2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka

1106:, alleged that the police took him into custody and tortured him and opened a baseless case against him, sending him to jail for 11 days. Lance Rego, a Mangalore resident, claimed that "many of the police personnel who entered the premises of Holy Cross Church at Kulshekar were wearing helmets usually worn by two-wheeler drivers and not the ones meant for police personnel. Hence, I wonder whether they were police personnel or cadres of the Bajrang Dal." Another resident, Marcel Henry Ferao, alleged that "prohibitory orders were imposed on those who were inside the church compound and not on the Bajrang Dal cadres who were outside the church compound and were pelting stones". Dinal Saldanha of Kulshekar alleged that the police used tear-gas shells which were past their expiry date on the premises, and that exposure to the gas resulted in problems with her eyesight. Many Catholic women reported incidents of police violence to the Deputy Commissioner M. Maheshwar Rao and other government officials, revealing their bruises, and demanding that action be taken against them. 1321:"The vested political and economic interests are hitting back with vengeance. Christians are sitting ducks, where no or negligible retaliation expected. The Church works in areas, where even the government dares not to go because it is not profitable. The Church's education, healthcare and social services in these backward areas has empowered the weak, poor and deprived vested interests of vote banks and cheap labour. The emancipation through education, healthcare, awareness of alternatives and provision of opportunities have set the oppressed classes free from the clutches of the upper caste or rich Hindus and slavery of their political masters. These interests are therefore hitting back at the Christians to maintain their hold on those, whom they have been exploiting since ages... We condemn those indulging in conversion by force or inducement. Catholics do not accept a conversion, unless it comes from the heart. But the saffron brigade raises this bogey, since in believes in 1524:

concluded that the attacks were "carried out by 'misguided elements' following circulation of literature insulting Hindu gods and reports of conversion activity by some Christian groups" and that "the Roman Catholic church and its leaders were not involved in conversion." In the case of Chikkamagaluru district, Somasekhara noted that "the Government may enquire and withdraw the privileges to every people who is indulging or getting converted in such illegal activities of conversions commercially." The report was widely criticised by the Christian community for being "biased" and activists belonging to the Religious Christian Minority Wing of the JDS burnt a copy of the Somasekhara report. Archbishop of Bangalore Archdiocese Bernard Moras rejected the Somasekhara report, stating, "It has failed to address the terms of reference of the Commission and has failed to do justice to the Christian community." He demanded that the state government launch a

1519:, initiated by Yeddyurappa's BJP-led state government was eventually made public in January 2011, in which it stated that the attacks were suspected to have been initiated by the Bajrang Dal, denying any involvement of the state government and the police, "true Hindus", or any cover-up in the attacks after collecting 2,204 exhibits and 30 materials related to the attacks, 25 spot inspections and examining attacks on 57 churches in Karnataka. The report stated, "There is no basis to apprehension of Christian petitioners that politicians, BJP, mainstream Sangh Parivar and State Government directly or indirectly are involved in the attacks. No politicians or representative of any political party in the state who politicised the incidents of attack for their benefits immediately did not come before the commission with their affidavits or to give evidence or opinion in the matter." The report—which cost around 1207:

image of his government". He said at the press conference, "My government is committed to maintaining peace and harmony in the state; law and order has been top priority by my government.... Nobody is above law, irrespective of caste and creed the culprits will be punished". The state government ensured that special security was given to important places of worship throughout the state in the aftermath of the attacks and Yeddyurappa set up a corps of detectives to investigate. He promised Christian community leaders that all churches and shrines vandalised in the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, and Chikkamagaluru during the attacks would be restored and paid a visit to all of the areas affected by communal riots and attacks. Some politicians such as former Prime Minister and

1306:, also said that Christian community of Belthangady was deeply hurt and shocked at the attacks, saying that "We strongly condemn the act. We are not violent and do not believe in violence. We respect the administration and the law of the country. We respect all religions. We, the Christian minority community, need protection from kinds of anti-social, anti-religious activities". The community leaders in a press conference also appealed internationally, stating "we want to bring to the notice of the world and human right commissions and authorities in Canada to use their diplomatic channels about the total collapse of law and order in Mangalore and other parts of India, and the failure of the state to protect the lives of the clergy and the minority community". 1137:

action will be taken against you without fear or favour". In Dakshina Kanada district, community members reported that the administration had attempted to have Superintendent of Police N. Satish Kumar transferred. However, the official report into the attacks initiated by the government, released in January 2011, contradicted this and stated "the impression and allegations that the top police officers and the district administration had colluded with the attackers in attacking the churches or places of worship has no merit. The concerned police in all districts did their best and have been successful in nabbing most of such miscreants and large number of charge-sheets have been filed in various courts which have to finally adjudicate their identity."

1506:, was outspoken against the protests and published a report in 2011 investigating the attacks on Christian institutions and people, written up after he visited 413 locations, examined 673 witnesses and 2,114 victims of the attacks. He described the attacks as "state-sponsored terrorism", and concluded that "the attacks and incidents which took place were instigated and pre-planned. They were not only supported by the state, but were also covered up for by the state." The report also stated, "The responsibility for this devolves squarely on Home Minister V. S. Acharya and the Chief Minister B S Yediyurappa". Saldanha believes that the "communal forces" at work attacking Christian institutions are also part of an 28: 1409:(religion). A lot needs to be done for the betterment of life. My dream is to build a society that values life more than religion. In jail I read several literary works. I joined Bajrang Dal so that we could mobilise the youth for a good cause, but at the end of the day all our concepts were politically motivated." In February 2011, after the commission reports into the attacks were published, Kumar formally apologised to the public for the attacks and accused the BJP Government of corruption. On 21 February 2011 he joined the JDS, declaring, "I am today shedding the shackles of communalism to strive for communal harmony, for which the JDS is working." His successor, 1302:, the police and district administration, we hereby appeal to our community to stop agitation immediately to maintain peace." Fr. Prashant Madtha, former principal of St. Aloysius College said in response to the attacks and resultant protests, "The retaliation from the Christian community you saw was happening for the very first time in the history of the state. It was not the correct response, I condemn it, but then our youth have started imitating the enemy. There is a lot of fear. We don't know when the stones will rain on our roofs. We are even scared to talk." Fr. Joseph Valiaparambil, Bishop of 1596:

of the strongest Christian areas of the city. George Castelino, a Catholic lay leader who guided the march, stated that the black "symbolised that the action of the government and its commission have silenced Christians." Rev. Alwyn Culaso of the Full Gospel Church said that "This is a sea of Christianity that is wounded by the attacks on the churches by the fundamental groups. The government should look at the faith and patience of these people and give justice." On 17 February 2011, Ronald Colaco, Chairman of IFKCA and Higher Education Minister

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the district, but failed to do anything about it. The Christian community accused the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government under B. S. Yeddyurappa of involvement in the attacks and backing the anti-Christian campaigns. In response to the report that the police had information, Fr. Henry Sequeira, chancellor of the Mangalore Diocese said, "If the police knew about this in advance and still could not prevent the attacks, then we have no hope." However, Superintendent Kumar had made security arrangements near the New Life Prayer Centre in

1425:(AICC). She stated, "Christians were a microscopic minority in India. We must put aside the differences between our various sects and come together to fight fascist forces." She further described the stance taken by the diocese as "improper". Alva also objected to the peace agreement between the local Catholic leadership and the VHP in which the latter had allegedly laid down a code of ethics for the Christians to follow, and remarked that "the Indian Constitution is the only code of ethics for all Indians". An investigation in the 1515:

he believed that the state police were competent enough to investigate and bring the perpetrators to justice themselves. Jesuit priest Fr. M. K. George remarked that "The government does not seem to be serious about the early release of the commission report... the government is lacking the political will to act". Rev. Manohar Chandra Prasad criticised the government for "soft pedaling" and believed that the extension was an indication of the government's "step-motherly" attitude toward Christians. The official report of Justice

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churches and the strong representation of Catholics, was at one time known as the "Rome of the East". However it is also noted as a pilgrimage centre for Hindus, given its numerous Hindu temples and shrines. Between 1991 and 2011, the percentage of Christians living in India reportedly dropped from 2.7 per cent to 2.2 per cent, a declining figure which has been linked to ongoing difficulties facing Christians in a predominantly Hindu nation. In 2008, an estimated 320,300 Christians were living in the

1465:, stated that the attacks were carried out by the Bajrang Dal and the Sri Ram Sena. They asserted that the event was a "pretext by the police to let loose a savage assault on the community and its sacred institutions", and that the police "conducted themselves as activists of the Bajrang Dal and not as officers of the law, under the benign gaze of the friendly state government." The police were reported to be "more interested in interrogating the nuns than in investigating the assaults." The 1403:

alleged forced conversions. Kumar had initially denied any involvement in the attacks before being arrested on 20 September. When asked again at a later date however if he had accepted responsibility for the attacks, he denied it. Kumar resigned from Bajrang Dal on 1 October 2008 after witnessing a Hindu woman who had decided to commit suicide with her three children but was saved by Christian missionaries. He stated "That was the time I realised that life is more important than

1073: 1228:"After my government come into power, I first met the Bishop of Mangalore and other Muslim leaders, and asked them for unity among all religions. We have to stop all misunderstandings between religions. We have to treat each and every citizen equally. Whoever takes law into their hands should be punished. I strongly condemn this act against the Catholic churches. Karnataka is famous for peace and we need to maintain peace in this state. This incident should not occur again." 1543: 1110: 470: 1331:] principle of repeating a lie umpteen times, so that it will stick. Another ploy is to divide us into Catholics and Protestants, so that they can divide and rule. This makes it easy for Hindutva radicals to take the remaining Christian population. Those who criticise groups that convert by inducement, must realise that an individual, who converts, will do so only if he finds his previous religion with limitations and Christianity a better faith." 646: 84: 450:(meetings). These activities took a violent turn after the year 2000 when it was found very convenient to target the Muslim community on the ground that they are allegedly anti-nationals and that they are disloyal to this country. It is an offence under the IPC to indulge in any form of communal disharmony but the offensive articles kept regularly appearing in the Press headed by a leading Kannada daily owned by some industrialists from 1488: 1388: 917: 1473: 343:; the police made around 150 arrests and injured 30 to 40 people. Violence broke out at the Adoration Monastery as police began caning the protestors with sticks and firing tear gas, and both sides pelted each other with thrown stones. Between 15 September and 10 October, a new wave of anti-minority attacks began against Christian communities outside Karnataka, as well as against Muslim communities. 642:, armed with iron pipes, cricket stumps and sticks, shouting pro-Bajrang Dal slogans. Aside from damage to the buildings, windows and religious iconography, furniture, Bibles, and other Christian literature were damaged in various churches. A gang of about 30 youths had made an attempt to ransack a prayer hall of the New Life Fellowship Trust, but their efforts were thwarted by the police. 494:, a Jesuit institution in Mangalore, and some other 2000 Christian schools in Karnataka, went on strike for varying periods between 29 August and 5 September prior to the attacks, protesting against anti-Christian persecution in Orissa, contrary to the orders of the government who stated that they were to be regular work days. Primary and secondary education minister 634:(regarded by the nuns as the most sacred object in the church), a crucifix, the oil lamps, the vases on the altar, and a few statues of saints. A couple praying in the chapel at the time were also beaten by the intruders. Two nuns were also reportedly injured. Around the same time, a group of 30 to 35 people on motorbikes wearing masks attacked the empty 1171: 1298:, who met with Yeddyurappa in the aftermath of the attacks said, "I want to tell you, Mr. Yeddyurappa we are wounded!" Fr. William Menezes, the public relations officer of the Mangalore Diocese, said: "After consulting various leaders and based on the assurance given by Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa, district in-charge Minister 1172: 1077: 604:, vandalising it and burning the Bibles. Ten people were arrested at the scene in Bada. The multiple premeditated attacks started on 14 September 2008, with some 20 churches attacked in Karnataka; of which 14 were attacked within one hour. These included Catholic and Protestant churches as well as temples belonging to the 1534:

Kumar during the attacks in 2008 were his personal views and the organisation had clarified this aspect then. However, Uday Kumar Shetty, the president of the district unit of the BJP, approved of the report, believing that the report was correct in its assertion that the Sangh Parivar were not involved in the attacks.

1075: 520:, stated that "The minister's statement is not proper. It may lead to law and order problem in the State." Bajrang Dal proponents protested with banners outside the St. Aloysius College gates and across Mangalore on Saturday 31 August, the day after the college had closed for a holiday, chanting slogans such as, 1114: 1437:(NCM), failed to discover any evidence of forced conversion. Qureshi stated that his commission had not received any report of forced conversion from the district administration of Udupi district and said, "Every Indian had the right to profess and propagate any religion. Conversion by force is not permitted". 686:) were also damaged. Police reports confirmed that Our Lady's Grotto at Vijayamarie Technical Institute and properties at the Infant Jesus Higher Primary School and Mary Hill Convent were also damaged by the miscreants on the night of 14 September. Pastor K. A. Abraham of Divine Deliverance Prayer Centre at 1112: 650: 355:

February, with the support of secular organisations. Following the publication of the report and subsequent protests, the Government of Karnataka announced that it would drop 338 criminal cases against Christians who had protested. In December 2011, a further 23 cases against Christians were dropped.

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Bajrang Dal leader Mahendra Kumar denied any attack on Catholic churches by his group but reportedly accepted responsibility for the attacks on prayer halls belonging to the New Life Fellowship Trust. He stated that the Bajrang Dal were not against Christianity in the region, but were offended by the

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police jurisdiction, in which windows of a church had been smashed. Chief Minister of State Yeddyurappa stated that senior civil and police officials of the districts would be held responsible if attacks on churches and prayer halls occurred in areas under their jurisdiction, further stating: "Strict

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and had successfully barred the miscreants from entering and vandalising the centre at that particular location, leading to a violent conflict with the police. The police were criticised by Christians for using excessive force in suppressing the protests and aggressively subduing Christian protesters

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later stated in a press conference that a total of 153 people had been arrested during the attacks and resultant protests within a two-day period and that some had been charged with looting, arson and rioting, saying that they would be "punished in accordance with the provisions of the law under they

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had reportedly received a notice from the education ministry of Karnataka during the strike saying, "The VHP and Bajrang Dal have conducted a protest against the closure of schools and criticised your action. They have submitted letters requesting action against you for this. In this context, you are

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Following the publications of the reports and subsequent protests, the government of Karnataka announced that it would drop 338 cases against Christians who had protested in the attacks. In December 2011, 23 cases against Christians were dropped upon request by the Karnataka Christians International

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groups. The protest rally was "organised against a backdrop of an apparent whitewash by the B. K. Somasekhara Commission concerning Hindu radicals and government agencies." The protesters tied black cloths over their mouths and carried black flags as they walked silently for about a kilometre in one

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and protest. Violence broke out at the Adoration monastery as police began caning the protestors with sticks and bursting teargas shells to disperse them, while they pelted stones at police vans and police. The police were reported to have caused further damage to the Adoration monastery by throwing

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leader Asha Jagadish claimed the attacks were solely motivated by religious conversions by New Life and claimed that her neighbour was forcefully converted into Christianity to marry a Christian girl, further stating, "The Holy Saint School in Bangalore, where I studied up to fifth standard, did not

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denounced local Christian institutions for disobeying orders in response, and a Bajrang Dal demonstration was held outside St Aloysius College. Strikes and protests continued for the next two weeks. The main attacks began on 14 September, when a group of youths from the Bajrang Dal went inside the

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The official commission enquiring into the attacks on Christians, originally constituted on 19 September 2009 for a period of three months, had been extended ten times, causing dismay amongst local Christians. Yeddyurappa initially stated that a judicial inquiry into the attacks was unnecessary, as

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movement on the coastal belt of India. This idea was later backed by Joseph Dias of the Catholic Secular Forum, who said that the Karnataka riots were "part of a wider plan of radical Hindutva elements targeting the Christian community after the Muslim community", which had manifested in all of the

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In response to the alleged forced conversions, the VHP gave a 3-month deadline for New Life Fellowship Trust to stop all conversion activities in Mangalore. Bishop D'Souza declared that the Mangalore Diocese would distance itself from the New Life Fellowship Trust, stating that the "Catholic Church

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wrote to Yeddyurappa urging him to restore peace and challenging radicals to prove alleged conversions. Deve Gowda wrote a letter to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asking for him to impose a "blanket ban" on the Bajrang Dal and Sri Ram Sena in the wake of the attacks, remarking that it "would send a

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on 15 September in and around the city of Mangalore, and as a response Catholic traders and transport owners closed their shops and stopped their vehicles. A memorandum was submitted to the district council at 10.30 am, seeking protection for the lives and property of Christians. Prayers were to be

1348:, Qatar, advisory and executive committee members of the Mangalore Cultural Association met on 17 September at the residence of Felix Lobo and denounced the attacks. In the United States on 17 September, many Christian leaders from various organisations met at the residence of Bishop, Rt. Rev. Dr. 1206:

Yeddyurappa strongly denied any involvement of his government in the attacks, but admitted that the police were to blame for not taking precautionary measures, describing it as a "dereliction of duty". He believed the attacks were a response from "some vested interest trying to tarnish the secular

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The Christian community of Mangalore accused the police of doing nothing to prevent attacks by Hindu radicals. Mangalore Police Superintendent N. Satheesh Kumar himself admitted that the police did have information that pro-Hindu organisations were planning to attack Christian places of worship in

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activists, were reportedly stabbed during the protests and according to the police, the situation was used by some to settle personal scores and not all stabbing incidents were related to attack on churches and the subsequent violence in the city. The Sri Ram Sena protested against the stabbing of

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and Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa by phone from his Delhi residence in the aftermath of the attacks on churches and Christians, and expressed shock at the attacks. He directed the chief minister to take immediate steps to provide ample protection to religious institutions and maintain communal

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also disputed the veracity of the Somasekhara report in its statements about the Bajrang Dal involvement and former Bajrang Dal state convener Mahendra Kumar. He issued a statement saying that "Bajrang Dal had no role to play in the incidents of attacks on churches and the statement given by Mr.

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reported that over 170 people had been arrested during the events. However, Superintendent of Police in Mangalore, N. Satheesh Kumar, claimed to have made just 89 arrests in total. Four policemen, half a dozen people and journalist Anil Jogi were reportedly injured in the Adoration incident, and

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explained the reason for the notices, "All Christian institutions are grant-in-aid institutions of the government and they should have had the courtesy to inform us before declaring a holiday. Their decision to act unilaterally cannot be tolerated." The education minister was backed by the State

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and violent incidents in different parts of the country. Mangalore in particular, and some of the other towns in Dakshina Kannada were prone to Hindu–Muslim violence though on a relatively small and isolated scale but this was definitely a disturbing factor. Never had it happened before that the

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On 20 February 2011, following the publication of Saldanha's and Somasekhara's contradictory reports on the attacks on churches, more than 100,000 Christians representing some 45 Christian denominations and secular organisations gathered in Mangalore to protest. Present was Bishop Aloysius Paul

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published a report in which he described the attacks as "state-sponsored terrorism" and implicated the government as complicit with Hindu nationalist organisations. The report led to more than 100,000 Christians across multiple denominations protesting again in a silent march in Mangalore on 21

1132:(NCW), met with the affected women of Mangalore and visited various hospitals, schools and parishes in the area, and expressed concern at the way in which the police had handled the event. Two police constables, Nandakumar and Shivaram, were suspended following a stone throwing incident within 411:

during the battle. Only 15,000–20,000 of those Catholics taken captive in 1784 survived. In the latter half of the 19th century, Protestant missionaries began working in Mangalore and surrounding communities, and the Vicariate of Mangalore was established in 1853. Mangalore, noted for its many

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30 million and took over 28 months, 300 sittings, and 800 pieces of recorded evidence to be realised—concluded that the district authorities and the police had, in most cases, taken the "appropriate steps regarding the Church and the people including the required protection." Somasekhara

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were indulging in forceful religious conversion of Hindus and distribution of vulgar literature slandering Hindu gods and goddesses. Bajrang Dal claimed that nearly 15,000 people had been forced to adopt Christianity as their religion in Mangalore alone in the past year after monitoring the

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Several explanations of the cause of the September 2008 attacks have been postulated. Many Christians believe that the attacks were a direct response from right-wing Hindu organisations who were targeting the people of Mangalore and the surrounding area because they had been outspoken about

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probe into the attacks, also saying that "we will make a representation to the government putting forth our demand. We will make a representation to the chief minister, the governor, various organisations including the Human Rights and the Central government". Bajrang Dal State convener

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The Home Ministry advised the Karnataka government to do all it could in its power to prevent the recurrence of the attacks and to restore faith in the authorities in the region, asking for them to strongly suppress violence and vandalism and to punish the offenders. Senior BJP leader

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categorical message across the world that secular India will not tolerate fascism, fanaticism and fundamentalism of any colour or kind." He described the attacks as nothing but "state sponsored rowdism", and accused the Karnataka government of trying to turn the state into a "

721:, throwing flower pots to smash the glass covering. The official report into the attacks later claimed that the Bajrang Dal were the likely suspects for the attacks on churches in Chikkamagaluru district, including the Christian Believers' Prayer Hall, Jagadeshwara Church in 544:

Pastor Paravastu Suryanarayana Rao, it was alleged that New Life Fellowship Trust had denigrated and defamed Hindu gods, causing anger amongst the Bajrang Dal. Hindu activists also alleged that excerpts from Rao's book had been published in pamphlets to spread its influence.

649: 1413:, also denied any involvement in the attacks. Some pro-Hindu elements believed that the attacks were politically motivated by the main opposition parties in the state rather than being purely based upon religious indifference, especially the Milagres Church attack. 498:, responding to the shutting down of the Christian educational institutions in Karnataka, had directed the public education department to issue show-cause notices to schools that had objected to the violence against Christians in Orissa. A Christian institution in 1042:

three police vehicles damaged. The police stated that over 30 people were injured and eight police vehicles had been damaged in the overall attacks, and that nearly 40 people and 20 police were injured in the attacks in total. Several of the injured were taken to

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BJP-ruled states of India. Saldanha further stated, "There is 100 per cent evidence of two things: the state machinery and the police had a role in attacks on churches. There is videographic and photographic evidence of police entering places of worship."

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In response to the attacks in areas such as Hampankatta, Shaktinagar, Vamanjoor, Thokottu and Bantwal, the Christian community began protesting. The protestors blocked arterial city roads in their masses, especially in places such as Hampankatta,

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one of their activists by organising a shutdown of educational institutions and shops. The district administration responded by declaring a holiday for all educational institutions in Mangalore taluk, and extended prohibitory orders under the

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harmony. The Udupi district Congress committee submitted a memorandum to Deputy Commissioner P. Hemalatha, demanding that the state government initiate legal action and punish the culprits of the attacks. The Congress party opposition leader

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held in all the 48 churches of the district on Wednesday, 17 September. On 6 October 2008, some 10,000 people from civil society and religious organisations organised a march to protest against the anti-Christian perpetrators of the attacks.

1276:, which is the Living Body of Christ. For Christians, the blessed sacrament is the most holy religious symbol signifying the body and blood of Christ. I am prepared to shed blood and give my life for the cause of Christ and Christians." 3389: 583:

and again on 24 August at Nitya Jeeva Devalaya church, burning Christian literature in both events. No complaints or arrests were made in either of the events. Three days later, on 27 August, a Christian prayer hall and its pastor in

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on the outskirts of Mangalore, shouting slogans and throwing stones at the police for their failure to arrest the perpetrators of the attacks. The police arrested several Christians after firing into the air and being involved in a

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leaders. The police had originally protested against his being released on bail, a week after the attacks. Kumar stated that the BJP government in permitting the attacks had "fallen low on values and is engrossed in corruption."

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or bangles according to Hindu tradition." Fr. Francis Serrao, rector of St. Aloysius College, stated that he believed the attacks were not due to conversion, but was rather a reflection of the struggle between Christianity and

528:(Hail Mother India). The closure of the schools in Mangalore were not alone; some 45,000 institutions across India had participated on 29 August in a "prayer for peace and communal harmony" in response to the events in Orissa. 962:

deanery staged a protest on 15 September condemning the attacks and the desecration of the crucifix and sacrament at Adoration Monastery in particular and organised a 3 kilometre silent protest march from the bus stand to the

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under Reverend Fr. Melwyn D'Cunha on 15 September to voice their support to the Catholic community in Mangalore. They held a special "Prayer Service for Peace & Solidarity" on 18 September at the Cathedral auditorium. In

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asked to show cause as to why action should not be initiated against you for using religion as an excuse to announce a holiday and as to why permission to run your institution should not be withdrawn." State Home Minister

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and around 2000 Christian schools in Karnataka went on strike on 29 August, protesting against the attacks in Orissa. This was in defiance of orders of the government that 29 August was to be a regular work day. The

3855: 2485: 805:, the Souza Textile owner and his wife were attacked by unidentified people. Two separate stabbing incidents were also reported in Kalladka, and the two men affected were admitted to hospital with serious injuries. 612:, a Hindu nationalist organisation which aims to achieve the "reversing of the invasions by Muslim conquerors and British imperialism", arrived at the chapel of the Adoration Monastery of the Sisters of St Clare in 1251:, denounced the attacks in Orissa and Karnataka, saying," I strongly condemn these acts of violence and vandalism. The law must take its course and the culprits must be brought to justice." Former defence minister 1074: 1272:"The church and the entire Christian community not only in Karnataka but all over India and even abroad is terribly angry and upset at the desecration of its sacred places, especially the blessed sacrament in the 3576: 437:

by a group of fanatics who maintained that his brand of politics was unacceptable to the Hindu fundamentalists, the district has always been the nerve-centre of these movements with regular morning drills on the

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whilst failing to punish the offending Hindu nationalist perpetrators; photographs and video footage has emerged of the beating of some of the protestors with canes. Caning by the police was also reported at

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said, "The BJP is responsible for the attacks. It is creating social disharmony" further adding that they were "actively inciting further violence" against Christians in the state. Special Home Secretary

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More than two dozen Christians were initially arrested by the police during the Adoration incident, in comparison to seven young members of the Bajrang Dal who had initiated the attacks. Chief Minister

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Many congregations gathered in their churches upon hearing news of the attacks, volunteering to spend the night there to protect them from further attacks. Local Catholic leaders demanded a peaceful

4701: 3313: 918: 801:. Individuals were also targeted during the event. In Kulur, two men and two children were attacked by a Hindu mob near Gurupur Bridge while on their way to their hometown in a private car, and in 4099: 512:, who issued a statement in which he stated that Christian education institutions had committed a crime by declaring a holiday without obtaining the state government's permission. However, the 3791: 1181:, then Chief Minister of Karnataka, was accused of involvement in the attacks, but strongly denied it, stating that his government was "committed to maintaining peace and harmony in the state." 301:

and desecrated it. Some 20 churches, temples, and halls belonging to Catholic, Protestant, Jehovah's Witness, and independent Christians were attacked. Christian buildings were damaged across

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said "since many Indian Churches and American local Churches are expected to join in the peace seeking rally, this will be a history making event." Various Hindu leaders, including those from

5310: 3397: 2577: 2797: 4351: 5288: 2711: 2947: 4999: 709:, Dakshina Kannada district, 70 km from Mangalore and burned the Bible, the carpet, prayer books and desecrated holy icons. Miscreants also ransacked the St. Thomas Church in 3041: 694:

said that more than 25 miscreants had attacked his prayer hall, and they were reported to have smashed the window panes, ransacked equipment and set a motorcycle and car on fire.

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on 25 October 2008, and was used as a scapegoat by the BJP regime to "save the government from further embarrassment after the church attacks and on instructions from the

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and Thokottu and rang bells in almost all the churches of the city, calling parishioners to their churches. In Hampankatta, over 4,000 Christians united to defend the

729:, and had also harassed people gathered at Kapitanio High School in Mangalore. Several people also reportedly invaded the house and prayer meeting of a neo-convert in 2678: 3258: 2402: 3429: 4450: 332:

deanery on 15 September. Church bells rang across the churches of Mangalore, calling parishioners to respond. The protests led to strong police suppression with

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visited some of the areas affected by the attacks and said that the state government "needs to do more and arrest all those responsible for the attacks."

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parish priest Alwyn D'Cunha and many other priests and nuns in the area. The Christian protestors also clashed with police at St Sebastian Church in the

5190: 864:, which had two gold plated crowns and cash from the offering box stolen and the main sacrament vandalised; and the Holy Church in the Name of Jesus at 516:(INC) condemned Hegde's statement to take action against Christian education institutions and the leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly, 5254: 4109: 1661: 1551:

D'Souza of Mangalore Diocese, Bishop Emeritus C. L. Furtado and Bishop John S. Sadananda of the CSI Karnataka Southern Diocese, AICC general secretary

1143:, the former state convener of the Bajrang Dal, claimed that he was incarcerated for 42 days in Mangalore before being released on conditional bail by 396: 224: 129: 5129: 4579: 4281: 4252: 4161: 4073: 3801: 3287: 3007: 2616: 1755: 4967: 1398:

state convener, reportedly claimed responsibility for the attacks on New Life prayer halls and formally apologised for the incident in February 2011.

717:. Seven or eight masked men arriving on scooters were reported to have desecrated the large statue of St. Antony at St. Ann's Friary on Jail Road in 5318: 2587: 1828: 1290:

stated that Christians were "deeply hurt" over the desecration of the Holy Cross and Sacred Sacrament in the Adoration monastery. The Archbishop of

569:

Incidents of violence against Christians had been reported during the month prior to the main attacks. On 17 August 2008, demonstrators performed a

5513: 4905: 1559:, Diocesan Vicar-General Msgr Denis M. Prabhu; and some 24 new-generation churches united under the Karnataka Missions Network (KMN) including the 279:

On 29 August, many groups across India participated in a "prayer for peace and communal harmony" in response to ongoing anti-Christian violence in

5229: 4843: 2807: 4361: 2642: 561:

and theorised that Christian ideology and Brahmin ideology can never coexist as "Christianity propagates love and Brahmanism propagates hate."

268:. The attacks were widely perceived by Christians in southern Karnataka to be revenge from right-wing Hindu nationalist organisations, because 1555:, Bishop Lawrence Mukkuzhy of the Catholic Syro-Malabar Diocese of Belthangady, Geevarghese Mar Divannasious of the Syro-Malankara Diocese of 5548: 5533: 3196: 2736: 217: 103: 2829: 2010: 836:

and destroyed the statues. On 21 September, a further four attacks were reported, including Brethren Christa Aaradhanalaya prayer hall near

658:

Around 8.30 pm on 14 September 2008, miscreants pelted stones at the chapel of Padua Pre-University College, a Christian college located at

5563: 2068: 1019:

on the outskirts of the Mangalore when their vehicles were attacked and were pelted with stones by a mob. Ten people, including one of the

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BJP came to power in a coalition with JDS in January 2006. The coalition collapsed in September 2007, and BJP regained power in May 2008.

434: 5481: 4800: 952: 596:, were attacked, leading to eight arrests. Then on 7 September, a group of about 300 individuals attacked the Yesu Kripalaya Church in 3917: 3226: 2154: 1671: 1592: 169: 3823: 2437: 2042: 2244: 4557: 4329: 4011: 5538: 2102: 1291: 876:

in Kerala. Between 15 September and 10 October, Hindu nationalists directed a wave of attacks targeting Christian communities in

4139: 3769: 2357:. Justice B. K. Somasehara, Former judge of the High Court of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh Commission of Inquiry, accessed via 978:

The protests involved over 2,500 people and among those present were incumbent parish priest John Barboza, Valerian Fernandes,

4875: 3989: 3895: 3171: 2980: 1904: 5543: 5523: 5414: 5392: 5372: 4197: 3138: 1651: 1580: 346:

The state government denied fault for the attacks and defended the harsh police response. In February 2011, retired Justice

273: 2291: 5476: 3357: 1584: 1572: 1223:

500 millions for Christian development projects in Karnataka in his state budget, the first time he had ever done so.

190: 149: 111: 2668: 1761:. People's Union for Civil Liberties, South Kanara and Transparency International India, Karnataka Chapter. Archived from 1623:

The report of the Somasekhara Commission appointed on January 2011 by the BJP state government to investigate the attacks.

5032: 662:, badly damaging its windows. Around 9.30 pm, miscreants badly damaged a statue located in front of Carmelites' house in 464:— Extract from the Saldanha Commission report into the background of religious tensions in the Dakshina Kannada district. 4743: 3419: 2861: 3957: 1466: 1434: 3522: 824:. On 18 September, vandals shattered the glass encasing of the Mother Mary statue of the Presentation Girls School in 1546:

Christians of all denominations protested against the Somasekhara Commission report in Mangalore on 20 February 2011.

697:

Later, during the early morning hours of 15 September, individuals broke into the St. George Church belonging to the

159: 4525: 3103: 1861: 1579:(IFKCA). Secular organisations participating in the protest included Udupi Jilla Alpasankhyatara Vedike (UJAV), the 2362: 1646: 1564: 865: 491: 478: 1525: 532: 284: 820:

was desecrated and attempted to be burned by vandals, and over 20 vandals desecrated the Rima Worship Centre at

4927: 328:

Christians staged counter-protests to the violence. One particularly large one was staged by the Catholics of

139: 88: 5518: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5186: 4835: 1353: 1340: 1129: 1043: 5258: 1756:"State Terrorism – Tyranny (a report on the attacks on minorities and their places of worship in Karnataka)" 1600:

submitted a memorandum to Yeddyurappa, demanding that the cases filed against Christian youths be dropped.

531:

Another explanation is that the attacks were an angry response by Bajrang Dal over the allegations that the

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and the New Life Fellowship Trust. The attacks began when a group of some 15 youths on motorbikes from the

487: 404: 27: 5558: 5553: 5528: 1832: 1530: 1410: 943: 422: 294: 200: 4188:"The Rediff Interview/Christian activist Joseph Dias: 'Vested interests are hitting back at Christians'" 5221: 430: 391:. On 24 February 1784, Tipu rounded up 60,000 to 80,000 Mangalorean Catholics and transported them to 1899: 1560: 1047: 675: 413: 306: 195: 69: 4897: 616:

around 10.15 am, shouting a pro-Bajrang Dal slogan. They entered the monastery and attacked it with

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Criminal Procedure Code for two more days in the wake of the attacks and protests as a precaution.

925:

Christians erupted in protests in Mangalore, following the attacks on their religious institutions.

513: 495: 400: 3200: 2740: 2646: 1469:

asked for a ban on the Bajrang Dal, after conducting reports into events in Orissa and Karnataka.

1219:

also visited the Christian institutions in the aftermath. In February 2010, Yeddyurappa allocated

947:

back stones and glass bottles to restrain the protestors. Union Minister of Labour and Employment

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and on 19 September, a gang of vandals on motorbikes pelted stones at the St. Xavier's Church in

714: 314: 154: 65: 2064: 872:, a group reportedly pelted stones at a church and fled. A Catholic school was also attacked in 5161: 5099: 5067: 4775: 4660: 4628: 4493: 4425: 4051: 3833: 3711: 3616: 3466: 3073: 2704:"Mangalore: Situation Turns Violent at Kulshekar, Vamanjoor: Police Cane Mob, Hundreds Injured" 2552: 2517: 2427: 2323: 2209: 1806: 1430: 1357: 1314: 1281:—Archbishop of Bangalore Archdiocese, Bernard Moras, expressing his outrage to B.S. Yeddyurappa 809: 758: 702: 605: 1708: 1666: 1494:, who led the commission initiated by Yeddyurappa's BJP-led state government into the attacks 1377: 1365: 635: 509: 426: 380: 363:

Mangalore has long been a major Christian centre in India. In 1526, under the viceroyship of

269: 205: 144: 3390:"Mangalore: Tension Prevails in District : Stone Pelting, Stabbing Incidents at Night" 1208: 1144: 576: 455: 5281:"Bangalore : Colaco Leads Delegation to CM to Withdraw Cases against Christian Youth" 3925: 3222: 2162: 8: 5356: 2032: 1148: 754: 593: 367:, the Portuguese took possession of Mangalore and Christianity began to spread via their 364: 185: 1368:, Vicar General of the Diocese, urged all Christians to "unite under one umbrella", and 5255:"Mangalore: Protest against Somshekar Report — A Rare Show of Solidarity in Black" 4962: 4738: 4706: 4547: 4388: 4319: 4104: 4019: 3796: 3738: 3549: 3318: 3253: 2898: 2866: 2802: 2767: 2582: 2432: 2397: 1894: 1361: 1299: 1195: 1015:

charge. Four people of pro-Hindu organisations were reportedly injured at Kalladka and

873: 601: 517: 322: 318: 5450: 5410: 5388: 5368: 5361: 2479:"Mangalore: Attacks on Christian Prayer Centres, Institutions around South Kanara..." 1556: 1516: 1503: 1491: 1317:(CSF), visited most of the churches attacked in Karnataka during the event and said: 1178: 1033: 857: 351: 248:

were the wave of attacks directed against Christian churches and prayer halls in the

3765: 3364: 1376:, urged the communities to unite, regardless of religions. Rev. M. J. Thomas of the 4865: 4520: 3979: 3648: 3034:"Karkala: Attack on Christian Worship Places — Devotees Stage Protest in Town" 2972: 2942: 2155:"Mangalore: 'Church Attack Signifies Struggle between Christianity and Brahminism'" 1588: 1252: 1190: 1133: 821: 778: 408: 4187: 3947: 3128: 1445:

An initial report by a committee, composed of some 17 human rights activists from

1335:

Indian Christian expatriates in the Middle East united to condemn the attacks. In

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does not believe in forceful religious conversion". However, this was opposed by

1349: 1322: 1212: 955: 948: 861: 841: 833: 597: 546: 302: 5363:

Violent gods: Hindu nationalism in India's present : narratives from Orissa

1895:"Preying Hard: Borders blur between the state and the anti-Christian aggressors" 1499: 1476: 1426: 1391: 1186: 1140: 1051: 853: 618: 541: 310: 73: 5492: 5454: 5445:). Karnataka State Gazetteer. Vol. 12. Bangalore: Gazetteer Department ( 4584: 3890: 3424: 2673: 1597: 1446: 1418: 1356:(SMCC) and announced a day of prayer vigil, fasting and a peace rally at the 1295: 1200: 1152: 1092: 995: 965: 893: 881: 837: 392: 289: 4162:"Violence in M'lore: Indian Christian community in Canada calls for protest" 4074:"Mangalore: 'Attack on Churches is state sponsored rowdism' says Deve Gowda" 429:

stronghold. Right from the days of the freedom movement and thereafter when

1507: 1240: 1216: 1020: 983: 790: 589: 585: 504: 387:

during his reign between 1782 and 1799 and many were forcibly converted to

372: 333: 265: 4451:"Former Bajrang Dal convener Mahendra Kumar Apologizes for Church Attacks" 868:

had the casing around the Infant Jesus smashed and the statue damaged. In

5284: 4226: 4015: 3921: 3918:"Christian Development Board Offer is 'Political Ploy' – Archbishop" 3859: 3580: 3393: 3037: 2707: 2481: 2158: 2128: 1857: 1542: 1458: 1395: 1336: 1303: 1125: 1025: 905: 897: 770: 730: 613: 609: 474: 388: 384: 347: 298: 261: 260:

in September and October 2008 by Hindu nationalist organisations such as

4870: 4552: 4324: 4192: 3984: 3952: 3133: 2976: 2286: 2037: 2007:"Karnataka: 20 churches attacked, Christians accuse police of inaction" 1450: 1096: 845: 794: 746: 687: 667: 631: 623: 558: 469: 421:"Historically, Dakshina Kannada district has been a very long standing 368: 92: 83: 5156: 5094: 5062: 4958:"True Hindus have no role to play in church attacks: Karnataka panel" 4770: 4655: 4623: 4488: 4420: 4046: 3856:"Mangalore: Deve Gowda in City, on a Visit of Hospitals and Churches" 3828: 3706: 3644:"I went to jail to save govt blushes, on Sangh Parivar's instruction" 3611: 3461: 3068: 2834: 2547: 2512: 2358: 2318: 2204: 1801: 1462: 1454: 1248: 1119: 1103: 1087: 1003: 991: 971: 931: 889: 869: 849: 829: 798: 782: 738: 726: 710: 683: 679: 671: 627: 580: 257: 253: 3545:"Bajrang Dal involved in Karnataka communal violence: Home Ministry" 3457:"Church attacks: 'Bajrang Dal cadres were in collusion with police'" 2200:"Twenty-eight churches have been targeted in the State since August" 5442: 4766:"Attacks on churches were sponsored by State, says Saldanha report" 4734:"Attacks on churches were sponsored by State, says Saldanha report" 3489:"K'taka church attacks: Two cops suspended, VHP denies involvement" 1487: 1258: 939: 802: 762: 722: 659: 639: 340: 293:

chapel of Adoration Monastery of the Sisters of St Clare near the

5314: 5028: 4135: 4100:"Ready to die for Christ, Bangalore Archbishop tells Yeddyurappa" 3518: 3167: 3099: 2617:"Violence against Christians: Women demand action against Police" 2314:"Nuns who shunned contact with the outside world feel terrorised" 2240: 2098: 1387: 1381: 1016: 999: 959: 901: 825: 786: 766: 691: 663: 499: 451: 329: 4384:"Attack on churches: Karnataka cops arrest Bajrang Dal convener" 3577:"B K Somashekar Absolves Govt, BJP, Sangh Parivar; Indicts None" 2669:"Bajrang Dal activists responsible for M'lore vandalism: Report" 1472: 2125:"Mangalore Church Attack only because of New Life organisation" 1405: 1310: 979: 877: 817: 750: 742: 571: 552: 317:

districts. A few Christian institutions were later attacked in

280: 5406:

India: History, Religion, Vision And Contribution to the World

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St Ann's Friary Grotto after it was desecrated on 14 September

5385:

Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians

2894:"Bajrang Dal riot continues as church vs church adds a twist" 1244: 1059: 1007: 987: 935: 885: 813: 774: 734: 718: 706: 249: 4866:"Attacks were in areas of conversion activity: Karnataka CM" 4801:"Outrage over panel's clean chit to Sangh in Church attacks" 3980:"Advani condemns attacks on Christians in Orissa, Karnataka" 2737:"Mahesh Bhatt asks Governor to send report to President, PM" 1753: 1577:

International Federation of Karnataka Christian Associations

5311:"Karnataka withdraws cases against church attack protester" 4990:"Somasekhara Commission report: 'Real Hindus' didn't do it" 4619:"Catholic Church criticised for 'disowning' New Life trust" 2862:"Four more churches attacked in Karnataka, VHP denies hand" 1345: 958:

arrived at the Hampankatta scene at 6 pm. The Catholics of

3197:"State Government to spend on damage repair – Yeddyurappa" 4651:"No case of forced conversion in Udupi district: Qureshi" 3824:"Yeddyurappa orders judicial probe into attacks in State" 1829:"20 feared dead as Hindu-Christian riots spread in India" 1583:(PUCL), the DK District Committee, the local unit of the 1327: 1067: 1038: 376: 5187:"Christians reject Somasekhara report, demand CBI probe" 3008:"'Culprits will be arrested soon' – Chief Minister" 1050:. Although three churches were attacked in neighbouring 674:

was badly damaged, including its windows and furniture.

2508:"Many injured in scuffles after attack on prayer halls" 2282:"Report blames Bajrang Dal, cops for Mangalore attacks" 5249: 5247: 4702:"'K'taka minorities attack is state sponsored terror'" 4580:"Stop conversion activities, VHP tells New Life Trust" 3734:"Yeddy inciting violence against Christians: Congress" 3314:"100 arrests as Christians, police clash in Karnataka" 4223:"Kuwait: Indian Catholics Condemn Attack on Churches" 3948:"Karnataka orders judicial probe into church attacks" 1325:'s (Nazi Propaganda Chief Joseph Goebbels) [ 5482:

Justice B. K. Somasekhara's report on Church Attacks

4484:"Panel's remarks against Mahendra Kumar 'incorrect'" 4284:. Mangalorean.com. 20 September 2008. Archived from 4255:. Mangalorean.com. 19 September 2008. Archived from 4164:. Mangalorean.com. 17 September 2008. Archived from 4076:. Mangalorean.com. 18 September 2008. Archived from 3678:. Mangalorean.com. 21 September 2008. Archived from 3491:. Mangalorean.com. 22 September 2008. Archived from 3290:. Mangalorean.com. 14 September 2008. Archived from 3199:. Mangalorean.com. 16 September 2008. Archived from 3010:. Mangalorean.com. 15 September 2011. Archived from 2739:. Mangalorean.com. 17 September 2008. Archived from 2645:. Mangalorean.com. 16 September 2011. Archived from 2619:. Mangalorean.com. 23 September 2008. Archived from 5244: 4276: 4274: 2973:"Attack on churches: Violent protests in Mangalore" 2798:"Archbishop slams Karnataka CM over church attacks" 1932:. Mangalorean.com. 2 September 2008. Archived from 5360: 2349: 1662:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat 130:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat 5477:Justice M. F. Saldanha's report on Church Attacks 4548:"Attacking churches was never part of our agenda" 3249:"Bajrang Dal cadre attacks churches in Karnataka" 2643:"Mangalore: Statue desecration in Bejai hurt man" 2393:"Bajrang Dal cadre attacks churches in Karnataka" 1961:. Mangalorean.com. 31 August 2008. Archived from 5490: 5257:. Mangalorean.com. 21 March 2011. Archived from 5025:"Karnataka to drop cases against 300 Christians" 4271: 4042:"Gowda demands ban on Bajrang Dal, Srirama Sena" 2033:"VHP hopes to win back Mangalore's neo-converts" 2004: 246:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 165:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 21:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 3515:"Two cops suspended in Karnataka church attack" 3158: 3156: 3129:"Peace prevails in riot-hit Mangalore, for now" 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2095:"Bajrang Dal blames pastor for K'taka violence" 990:parish priest Ronald Miranda, Paschal Menezes, 4416:"I have been used and thrown by sangh parivar" 4320:"Catholics too are against forced conversions" 4132:"'New Life' under fire from Hindus, Catholics" 3288:"Mayhem in Mangalore – Churches Attacked" 3164:"Mangalore bandh after Hindu activist stabbed" 3064:"I know nothing of Bajrang Dal claim: Palemar" 2543:"Attackers were not from Udupi, say witnesses" 1959:"Minister for action against Catholic schools" 1924: 1922: 1700: 1698: 816:was damaged by vandals, St George's Church in 737:. Other areas affected by the attacks include 630:, the 15 feet (5 m) high golden coloured 5090:"Panel report has buried the truth: Saldanha" 3451: 3449: 3447: 3191: 3189: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2731: 2729: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2237:"53 arrested for church attacks in Karnataka" 2092: 2088: 2086: 1054:, it remained peaceful during the aftermath. 225: 5019: 5017: 4478: 4476: 3886:"Cong demands CBI probe into Church attacks" 3607:"Ex-Bajrang Dal chief gets conditional bail" 3420:"Adoration Monastery attack was pre-planned" 3153: 2177: 1461:, which formed to look into the violence in 994:parish priest Alex Aranha, Michael D'Silva, 135:1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district 5569:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2008 5367:. Gurgaon, India: Three Essays Collective. 5052: 5050: 4928:"'True Hindus' absolved of violence charge" 4516:"Bajrang Dal distances itself from accused" 4012:"Fernandes speaks for Mangalore Christians" 3702:"Book the culprits first: Congress leaders" 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3123: 3121: 3096:"Mangalore tense after cops clash with mob" 2763:"Three more churches attacked in Karnataka" 1953: 1951: 1919: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1754:Justice Saldanha, Michael F. (March 2011). 1695: 969:headquarters and submitted a memorandum to 3444: 3186: 2995: 2726: 2602: 2537: 2535: 2422: 2420: 2338: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2083: 2065:"Advocates seek copies of 'Satyadarshini'" 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 808:On 16 September, a 100-year-old statue of 575:(hunger strike) outside the DHM church in 232: 218: 5355: 5339: 5122:"Muslims rally against Christian attacks" 5014: 4836:"Violence probe delay dismays Christians" 4681: 4473: 4352:"Church attacks: Bajrang Dal denies hand" 4306: 4282:"Chicago Christians call for Peace Rally" 4217: 4215: 3816: 3676:"Police oppose bail to Bajrang Dal chief" 3358:"Report of the People's Tribunal enquiry" 3344: 2967: 2965: 2924: 2698: 2696: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 1930:"Orissa violence – Karnataka reacts" 1852: 1850: 1672:2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka 170:2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka 5402: 5114: 5047: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4445: 4443: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3273: 3118: 1948: 1831:. CNN. 16 September 2008. Archived from 1780: 1704: 1541: 1486: 1471: 1386: 1168: 1108: 1071: 915: 682:) and St. Joseph, The Worker Church (at 644: 468: 459:Christian community had been attacked." 82: 5514:Religiously motivated violence in India 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5181: 5179: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4253:"Doha: MCA condemns attack on Churches" 2792: 2790: 2572: 2570: 2532: 2417: 2259: 2117: 1740: 848:, Mangalore taluk, and two churches in 358: 5491: 5382: 4795: 4793: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4212: 3960:from the original on 10 September 2012 3229:from the original on 22 September 2008 2962: 2693: 2452: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2045:from the original on 20 September 2008 2005:Nirmala Carvalho (15 September 2008). 2000: 1847: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1719: 1309:Joseph Dias, General Secretary of the 1118:The police crackdown on protesters in 1068:Reports of state and police misconduct 5232:from the original on 27 February 2011 5222:"Christians march in 'black' protest" 5152:"Somasekhara Commission report burnt" 5132:from the original on 10 February 2012 5002:from the original on 21 February 2011 4938:from the original on 18 February 2011 4878:from the original on 10 December 2008 4846:from the original on 13 February 2012 4823: 4440: 3631: 3432:from the original on 26 December 2013 2578:"More churches attacked in Karnataka" 2387: 2385: 2383: 2350:Somasekhara, B. K. (2 January 2011). 2013:from the original on 22 February 2012 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1907:from the original on 19 February 2011 1652:2008 anti-Christian attacks in Orissa 1567:(OMB), Good News Book Centre (GNBC), 1265: 1164: 911: 274:2008 anti-Christian attacks in Orissa 256:and the surrounding area of southern 5549:Violence against Christians in India 5534:Hinduism-motivated violence in India 5205: 5193:from the original on 6 February 2011 5189:. Mangalore Today. 5 February 2011. 5176: 4604: 4560:from the original on 13 October 2008 4332:from the original on 18 October 2008 3992:from the original on 2 December 2008 3784: 3141:from the original on 21 October 2008 2938:"Prayer halls attacked in DK, Udupi" 2906:from the original on 26 January 2013 2874:from the original on 26 January 2013 2787: 2681:from the original on 2 February 2014 2567: 2440:from the original on 26 January 2013 2294:from the original on 25 October 2008 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1690:South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973 1683: 1585:Democratic Youth Federation of India 1573:Catholic Association of South Kanara 191:Violence against Christians in India 150:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal 5564:Persecution of Christians by Hindus 4790: 4687: 4659:. 18 September 2008. Archived from 4627:. 20 September 2008. Archived from 4588:. 19 September 2008. Archived from 4461:from the original on 17 August 2016 4392:. 20 September 2008. 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Archived from 4227:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 4016:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 3924:. 28 February 2010. Archived from 3922:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 3860:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 3766:"Church 'at risk' in Indian state" 3581:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 3394:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 3223:"More church attacks in Karnataka" 3038:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 2979:India Limited. 15 September 2008. 2708:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 2482:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 2380: 2159:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 2129:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 2067:. Mangalore Today. 10 March 2009. 1977: 1864:from the original on 12 March 2010 1629: 1617: 1581:People's Union for Civil Liberties 1483:), head of the Saldanha Commission 1467:National Commission for Minorities 1435:National Commission for Minorities 982:parish priest Valerian Fernandes, 32:Districts affected by the attacks. 14: 5580: 5470: 5317:. 1 December 2011. Archived from 5160:. 30 January 2011. Archived from 5066:. 29 January 2011. Archived from 4966:. 29 January 2011. Archived from 4908:from the original on 27 July 2012 4524:. 30 January 2011. Archived from 4492:. 30 January 2011. Archived from 4424:. 29 January 2011. Archived from 3772:from the original on 3 April 2012 3652:. 31 January 2011. Archived from 3615:. 25 October 2008. Archived from 3583:. 28 January 2011. Archived from 2161:. 20 October 2008. Archived from 2071:from the original on 4 April 2012 1876: 1797:"We have no link with 'New Life'" 1440: 1372:, the Regional Vice-President of 670:. The Church of St. Sebastian in 160:2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case 5333: 5303: 5273: 5144: 5082: 4982: 4950: 4920: 4898:"Church attacks:Justice Denied?" 4890: 4858: 4811:from the original on 23 May 2012 4758: 2551:. 15 August 2008. Archived from 2516:. 11 August 2009. Archived from 1647:Anti-Christian violence in India 1565:Operation Mobilization Bookstall 1286:The Bishop of Mangalore Diocese 26: 5439:South Kanara District Gazetteer 5403:Varghese, Alexander P. (2008). 5348: 4726: 4675: 4643: 4572: 4540: 4508: 4408: 4376: 4344: 4312: 4300: 4245: 4180: 4154: 4124: 4066: 4034: 4004: 3972: 3940: 3910: 3878: 3848: 3758: 3726: 3694: 3668: 3599: 3569: 3537: 3507: 3481: 3412: 3382: 3350: 3338: 3306: 3241: 3215: 3088: 3056: 3026: 2918: 2886: 2854: 2822: 2755: 2661: 2635: 2500: 2306: 2147: 2057: 2025: 1537: 1526:Central Bureau of Investigation 1233:—Statement by B. S. Yeddyurappa 477:protested outside the gates of 407:on 4 May 1799, with Tipu being 290:BJP administration of Karnataka 53: Dakshina Kannada district 5539:September 2008 events in India 3465:. 11 June 2006. Archived from 2131:. 16 July 2010. Archived from 1821: 1713: 1630: 1618: 1384:, also denounced the attacks. 1243:, during his two-day visit to 1102:Phelix D'Souza, a resident of 986:parish priest Arthur Pereira, 403:defeated the Mysoreans at the 371:. Many Christians migrated to 140:1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence 89:Adoration Monastery, Mangalore 1: 5383:Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). 1677: 1354:Syro Malabar Catholic Mission 1341:Holy Family Cathedral, Kuwait 1130:National Commission for Women 1044:Father Muller Medical College 725:and Carmel Mathe Devalaya in 272:had been outspoken about the 45: Chikkamagaluru district 5544:October 2008 events in India 5524:Attacks on churches in India 5058:"Widespread dismay in Udupi" 2830:"CoD to probe church attack" 1657:Religious violence in Orissa 1607: 1423:All India Congress Committee 1189:spoke to Karnataka Governor 1159: 998:parish priest Michael Lobo, 900:, and Muslim communities in 7: 1640: 1604:and the Mangalore Diocese. 1421:, General Secretary of the 844:, the Believers' Church in 473:Activists belonging to the 201:Religious violence in India 196:Violence against Christians 10: 5585: 3768:. BBC. 24 September 2008. 3225:. BBC. 17 September 2008. 1860:. BBC. 15 September 2008. 1339:, Indian Catholics met in 699:Syro Malabar Catholic Rite 564: 395:. They were held there in 87:Destroyed property inside 5449:). 1973. pp. 33–85. 1561:Campus Crusade for Christ 1211:(JDS) national president 1048:Wenlock District Hospital 533:New Life Fellowship Trust 524:(Hail to the Mother) and 454:, particularly after the 414:Dakshina Kannada district 95:by Bajrang Dal militants. 70:Dakshina Kannada district 60: 25: 20: 5430: 1689: 1569:All India Catholic Union 1370:Jos Anthony Puthenveetil 1081:Aftermath of the attacks 514:Indian National Congress 496:Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri 442:(grounds), processions, 399:for 15 years, until the 5447:Government of Karnataka 1587:(DYFI), and the Muslim 812:at St Mary's Church in 715:Chikkamagaluru district 536:situation. In the book 456:1993 Bombay Bomb Blasts 155:2008 Kandhamal violence 66:Chikkamagaluru district 1547: 1495: 1484: 1431:Mohammad Shafi Qureshi 1399: 1358:Syro Malabar Cathedral 1333: 1315:Catholic Secular Forum 1278: 1230: 1182: 1122: 1082: 926: 852:; St. James Church in 655: 482: 461: 405:Battle of Seringapatam 270:Mangalorean Christians 96: 4874:. 16 September 2008. 4556:. 18 September 2008. 4328:. 18 September 2008. 4196:. 22 September 2008. 3988:. 29 September 2008. 3956:. 19 September 2008. 3363:. CSF. Archived from 3137:. 16 September 2008. 2902:. 16 September 2008. 2870:. 22 September 2008. 2041:. 17 September 2008. 1667:Jhabua nuns rape case 1545: 1490: 1475: 1390: 1378:Church of South India 1366:George Madathiprambil 1364:on 28 September. Fr. 1319: 1292:Bangalore Archdiocese 1288:Aloysius Paul D'Souza 1270: 1226: 1177: 1117: 1080: 924: 653: 636:Church of South India 510:D. V. Sadananda Gowda 472: 419: 381:Mangalorean Catholics 206:Religious persecution 145:1999 Ranalai violence 86: 5519:Hate crimes in India 5509:History of Mangalore 5504:2008 in Christianity 5499:2008 crimes in India 5357:Chatterji, Angana P. 5228:. 21 February 2011. 5102:on 24 September 2011 4904:. 21 February 2011. 4457:. 21 February 2011. 3714:on 18 September 2008 3682:on 23 September 2008 3619:on 18 September 2011 2212:on 29 September 2008 2105:on 22 September 2012 1903:. 24 November 2011. 1209:Janata Dal (Secular) 1145:Karnataka High Court 526:"Bharat Mata ki jai" 492:St. Aloysius College 359:Background and cause 39: Udupi district 5291:on 25 February 2011 5261:on 27 February 2011 5070:on 11 February 2011 4998:. 29 January 2011. 4934:. 28 January 2011. 4842:. 7 December 2010. 4428:on 8 September 2011 3400:on 20 February 2014 2677:. 29 January 2011. 2436:. 22 October 2008. 2428:"Life as the other" 2290:. 22 October 2008. 1149:Ashok B. Hinchigeri 1128:, President of the 1037:were charged." The 866:Rajarajeshwarinagar 703:Belthangady Diocese 606:Jehovah's Witnesses 594:Davanagere district 479:St Aloysius College 383:were persecuted by 365:Lopo Vaz de Sampaio 285:St Aloysius College 186:Freedom of religion 115:Christians in India 5559:2000s in Karnataka 5554:Crime in Karnataka 5529:Sectarian violence 5164:on 3 February 2014 5035:on 26 January 2013 4970:on 2 February 2014 4963:The Economic Times 4778:on 13 October 2011 4746:on 26 January 2013 4739:The Indian Express 4714:on 2 February 2014 4707:The Times of India 4663:on 6 December 2008 4592:on 2 February 2014 4496:on 3 February 2014 4396:on 21 October 2012 4389:The Times of India 4233:on 2 February 2014 4105:The Economic Times 4054:on 3 November 2012 4022:on 2 February 2014 3928:on 2 February 2014 3898:on 2 February 2014 3866:on 2 February 2014 3836:on 25 January 2013 3804:on 21 October 2012 3797:The Times of India 3746:on 2 February 2014 3739:The Economic Times 3656:on 3 February 2011 3587:on 30 January 2011 3557:on 2 February 2014 3550:The Economic Times 3525:on 2 February 2014 3495:on 1 February 2014 3428:. 25 August 2009. 3326:on 2 February 2014 3319:The Economic Times 3254:The Economic Times 3174:on 2 February 2014 3106:on 2 February 2014 3044:on 2 February 2014 2899:The Indian Express 2867:The Indian Express 2842:on 2 February 2014 2810:on 21 October 2012 2803:The Times of India 2775:on 2 February 2014 2768:The Economic Times 2714:on 13 October 2012 2649:on 1 February 2014 2590:on 2 February 2014 2583:The Times of India 2555:on 3 February 2014 2520:on 6 December 2008 2433:The Indian Express 2398:The Economic Times 2368:on 2 February 2014 2326:on 22 October 2008 2247:on 2 February 2014 2165:on 2 February 2014 1965:on 1 February 2014 1936:on 1 February 2014 1900:Outlook Publishing 1835:on 8 December 2013 1809:on 3 November 2012 1548: 1502:, formerly of the 1496: 1485: 1449:, Andhra Pradesh, 1433:, Chairman of the 1400: 1362:Bellwood, Illinois 1300:J. Krishna Palemar 1266:Religious response 1196:Mallikarjun Kharge 1183: 1165:Political response 1123: 1083: 927: 912:Christian protests 884:, Andhra Pradesh, 880:, Madhya Pradesh, 874:Kasaragod district 656: 622:, desecrating the 602:Davangere district 590:Harpanahalli taluk 518:Mallikarjun Kharge 483: 323:Kasaragod district 319:Bangalore district 97: 5416:978-81-269-0903-2 5394:978-81-86778-25-8 5374:978-81-88789-67-2 5321:on 7 January 2012 4807:. 17 March 2011. 4805:The Milli Gazette 4631:on 16 August 2011 4455:The Dakshin Times 4112:on 2 October 2012 3469:on 29 August 2009 3076:on 19 August 2011 1517:B. K. Somasekhara 1504:Bombay High Court 1492:B. K. Somasekhara 1274:sanctum sanctorum 1179:B. S. Yeddyurappa 1175: 1115: 1078: 1034:B. S. Yeddyurappa 922: 896:, Tamil Nadu and 676:Holy Cross Church 651: 550:allow me to wear 352:Bombay High Court 242: 241: 81: 80: 5576: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5436: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5398: 5378: 5366: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5251: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5218: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5183: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5021: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4832: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4797: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4698: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4615: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4521:Deccan Chronicle 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3792:"CM blames cops" 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3649:Bangalore Mirror 3640: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3453: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3370:on 20 March 2012 3369: 3362: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3284: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3170:. Archived from 3160: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3125: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3102:. Archived from 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3004: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2943:Bangalore Mirror 2934: 2928: 2927:, pp. 323–4 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2794: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2613: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2539: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2475: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2424: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2389: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2367: 2361:. 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Archived from 2090: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2002: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1955: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1926: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1891: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1854: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1793: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1768:on 16 March 2012 1767: 1760: 1751: 1738: 1732: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1687: 1634: 1622: 1591:(VS) and Muslim 1589:Vartakara Sangha 1522: 1498:Retired Justice 1282: 1253:George Fernandes 1234: 1222: 1191:Rameshwar Thakur 1176: 1116: 1079: 923: 888:, Chhattisgarh, 652: 465: 409:killed in action 307:Dakshina Kannada 234: 227: 220: 116: 113:Violence against 99: 98: 54: 52: 46: 44: 40: 38: 30: 18: 17: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5489: 5488: 5473: 5468: 5459: 5457: 5434: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5395: 5375: 5351: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5220: 5219: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5056: 5055: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4902:Mangalore Today 4896: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4834: 4833: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4799: 4798: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4700: 4699: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4617: 4616: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4528:on 6 March 2012 4514: 4513: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4364:on 5 March 2014 4357:Hindustan Times 4350: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4291: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3642: 3641: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3455: 3454: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3286: 3285: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3127: 3126: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3006: 3005: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2796: 2795: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2735: 2734: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2702: 2701: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2488:on 5 April 2012 2477: 2476: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2426: 2425: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2391: 2390: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2354: 2348: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2280: 2279: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2235: 2234: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2198: 2197: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2135:on 21 July 2010 2123: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2091: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2003: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1893: 1892: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1795: 1794: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1752: 1741: 1733: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1703: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1643: 1638: 1610: 1553:Oscar Fernandes 1540: 1520: 1443: 1350:Jacob Angadiath 1284: 1280: 1268: 1236: 1232: 1220: 1213:H.D. Deve Gowda 1185:Prime Minister 1169: 1167: 1162: 1109: 1072: 1070: 956:B. Ramanath Rai 949:Oscar Fernandes 944:Milagres Church 916: 914: 862:Lumbini Gardens 842:Kodagu district 834:Mangalore taluk 753:, Singatagere, 645: 567: 547:Mahila Parishat 467: 463: 446:(seatings) and 361: 303:Mangalore taluk 295:Milagres Church 238: 114: 112: 91:, after it was 77: 56: 50: 49: 47: 42: 41: 36: 35: 33: 12: 11: 5: 5582: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5472: 5471:External links 5469: 5467: 5466: 5428: 5415: 5400: 5393: 5380: 5373: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5340:Chatterji 2009 5332: 5302: 5272: 5243: 5204: 5175: 5143: 5113: 5081: 5046: 5013: 4981: 4949: 4919: 4889: 4857: 4822: 4789: 4757: 4725: 4686: 4682:Chatterji 2009 4674: 4642: 4603: 4571: 4539: 4507: 4472: 4439: 4407: 4375: 4343: 4311: 4307:Chatterji 2009 4299: 4288:on 6 June 2012 4270: 4259:on 6 June 2012 4244: 4211: 4179: 4168:on 6 June 2012 4153: 4142:on 1 July 2011 4123: 4091: 4080:on 6 June 2012 4065: 4033: 4003: 3971: 3939: 3909: 3877: 3847: 3815: 3783: 3757: 3725: 3693: 3667: 3630: 3598: 3568: 3536: 3506: 3480: 3443: 3411: 3381: 3349: 3345:Chatterji 2009 3337: 3305: 3294:on 6 June 2012 3272: 3261:on 3 June 2012 3240: 3214: 3203:on 6 June 2012 3185: 3152: 3117: 3087: 3055: 3025: 3014:on 6 June 2012 2994: 2961: 2950:on 25 May 2024 2929: 2925:Chatterji 2009 2917: 2885: 2853: 2821: 2786: 2754: 2743:on 6 June 2012 2725: 2692: 2660: 2634: 2623:on 6 June 2012 2601: 2566: 2531: 2499: 2451: 2416: 2405:on 3 June 2012 2379: 2337: 2305: 2258: 2223: 2176: 2146: 2116: 2082: 2056: 2024: 1976: 1947: 1918: 1875: 1846: 1820: 1779: 1739: 1724: 1712: 1694: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1624: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1539: 1536: 1500:M. F. Saldanha 1477:M. F. 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Kumawat 1197: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1157: 1154: 1153:Sangh Parivar 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1093:Panemangalore 1089: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 973: 968: 967: 961: 957: 954: 950: 945: 941: 937: 933: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 892:, New Delhi, 891: 887: 883: 882:Uttar Pradesh 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 838:Nellihudikeri 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 578: 574: 573: 562: 560: 555: 554: 548: 543: 540:, written by 539: 538:Satyadarshini 534: 529: 527: 523: 522:"Jai Mata Di" 519: 515: 511: 506: 505:V. S. Acharya 501: 497: 493: 489: 481:on 29 August. 480: 476: 471: 466: 460: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 432: 428: 424: 417: 415: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 356: 353: 349: 344: 342: 338: 336: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 286: 282: 277: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 235: 230: 228: 223: 221: 216: 215: 213: 212: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 183: 182: 181: 177: 176: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 126: 125: 121: 120: 117: 110: 109: 105: 101: 100: 94: 90: 85: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 48: 29: 24: 19: 16: 5486: 5458:. Retrieved 5438: 5420:. Retrieved 5405: 5384: 5362: 5349:Bibliography 5342:, p. 55 5335: 5323:. Retrieved 5319:the original 5305: 5293:. Retrieved 5289:the original 5275: 5263:. Retrieved 5259:the original 5234:. Retrieved 5195:. Retrieved 5166:. Retrieved 5162:the original 5155: 5146: 5134:. Retrieved 5116: 5104:. 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2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka

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