20th-century history of Kosovo

1029:

Albanians organized a non-violent separatist movement, employing widespread civil disobedience, with the ultimate goal of achieving the independence of Kosovo. Kosovo Albanians boycotted state institutions and elections and established separate Albanian schools and political institutions. On 2 July 1990, an unconstitutional Kosovo parliament declared Kosovo an independent country, although this was not recognized by Belgrade or any foreign states. Two years later, in 1992, members of the dissolved parliament organized an unofficial referendum which was observed by international organizations but was not recognized internationally. With more than 85% turnout, 95% voted for Kosovo to be independent.

1255:. The Albanian-language media in Kosovo was suppressed. Funding was withdrawn from state-owned media, including that in the Albanian language in Kosovo. The constitution made creating privately owned media possible, however their functioning was very difficult because of high rents and restricting laws. State-owned Albanian language television or radio was also banned from broadcasting from Kosovo. However, privately owned Albanian media outlets appeared; of these, probably the most famous is "Koha Ditore", which was allowed to operate until late 1998 when it was closed after it published a calendar which was claimed to be a glorification of ethnic Albanian separatists. 986:, a warning to the Serbian President and Assembly of the existing crisis and where it would lead. An unfinished edition was filtered to the press. In the essay, SANU criticised the state of Yugoslavia and made remarks that the only member state contributing at the time to the development of Kosovo and Macedonia (by then, the poorest territories of the Federation) was Serbia. According to SANU, Yugoslavia was suffering from ethnic strife and the disintegration of the Yugoslav economy into separate economic sectors and territories, which was transforming the federal state into a loose confederation. On the other hand, some think that 974:"There were genuine grievances by both Serbs and Albanians in Kosova, and both groups felt threatened. But Serb independent journalists and human rights workers found the more inflammatory charges to be total fabrications. A study of police records in Kosova showed only one rape of an ethnic Serb by an Albanian in an entire year. Similarly, the alleged destruction of Serb shrines turned out to involve isolated cases of vandalism, graffiti, and cutting of trees on church property – hate crimes, perhaps, but surely not the organized, genocidal annihilation that was claimed." 1277:

education on and in the Albanian language. The new textbooks were (and still are) basically the same as those in Serbian, except that they were in the Albanian language. Education in Albanian was withdrawn in 1992 and re-established in 1994. At the Pristina University, which was seen as a centre of Kosovo Albanian cultural identity, education in the Albanian language was abolished and Albanian teachers were also sacked en masse. Albanians responded by boycotting state schools and setting up an unofficial parallel system of Albanian-language education.

1322: 57: 935: 1456:, fled the province for fear of reprisals. In the case of the non-Albanians, the Roma in particular were regarded by many Albanians as having assisted the Serbs during the war. Many left along with the withdrawing Serbian security forces, expressing fears that they would be targeted by returning Albanian refugees and KLA fighters who blamed them for wartime acts of violence. Thousands more were driven out by intimidation, revenge attacks and a wave of crime after the war as KFOR struggled to restore order in the province. 1490:, began in February 2006. Whilst progress was made on technical matters, both parties remained diametrically opposed on the question of status itself. In February 2007, Ahtisaari delivered a draft status settlement proposal to leaders in Belgrade and Pristina, the basis for a draft UN Security Council Resolution which proposes 'supervised independence' for the province. As of early July 2007, the draft resolution, which is backed by the United States, United Kingdom and other European members of the 805: 965:. Those protests rapidly escalated into violent riots "involving 20,000 people in six cities" that were harshly contained by the Yugoslav government. During the 1980s, ethnic tensions continued with frequent violent outbreaks against Serbs and Yugoslav state authorities resulting in increased emigration of Kosovo Serbs and other ethnic groups. The Yugoslav leadership tried to suppress protests of Kosovo Serbs seeking protection from ethnic discrimination and violence. 994:

building where this forum was taking place police started fighting the locals who had gathered there, mostly Serbs eager to voice their grievances. After hearing about the police brutality outside of the halls, Milošević came out and in an emotional moment promised the local Serbs that "Nobody would beat you again." This news byte was seen on evening news and catapulted then-unknown Milošević to the forefront of the current debate about the problems on Kosovo.

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conflict, roughly one million ethnic Albanians were expelled or were forcefully driven from Kosovo, several thousand were killed (the numbers and the ethnic distribution of the casualties are uncertain and highly disputed). An estimated ten to twelve thousand ethnic Albanians and three thousand Serbs are believed to have been killed during the conflict. Some 3,000 people are still missing, of which 2,500 are Albanian, 400 Serbs, and 100 Roma.

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be termed colonialists and sent to concentration camps in Albania. The Serb settlers should be killed." It is estimated that approximately 10,000 Serbs were massacred and a further 70,000 to 100,000 expelled from Kosovo or sent to concentration camps during WW2. In the Nuremberg trials, it was established that the SS Skanderbeg committed crimes against humanity in Kosovo against ethnic Serbs, Jews, and Roma.

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handle cases related to the 2004 unrest and according to Kosovo Judicial Council by the end of 2006 the 326 charges filed by municipal and district prosecutors for criminal offenses in connection with the unrest had resulted in 200 indictments: convictions in 134 cases, and courts acquitted eight and dismissed 28; 30 cases were pending. International prosecutors and judges handled the most sensitive cases.

1204: 645:. Throughout the centuries, populations of ethnic Serbs and Albanians tended to shift following territorial handovers. As a result of the multi-ethnic composition of Kosovo, the new administrations provoked a mixed response from the local population. Whilst Albanians (with a slim majority of just over 50%) did not welcome Serbian rule, the non-Albanian population (mainly 1374:

associated with the culture and religion of Kosovo's Albanian population had also been singled out for attack by Serbian forces. The report also noted that damage from Nato bombs was limited and that, after the withdrawal of Serbian forces, many orthodox churches were destroyed by Albanians. According to a report by the Institute for the Protection of the

1341:(KLA), employing guerilla-style tactics against Serbian police forces and civilians. Violence escalated in a series of KLA attacks and Serbian reprisals into the year 1999, with increasing numbers of civilian victims. In 1998 western interest increased and the Serbian authorities were forced to sign a unilateral ceasefire and partial retreat. Under the 673:

But legally, Kosovo was not incorporated into the Serbian kingdom in 1912; it remained occupied territory until some time after 1918. Then, finally, it was incorporated, not into a Serbian state, but into a Yugoslav one. And with one big interruption (the second world war) it remained part of some sort of Yugoslav state until June 2006.

1494:, had been rewritten four times to try to accommodate Russian concerns that such a resolution would undermine the principle of state sovereignty. Russia, which holds a veto in the Security Council as one of five permanent members, stated that it would not support any resolution which is not acceptable to both Belgrade and Pristina. 889:

concentration of Albanians. One such explanation for Kosovo's lines of demarcation never having been properly defined is that its Slavic and Albanian populations have even disputed the origins of the name. As such, the imaginary borders have also been disputed; for example, Albanians are of the belief that the

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Large numbers of refugees from Kosovo still live in temporary camps and shelters in Serbia proper. In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro reported hosting 277,000 internally displaced people (the vast majority being Serbs and Roma from Kosovo), which included 201,641 persons displaced from Kosovo into Serbia

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Milosevic capitalized on this discontent to consolidate his own position in Serbia. In 1987, Serbian President Ivan Stambolić sent Milošević to Kosovo to "pacify restive Serbs in Kosovo." On that trip, Milošević broke away from a meeting with ethnic Albanians to mingle with angry Serbians in a suburb

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Socialist Republic within the Federation, but remaining as a Socialist Autonomous Province within the Socialist Republic of Serbia. Tito had pursued a policy of weakening Serbia, as he believed that a "Weak Serbia equals a strong Yugoslavia". To this end Vojvodina and Kosovo became autonomous regions

829:

Mustafa Kruja, the then-Prime Minister of Albania, was in Kosovo in June 1942, and at a meeting with the Albanian leaders of Kosovo, he said: "We should endeavor to ensure that the Serb population of Kosovo be – the area be cleansed of them and all Serbs who had been living there for centuries should

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In order to save his skin, Milošević fought back and established a political coup d'état. He gained effective leadership and control of the Serbian Communist party and pressed forward with the one issue that had catapulted him to the forefront of the political limelight, which was Kosovo. By the end

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moved into Kosovo to monitor the ceasefire, while Yugoslav military forces partly pulled out of Kosovo. However, the ceasefire was systematically broken shortly thereafter by KLA forces, which again provoked harsh counterattacks by the Serbs. On 16 January 1999, bodies that were claimed to be those

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under the leadership of the Partisan leader. This was to be the first time in history that the name of Kosovo came to espouse its current borders; prior to this, its borders, along with its status had fluctuated with time. These borders were drawn carefully so as to incorporate an area with a heavy

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by the end of November. It became a province of Serbia within the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. The Kosovo Albanians, who had been promised self-determination if they joined the partisans, rebelled and martial law was declared. It took about six months for the area to be pacified after some 20,000

993:

Milošević was initially sent there as a member of the Communist party. Initially Milošević did not talk to Serbs who were at that point demonstrating for rights and freedoms that had been denied to them. During these meetings he agreed to listen to their grievances. During the meeting, outside the

729:

The peace treaties of 1919–1920 established a Yugoslav state named "The Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs", also called "Yugoslavia". The Kingdom comprised 12 million people, 400,000 were Albanian. Kosovo was split into four counties – three being a part of the entity of Serbia: Zvečan, Kosovo

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Kosovo remained Ottoman territory until it was conquered by Serbian forces in 1912. Serbs would say "liberated"; but even their own estimates put the Orthodox Serb population at less than 25%. The majority population was Albanian, and did not welcome Serb rule, so "conquered" seems the right word.

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was sparked by a series of minor events that soon cascaded into large-scale riots. Kosovo Albanians mobs burned hundreds of Serbian houses, Serbian Orthodox Church sites (including some medieval churches and monasteries) and UN facilities. Kosovo Police established a special investigation team to

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In the 1970s, an Albanian nationalist movement pursued full recognition of the Province of Kosovo as another Republic within the Federation, while the most extreme elements aimed for full-scale independence. Tito's arbitrary regime dealt with the situation swiftly, but only giving it a temporary

1373:

The war also resulted in destruction of property, including many historical buildings. According to a report compiled by the U.S.-based Kosovo Cultural Heritage Project, Serbian forces destroyed approximately one-third of the mosques in Kosovo. According to the report, other historic structures

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Kosovo Albanians were outraged by what they saw as an attack on their rights. Following mass rioting and unrest from Albanians as well as outbreaks of inter-communal violence, in February 1990, a state of emergency was declared, and the presence of the Yugoslav Army and police was significantly

826:, and a smaller, Eastern part by the Bulgarian and Nazi-German-occupied Serbia. Since the Italian occupied Albanian political leadership had decided in the Conference of Bujan that Kosovo would remain a part of Albania, they started expelling and killing the Serbian and Montenegrin populations. 1478:

led to several deaths, and the destruction of a large number of Orthodox churches and monasteries in the province, as Albanians clashed with Serbs. Several thousand more Kosovo Serbs were reported to have left their homes to seek refuge in Serbia proper or in the Serb-dominated north of Kosovo

1365:

campaign in 1999. At first limited to military targets in Kosovo proper, the bombing campaign was soon extended to cover targets all over Yugoslavia, mainly military camps, but also including bridges, power stations, factories, broadcasting stations, and various military buildings. During the

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The old Albanian educational curriculum and textbooks were revoked and new ones were created. The curriculum was (and still is, as that is the curriculum used for Albanians in Serbia outside Kosovo) basically the same as Serbian and that of all other nationalities in Serbia except that it had

1248:, were dissolved and multi-party elections were held for them. Kosovo Albanians refused to participate in the elections and held their own, unsanctioned elections instead. As election laws required (and still require) turnout higher than 50%, the parliament of Kosovo could not be established. 1028:

In 1989, Milošević, employing a mix of intimidation and political maneuvering, drastically reduced Kosovo's special autonomous status within Serbia. Soon thereafter, After being pushed out of their jobs, out of the parliament, schools, TV, hospital and all other important institutions, Kosovo

1410:(PISG), including an elected Kosovo Assembly, Presidency and office of Prime Minister. Kosovo held its first free, Kosovo-wide elections in late 2001 (municipal elections had been held the previous year). UNMIK oversaw the establishment of a professional, multi-ethnic Kosovo Police Service. 909:

initiated this new internal entity, however, in its first years, it was symbolic as it had no factual autonomy. After Yugoslavia's name change to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia's to the Socialist Republic of Serbia in 1953, Kosovo gained inner autonomy in the 1960s.

837:

in September 1943, the German forces took over direct control of the region. In September 1944 the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria and occupied part of the country. A coup d'état on 9 September led to Bulgaria joining the Soviets. As result in the early October three Bulgarian armies,

1358:. After more than a month of negotiations Yugoslavia refused to sign the prepared agreement, primarily, it has been argued, because of a clause giving NATO forces access rights to not only Kosovo but to all of Yugoslavia (which the Yugoslav side saw as tantamount to military occupation). 1268:. Belgrade responded by trying to arrest those who had voted, shutting down media, and by September 1990 up to 123,000 Albanian workers were fired from their positions in government and the media, as were teachers, doctors, and workers in government-controlled industries, provoking a 968:

Although they were many reports of genocide and rape against the Serbian population in Kosovo, some civil rights groups dismissed them as untrue and that economical situation (with Kosovo being the poorest area) was the catalyst for many Serb and Albanian migrations:

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and mass unrest. Some of those who were not sacked quit in sympathy, refusing to work for the Serbian government. Although the government claimed that it was simply getting rid of old communist directors, the sackings were widely seen as a purge of ethnic Albanians.

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The Serbian Army (helped mainly by the Italian and French Army) was able to recuperate and the sick and injured soldiers received medical attention since they were away from the front lines. Once they were refreshed and regrouped, they returned to the battlefield.

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solution. This combined with a very high birth rate of Albanians, and emigrations of Serbs to other parts of Yugoslavia further tilted the ethnic balance of Kosovo. Their number tripled gradually rising from almost 75% to over 90%, but the number of

1369:

Some of the worst massacres against civilian Albanians occurred after NATO started the bombing of Yugoslavia. Cuska massacre, Podujevo massacre, Velika Krusa massacre are some of the massacres committed by Serbian army, police, and paramilitary.

1486:. Whilst Serbia's continued sovereignty over Kosovo is recognised by the international community, a clear majority of the province's population (which was mainly Albanian) would prefer independence. The UN-backed talks, led by UN Special Envoy 930:

were defined as official languages on the provincial level marking the two largest linguistic Kosovan groups: Albanians and Serbs. In fact, the Albanian people were able to open independent Albanian-speaking schools and universities.

4097: 1299:. Ibrahim Rugova advocated non-violent resistance, but later when it became apparent that this was not working, opposition took the form of separatist agitation by opposition political groups and armed action from 1996 by the " 1402:

is disputed, with estimates ranging from 65,000 to 250,000). Many displaced Serbs were afraid, at least initially, to return to their homes, even with UNMIK protection. By 2006 over 16,000 Serbs have returned to Kosovo.

1010:

of Pristina. As the Serbs protested they were being pushed back by police with batons, Milošević told them, "No one is allowed to beat you." This incident was later seen as pivotal to Milošević's rise to power.

917:, the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo's government received higher powers, including the highest governmental titles – President and Premier and a seat in the Federal Presidency which made it a 565:

during the 20th century in history has largely been characterised by wars and major population displacements. The region formed a part of numerous entities, some internationally recognised, others not.

1398:, a NATO-led peacekeeping force. Almost immediately returning Kosovo Albanians attacked Kosovo Serbs, causing some 200,000–280,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians to flee (note: the current number of 2115:

Im Schatten des Krieges: Besatzung oder Anschluss - Befreiung oder Unterdrückung? ; eine komparative Untersuchung über die bulgarische Herrschaft in Vardar-Makedonien 1915-1918 und 1941-1944

3307: 3275: 1378:, some 160 cultural monuments in Serbia-proper were seriously endangered, damaged, or destroyed by NATO bombs, including twenty-five monasteries, thirty-four churches, three mosques, one 641:

of 1912, most of Kosovo was taken from the Ottoman Empire by the Kingdom of Serbia while the region of Metohija (known as the Dukagjini Valley to ethnic-Albanians) was taken by the

1643: 1467:

estimates the number of displaced people as being only 65,000, with another 128,000 Serbs remaining in Kosovo. The largest concentration is in the north of the province above the

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proper, 29,451 displaced from Kosovo into Montenegro, and about 46,000 displaced within Kosovo itself, including 16,000 returning refugees unable to inhabit their original homes.

730:

and southern Metohija; and one of Montenegro: northern Metohija. However, the new administration system since 26 April 1922 split Kosovo among three Areas of the Kingdom: Kosovo,

1288:

as "president" of a self-declared Republic of Kosovo; however these elections were not recognised by Serbian nor any foreign government. In 1995, thousands of Serb refugees from

768:

Colonisation of Kosovo was a state project implemented by the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during the interwar period. During this colonisation, 60,000–65,000 people settled in Kosovo

819:

in April 1941 and divided mainly between Italy and Germany. Kosovo was included mainly in the Italian controlled area, and was united to fascist Albania between 1941 and 1943.

1874:

The Practice of Bourgeois Class Justice in the Struggle Against the Revolutionary Movement of the Workers, the National Minorities and the Colonial and Semi-colonial Peoples

2706:"ON THE RECORD: //Civil Society in Kosovo// – Volume 9, Issue 1 – August 30, 1999 – THE BIRTH AND REBIRTH OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN KOSOVO – PART ONE: REPRESSION AND RESISTANCE" 1251:

The new constitution abolished the individual provinces' official media, integrating them within the official media of Serbia while still retaining some programs in the

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Memorandum submitted by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, FRY/KOSOVO: SERBIAN PLANS FOR ETHNIC CLEANSING, HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND PRECEDENTS, 7 June 2000,

433: 4047: 3767: 410: 3029:. A report published by The Institute for the Protection of the Cultural Monuments of Serbia also outlines destruction to historical buildings in Serbia proper: 2448: 1382:, forty objects of city architecture, seven objects of folk masonry, twenty-five town centers, thirteen archaeological sites, and sixteen memorial monuments. 2890: 2178: 4163: 1342: 466: 1776: 1354:. The victims had been executed by Serb forces. The Racak Massacre was instrumental in increasing the pressure on Serbia in the following conference at 1258:

The constitution also transferred control over state-owned companies to the Serbian government (at the time, most of the companies were state-owned and

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U.S. Committee for Refugees (USCR), April 2000, Reversal of Fortune: Yugoslavia's Refugees Crisis Since the Ethnic Albanian Return to Kosovo, p. 2-3.

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to blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece. The Bulgarians operated in conjunction with the Yugoslav and Albanian communist partisans.

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Coordinating Centre of Serbia for Kosovo-Metohija: Principles of the program for return of internally displaced persons from Kosovo and Metohija.

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nation fought its own battle against both the Ottomans and the surrounding countries that attempted to deny the Albanians a national state.

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movement of armed Albanians seeking union with Albania developed. The government considered this subversive to the Yugoslav constitution.

4042: 3603: 3569: 1754: 1407: 1326: 549: 147: 82: 3073: 2369: 3731: 1038: 515: 369: 3935: 1471:, but an estimated two-thirds of the Serbian population in Kosovo continues to live in the Albanian-dominated south of the province. 1244:

After the constitutional changes, the parliaments of all Yugoslavian republics and provinces, which until then had MPs only from the

708: 520: 1777:"Aleksandar Pavlović, Prostorni raspored Srba i Crnogoraca kolonizovanih na Kosovo i Metohiju u periodu između 1918. i 1941. godine" 1295:

Albanian opposition to sovereignty of Yugoslavia and especially Serbia had surfaced in rioting (1968 and March 1981) in the capital

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from Serbia on 17 February 2008. Among EU countries, Spain, Greece, Romania, Slovakia, and Cyprus do not recognize it as a state.

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used the discontent reflected in the SANU memorandum for his own political goals, during his rise to power in Serbia at the time.

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After the war ended, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1244 that placed Kosovo under transitional UN administration (

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in which the local non-Turkish population of Rumelia struggled for self-determination in addition to a joint attack by the

376: 3027:"Kosovo War Damage" by Nikos Axarlis, Spencer P.M. Harrington, and Andrew L. Slayman, Volume 52 Number 4, July/August 1999 1644:"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Kosovo" 586:) as provincial capital. Its own borders were internally expanded following a local administrations reorganisation by the 4032: 1483: 476: 449: 4199: 4102: 3950: 3940: 3763: 1679: 625:(all serving the interests of those nations while seeking to expand their own borders); during this time, the populous 406: 3104:, Critical Appraisal of Responsee Mechanisms Operating in Kosovo for Minority Returns, Pristina, February 2004, p. 14. 2938: 4085: 3815: 2538: 2452: 2405: 2346: 2313: 2279: 2096: 2015: 1980: 982:

In 1986, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) was working on a document which later would be known as the

4332: 4262: 3716: 3708: 834: 318: 3192: 4413: 2898: 1502: 1491: 542: 2370:"How Serbs Used Monasteries to Entice Ethnic Hatred. Michael Sells/Kosova Crisis Centre (Accessed 15 June 1999)" 1834: 761:

to unite Kosovo with Albania. They alleged 12,000 Albanians had been killed and 22,000 imprisoned since 1918. A

4282: 2150: 1523: 694: 3021:. Destruction to the cultural heritage of Kosovo is also outlined in two articles in the magazine Archeology: 998:

of the 1980s, calls for increased federal control in the crisis-torn autonomous province were getting louder.

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from Kosovo. During the period 1918–1941 90,000 to 150,000 Albanians and other Muslims emigrated from Kosovo.

3483: 1783: 1464: 1245: 2337: 3615: 3228: 1375: 1188: 942: 454: 328: 184: 4158: 4153: 3965: 3848: 3519: 2986: 1744:

M. Obradović, Agrarna reforma i kolonizacija na Kosovu 1918–1941 (pp. 153, 210, 215, 220), Priština 1981.

1506: 1399: 1346: 777: 3336: 1074: 4408: 4187: 4057: 3610: 2472: 2249:

Christian Science Monitor 28 July 1986, "Tensions among ethnic groups in Yugoslavia begin to boil over"

1452:). Before and during the handover of power, an estimated 100,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians, mostly 1193: 1118: 914: 799: 535: 510: 394: 161: 36: 1567: 1440:, which agreed to transfer governance of the province to the United Nations. A NATO-led Kosovo Force ( 4327: 4107: 3593: 3564: 3123: 3079: 3049: 1482:

International negotiations began in 2006 to determine the final status of Kosovo, as envisaged under

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barely increased and dropped in the full share of the total population from some 15% down to 8%.

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In 1919, Yugoslav forces slaughtered 600 Albanian women and children in the district of Gusinje.

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in 1908, Kosovo shared a frontier with three countries: Serbia, Montenegro and Austria-Hungary.

4322: 4277: 4267: 4219: 4209: 4138: 3945: 3810: 3512: 3023:"Insight: Legacy of Medieval Serbia", James Wiseman, Volume 52 Number 5, September/October 1999 2622: 1338: 1300: 1069: 724: 607: 481: 172: 3669: 2396: 2303: 2269: 2140: 2086: 2005: 1762: 1720: 1669: 1620: 1593: 4075: 4017: 3985: 3802: 3703: 3559: 3074:

Principles of the Program for Return of Internally Displaced Persons from Kosovo and Metohija

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Kosovo: The human rights situation and the fate of persons displaced from their homes (.pdf)

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Kosovo: The Human Rights Situation and the Fate of Persons Displaced from Their Homes (.pdf)

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Kosovo: The Human Rights Situation and the Fate of Persons Displaced from Their Homes (.pdf)

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Architectural Heritage in Kosovo: A Post-War Report By Andrew Herscher and Andras Riedlmayer

1413:

In March 2004, Kosovo experienced its worst inter-ethnic violence since the Kosovo War. The

905:, once capital of the Ottoman province, and with a Serb/Bulgarian (Slavic) ethnic majority. 4359: 4342: 4307: 4302: 4229: 4070: 3970: 2231:

New York Times 19 April 1981, "One Storm has Passed but Others are Gathering in Yugoslavia"

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The Lausanne Principle: Multiethnicity, Territory and the Future of Kosovo's Serbs (.pdf)

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The Economist, 5 June 1999, U.S. Edition, 1041 words, What's next for Slobodan Milošević?

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pushed for constitutional change amounting to suspension of autonomy for both Kosovo and

822:

After the Axis invasion, the greatest part of Kosovo became a part of Italian-controlled

582:

and it occupied a territory significantly larger than today's entity and with Üsküp (now

104: 96: 3030: 1162: 4347: 4239: 3923: 3739: 3665: 3022: 2571: 1850: 1812: 1437: 1406:

In 2001, UNMIK promulgated a Constitutional Framework for Kosovo which established the

1207: 1152: 715:

from Austria-Hungary, and unifying with Montenegro to form a larger Kingdom of Serbia.

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In fact, crime, and especially rape, was lower in Kosovo than in the rest of Serbia.

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The war ended on 10 June 1999 with the Serbian and Yugoslav governments signing the

1109: 1079: 1025:. Many think that this speech helped Milošević consolidate his authority in Serbia. 890: 731: 4272: 3693: 3643: 3628: 3157: 3031:"A large number of cultural monuments in Serbia damaged", Serbia-info, 12 June 1999 1487: 1475: 1334: 1127: 1094: 1022: 934: 618: 298: 237: 215: 2843: 2489:

Reuters 30 July 1988, "Yugoslav Leaders Call for Control in Kosovo, Protests Loom"

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settled in Kosovo, which further worsened relations between the two communities.

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Albanians under Shaban Polluza resisted integration of Kosovo within Yugoslavia.

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constitutes eastern Kosovo, whilst Serbs have rendered regions within today's

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The report by Kosovo Cultural Heritage Project is summarized in this article:

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Reuters 27 May 1986, "Kosovo Province Revives Yugoslavia's Ethnic Nightmare"

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Parallel with the colonization, the country carried out forced migration of

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in 1878 meant that Kosovo was the last line of defence for the Ottomans in

135: 2791: 1990: 1017:, delivered on 28 June 1989 to 100,000 Serbs attending the celebration in 617:

This is how Kosovo remained until the Ottoman Empire was dragged into the

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Note: Including Roma, Egyptian, Ashkalli, Turks and Bosniaks. – Sources:

2500:"CNN In-Depth Specials – Kosovo: Prospects For Peace – Milosevic Profile" 2088:

War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: occupation and collaboration

1355: 816: 808:

Today's Kosovo in 1941, showing in green the area annexed to the Italian

638: 2575: 2552:"Remedial Secession in International Law: Theory and (Lack of) Practice" 2551: 1013:

One of the events that contributed to Milošević's rise to power was the

3755: 2590:"CNN - Ethnic Albanian turnout strong in Kosovo ballot - Mar. 22, 1998" 1970: 1468: 1445: 1316: 1284:

Unsanctioned elections were held in 1992, which overwhelmingly elected

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and were given the above entitled privileges as de facto republics.

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Commissioner for Human Rights, Strasbourg, 16 October 2002, p. 30.

3060:

Commissioner for Human Rights, Strasbourg, 16 October 2002, p. 30.

3874: 3576: 2765: 1945:

The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005

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protests seeking that Kosovo become a republic within Yugoslavia

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Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative

1448:, tasked with providing security to the UN Mission in Kosovo ( 843: 3869: 3229:"Kosovo (Serbia): No Forcible Return of Minorities to Kosovo" 1449: 1391: 1351: 961:

Beginning in March 1981, Kosovar Albanian students organized

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Serbians return to Kosovo not impossible, says report (.pdf)

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New York Times 27 June 1987, "Belgrade Battles Kosovo Serbs"

3134:

Commissioner for Human Rights, Strasbourg, 16 October 2002.

2761:"Key facts on Kosovo, independent for 15 years from Serbia" 1362: 735: 574:

At the turn of the century, Kosovo lay entirely within the

3197: 2503: 2004:

Dear, Ian; Foot, Michael Richard Daniell, eds. (2001).

2869:. Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 332–333. 1972:

The Waffen SS; Hitler's elite guard at war, 1939-1945

711:

was formed, shortly after retaking Kosovo, capturing

3337:"Chronology of all ESI publications – Reports – ESI" 3143:

International Relations and Security Network (ISN):

2819:"World | Racak massacre haunts Milosevic trial" 2078: 1809:"Expulsions of Albanians and Colonisation of Kosova" 1594:"Noel Malcolm: Is Kosovo Serbia? We ask a historian" 842:

entered occupied Yugoslavia and moved from Sofia to

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consisting of around 340,000-man, together with the

718: 3072:Coordinating Centre of Serbia for Kosovo-Metohija: 1421: 1350:of 45 Albanian civilians were found in the town of 1264:they still are). In July 1990, the Kosovo Assembly 873: 3359:"11 years since "March Pogrom" of Serbs in Kosovo" 2111: 1889:"Kosovo - Yugoslav, Serbia, Albanian | Britannica" 677:In 1918, Serbia became a part of the newly formed 2728:"KOSOVO: THE HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND" 884:The province was first formed as a member of the 772:. Over 90% of the total number of colonists were 742:. The territories of Kosovo were split among the 4400: 1674:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 152. 738:. In 1929, the Kingdom was transformed into the 569: 3433:"UN Security Council remains divided on Kosovo" 2483: 2429:Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Memorandum 2234: 1948:. Indiana University Press. pp. 114, 141. 3218:U.S State Department Report, published in 2007 3520: 2816: 1667: 1501:failed to reach a consensus on an acceptable 1225: 543: 1811:. Kosova.com. 31 August 1995. Archived from 1668:Myers, Paul F.; Campbell, Arthur A. (1954). 1591: 3732:Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija 2703: 2301: 2252: 2243: 2225: 2112:Opfer, Björn; Opfer-Klinger, Björn (2005). 1463:Some sources put the figure far lower; the 1408:Provisional Institutions of Self-Government 1337:in 1995, some Albanians organized into the 1327:Provisional Institutions of Self-Government 3527: 3513: 3193:"Many Kosovo Refugees Have Yet to Go Home" 2091:. Stanford University Press. p. 168. 2084: 2064:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 77. 1975:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 1877:. Mopr Publishing House. 1928. p. 96. 1844: 1232: 1218: 1039:Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija 707:out of Kosovo. Following World War I, the 550: 536: 4048:UN Interim Administration Mission (UNMIK) 2302:Allen, Tim; Seaton, Jean (12 June 1999). 2205: 2061:World War II: The Mediterranean 1940-1945 709:Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 2939:"Justice for Kosovo – Massacre at Cuska" 2470: 2336:Buckley, William Joseph (14 July 2008). 2305:The media of conflict: war reporting ... 2271:Kosovo: how myths and truths started ... 2010:. Oxford University Press. p. 134. 2003: 1769: 1320: 933: 803: 336:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 2339:Kosovo: contending voices on Balkan ... 2335: 2057: 1782:. Scindeks-clanci.nb.rs. Archived from 1618: 1385: 939:Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo 886:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 880:Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo 424:2008 Kosovo declaration of independence 169:Bulgarian Empire (681–1018, 1185–1396) 14: 4401: 3190: 2864: 2549: 2267: 2030: 1621:"Is Kosovo Serbia? We ask a historian" 3508: 3156:European Stability Initiative (ESI): 2963:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2786: 2784: 2755: 2753: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2208:"Why Yugoslavia Still Matters - FPIF" 2173: 2171: 2169: 2142:The Serbs: history, myth, and the ... 2138: 2037:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 33. 1968: 1941: 1911: 1909: 1849:. Lamar.colostate.edu. Archived from 1444:) entered the province following the 1021:to mark the 600th anniversary of the 703:In 1918, the Serbian Army pushed the 679:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 2941:. Americanradioworks.publicradio.org 2145:Yale University Press. p. 132. 2007:The Oxford companion to World War II 1638: 1636: 1634: 1203: 757:By 1921 Albanian Kosovars asked the 377:1991 Kosovan independence referendum 4093:UN Security Council Resolution 1244 3534: 2987:"Inside Kosovo | Velika Krusa" 2394: 2118:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 208. 1484:UN Security Council Resolution 1244 24: 3458:"Kosovo MPs proclaim independence" 3389:"UN frustrated by Kosovo deadlock" 2817:Jon Silverman (14 February 2002). 2781: 2750: 2621:. 8 September 2020. Archived from 2471:Abrahams, Fred (26 October 2001). 2459: 2166: 1906: 1696:"Constitutional history of Kosovo" 1619:Malcolm, Noel (25 February 2008). 25: 4425: 3604:Late Antiquity and Medieval sites 3570:Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites 2619:Partners in Justice International 2034:Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45 1631: 1592:Noel Malcolm (26 February 2008). 1266:attempted to declare independence 719:Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941) 148:Late Antiquity and Medieval sites 83:Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites 4066:2008 declaration of independence 3191:Harris, Emily (20 August 2006). 2967:from the original on 12 May 2010 2556:St Antony's International Review 2274:University of California Press. 1422:Recent history (1999 to present) 1202: 874:Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1989) 815:Yugoslavia was conquered by the 657:) considered this a liberation. 516:Destruction of Albanian heritage 55: 3476: 3450: 3425: 3399: 3381: 3365:. 17 March 2015. 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Archived from 2362: 2329: 2295: 2268:Mertus, Julie (9 August 1999). 2261: 2199: 2179:"Harris_washington_0250O_22833" 2132: 2105: 2051: 2024: 1997: 1962: 1935: 1881: 1865: 1838: 1827: 1801: 1747: 1492:United Nations Security Council 1281:increased to quell the unrest. 793: 521:Destruction of Serbian heritage 4103:Belgrade–Pristina negotiations 3961:EU Rule of Law Mission (EULEX) 3724:Socialist Autonomous Province 1917:"Kosovo history of population" 1738: 1713: 1688: 1661: 1612: 1585: 1560: 1535: 1524:Albanian nationalism in Kosovo 695:Serbian Campaign (World War I) 688: 632: 364:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 18:20th century history of Kosovo 13: 1: 3315:European Stability Initiative 2533:. London: Pluto Press, 2000. 1529: 1465:European Stability Initiative 1310: 1246:Communist Party of Yugoslavia 590:in 1882. The independence of 570:The onset of the 20th century 342:Socialist Autonomous Province 3993:International Steering Group 3147:, by Tim Judah, 7 June 2004. 2398:State identities and the ... 1671:The Population of Yugoslavia 1400:internally displaced persons 1376:Cultural Monuments of Serbia 1305:Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës 1189:War crimes in the Kosovo War 7: 2961:"CBC News Indepth: Balkans" 2891:"U.K. Parliamentary report" 1847:"A Short History of Kosovo" 1512: 1347:Kosovo Verification Mission 862:Jewish deportations during 833:After the surrender of the 10: 4430: 2895:publications.parliament.uk 2531:Civil Resistance in Kosovo 2206:fpifadmin (6 April 2009). 2186:digital.lib.washington.edu 1942:Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). 1474:On 17 March 2004, serious 1425: 1314: 1194:Kosovo Specialist Chambers 1036: 877: 800:Kosovo during World War II 797: 722: 692: 602:(Ottoman territory on the 511:Timeline of Kosovo history 395:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia 4372: 4253: 4195: 4186: 4129: 4120: 4056: 3931: 3922: 3862: 3836: 3801: 3792: 3686: 3552: 3543: 3036:27 September 2007 at the 2913:"3,000 missing in Kosovo" 2692:A Short History of Kosovo 2085:Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). 1969:Stein, George H. (1966). 1499:UN-sponsored negotiations 232:Principality of Dukagjini 4086:Unification with Albania 4043:Provisional institutions 3437:Southeast European Times 3411:Southeast European Times 2865:Ingrao, Charles (2012). 2438:. GIP Kultura. Belgrade. 1361:This triggered a 78-day 1075:Battle of Belaćevac Mine 1032: 141:Roman heritage in Kosovo 4008:Kosovo Protection Corps 2434:13 October 2014 at the 2212:Foreign Policy In Focus 1105:Gornje Obrinje massacre 1050:Part of a series on the 610:were incorporated into 4414:20th century in Kosovo 3488:www.europarl.europa.eu 2058:Collier, Paul (2010). 2031:Thomas, Nigel (1995). 1339:Kosovo Liberation Army 1330: 1301:Kosovo Liberation Army 1070:Kosovo Liberation Army 977: 976: 950: 812: 725:Colonisation of Kosovo 675: 608:Bosnia and Herzegovina 578:. Its status was as a 4098:ICJ opinion on Kosovo 3748:Insurgency in Kosovo 3704:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 3236:Amnesty International 2550:Vidmar, Jure (2010). 2510:on 18 September 2007. 1721:"Albanians of Kosovo" 1519:Kosovo status process 1507:declared independence 1503:constitutional status 1324: 972: 971: 937: 807: 740:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 670: 643:Kingdom of Montenegro 429:2008 unrest in Kosovo 306:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 197:District of Branković 73:Archaeology of Kosovo 4071:Standards for Kosovo 3779:(2008–present) 3734:(1990–present) 3258:"Failure to Protect" 3017:18 July 2007 at the 2846:. Human Rights Watch 2667:"Republic of Kosova" 1759:www.serbianunity.net 1386:Kosovo after the war 1100:Lapušnik prison camp 947:Socialist Yugoslavia 868:occurred in the area 856:Kosovo was liberated 467:Washington Agreement 446:North Kosovo Crises 4003:Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3936:Accession to the EU 3740:Republic of Kosova 3670:Sanjak of Viçitrina 3634:Balšić noble family 3582:Kingdom of Dardania 2901:on 19 October 2017. 2671:My Albanian studies 2139:Judah, Tim (2000). 1815:on 17 December 2009 1765:on 21 October 2008. 1725:My Albanian studies 1138:Civilian casualties 1133:Bela Crkva massacre 370:Autonomous Province 105:Kingdom of Dardania 4108:Brussels Agreement 3666:Sanjak of Dukagjin 3464:. 17 February 2008 3317:. 19 February 2024 3262:Human Rights Watch 2796:www.britannica.com 2625:on 6 December 2022 2477:Human Rights Watch 1893:www.britannica.com 1755:"Serbianunity.net" 1572:www.britannica.com 1547:www.britannica.com 1438:Kumanovo Agreement 1331: 1325:The emblem of the 1153:Suva Reka massacre 1000:Slobodan Milošević 988:Slobodan Milošević 951: 813: 606:continent). 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20th-century history of Kosovo

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