: 1851: 1844: 1839: 1832: 1827: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1793: 1788: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1761: 1756: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1729: 1724: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1692: 1690: 1683:, p. 24. 1682: 1677: 1675: 1668:, p. 42. 1667: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1649:, p. 45. 1648: 1643: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1544: 1535: 1528: 1524: 1518: 1511: 1505: 1498: 1492: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442:anti-tank gun 1439: 1433: 1424: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1348: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1196: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1097: 1093: 1092:Sherman tanks 1089: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1072:Arthur Fisher 1068: 1065: 1059: 1056: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1011: 1006: 996: 994: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 967: 965: 961: 956: 951: 949: 945: 940: 936: 931: 929: 925: 921: 920:field marshal 917: 908: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 885:eastern Libya 882: 881:western Libya 878: 874: 870: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825:Italian Libya 822: 818: 814: 809: 806:to undertake 805: 795: 793: 789: 788:Saint-Nazaire 785: 781: 777: 774: 769: 765: 761: 756: 752: 748: 743: 735: 731: 726: 722: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 683: 682:Cruiser Mk IV 678: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 610: 605: 601: 597: 593: 592:Western Front 589: 580: 576: 574: 570: 569:Pacy-sur-Eure 566: 562: 557: 556: 550: 546: 545:Hertfordshire 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 506: 502: 500: 495: 494:cruiser tanks 491: 487: 479: 474: 470: 468: 464: 463:combined-arms 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 441: 437: 436:Charles Broad 433: 429: 425: 422: 421:Major-General 418: 413: 411: 407: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 367: 363: 359: 344: 340: 339:Vickers Mk VI 335: 331: 329: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 272:examined the 271: 267: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 234: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 193: 189: 183:Military unit 176: 172: 168: 163: 160: 157: 151: 146: 143: 139: 135: 131: 128: 124: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 95: 84: 80: 77: 66: 62: 58: 54: 49: 43: 38: 29: 26: 22: 5468:53rd (Welsh) 5376:38th (Welsh) 5359:5th New Army 5318:4th New Army 5277:3rd New Army 5268:20th (Light) 5248:16th (Irish) 5236:2nd New Army 5227:14th (Light) 5207:10th (Irish) 5195:1st New Army 5117:Regular Army 4891:Lincolnshire 4792:53rd (Welsh) 4732:38th (Welsh) 4595: 4573:6th Airborne 4568:1st Airborne 4499:53rd (Welsh) 4362:6th Airborne 4240:Combat units 4145:Combat units 4092:British Army 4038: 3984:. Retrieved 3980: 3963:. Retrieved 3959: 3931: 3927: 3910: 3906: 3889: 3885: 3882:Evans, Roger 3856: 3834: 3815: 3790: 3770: 3751: 3732: 3713: 3687: 3666: 3646: 3627: 3608: 3589: 3565: 3560:Gibbs, N. H. 3541: 3522: 3499: 3477: 3452: 3425: 3408: 3389: 3365: 3339: 3320: 3296:. Retrieved 3285: 3276: 3264: 3252:. Retrieved 3241: 3232: 3220: 3208:. Retrieved 3197: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3142:Allport 2015 3137: 3125: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3002: 2973: 2944: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2305: 2293: 2266: 2254: 2242: 2235:Newbold 1988 2230: 2223:Doherty 2013 2218: 2206: 2194: 2182: 2170: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2038:Collier 1957 2033: 2021: 2009: 2002:Newbold 1988 1997: 1985: 1973: 1966:Newbold 1988 1961: 1954:Newbold 1988 1949: 1942:Newbold 1988 1927:Newbold 1988 1922: 1910: 1898: 1886: 1874: 1869:, p. 8. 1862: 1850: 1838: 1833:, p. 4. 1826: 1814: 1787: 1776: 1767: 1755: 1744: 1735: 1723: 1711:. 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1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)

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